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979.401

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1202793

GENEALOGY COLLECTION

LEN COUNTY PUBLIC I

3 1833 01067 2639

HISTORY OF

Sacramento County .

PALIFORNIA

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES

The Leading Men and Women of the County Who Have Been Identified

With Its Growth and Development From the Early

Days to the Present

HISTORY BY

WILLIAM L. WILLIS

979. ¥Of
So. t*fi*i

ILLUSTRATED
COMPLETE IN ONE VOLUME

HISTORIC RECORD COMPANY

LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA

(19131

1202793

PREFACE

What is termed "history" is made up of several factors, which
sometimes move concurrently and sometimes are divergent. There
are many matters of record, which of course are not disputable, but
in the recital of which the narrative is tinctured by the opinions or
prejudices of the narrator or the historian or of the source of his
information. Tradition and personal recollection play another large
part in history, and things that are accepted for decades and even for
centuries as facts become in the course of time a matter of dispute and
even of rejection. The path of the historian therefore is not one of
roses. If he be wise he will as far as possible submit each statement
to the test of scrutiny and comparison and hold fast to that which he
considers as proven, or if he does not reject it, state that the matter is
not fully authenticated.

Had the writer been far-seeing, when he came to California in
187-1-, he would have jotted down the i:)ersonal recollections and experi-
ences of a large number of the pioneers with whom he became ac-
quainted and who were then in the prime of a vigorous life and with
a vivid recollection of what they had passed through and of the condi-
tions they found prevailing here when they arrived. Some of these
men came as early as 1846 before the discovery of gold, and he has
listened for hours to their tales of adventure and experience, but did
not at that time realize that the lips that recited them would one day
l)e stilled in death and many important matters connected with the
early history of the state would be buried in oblivion. A book em-
bodying these recollections would have been a most fascinating work,
for a glamour always hangs over the history of the days of the Argo-
nauts that seems to grow in interest as time progresses. Many of
these reminiscences were probably tinged with romance, but that
hardly lessened their interest.

In the compilation of this volume the writer has endeavored to
present facts collated by him, without bias or prejudice, and as nearly
authenticated as possible. Perhaps some statements may provoke
criticism from those who hold a different point of view, or who have
received information conflicting with them; and it would be too much
to expect that the book would be entirely free from faults or defects,
but he can truly say that he has done his best with the resources at
his command and sifted the evidence to the best of his ability, and can
only ask the indulgence of the public with regard to his shortcomings.

In the compilatiou of this work, the author has consulted a number
of authorities, and had the valuable assistance of a number of persons
in collecting data. The works of Dr. Morse, Thompson and West, and
Winfield J. Davis have been drawn upon freely, as have those of
other authorities. To Hon. W. A. Anderson he is indebted for the
valuable chapter on "The Bench and Bar," and other reminiscences,
and to E. B. Willis, N. E. White, J. A. Woodson and others for
suggestions and information. In a work of this kind it is impossible
to incorporate all incidents, however interesting to the parties con-
cerned, and where it has not been practicable to secure accurate data,
some things have been omitted, rather than run the risk of incor-
rect statement. He therefore trusts that the public will accept the
work in the spirit in which it was written.

W. L. Willis.

CONTENTS

Introditctory 5

Sacramento the Peer of any County in California — Her Part in History of
State Important— A Second Valley of the Nile— Splendid Soil Sprinkled
with Gold Dust — Great Crops Shipped Abroad — Here Began Real History
of California — Hither Came Argonauts of 1S49 — Deer and Antelope Then to
be Seen— Wild Oats Taller Than Man's Head— Sparsely Settled Plains-
Remarkable Transformation Made by Citizens.

CHAPTER I

Sacramento County 10

Location — Tonnage on River — Fertility of Soil — Growing of Fruit — Soil and
Streams — Necessity of Levees — Water Available for Factories — Raising
of Wheat Superseded by Horticulture — Asparagus and Celery Profitable
on Tule Lands — Old Spanish Grants — Present Property Valuations — The
Capital City a Place of Beauty — Many Attractions for Visitors — Steam and
Electric Railroads Increasing in Number.

CHAPTER II

Mining 1(5

Discovery of Gold — Early Process of Mining with Shovel and Pick — Latest
Methods of Dredging — ^Shall Dredger Mining be Regulated by State —
Hydraulic Process Opposed by Orchardists — Finally Prohibited by Legis-
lature.

CHAPTER III

Climate ]7

Snow Never Seen Except upon Distant Sierras — Temperature Compared with
Southern Italy and Los Angeles — Cherries Usually Blossom in February
and Ripen in April — Average Rainfall — Sunstroke Unknown — Summer
Evenings Delightful — Oranges Shipped Earlier than in Southern California-
Sacramento Rainfall Monthly, Seasonal and Annual from 1S49 to 1912 —
Sacramento Temperature Average Since 1S7S — Relative Humidity — Per-
centage of Sunstroke — Extreme Temperatures — Extremes of Wind.

CHAPTER IV

Gen. John A. Sutter 30

Early Life — Travels in West — Agreement with Governor Alvarado — Settle-
ment on the American River in 1839 — Proximity to Digger Indians — Declared
a Mexican Citizen in 1841 — Given a Grant to New Helvetia — American Flag
Hoisted in 1846 — ^Kindness to the Immigrants — Heavy Losses by Desertion
of Laborers and by Thefts — Tardy Recognition of His Services by State.

CHAPTER V

The Fort Restored _ 34

First Effort at Restoration — Public-Spirited Work of General Martlne — Enter-
prise Promoted by Native Sons — Pioneers Also Active in Work — Present
Condition of Fort.

CHAPTER VI

The Discovery of Gold _ 37

Early Explorers Referred to Presence of Gold — Cause of Immigration of
Mormons to West — Settlement on Mormon Island — Gold Mined There —
Other Reports from Explorers — Marshall's Discovery Accidental — His Later
Life — The Results of the Discovery — First White Child Born in California.

CHAPTER VII

City and County Elections , -11

First Election — Officers Chosen — Hardin Biglow the First Mayor — First
Meeting of Council — Success of Biglow in Preventing Disastrous Flood in
1850 — Growth of Business — Report of Assessor — Decline of Valuations —
Sacramento Incorporated February 27, 18S0 — Boundaries Defined— New

CONTENTS

Charter Granted 1851 — Date of Elections — Amount of Salaries — Tax for
Support of Free Schools — Consolidation of City and County Government —
Repeal of First Act — Adoption of New Charter — Horace Smith Second Mayor
— Later Elections.

CHAPTER VIII

The Squatter Eiot 49

Cause of the Trouble — History of the Affair — Leading Participants in the
Riot.

CHAPTER IX

First Things 55

First Mail Received in Sacramento — First Directory — First Prison Brig —
First Store at Sutter's Fort — First Census — First Paper — First Banquet —
First Ball— First Railroad — First Agricultural Association — First Frame and
First Brick Houses in Sacramento — First Fire Department — First Street
Cars — First Court House — First Criminal Trial.

CHAPTER X

The Revolution 61

Conditions Culminating in the Revolution — The Bear Flag Party — Ide's
Proclamation — Making of the First Bear Flag — American Flag Hoisted at
Monterey.

CHAPTER XI
Ix THE Beginning 65

Founding of Suttervllle — Eclipsed by Sacramento — Description of City by

Bayard Taylor — Freighting to the Mines — High Cost of Living — Commis-
sioners Elected — Gaming Prevalent — Influence of Clergymen Beneficial —
Organization of City Government — Burdens of Early Councils — Sufferings of
Penniless Newcomers — Odd Fellows and Masons Prompt to Relieve Desti-
tution— January Flood of 18.50 — Admission of California to the Union — Epi-
demic of Cholera — Disasters Overcome by People.

CHAPTER XII

Political 81

Democratic Convention of 1854 — Dissention and Dispute — Mass Meeting
of Republicans — State Convention of New Party — The Spittoon Convention —
Governor Foote of Mississippi Prominent in Public Life.

CHAPTER XIII

County Government — : 87

Organization of County in 1850 — Its Boundaries — Elections — Officers.

CHAPTER XIV

City Officers - 97

List of City Officials from 1849 — Mayor Wounded in Squatter Riot — City and
County Consolidated from 1858 to 1862 — City Governed by Board of Trus-
tees (3) from 1863 to 1894 — New Charter Adopted in 1894 — Trustees In-
creased to Nine.

CHAPTER XV

Floods 105

Reclamation of River Lands Costly — Efforts of Aborigines to Provide Safety
from Floods — Overflow of 1850 — Levee Hurriedly Built by Biglow — Flood
of 1852— Optimism of People — Flood of 1853 Less Destructive — Heavy Mis-
fortunes Attending Flood of 1861 — Another Flood Early in 1862 — J and K
Streets Raised for Protection Against Floods — Last Flood of Any Conse-
quence in 1904.

CHAPTER XVI

Sacramento County Senators - - - 117

Changes in Districts — John Bidwell Elected Senator in 1849— Republican
Nominee for Governor in 187.5 — Prohibition Nominee for Governor in 1890
and for President in 1892 — Elisha O. Crosby a Senator in 1849 — Henry E.
Robinson a Prominent Pioneer Legislator — Bequeathed Large Sum to the
Poor of San Francisco — Ferguson Senator in 1856-58 — Other Pioneer Legis-

CONTENTS

lators — Curtis Senator Three Terms and Assemblyman One Term — Creed
Haymond Senator 18T5-7S— Pioneer Orchardist, Joseph Routier, a Senator in
1883-85— The Popular Judge, Elijah C. Hart, Elected Senator in 1893— Gillis
Doty Elected in 1897— The Pioneer Physician, J. C. McKee, Elected in 1905—
Charles B. Bills Chosen in 1909.

CHAPTER XVII

Sacramento County Assemblymen _ 122

Cornwall Elected to Assembly in 1849 — A Pioneer of 1848 in Sacramento-
Assemblyman Henley a Pioneer Banker — McKinstry Later Justice of the
Supreme Court — Assemblyman Bigler Later Elected Governor of California —
Charles Robinson Later Governor of Kansas — Assemblyman J. Neely
Johnson Governor of California in 1855 — Other Influential Men in Assem-
bly— Contested Election of Charles Buncombe — Charles Crocker an Assem-
blyman in 1861 — Stephens a Member in 1869 — Clunie, Member in 1875, After-
ward Congressman — Judge Anderson Assemblyman in 1893 — Recent Repre-
sentation in Assembly.

CHAPTER XVIII
California State Library

First Steps Toward Library — Gradual Development — Seven Departments — •
Books for the Sightless Sent Throughout the State — County Libraries of
Great Helpfulness.

CHAPTER XIX

City Free Library 133

Association Organized in 1857 — Building Erected in 1872— Turned Over to
City — Leading Papers on Pile — Books Increasing in Number — Library Sup-
ported by Public Tax — Residents of Entire County Given Library Privileges —
Librarian Has Management of Institution.

CHAPTER XX

Government Offices 135

Sacramento Postoffice — Facilities Always Less Than Needs — City Deliv-
ery Service — Rural Service — United States Land Otflce — Internal Revenue
Office— United States Weather Bureau Station.

CHAPTER XXI

Charitable Institutions 137

Need of Relief for Early Emigrants — First Organized Relief Instituted by
Odd Fellows — Hospital Built in 1850 by Masons and Odd Fellows— Other
Pioneer Hospitals — First Public Hospital — County Physicians — Southern Pa-
cific Hospital — Protestant Orphan Asylum — The Marguerite Home — Other
Hospitals — Mater Misericordiae Hospital — Wentworth-Igo Hospital — White
Hospital — Home of the Merciful Saviour — Howard Benevolent Association —
Catholic Ladles' Relief Society No. 1 — The Young Men's Christian Associa-
tion— Cemeteries.

CHAPTER XXII

The Press 147

Monterey Californian First Newspaper of California — California Star Second
Newspaper — Two Papers United in 1848 — Pacific News the Third Newspaper
— Alta California Started in 1849 — Sacramento Transcript Started in 1850 —
First Daily Outside of San Francisco — Consolidated with Placer Times —
Removed to San Francisco — Absorbed into the Alta California — Settlers and
Miners Tribune — Sacramento Index — Sacramento Daily Union — Launched in
1851 — Weekly Started in 1852 — Consolidation of Union and Record — Sunday
Edition Added — Many Expensive Improvements in Union Plant — Democratic
State Journal — Brief Life of a Baptist Paper — California Statesman — Other
Early Sheets — State Tribune Appeared in 1855-56 — Daily Morning Bee Born
February 3, 1857 — Wide Influence of Paper — Many Sheets of Brief Life— Sun-
day Leader First Appeared in 1875 — Occidental Medical Times Started as
Sacramento Medical Times in 1887 — Nord California Herold (German) an
Influential Paper in its Field— Folsom Telegraph an Old and Prominent
Journal — Gait Gazette in Southern End of County — The Sunday News Begun
in 1893 — Now Widely Read and Influential — Tlae Sacramento Star of Modern
Inception and Growing Prosperity.

CFIAPTER XXIII

Educational Matters lfc>5

Schools Have Shown Steady Growth — School in Sacramento in Summer
of 1849— C. T. H. Palmer Taught In August — Rev. J. A. Benton His Suc-
cessor in October — First Public School Opened February 20, 1854 — Attend-
ance Increased Rapidlj — City Schools First Controlled by Assessor —
Accommodations Insufflcient — Colored Schools Apportioned F'unds in 1856 —
Enrollment of One Thousand in All Schools in 18611 — Twelve Hundred Pupils
in 1864 — Fourteen Schools and Fifteen Hundred Pupils in 1866 — School Li-
brary Started in 1867 — Twenty-two Hundred Pupils and Seventeen Schools
by End of 1869— Thirty-four Hundred Pupils Enrolled in 1880- Later
Boards — The High School — The Colored Pupils — Other Items — Sacramento
Business College.

CHAPTER XXIV

Railroads 182

First Railroad in State — Previous Attempts — Judah the First to Demon-
strate Feasibility of Sierra Nevada Route — Convention Held in 1859 — Judah
Sent to Washington to Promote Railroad Enterprise — More Thorough Sur-
veys with Barometer — Judah Discouraged by San Francisco Capitalists —
Stock Largely Subscribed by Sacramento Citizens — Topographical Features
of the Sierras — Government Assistance to Railroad — Donation by California
— Ability of Originators of Movement — First Train Schedule — Celebration at
Shoveling of First Dirt — Equipment for Road — Difficulties Many — Courage
of Promoters Undaunted — Last Spike Driven — Western Pacific Railroad Com-
pany— Other Important Roads — Enthusiasm on Entrance of California Pacific
in Sacramento — The Sacramento Valley Railroad — Various Railroad Enter-
prises—Southern Pacific Shops— First Shop Erected in 1863— Magnitude of
Present Plant — Electric Roads.

CHAPTER XXV

Navigation 201

Sacramento River First Medium of Transportation — Immense Amount of
Traffic on the River — Red Bluff the Head of Navigation — Russians the First
to Navigate the River — Crowning Success with Sailing Vessels in Trip of
the Whiton — Little Sitka the First Steamboat on the River — Voyage of the
Steamer New World — Twenty-eight Steamers on River in 1850 — California
Steam Navigation Company Organized in 1854 — Bought in 1869 by Central
Pacific — Sacramento Wood Company — Sacramento Transportation Com-
pany— California Transportation Company — Farmers Transportation Com-
pany— Explosions Frequent in Early Days — ^Yolo Bridges.

CHAPTER XXVI

Local Judiclvry and Attorneys _, _ 211

Common Law Established in Sacramento — Alcaldes and Justices of the Peace
— Superior Tribunal and Courts of First Instance — Court of Sessions Created
in 1850 — Early Courts Superseded by Superior Court — Jurists Identified
with County — Deceased Attorneys of County — Attorneys Now Practicing
in Sacramento.

CHAPTER XXVII

Members of the Har 219

Early Lawyers Eminent in Public Affairs — B. B. Crocker Supreme Court
Justice and Pounder of Crocker Art Gallery — Governor Johnson — Chief Jus-
tice W. H. Beatty — United States Senator Cornelius Cole — Col. E. D. Baker
Killed in Civil War— H. W. Halleck Commander-in-Chief of Union Army-
Col. E. J. C. Kewen Financial Agent for the Noted William Walker — J. C.
Zabriskie the First City Attorney — Frank D. Ryan, A Native Son, One of
Sacramento's Finest Lawyers — The Name of George Cadwalader Prominent
in Supreme Court Reports— Successful Career of A. C. Freeman — Peter H.
Burnett the First Governor of California — The Genius of Albert M. John-
son— Judge Catlin Influential in Securing State Capitol for Sacramento —
Henry Edgerton, Orator, Statesman, Lawyer — Remembered Now by Pew —
Never Attained the Goal of His Ambition — A Pioneer of 1853 — Prosecuting
Attorney of Napa County — Orator at Reception of General Grant — Presi-
dential Elector — State Senator — N. Greene Curtis a Pioneer of 1850 from
Tennessee — True to Union in Civil War, Senator Several Terms — Counsel
in Many Important Cases — James W. Coffroth, Senator from Old Tuolumne —

CONTENTS ix

Fond of Humor— Helpful to Young Lawyers— John H. McKune a Factor in
Constructing Law and Ethics of California — A Pioneer of Sacramento —
Land Commissioner, State Assemblyman, District Judge and Code Commis-
sioner— Newton Booth, Governor of State — Entertained Many Famous
Guests — William A. Anderson — Success Reached by Sterling Qualities of
Mind and Heart — Resident of Sacramento from 1S49 — City Attorney, As-
semblyman and Police Judge.

CHAPTER XXVIII

Fraternal Societies 246

Masons Among Early Trappers in West — Peter Lassen the First Masonic
Missionary — Connecticut No. T.") the First Lodge in Sacramento — Grand Lodge
of California Organized in 1S50 — Present Lodges of City — Chapter, Council,
Commandery and Scottish Rite — Eastern Star — Colored Lodges — Lodges of
Odd Fellows — Encampment, Grand Canton and Sovereign Grand Lodge —
Rebekahs— Knights of Pythias— I. O. R. M.— A. O. U. W.— U. A. O. D.— N. S.
G. W. — K. of H. — 'Y. M. I. — Hebrew Benevolent Association — Sons of Veter-
ans— Other Organizations.

CHAPTER XXIX

Criminal Records 264

The Fate of Roe — First Lynching In Sacramento — Robbery and Grand Lar-
ceny Punishable with Death in Early Days— Chinaman Hanged for Murder
of His Wife — Other Executions — Unknown Fate of William Wells — Quick
Justice for Murder of Sailor — Killing of OfBcer Scott — Mysterious Murder
of a Rancher on Grand Island — Grocer and Wife Murdered — Escape of
Convicts — A Later Attempt Foiled — A Sicilian Murder.

CHAPTER XXX

The Great Railroad Strike, - 279

Disastrous Results of Strike of 1894 — Begun in Pullman Near Chicago-
Extended to Coast — Baggage and Freight and Mail Delayed — Troops Ordered
Out — Incidents of the 4th of July — Troops Camped in Capitol Park on .5th
of July — More Soldiers on the 11th — Train Wrecked and Several Killed —
Revulsion of Feeling — Trial of Wreckers.

CHAPTER XXXI

The Churches -.-- - 291

Grace Episcopal the First Church in Sacramento — Organization and His-
tory— Foreclosure of Mortgage in 1877 — Organization of St. Paul's— Present
Stone Edifice — Other Episcopal Churches — Roman Catholic Organizations —
Majestic Cathedral the Most Spacious Church in California — First Congre-
gational Church — Presbyterian Churches— Methodist Episcopal Activities
Started by "Father" Owen — German Evangelical Lutheran Organized in 1867
—Handsome Edifice of Scientists— Other Denominations and Their Useful
Services to the Community.

CHAPTER XXXII

Reminiscences - 308

Railroad Building in Early Days — Experiences of James G. Patterson —
Experiences of McConnell as Storekeeper — The Great Ball of 1849 — Refresh-
ments Unique — Interesting Incidents at the Ball.

CHAPTER XXXIII

Township History 317

Township Alabama — American— Brighton — Center — Cosumnes — Dry Creek
— Franklin — Georgiana — Lee — Mississippi — Natoma — San Joaquin — Sutter —
Riverside — Granite — Origin of Local Names — Levees — Funded Debt.

CHAPTER XXXIV

Capital and Capitol..-. 358

Constitutional Convention of 1849 — Election of Senators, Assemblymen and
Two Congressmen in 1849 — First Legislature at San Jose — Gwln and Fremont
First United States Senators — Proclamation of General Riley — Seat of State
Government at San Jose and Then at Vallejo — Removed to Sacramento Jan-
uary 12, 18.52 — Legal Technicalities Involved in Removal of Capital — All Ses-
sions in Sacramento Since 1854 Excepting That of 1862— Later Attempts to

CONTENTS

Remove Capital — Building of Capitol — Total of Ten Blocks in Capitol Park —
Most Attractive Grounds of Any Capitol Park — Group of Statuary — Trees and
Shrubbery of Every Kind — Grand Army Plat with Trees from Battlefields of
Civil War — Sacramento's Contribution to the List of Governors.

CHAPTER XXXV

The Military 364

State Militia Organized in 1850 — Four Divisions and Eight Brigades —
Changed in 1852 to Seven Districts — Six Divisions and Twelve Brigades
Created in 1855 — One Division and Six Brigades in 1862 — Successive Briga-
dier-Generals— Fourth Regiment — Sutter Rifle Corps — Sacramento Guards —
Young Men's Pioneer Guard — Sacramento Cadets — Independent City Guard —
Sacramento Hussars — Otner Companies — Grand Army of the Republic — Span-
ish War Veterans.

CHAPTER XXXVI

Fire Department 373

Organized in 1850— Fires of That Year— Great Fire of 1853-— Catastrophe of
1854 — Loss of Western Hotel in 1875 — Other Fires — First Fire Company in
State — Mutual Hook and Ladder Company No. 1 — Other Volunteer Organiza-
tions— Paid Fire Department — Established 1872 — Three Companies — Chief
Engineers — Services of Guthrie — Stations 4 and 5 — Most Modern Equip-
ment— Exempt Firemen.

CHAPTER XXXVII
Early Business Enterprises. ..._

Business and Professional Men — Every Line of Industry Represented
— Groceries and Provisions — Breweries — Beet Sugar Factory — Broom Fac-
tories— Wagon and Carriage Shops — Foundries — Flouring Mills — Wheat No
Longer the Principal Crop — Land Now Too Valuable for Grain — Export Flour
Trade an Industry of the Past.

CHAPTER XXXVIII

Banks and Bankers 38S

Banks of Sacramento Second to None in Stability — National Bank of D. O.
Mills & Co.— Early History of the Bank— Capital Savings Bank— Odd Fellows
Savings Bank — California National Bank — People's Savings Bank — Farmers
and Mechanics Savings Bank — Sacramento Savings Bank One of Oldest in
City — Capital Banking and Trust Co. — Sacramento Valley Bank and Trust
Co. — Fort Sutter National Bank — Banks and Bankers 1851-1871 — Sacra-
mento Clearing House.

CHAPTER XXXIX

Public Utilities 398

First Franchise for Gas Works — City First Lighted With Gas December 17,
1855 — Various Changes in Companies — Advance in Methods of Manufactur-
ing Gas — The Telephone — First Appearance of Sunset Telephone Company —
First Express System of Telephone — Early Rate $6 per Month — Capital Tele-
phone and Telegraph Company — Water Works — First Bonds Issued in 1853 —
Original Plant Soon Too Small for Needs of City — New Works Started in
1872 and Completed in 1873.

CHAPTER XL

The Crocker Art Gallery .- 404

Gathered in Europe at Great Expense — Deeded to City in 1885 — Building
Adequate to House Magnificent Collection — California Artists Represented —
Portraits of Prominent Californians — California Museum Association — First
Exhibition a Social and Financial Success — Appreciation of Mrs. Crocker's
Gift — Festival in Her Honor — Ladies Museum Association.

CHAPTER XLI

Associations and Clubs .• 40S)

Sacramento Pioneers — Chamber of Commerce— Sacramento Valley Develop-
ment Association— The Saturday Club— The Tuesday Club— The Sutter Club
— Dramatic and Musical — State Agricultural Society — Sacramento Athletic
Club— Sacramento Boat Club — Other Clubs.

INDEX

Adams, Harry W 961

Ahern, David 546

Ahern, William M 809

Albright, Sidney S 690

Amaya, Daniel D 760

Anderson, Alden 789

Anderson, Andrew 878

Anderson, Charles W 819

Anderson, Lars P 1023

Anderson, Ludwig 1026

Andrew, William J 654

Angrave, Joseph W 991

Aram, Eugene 883

Armstrong, Robert 676

Arnold, Alphonse 962

Atkinson, Edmund C 833

Atkinson, F. L 746

Azevedo, Joseph F. 857

Baker, Harry W 992

Barfoot, Spencer 993

Bassett, W Walter 997

Beckman, William 1020

Beckwith, Chailes M 782

Bedwell, John F 667

Beede; Jeremiah K 653

Bellmer, Edgar H 1055

Bennett, Hariison 963

Bethel, Fiank J . 609

Bettens, R M 1022

Bickle, Thomas V 858

Bills. Charles B 994

Bishop, Fled J 776

Bock, George 1019

Boggess, Jiles S 661

Bohl, Peter 964

Bonte, H. S 1042

Borchard, Alfred 680

Boss, Ira C 808

Bostwick, George W 829

Bowsher, Amos L 774

Bradford, William B 574

Bramhall, Robert N , M D 860

Brauer, Herman . 723

Breuner, Louis F 692

Brickell, Jerome P 620

Brickell, Thomas E 638

Brown, Alfred J 967

Brown, Edward S 861

Brown, Egbert A 864

Brown, John Q 863

Brunschwiler, Joseph I 866

Bullock, George S.. 867

Burns, George A.... 975

Butler, Guy W 870

Calligori, Vincent 841

Cameron, Archibald M 980

Campbell, Alden W 825

Caples, George W 1024

Carlaw, Andrew 871

Carmichael, Daniel W 445

Carraghar, Will J 872

Carroll, Daniel H 793

Carroll, Jeremiah 773

Gate, Daniel R 873

Cavitt, George W 932

Chambers, Vactor T 981

Chaplin, William 874

Chinn, Fredeiick C 766

Christian, James T , M. D 979

Cippa, Fred T 670

Clark, George H 788

Clayton, Marion P 803

Clayton, Mrs. Sarah E 803

Clifton, Archie W 875

Coffin, Edward M 1018

Cohen, Isidoi 571

Cohn, Philip C 475

Coolot, Augustin E 1053

Cooper, John F 558

Cope, O. Harold 813

Cornell, Joseph D 504

Cox, Frederick 976

Coyle, Thomas J 842

Crocker, Charles H 877

Croke, Frank C 683

Crowell, Montfort K 811

Cuff, Clarence C 820

Cutter, George H 996

Dalton, Alfred, Jr.

Dargitz, J. P
DaRoza, Edward L
Davis, Charles K
Day, Stephen S
Dehn, Henry
Derby, Charles M
Derby, Frank M
Diepenbrock, Melchior H

Dike, Uburto L 1000

Doan, Warren E 998

Donahue, John... 934

Donnelly, James H 1017

Donnelly, Peter F 895

Dozier, Melville, Jr 657

Driver, Elisha S. 648

Dunn, Chauncey H 484

Ebel, Mark H 759

Eckhardt, Henrv 689

Ehret, Louis D 770

Eldred, Charles H 1013
Elkus, Louis 999

Elliott, James F 935

Ellis, Charles J 982

Ellis, Rev. John H 1001

Ellis, Rev. William F 752

Emigh, Clay W 797

Emigh, James L 796

Fairbank, Herbert A 523

Fairfield, Willard A 936

Fancher, Frederick B 801

Farren, John 937

Fical, Charles A 1042

Ficks, George W 750

Filcher, Joseph A 1014

Fischer, Jacob J 897

Fisher, J. Hayes, M. D 1047

Fisk, Katherine B 745

Fitzgerald, Petei A 573

Folger, Alfred G 898

Foster, Stephen 938

Foster, Walter T 884

Fox, David F.. 685

Frasinetti, James 747

Fratt, Francis W 1043

Frommer, Bernard 941

Gallup, William R 1025

Gardner, Mrs. Anna G -.-- 951

Geary, William 887

Geiger, Charles C 788

Gerber, Edward H 888

Gerber, John A., Jr 1016

Gerber, William E 947

Gibson, Francis 985

Gillespie, Edward, Sr 950

Godard, Charles W 986

Gore, William R 886

Gormley, William F 891

Gouiden, James 944

Grace, Thomas 427

Graham, Charles H 987

Grant, William E "Ti-

Green, Charles F 436

Green, George 988

Gregory, Frank 705

Gregory, T. T C 1029

Griffeth, Clarence M 664

Griffin, M. W 989

Hall, Thomas B 839

Halloran, Martin 837

Harlow, John M '''36

Hart, James V 488

Hartmann, Geoige P 696

Haynes, Edward 818

Haynie, Stephen W 695

Hencken, William 472

Henry, L.... 1011

Hicks, John B 949

Hinkle, Isa&c 917

Hinsey, William W 743

Hippie, Geoige W 545

Hobrecht, Joseph C 956

Hodson, Burton M 767

Hook, George 955

Hopkins, A S 831

Hopkins, O G 491

Hotchkiss, George W 647

Hulings, Burton F 798

Hullin, Nicholas T 762

Humbert, Hubeit J 524

Hummel, Joseph F 952

Huntress, James S 513

Hutton, Frank O 1012

I
Irvine, Richard C 900

Jacobs, Julius S 850

Jenks, William M 733

Johns, Fred J 614

Johnson, Grove L 500

Johnson, Hiram W 836

Johnson, Joseph \V 588

Johnston. John \\ 953

Johnston, William A 529

Jones, Edward S 849

Jones, Thomas R 507

Junior, Eugene A 493

Kaufman, August 768(

Kaufman, Carl 763

Kavanaugh, Edward C 619

Keach, George 919

Kennedy, William M 663

Kessler. Adam B 1056

Kestler, Gustave A 739

Keyes. Henry C 880

Kiesel. Frederick W 815

Kilgariff, Henry J 503

Kimball, Moses N 881

Kitt, Fred T ..^ 946

Kleinsorge, Charles B 1003

Klune. J. Bernhard 830

Knight, Ralph 499

Knight, William L. 622

Koch, Bernhardt P 892

Koch, Otto J 784

Kohler. Ferdinand 890

Krebs, Harry G 944

Lafferty, Frank A

Langley, William A

Larkin, John N

LaRue, Hon. Hugh M...
LaRue, Hugh M., Jr
Latourrette, Johnl

Lavenson, Gus

Lawton, John

Lawton, William D
Leonard, Albert...
Leonard, Harry W
Levering, Charles D

Lewis, Thomas

Limbaugh, Leonard M
Lindsay, Arthur H
Lindsay, William K.. M
Lothhammer, Charles

Lowry, Felton

Lubin, David

Lubin, S. J

Luce, Niron

. 644

,. 729

435

757

942

847

814

1010

893

1045

715

735

894

816

. 928

. 628

. 833

434

. 922

McCurdy, Arthur H...

McDougal, George

McDougall, Donald

McElwaine, R

McEwen, Edward J
McFarland, Ray D
McKenzie, Francis R
McKevitt, Frank H
McKinstry, J. K ...
McMahon, John...
McWilliams, Hugh
Mackinder, Willis A

. 466

.1008
901

1009
625
590

Mangan, James

709

Manning, Frank J..

4bl

Martin, Fred L

699

Marty, Benjamin

447

Mathews, Herschel B

441

Mauldin, Hugh

. 778

Mayden, John L

781

Mayer, George H

526

Mealer, Thomas J

724

Meister, Albeit

. 800

Meredith, Craddoc

973

Meyer, Frank

906

Meyer, William A

777

Mikle, Pleas G

578

Mikulich, Andrew

907

Mill, Russell W

749

Miller, Frank C

972

Miller, John H , Jr

449

Miller, O. H

Morrill, William D

921

Morris, Edward

481

Morrison, Alexander W

785

Muddox, Harry C

478

Muddox, Ralph H

1048

Murphy, Patiick H

1027

587
627

Nagle, John L
Nathan, Charles P
Nauman, Harrj A
Nelson, Jacob
Nethercott, George
Noble, George W
Noyes, Charles T

O'Kelly, T. J 1051

O'Neil, Tliomas W 822

Owen, Harry D 740

Patterson, John L 552

Paule, Charles 442

Peck, F. S ... 783

Perkins, Chailes C 806

Pfund, Edwaid F 1030

Phillips, Sidney M 494

Phinney, Cassius M 902

Phinney. George A 1035

Pierce, John A 684

Pike, John E T 742

Pipher, Joseph E 456

Powers, William M 610

Prouty, Simon 1031

Prouty, William H 1037

Quaas, William H 457

RalfE, Otto 978

Randle, George N 452

Raper, Robert 641
Read, Heibeit J 1U04

Rees, Fredeiick G 6b ^

Reese, Ed waul E 603

Reese, Johu 95j

Reynolds, Aarou B ii65

Richards, William F "21

Riley, Jolin TIS

Robb, Charles S 'J32

Roberts, John H 4"i"j

Rooney, Stephen J 693

Ross-Roan, Mrb Maij 469

Ruhstallei, Frank J S'll

Runyon, Solomon 9ii5

Russell, Scimuel W 460

Rutter, James j">6

Ryan, Frank D J20

Ryan, Henry P 670

Ryan & Cippa 670

Rydberg, Herman 675

St. Joseph's Academy 606

Saner, Joseph 635

Sargent, Franklin H 856

Sawyer, John H 1038

Schad, Isidor 539

Schad, Thomas 540

Schaden, Alfred 1039

Scheld, Philip 547

Scheunert, Wilhelm R. H 550

Schneider, Casper V 1049

Schnetz, Henry 701

Selliiiger, George P 802

Sellon, George C 828

Seymour, Henry I 826

Shannon, Hunter W. S 940

Sharpe, Elton D 958

Shaw, F. E., M. D 613

Sheehan, Edgar M 549

Shields, Peter J 755

Silva, Charles F 439

Silva, Manuel S , M. D 709

Sisson, Benjamin L 876

Slight, Samuel B 960

Smiley, Hugh J 557

Smith, Mrs. Anna 924

Smith, Herbert F . 669

Steffens, Joseph 853

Stewart, Louis H 562

Strachan, Hugh M 971

Strachan, James 845

Strand, William A 673

Studarus, John 565

Sullivan, Daniel U 753

Swinney, John A 605

Switzer, Herbert C 1007

Taverner, George M 595

Telfer, C. Allison 846

Thlsby, George 632

Thomson, Fredenck F 795

Thorp, Harry 433

Thorp, Sidnev G 541

Timm, Richard 717

Townsend, George H 908

Trainor, Isaac J 531

Twitchell, Edward 535

U
Uren, Stephen 925

Wachhorst, Eugene 1005

Wahrhaftig, Moses S 968

Walke, Adolph 931

Walker, Joseph E 594

Walton, Fredenck S lO.iO

Warner, Willai d 913

Warren, Lloyd G 600

Washburn, O F 930

Watson, William S, M D 9L5

Weisman, William J 910

Welch, Benjamin 567

Wentz, John H 711

Wentzel, Charles E 928

Werner, Charles 616

Wiesenhofer, Frank X 792

Wilder, James A 598

Wiley, David E 916

Williams, Lincoln P 969

Willis, William L 593

Wilson, Jesse W 517

Wise, Philip 929

Woodburn, Elwood J 794

Woods, John L 597

Wulff, Henry F. G 911

Yardley, Herbert E
Yell, Archibald
Yoerk, Charles A
Young, Charles J
Younger, Andrew
Yule, William /"L^

1040
727
811
643

.1002

HISTORICAL

INTRODUCTION

"Serene I fold my hands and wait,
Nor care for wind, nor tide, nor sea ;
I rave no more 'gainst time or fate.
For lo ! my own shall come to me.

"The stars come nightly to the sky.
The tidal wave unto the sea;
Nor time, nor space, nor deep, nor high.
Can keep my own away from me. ' '

— John Burroughs.

Sncli has been for many years the attitude of a large part of this
grand state, the empress that sits throned on the shores of the Pacific,
conscious of her cliarm and confident of the future that awaits her,
and that is drawing as a magnet tlie dwellers of colder climes and
more inhospitable shores to the land of sunshine and flowers. And
such has long been the attitude of Sacramento county, the peer of any
in California. But a transformation has begun and the future will
witness the unfolding of the bud of beauty into a pja-fect flower that
shall surpass the most sanguine expectations. Witn a city that will
expand in the future into the largest inland city on the coast, all her
advantages will keep pace with her evolution and she will take her
proper place among the gems that grace the diadem of the great
empire of the Pacific coast, the magnificent state that took for her
motto "Eureka," and might well have added to it "Excelsior."

It may he safely said of Sacramento county that she has played
a more important part in the history of the state than any other
county within the borders of California. Embracing in her confines
the most precious gifts of the lofty Sierras and the foothills at their
base — the fertile alluvial soil washed down from their hillsides and
canyons to fill up the inland sea of which she was once a part — making
her a second valley of the Nile, no whit inferior to the original in
fertility and jiroductiveness, she is almost without a peer. But the
mountains and foothills were not niggardly in their munificent gifts,
for in addition to her splendid soil they sprinkled it liberally with
golden dust and nuggets that enriched many a one of the Argonauts
and of the generation that succeeded them, and is to this day pouring-
millions into the pockets of the men who are mining the precious metal
on the lands adjoining the American river.

Sitting majestically on the banks of the magnificent river that
forms her western boundary, she has beheld for half a century barges

6 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

and steamers bringing her choicest products down tlie bosom of the
river to the sea, to supply the markets of the coast cities and of lands
beyond the ocean. With the summer's sun and the winter's rain, aided
by the balmy winds of spring and autumn, her crops follow each other
in annual succession, and are sent abroad to feed the less fortunate
dwellers of Occident and Orient and to spread the fame of her wealth
of resources to distant lands. Well has she played her part so far,
but it is an insig-nificant one compared to that which she will play in
the near future, when instead of a few thousands, this magnificent
valley of the Sacramento sliall su]>port millions of happy, prosperous
men, women and children of the mighty empire that is llevehnjing so
rapidly on the western coast of our country. And now has come to her
a quickeniB,:^fof perception that will have far-reaching results. Her
own has cqijifto her. She realizes the value of her birthright and will
take advantage of it to the fullest extent. Agriculture, horticulture,
commerce and manufacturing all feel the impulse resultant on the real-
ization of lier ])ower and opportimity, and lier watchword is "Onward."

In the days before the American occupation, Gen. John A. Sutter,
the pioneer of pioneers of the state, saw with the vision of a prophet
the futu]-e of the country, and built his fort near the confluence of the
Sacramento and American rivers, to become, a few years later, the
objective point of the wagon trains which wended their weary way
across the trackless wilderness of this vast continent. Here many a
company of im|^grants, worn out with their long journey and often
half starved ana in distress, arrived and were fed and relieved from
the stores of the generous-hearted old pioneer, and rested and recu-
perated under the protection of his fort. Here was for many years
the point where the gold seekers, landing from their long and danger-
ous voyage around the Horn, arrived on boats from San Francisco,
and fitted themselves out for the mines. Here, too, was the supply
point for these seekers foi' gold after they had begun with pick, shovel
and rocker, to delve their fortunes from the rich placers of the foot-
hills. Here, then, began the making of tlie history of the Golden state.

It was to Sacramento, too, that Marshall, long before the irrup-
tion of the dwellers of every clime hastening to be first on the ground
to gather the treasure, brought for Sutter's inspection the bright
pieces of yellow metal found in the race at Coloma, and it was from
Sacramento that, after that conference, the news went forth to the
world that the gold placers of California held out the ojjportunity of
acquiring wealtli to all who possessed the nerve and confidence to come
and seek for it.

The history of a nation, a state, a country or a city, has a numbej-
of natural divisions, each interdeijendent with regard to the others,
and which form a harmonious whole when lu'ought into proper relation
to each other. Political, governmental, industrial and commercial,
each has its province in promoting the general welfare of a community

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 7

Not more interesting and romantic was the search of Jason auu
his Argonauts for the Golden Fleece than was that of his prototypes
who braved the wilderness with its hostile Indians, or endured the
tedium and the dangers of the voyage round the Horn in search of the
precious metal with, which California was endowed. There is a fas-
cination which never grows old or lessens as one listens to the remin-
iscences of the old pioneers and their tales of their journeyings to the
new Eldorado under the lure of gold; and one lives over again with
them the exciting experiences they met with, both on their way and
after their arrival. Such a polyglot community never was"drawn to-
gether, surely, banded in one common aim, but still each one pursuing
his own way independently and striving to acquire wealth as quickly
as possible and return to his old home. A few did so, l^ut with the
majority the case was different. They never dreanied i^i^t they were
to be founders of a great state which would hold theii*' Snemory in
reverence and respect them for their sturdy, earnest qualities. Alas,
they are fast dwindling in numbers and only a few brief years will see
them among us no more.

The lure of gold is one of the strongest incentives to man, induc-
ing him to leave home and its loved ones, to brave well-known and
certain danger and to tempt fate in the most daring manner. Perhaps
the spice of danger and adventure lends force to the lure, although
optimism must necessarily be the most potent factor. Other men have
made fortunes quickly and comparatively easily, why not he ? We hear
only of the successful ones, but rarely of the unsuccessful, their priva-
tions or sufferings, and the dazzle of gold blinds us to the reverse side
of the question. The struggles and privations of the thousands who
joined in the mad rush to Alaska in the last decade are very little
known or considered. Rotten ships, condemned years before, were
chartered to take them on the treacherous sea voyage, laden to the
gunwales with passengers and freight, and with the chances against
their proceeding a hundred miles on their journey before experiencing
shipwreck. And yet men fought and pleaded for a chance to brave
the perils of the journey and the certain suffering from cold and
hunger and other perils after their arrival in the land of the Great
White Silence. So it was in the days of '49. The long six months'
journey across the plains and lofty mountains, with only a trail to
follow, the dangers of Indians, floods, tire and starvation could not
deter the dauntless ones who took up their journey of more than two
thousand miles through the wilderness, many of them with their wives
and children.

Right here it is only just to give their due to the women — the
pioneer mothers of whom we hear so little — the women who forsook
home and kindred to follow their husbands through all trials and
dangers to the imknown la-nds and to assist with their labors and coun-
sel, and with the children of the rising generation, in the shaping and

8 HISTORY OP SACRAMENTO COUNTY

moulding of a great empire whose fame was destined to reach the
uttermost parts of the earth. Like the pioneer women of the great west
and the Mississippi valley, they have not received their meed of praise
and recognition of the important part they played in empire building.
While the men labored, the women had to make the home as comfort-
able as conditions allowed, to rear and care for and clothe the children
and to endure all sorts of privations. Theirs the test of patience and
courage to meet and overcome, to cheer and encourage under adverse
circumstances, and well the pioneer women did their part. Not the
least of their tests was the scarcity of female companionship, as for
several years but few women came to this coast, and they were widely
scattered after their arrival. The coming of a woman to a mining
camp was a great event and roused all the latent chivalry of the rough
men of the community, who vied in doing her honor and making her
comfortable and mitigating the conditions around her. She was placed
upon a pedestal and surrounded by adoring subjects. A man would be
safer in committing murder than in insulting or injuring her.

Pioneers have told the writer of the appearance of the country
adjoining Sacramento on the south in the days of '49 and '50. "A
man could ride over the plains ra horseback," they say, "and tie the
wild oats across his saddle bow, as they rose often above the head of a
man on foot. Droves of antelope were to be seen on the plains and
deer were to be found in the groves along the river, while in the tules
and along the sloughs and lakes in the southern part of the county
herds of elks passed most of their time." And yet, with those- fertile
plains at their doors, such was tlie fixity of the idea that had taken
hold of men's minds and impelled them to the mines, that they scoffed
at the few wise ones who planned to take up land and go to farming.
"What!" they would say, "would you go out there and drudge, when
you could go to the mines and pick up gold ? Wliy, you would starve
to death out there ! Not any land for me. ' '

But among them were men who had left the farm in the east to
come to California. These men saw that while many lucky ones made
their fortunes more or less quickly in the mines, there were thousands
of others who lived from hand to mouth or went broke in quest for
gold. They looked on the face of the country and, like the Israelites,
"found it good." They realized that the soil that would ])rodu('e such
crops without cultivation would produce bounteously when properly
cultivated. They realized too that the gold diggers must be fed, and
that feeding them would bring its reward in rich profits. They knew
the stock must have hay in the winter as well as in the summer, when
every spear of grass was dried up in the absence of rain. So the wise
men took up tracts of land. Some of them purchased large grants
which had been given by the Mexican government, as had Sutter's.
They prepared to feed the hungry, and their descendants are carrying
out their plans today. The land which the miners, in their ignorance

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 9

of the effects of climatic conditions in the valley, designated as a
desert, has proved "a land flowing- with milk and honey," and has
promoted the growth of an industrious and ))rosi)erous community
which has done its share in the upbuilding of the great commonwealth
that extends along the shore of the Pacific for a distance almost as
great as that of the Atlantic states on the ocean that washes the east-
ern shore of oiir country.

The great possibilities of our county are only in their first stage
of development. The days of the stock and cattle men and of the
herds that covered the land are gone. The days of wheat-raising that
followed them are almost past and the era of intensive farming has
come. The small home of a few acres, where the work that in the days
of the wheat farmers was distributed over a quarter or half section
is now concentrated on ten or twenty acres, has begun to take the place
of the big ranch. Instead of sparsely settled plains where the farm
house, barns and corrals were the only signs of habitation, and the
rancher depended on the peddler's wagon to supply him with vege-
tables and fruit ; where perhajjs a few straggling fowls were to be seen
around the barn yard, and the rancher brought out from the town his
butter, eggs, condensed milk and bacon, are now to be seen the orchard
and vineyard, with perhaps a patch of alfalfa yielding green feed the
year around for the cows and chickens. "The old order changeth,
yielding place to new." The country is daily growing nearer to the
city. The tele]3hone, the parcels post, the rural delivery which brings
to the farmer his daily paper and his letters and keeps him in touch
with the markets on which he depends for the sale of his products —
all are making the farm more attractive to the rising generation. The
immense holdings of the wheat barons are passing away and in place
of the scattered bunk-houses where in winter the men who ran the
gang-plows and sowed the seed and in summer the harvester gangs
passed their nights, are the small farms of settlers, with comfortable
homes growing in beauty and attractiveness and the children are to
be found who will grow up as the next generation of our citizens. The
schoolhouse, the cornerstone of our nation's greatness, begins to dot
the landscape and the church and postoffice soon are seen, a nucleus
for the thriving communities that are springing up and will soon cover
the state thickly, as they do in the east. We are coming into our own
at last.

10 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

CHAPTER I

SACRAMENTO COUNTY

Sacramento county is situated on the river from which it is
named (Rio Sacramento, liver of the Sacrament), being bounded on
the north by Placer county, on the east by Eldorado and Amador, on
the south by San Joaquin and on the west by Yolo and Solano. Sacra-
mento City is the county town as well as the capital of the state. The
city is in 38° 35' north latitude and 121° 30' west longitude from
(Greenwich. The county contains nine hundred and eighty-eight square
miles, only a little less than the area of Rhode Island. The popu-
lation of the county according to the census of 1910 is sixty-seven
thousand eight hundred and six, but it is rapidly increasing, owing
to the era of rapid development which has set in during the past five
years. The coming of a new transcontinental railj-oad — the Western
Pacific — and the approaching entry of the Great Northern and Santa
Fe, as well as several interurban electric lines either already con-
structed or in course of construction, have greatly hastened its ra])id
progress and prosperity. The magnificent river that flows along its
western boundary bears on its bosom, it is stated, almost as much
freight annually as the mighty Mississippi does. While the figures
are not at hand to verify this statement, it is certain that the tonnage
of grain, wood, fnait, vegetables and other products of the State which
are carried on the river by steamers and barges totals an immense
amount and relieves the railroads of a very great amount of freight dur-
ing the busy season, and is a decided factor in keeping down freight
charges in the valley. The river flows through a country unsurpassed in
fertility in the whole world and producing a vast variety of grain, fruit
and vegetables. On the river and the islands bounded by its various
channels and tributaries, in addition to the fruit orchards that have
been celebrated for their fine fruit for nearly a half century jiast,
asparagus and celery growing have of late years become a most
important and yearly increasing interest, the former furnishing many
thousands of cases of canned product, which is shipped all over the
world.

Sacramento County was one of the large wheat growing counties
many years ago, but as wheat growing became less profitable and the
land became more valuable, it gradually became utilized for vineyard
and orchard ijroduction, for which most of the land in the county is
admirably adapted. Hence of late years Sacramento has become the
chief shipping point for all kinds of fruit except the citrus varieties,
and as its soil and climate have been found to be of the best for the
citrus fruits, their production has been rapidly increasing, both in
quantity and quality, the latter being found to be inferior to none

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 11

raised elsewhere. A peculiar feature of the climatoloi^y of Sacranieuto
and the adjoining counties on the east and north is found in what
is known as the thermal belt in the foothills and higher portion of
the plain, where the citrus fruits ripen to jjerfection and so much
earlier than in other sections that they are from a month to six weeks
earlier than those in the southern part of the State. They are there-
fore marketed before the frosts come, reaching the eastern markets
before the holiday season and of course bringing the highest prices.
Besides these, all varieties of deciduous fruit grow in profusion and
perfection, tlie shipments in 1909 reacliing as high as two hundred
carloads in one day, and on one day in July, 1912, totaling two hundred
and twenty carloads.

The city of Sacramento is thirty-one feet above the sea level,
the river below Colusa having a verj' gradual fall. The mountains
which form the walls of the valley are visible on both sides of the city,
and the panorama of the river, plain, foothills and mountains as seen
from the dome of the capitol is a grand one, Mt. Shasta and Lassen
Peak, more than two hundred miles away, being visible on some clear
days. The climate of the city and county is tempered by the Sierra
Nevadas and the Coast Range, and the humidity of the air in the
summer is perceptibly lessened by being shut out from tlie ocean to
a large degree by the Coast Range. For this reason, while the ther-
mometer on some days in summer shows a high reading, the absence of
moisture in the atmosphere renders it much more comfortable
than in a moister climate, and sunstrokes and heat prostrations are
practically unknown. Sacramento valley is about one hundred and
fifty miles long, with a breadth of about fifty to sixty miles, and is
walled in by two ranges of mountains, the Sierra Nevadas on tlie
east, and the Coast Range on the west. Thej" gradually approach
each other until they come together in Shasta county. At the head
of the valley Mount Shasta stands, looking down from his snowy
heights like a hoary sentinel placed there to watch over the welfare
of the country below. Beneath him winds the Sacramento river, on
its way to water the fertile plains to the south. The alluvial lands
along the rivei' slowly merge into the plains, and they gradually rise
until they meet the foothills with which the valley is fringed, the foot-
hills in turn giving way to the higher ranges, the loftiest peaks of
which are Pyramid Peak, ten thousand and fifty-two feet in altitude,
and Alpine, ten thousand and twenty-six feet, in the Sierra Nevadas;
and Mount Johns, eight thousand feet high, in the Coast Range. To
the southwest fifty-three miles rises Mount Diablo, in a detached
range, three thousand eight hundred and fifty-six feet high, while the
Marysville Buttes, from forty to fifty miles north, rise two thousand
feet out of the level plain and cover an area of fifty-five square miles.
Adjoining the alluvial lands along the river are the plains, the soil of
which is a sandv loam, a reddish land containing some clay, and a

12 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

heavy black olayish soil known as adobe. There are also gravelly
ridges running nearly north and south through the center of the
county and also east of the Cosumnes river, which comes down from
Amador county and entering the eastern part of Sacramento county,
flows into the Mokelumne river on the southern boundary. Around
Folsom, on the eastern edge and three miles from the Eldorado
boimdary, the soil becomes of a deep red color and is a gold-bearing
gravel which turned out many millions in the early days,, and is still
mined with great profit. All these varieties of land grow fine grapes
and other fruits, which are mostly shipped to the east, bringing good
prices. Along the rivers, corn, hops and vegetables are grown in
large quantities, the hop crop being an important industry in the
county. Large quantities of vegetables are shipped to Utah, Idaho
and Montana, and some even as far east as Chicago and New York.
The American river, coming down from Eldorado county, runs
through Folsom and empties into the Sacramento just above Sacra-
mento City.

The greater part of the surface of the county is level, or nearly
so. As it approaches the Cosumnes it becomes more hilly, falling
again to Deer creek, which runs along the west side of the Cosumnes
river bottom, and becoming rolling land on the other side of the
Cosumnes, until it reaches the lower foothills. On the Cosumnes are
hop yards, orchards, corn and alfalfa fields. Dry creek on the south
forms part of the southern boundary and empties into the Mokelumne,
which also forms a ])art of the southern boundary. Thus the county
is abundantly watered in its various localities by four rivers and their
tributary streams. The American, Cosumnes and Mokelumne are all
torrential streams rising in the high Sierras and with a large area
of land contributing to their watershed. Down the canyons, there-
fore, through which tliey flow, rushes annually an immense volume of
water on its way to the ocean. In the early days this often over-
flowed the alluvial lands along the Sacramento river, carrying death
and destruction along its course. Several of these floods were disas-
trous to Sacramento City in its early history. Judging from the t^les
of the pioneers, the flood in the winter of 1862 must have covered not
only the river bottoms, but also a large portion of what is familiarly
known as "the plains," for the writer has heard old settlers tell of
transporting their provisions and other merchandise from Sacramento
during that winter on flatboats or barges almost to the town of Elk
Grove. An idea of the immense volume of water that found its way
to the sea on that occasion may be gained from the fact that it not
only covered the great tule basin of Yolo county, but also a large
portion of the plains east and south of the city to a width of manv
miles. Since that time the settlers liave learned the lesson that
safetv can be found only in liigh and wide levees, ]iro])erly constructed
to withstand the wind and water.

HISTORY OP^ SACRAMENTO COUNTY 1.}

But man, while always striving against the elements and the
forces of nature, often succeeds in the herculean task of subduing
them and turning the master into the servant. These same torrential
streams, which, unbridled, sweep man and his works fi'om their jjath
like feathers, are being harnessed and confined to do his bidding and
foster his prosperity. The great dam at Folsom, built by the state,
furnishes power to the state's prison as well as electricity for light-
ing the grounds. It has also for many years supplied Sacramento
city and county with light and power. In the near future the water
of those streams will be used again and again to turn mills and
machinery for factories, and the electrical power generated by the
rivers will be, even more than in the past, transmitted to long
distances — a factor in building up the prosperity of many a com-
munity.

The day will come, moreover, when immense reservoirs will l)e
constructed, either by the government or the state, for the im|)ound-
ing of the flood water from the rain and melting snow and its dis-
tribution during the long, dry summer over the thirsty land, doubling
and trebling the crops and bringing greater prosperity to the valley.
Then too will the rivers, instead of bringing down destriictive torrents
upon the valley, remain within their banks and the Sacramento, with
its channel deepened, will once more see the ships of distant nations
iiringing their commerce to our door.

Many centuries ago a vast sea occupied the place now known as
the Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys. The action of sun, rain
and air slowly disintegrated the surrounding mountains and erosion •
set in, the detritus forming soil which was washed down into the
inland sea, eventually filling up the great basin. It is no wonder then,
that, like the valley of the Nile, which was formed in the same way,
the valley of the Sacramento became one of the richest and most fer-
tile in the world. For nearly half a century it was one of the great
wheat-producing sections of the United States. As the soil became
exhausted for wheat-raising under the one-crop system, the farmer
began to find it necessary to change the crop. He found that it would
not only raise all varieties of fruit and berries, but that on a much
smaller acreage he could raise a far more profitable crop, as well as
a more certain one. So in a few years Sacramento developed into a
great fruit shipping center and today the Florin district is one of the
largest, if not the largest of the strawberry-growing centers in the
state. Sacramento also leads in the production of the Tokay grajie,
the color and quality of which always secures for it in the eastern
market the highest price.

Nor must the tule lands along the Sacramento river in the south-
western part of the county be overlooked. Alluvial lands of the richest
quality, for some distance back from the river they have been re-
claimed and thousands of acres planted with orchards of deciduous

14 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

fruits or sown with alfalfa and used as dairy farms. Of lat« years
they are being- reclaimed faster and asparagus and celery have been
found to be very successful and profitable crops, the former being
canned in immense quantities and sent east to supply the markets of
the world.

In fact e^•erything that can be produced in a semi-tropical country
can be grown in the Sacramento valley, and even some fruits and
other ]:)roducts that really belong to tropical climes. Rice is being
grown with great success and of the finest quality in Butte county, as
well as to a limited extent in Sacramento county, a large portion of
the soil of which is admirably fitted for its culture. Hemp and ramie
bid fair to become profitable textile products and much of the land
is suitable for flax. Hops are also an imi^ortant product, being grown
of the finest quality along the Sacramento and the Cosumnes rivers.

A large portion of the area of Sacramento, which is now in pri-
vate ownership through subdivision, was in the early days comjirised
in the old Spanish grants. The boundaries and other matters were
the cause of much costly and vexatious litigation. The grants were
as follows:

The Rancho Rio de los Americanos, or Leidesdorff grant, lying
along the American river and country around Folsom.

The Sutter Grant, or New Helvetia.

The Sheldon Grant, embracing the estates of Jared Sheldon and
William Daylor, on the Cosumnes river, originally known as the
Rancho Omochumnes.

The Hartnell Grant, also on the Cosumnes river.

The Rancho San Jon de los Moquelumnes, generally known as tlic
Chabolla Grant, on the lower Cosumnes around Hicksville and running
to the Mokelumne river.

The Arroyo Seco Grant, in Alabama township, on Dry creek.

The Rancho San Juan, on the north side of the American river
and embracing the Carmichael colony, Fair Oak.s and a part of
Orangevale.

The Rancho del Paso, formerly known as the Norris Grant and
now generally spoken of as the Haggin Grant. This stood for more
than fifty years as a barrier to the extension of the city on the north
and has only been subdivided within the past three years, the last of
the great land holdings in this county.

The Rancho Sacayac, on the north side of the Cosumnes, between
the Sheldon grant and the east line of the county.

The Rancho Cazadores, on the northwest side of the Cosumnes,
o])posite the Chabolla grant.

Sacramento is fourth among the counties of the state in jwint of
property valuation, Los Angeles standing first, according to the re-
port of State Controller Nye for the year 1912, San Francisco being
second and Alameda third. The report states that the valuation of

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 15

property in Sacramento county is $86,589,795, an increase of over
$5,000,000 above the valuation for 1911. The increase is largely due
to the increase of values of j^roperty in Sacramento City, and also the
subdivision, sale and improvement of many tracts in the county. Thus
is evidenced a steady growth of property in the county, which is really
just beginning to exhibit the advantages of soil and climate, coupled
with comparatively low prices of acreage land and the opportunity
for a home market in a large city close by, which it has for many
years possessed, but has only recently advertised.

The pioneer who in the early days crossed the dark river to the
"undiscovered bourne from which no traveler returns," would look
with astonishment on the present city. The city of tents has grown
to large dimensions, covering many square miles and containing many
stately edifices and blocks of beautiful homes. The cottonwoods and
willows of the early days have given place to long lines of stately and
umbrageous elms that embower in a grateful shade the residences
along the streets, tempering the heat of the summer days and afford
ing a restful prospect to the eye. Strangers visiting the city generally
remark on the beauty thus enhanced, and a visit to the Capitol dome
often induces them to say: "What a beautiful city!" Even old resi-
dents who have lieen absent for the past ten years look in astonish-
ment at the rapid changes. For in the past five years especially has
the place doffed the garb of a country town and blossomed out as a
live, progressive city. The ways of '49 have disappeared. Finely
improved streets have rapidly come to the front, nearly one hundred
miles of asphalt, oiled macadam and some old graveled streets having
taken the place of the mud holes of twenty years ago. A splendid
system of electric car service has sprung up, connecting the old city
with the suburbs, and is still extending its ramifications. The old one
and two-story buildings of early days are fast giving way to edifices
of five to eight stories, of the most modern style of architecture. The
new courthouse, costing nearly $600,000, is nearing completion, and
the splendid new city hall houses the various departments of the city
government. The stately Capitol with its magnificent park is the ad-
miration of all visitors, and the art gallery and Sutter's Fort are al-
ways points of attraction to our visitors. Modern hotels furnish ac-
commodation to thousands of tourists and others and the city is often
spoken of as the "loveliest city on the coast." Investors from the
east and elsewhere are looking over the ground and several large
firms are starting extensive business adventures here. The recent an-
nexation of the suburbs has greatly widened Sacramento's prospects
and the fact becomes more evident each day that she is destined in
the near future to become a great city. Her geographical situation,
the immensely rich lands that surround her, the great quantities of
fruit and other ]iroducts grown around her and shipped from here all
over the country, are all advertising her to the world and bringing

16 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

people to her from the frozen east to enjoy her climate and other
advantages.

To smn up its advantages : Sacramento has the geographical ad-
vantage not only of river transportation, but of being the natural
center for all transcontinental railroads entering Northern California.
Two already pass through the city, two more will certainly do so in
the near future and two more now projected will probably do so. It
will be the center of many i-adiating electric roads which will bring
city and country into close touch and settle thickly adjacent territory.
The logical shipjnng point of all the fruit and other products of two
great valleys is here. The richest and most productive area in the
world is naturally tributary to Sacramento. The three great alluvial
basins of the Sacramento river, capable when reclaimed of supporting
several millions, are adjacent to or near Sacramento, their natural
market or shipping point. The immense amount of power capable of
being developed in the Sierra Nevadas renders it certain that many
factories will ultimately be centered here, giving employment to thou-
sands.

CHAPTER II

:\riNING

The discovery of gold at Coloma on the South Fork of the Ameri-
can river was soon heralded to the world and a cosmopolitan assembly
soon poured into California by land and sea and in a frenzied race for
riches overspread the land, i)eopling the g-ulches and ravines that had
never before been trodden by the foot of white man. Reasoning
logically that the gold on the rivei- bars had some source more or less
distant, they explored every gully and canyon abo\'e and below
Coloma. finding diggings in all of them and many of them very
rich. The country around Folsom was especially rich, and a large
population soon centered there, making it a lively raining camp, which
at one time cast considerably over two thousand votes. The bars and
banks on the American river for miles above and below the town
were very rich and were worked over by the early miners and later
by hydraulic process. In the jiast few years gold dredging has be-
come prevalent in that territory as well as in Butte county. While it
is impossible to obtain statistics of the amount of gold obtained by
dredging, the owners being secretive, it is known that it runs into the
millions. While the amount is so large, it is regrettable that it cannot
be obtained except at the sacrifice of much of the best land in the
state, which is transformed by the dredgers from rich orchards and
vineyards into unsightly heaps of cobblestones, and ])ractically re-
moved for many years from the assessment rolls of the county as a
revenue ])roducer for the ])ublic weal. Much damage, it is claimed,

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 17

has been done to the American and other rivers by the "slickens"
from the dredges filling up the river beds and fouling the water, and
there are many who advocate the passage of laws regulating, if not
restraining, the oj^eration of dredger mining.

Hydraulic mining succeeded the pick, shovel, rocker and long torn
of the early miners and was continued for a number of years. The
shoaling of the river beds and the frequent floods and breaking of
levees that covered the adjacent lands with sand and debris, aroused
the attention of the dwellers in the valley and a bitter controversy
was begun between the hydraulic miners and the citizens of the coun-
ties affected. An association was formed, denominated the "Anti-
Debris Association," composed of citizens of the counties along the
Sacramento river. It was pointed out that valuable orchards were
being destroyed along and below the entry of the tributaries of the
Sacramento which carried down the detritus from the hydraulic
mines; that the bed of the Sacramento and its tributaries was being
raised by the deposits of the debris and navigation was impeded, if
not utterly destroyed in the summer, while the floods, the result of
the raising of the river plane, carried destruction to the low lands
and the towns along their banks. Marysville was a great sufferer
from broken levees and inundations and today the town lies below
the level of the bottom of the river on which it is situated, while
thousands of formerly fertile acres of adjacent lands are a waste of
gravel and sand many feet deep. The association secured ap]:)ropria-
tions for its support from the supervisors of the counties of which its
membership was composed and a long legal battle was begun with
the object of compelling the hydraulic miners to cease their opera-
tions.

At last its contest was successfi;! and finally an injunction was
obtained, prohibiting hydraulic mining unless the debris could be suc-
cessfully impounded to the satisfaction of the association.

CHAPTER III

CLIMATE

The climate of Sacramento county cannot be surpassed in the
state. To the denizen of the east, where frost, snow and ice reign
for from four to six months ; where the farmer works for six months
in the year to provide for his stock during the other six, our climate
is a revelation. True he misses the merry jingle of the sleigh bells,
the exhilarating sport of gliding over the ice on skates, and the other
winter sports; neither is he frozen to death in blizzards, nor does he
have to build cyclone cellars to which he may retreat while his house
is being picked up and blown into the next county. His winter sports
he can easily enjoy, if he desires, by boarding the cars and riding a

18 HISTOEY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY

few hours into the Sierras. But as a general thing, when he has once
settled in Sacramento county, he prefers to remain where three-quar-
ters of the winter is sunshine and the rest supplies him with rain for
the ground to store up and utilize in producing crops. Seldom indeed
does the thermometer fall below the freezing point, and many children
grow up in Sacramento without having ever seen any snow, except on
the far distant Sierras. With a climate rivaling, if not excelling, the
far-famed climate of Italy, in a land that, like Italy, produces the or-
ange, the lemon, the olive and the vine, why should not the emigrant
from the east pronounce it perfect and sit down content to enjoy his
life here? Is the picture too highly drawn? Ask the man from Maine,
or the states bordering on the great lakes, or the northwest, who,
after traveling through cold and storm, crosses . the lofty Sierras —
sentinels on the east that ward off the snow from the great central
valleys of California — drops down in a couple of hours from the sum-
mit, to tind the peach and almond trees in blossom in the foothills and
the earth green with the footprints of the spring, who hears the
hum of the bees, and inhales the air, fragrant with blossoms, almost
before his eyes have become used to the absence of the glittering crys-
tals of the snow and ice of the mountain ranges.
' ' What is so rare as a day in June,
Then, if ever, come perfect days."
Thus wrote Lowell, the sweet singer. But Sacramento does not need
to wait till June. She has perfect days, yes, many of them, while the
streams of the New England states and the western states are still
prisoned in icy fetters, and the people snowbound or delving in the
great snow drifts that make the roads impassable.

We hear mucli of the vaunted climate of southern Italy and Los
Angeles. There is no wish to disparage the merits of either. The
dwellers of Sacramento county are glad to know that those places are
so blessed in climatic conditions. However, we present a few trgnrep
in comparison. They are authentic and furnish food for reflection.

Statistics, gathered from United States Government Weather
Bureau for past fifteen years :

Southern Italy. — Average winter temperature, 47.3; average
spring temperature, 57.3; average summer temperature, 73.7; average
autumn temperature, 61.9; average yearly temperature, 60.0; average
highest temperature, 85; average lowest temperature, 20; average
clear days, 220.

Los Angeles. — Average winter temperature, 52.0 ; average -spring
temperature, 60.0 ; average summer temperature, 70.0 ; average autumn
temperature, 65.0; average yearly temperature, 62.0; average highest
temperature 109; avei-age lowest temperature, 28; average clear
days, 250.

Sacramento. — Average winter temperature, 48.0 ; average spring
temperature, 60.0; average summer temperature, 75.0; average au-

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 19

tumn temperature, 61.0; average yearly temperature, 61.0; average
highest temperature, 100; average lowest temperature, 29; average
clear days, 238.

The record of the blossoming of fruit trees for tweuty-Iive years
])revious to 1894 showed the earliest date to have been January 20,
1888, and the latest March 8, 1871. No later data are at hand, but
the seasons have varied very little for cycles of ten years since the
settlement of the state and the growing of fruits, so that these figures
may be regarded as a fair average of conditions. Cherries ripen and
are shipped from here in Api'il and on exceptional seasons a few
boxes have l)een shipped earlier, the usual period of blossoming, how-
ever, being aliout the 15th of February. The long, dry summer ripens
all kinds of fruit perfectly, and but rarely do the autumn rains come
early enough to damage the fruit crop not already marketed. The
farmer leaves his hay or grain in the stack for months if necessary,
secure that it will not be damaged by untimely rains. Each season
thus brings its own work. As the fall months advance and the winter
begins, the rains make their appearance. The summer fallow is mois-
tened and the grain is sown and harrowed. The winter plowing is
begun as soon as the rain has penetrated the soil to the proper depth
and when the seeding is completed the farmer leaves the rainfall to
complete the work.

In the matter of rainfall, Sacramento county enjoys the happy
medium, the average rainfall being nearly twenty-one inches. Taken
in connection with the fertility of the soil, and the conditions sur-
rounding the valley and influencing its climate, the fact is that a crop
failure in this county has never been recorded, and that it was the
boast of the past generation of farmers that irrigation was not nec-
essary in order to secure a crop. That boast was made in the days
of wheat raising and does not apply so strictly to fruit raising and
later methods of farming. Still in most sections of the county the
raising of grapes and deciduous fruits and nuts is in many cases made
profitable by thorough cultivation without resorting to irrigation.

While this is true, there are several irrigation systems of ditches
from which water can be obtained on reasonable terms, and which
is found necessary for the production of citrus fruit and alfalfa.

The absence, or rather scarcity, of humidity in the atmosphere at
Sacramento during the summer time is a great factor in making the
heat more endurable when the thermometer shows a reading that is
high. As is well known, a high degree of atmospheric humidity in-
tensifies the suffering when the temperature reaches one hundred de-
grees or more. In fact, in the country east of the Rocky Mountains,
where showers are more or less frequent in the summer, there is more
suffering when the thermometer rises to ninety degrees, and the air
is charged with moisture, than there would be in Sacramento when it
marked one hundred degrees or m.ore. In one case fatalities from

20 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

sunstroke are verj^ common, while in the other sunstroke is unknown.
The breeze from the ocean which ascends the Sacramento river in the
summer afternoons has a cooling eifect on the atmosphere and renders
the evenings delightful for outdoor amusements. It is a rare thing
in Sacramento, in fact not more than two or three nights in the year,
that a person cannot sleep comfortably under a sheet or even under
a blanket or two. The spring and fall weather are delightful and
winter almost seems a misnomer when one enjoys the sunny days
when a coat seems almost a burden. No wonder, in such a climate,
that the fruit trees haste to break into blossom and fill the air with
their fragrance. To the easterner, impelled by the cold of his native
state to seek a more balmy climate, Sacramento offers one not to be
excelled by any other place, in winter or summer.

Sacramento presents further advantages to the settler. As has
lieen stated, all kinds of fruits of the temperate zone, all semi-tropical
fruits, and even some tropical fruits ripen here in perfection. But a
])eculiar climatic condition prevails in the foothill section of the
Sierras of Sacramento and the adjacent counties. It is known as the
thermal belt. The southern part of the state has been extensively
advertised as the home of the orange and the lemon. AVhile this is
true, it is equally true that Sacramento and adjoining counties are
also the home of the orange and all other citrus fruits and the ship-
ment of such fruits is a constantly increasing factor in their ])ros-
perity. Many hundreds of carloads of oranges, lemons and pomelos
or grape fruit are shipjied to the east annually. The very decided
advantage that Sacramento has over the southern part of the state is
that her oranges ripen from a month to six weeks earlier than in the
south and her crop is practically disposed of in the eastern market for
the Tlianksgiving and holiday trade at high jirices, before the southern
iranges are ripe enough to begin shipment. Such being the case, the
freezing of the orange crop is a thing unknown in Sacramento county,
nor do the later varieties ever suffer from frost.

Olives thrive and bear profitable crops in Sacramento county,
where there are many orchards of them. As fine a quality of oil as
is to be found in the state is made at Fair Oaks, and both there and
in several other places is the business of pickling the ripe olive made
a paying industry.

We are indebted to Nathaniel R. Taylor, local forecaster of tlie
United States Weather Bureau in this city, for very valuable data
concerning the climate and rainfall in this coiintry from 1849 until the
jiresent time. We often hear ]:)ersons make the assertion that our
climate is changing; that this thing or that is not as it was forty or
fifty years ago. While it is true that there is a different amount of
rainfall and temperature during individual years, it will be seen that
taken in cycles of five or ten years, the average weather of the seasons
shows but little variation, and there is no great amount of change for

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 21

tlie past fifty years. The increase in irrigation which has been made
during the past few years, and which will increase rapidly within the
next decade may make a perceptible change in the course of time, as
the creation of the Salton sea has brought about an increased rainfall
in the southern part of the state, but as yet no noticeable change has
occurred here. As will be seen by the foregoing table, our climate is
if anything better than the vaunted climate of Italy and is not mate-
rially different from that of Los Angeles, upon which so much stress
is laid by the inhabitants of the south. Taken all in all, the climate
of our glorious state is unequaled by that of any similar extent of
country in the world, and the Californian who desires a change of
climate can easily obtain it in a few hours, without lea^dng his own
state.

As will be seen by the table of absolute maxinmm and absolute
minimum temperature for the last thirty years, taken in cycles of ten
years, the average maximum for the ten years from 1881 to 1891, in-
clusive, is 103.4'; that from 1891 to 1901 is 104.2'; and that from
1901 to 1911 is 103.6'. On the other side, the average minimum from
1881 to 1891 was 26.5'; from 1891 to 1901, it was 27.6'; and from
1901 to 1911 it was 29.4'.

The following table gives the monthly, seasonal and annual rain-
fall from 1849 to January 1, 1912, and will be found a very valuable
one for reference. As will be seen by it, the average seasonal rainfall
for the sixty-two years is 19.48 inches, and the annual rainfall is 19.24
inches.

Sacramento rainfall, monthly, seasonal and annual, 1849-1911:

1849-50.— July, 0; August, 0- September, 0.25; October, 1.50; No-
vember, 2.25; December, 12.50; January, 4.50; February, 0.50; March,
10.00; April, 4.25; May, 0.25; June, 0; seasonal, 36.00; year, 1850;
annual, 19.50.

1850-51.— July, 0; August, 0; September, 0; October, 0; No-
vemlier, T. ; December, T. ; January, 0.65; February, 0.35; March,
1.88; April, 1.14; May, 0.69; June, 0; seasonal, 4.71; year, 1851;
annual, 15.10.

1851-52.— July, 0; August, 0; September, 1.00; October, 0.18; No-
vember, 2.14; December, 7.07; January, 0.58; February, 0.12; March,
6.40; A])ril, 0.19; May, 0.30; Jime, 6; seasonal, 17.98; year, 1852;
annual, 26.99.

1852-53.— July, T. ; August, 0; September, T.; October, 0; No-
vember, 6.00; December, 13.40; January, 3.00; February, 2.00; March,
7.00; April, 3.50; May, 1.45; June, T.; seasonal, 36.35; year, 1853;
annual, 19.99.

1853-54.— July, 0; August, 0; September, T.; October, T.; No-
vember, 1.50; December, 1.54; January, 3.25; February, 8.50; March,
3.25; April, 1.50; May, 0.21; June, 0.31; seasonal, 20.06; year, 1854;
annual, 19.83.

22 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

1854-55.— July, 0 ; August, T. ; September, T. ; October, 1.01 ; No-
vember, 0.65; December, 1.15; January, 2.67; February, 3.46; March,
4.20; April, 4.32; May, 1.15; Jime, 0.01; seasonal, 18.62; year, 1855;
annual, 18.56.

1855-56. — July, 0 ; Augaist, 0 ; Sejjtember, T. ; October, 0 ; No-
vember, 0.75 ; December, 2.00 ; January, 4.92 ; February, 0.69 ; March,
1.40; April, 2.13; May, 1.84; June, 0.03; seasonal, 13.76; year, 1856;
annual, 14.26.

1856-57.— July, 0; August, 0; September, T.; October, 0.20; No-
vember, 0.65; December, 2.40; January, 1.38; February, 4.80; March.
0.68; April, T. ; May, T. ; June, 0.3.5; seasonal, 10.-16; year, 1857;
annual, 12.91.

1857-58.— July, 0; August, T.; September, 0; October, 0.66; No-
vember, 2.41; December, 2.63; January, 2.44; February, 2.46; March,
2.88; April, 1.21; May, 0.20; June, O.iO; seasonal, 14.99; year, 1858;
annual, 16.80.

1858-59.— July, 0.01; August, T. ; Septembei', T. ; October, 3.01;
November, 0.15; December, 4.34; January, 0.96; February, 3.91;
March, 1.64; April, 0.98; May, 1.04; June," 0; seasonal, 16.04; year,
1859; annual, 16.86.

1859-60.— July, 0; August, 0; September, 0.02; October, 0; No-
vember, 6.48; December, 1.83; January, 2.31; Feliruary, 0.93; March,
5.11; Ain-il, 2.87; May, 2.49 ; June, 0.02; seasonal, 22.06; year, 1860;
annual, 19.79.

1860-61.— July, 0.63; August, 0; September, 0.06; October, 0.91;
November, 0.18; December, 4.28; January, 2.67; P"'ebruary, 2.92;
March, 3.32; April, 0.48; May, 0.59; June, 0.14; seasonal, 16.18; year.
1861 ; annual, 21.48.

1861-62.— July, 0.55; August, 0; Septeml)er, 0; October, T.; No-
vember, 2.17; December, 8.64; January, 15.04; February, 4.26; March,
2.80 ; April, 0.82 ; May, 1.81 ; June, 0.01 ; seasonal, 36.io ; year, 1862 ;
annual, 27.44.

1862-63.— July, 0 ; August, 0.01 ; September, 0 ; October, 0.36 ; No-
vember, T. ; December, 2.33; January, 1.73; February, 2.75; March,
2.36; April, 1.69; May, 0..36; June, 0; seasonal, 11.59; year, 1863;
annual, 12.20.

1863-64.— July, 0; August, 0; September, T.; Octol)er, 0; No-
vember, 1.49; December, 1.82; January, 1.08; February, 0.19; March,
1.30; April, 1.08; May, 0.74; June, 0.09; seasonal, 7.79; year, 1864;
anmml, 19.27.

1864-65.— July, 0; August, 0.08; September, T.; October, 0.12;
November, 6.72; December, 7.87; January. 4.78; February, 0.71;
March, 0.48; Ai)ril, 1..37; May, 0.46; June,"0; seasonal, 22.59; year,
1865; annual, 11.15.

1865-66.— July, T.; August, 0; September, 0.08; October, 0.48; No-
vember, 2.43; December, 0.36; January, 7.70; February, 2.01; March,

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 23

2.02; April, 0.48; May, 2.25; Juue, U.IO; seasonal, 17.i»l; year, 1866;
annual, 26.52.

1866-67.— July, 0.02; Augaist, 0; September, 0; October, T. ; No-
vember, 2.43; December, 9.51; January, 3.44; February, 7.10; March,
1.01; April, 1.80; May, 0.01; June, 6; seasonal, 25.32; year, 1867;
annual, 30.03.

1867-68.— July, 0; August, 0; September, 0.01; October, 0; No-
vember, 3.81; December, 12.85; January, 6.04; February, 3.15; March,
4.35; April, 2.31; May, 0.27; June, T.; seasonal, 32.79; year, 1868;
annual, 19.50.

1868-69.— July, 0; August, 0; September, 0; October, 0; No-
vember, 0.77; December, 2.61; January, 4.79; February, 3.63; March,
2.94; April, 1.24; May, 0.65; June, 0.01; seasonal, 16.64; year, 1869;
annual, 18.19.

1869-70.— July, 0; Aug-ust, 0; September, T.; October, 2.12; No-
vember, 0.85; December, 1.96; Jauuar.y, 1.37; February, 3.24; March,
1.64; April, 2.12; May, 0.27; June, T. ; seasonal, 13.57; year, 1870;
annual, 10.21.

1870-71.— July, T.; August, T.; September, 0; October, 0.02; No-
vember, 0.58; December, 0.97; January, 2.08; February, 1.92; March,
0.69; April, 1.45; May, 0.76; June, T. ; seasonal, 8.47; year, 1871;
annual, 18.92.

1871-72.— July, 0; August, 0; September, T.; October, 0.21; No-
vember, 1.22 ; December, 10.59 ; January, 4.04 ; February, 4.74 ; March,
1.94; April, 0.61; May, 0.28; June, 0.02; seasonal, 23.65; year, 1872;
annual, 19.17.

1872-73.— July, 0; August, 0; September, T.; October, 0.22; No-
vember, 1.93; December, 5.39; January, 1.23; February, 4.36; March,
0.55; April, 0.51; May, 0; Jime, T. ; seasonal, 14.19; year, 1873;
annual, 18.20.

1873-74.— July, 0.02; August, T. ; September, 0; October, 0.31;
November, 1.21; December, 10.01; January, 5.20; February, 1.86;
March, 3.05; April, 0.99; May, 0.37; June, T.; seasonal, 22.92; year.
1874; annual, 17.92.

1874-75.— July, T.; August, 0; September, 0.05; October, 2.26;
November, 3.80; December, 0.44; January, 8.70; February, 0.55;
March, 0.80; April, T.; May, T. ; June, 1.10; seasonal, 17.70; year,
1875; annual, 23.31.

1875-76— July, 0 ; August, 0 ; September, 0 ; October, 0.44 ; Novem-
ber, 6.20; December, 5.52; January, 4.99; February, 3.75; March, 4.15;
x\pril, 1.10; Mav, 0.15; June, 0; seasonal, 26.30; vear, 1876; annual,
18.12.

1876-77— Julv, 0.21; August, 0.02; September, T. ; October, 3.45;
November, 0.30 ; December, 0; Januarv, 2.77; February, 1.04; March.
0.56; April, 0.19; May, 0.64; June, 0.01; seasonal. 9.19; year, 1877;
annual, 8.44.

24 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

1877-78— July, T.; August, T.; September, 0; October, 0.73; Nov-
ember, 1.07; December, 1.43; January, 9.26; February, 8.04; March,
3.09; April, 1.07; May, 0.17; June, 0; seasonal, 24.86; year, 1878;
annual, 23.45.

1878-79— July, 0 ; August, 0 ; September, 0.29 ; October, 0.55, Nov-
ember, 0.51; December, 0.47; January, 3.18; February, 3.88; March,
4.88; April, 2.66; May, 1.30; June, 0.13; seasonal, 17.85; year, 1879;
annual, 22.37.

1879-80— July, T. ; August, T. ; September, 0 ; October, 0.88 ; Nov-
ember, 2.05; December, 3.41; January, 1.64; February, 1.83; March,
1.70; April, 14.20; May, 0.76; June,"0; seasonal, 26.47; year, 1880;
annual, 31.99.

1880-81— July, T.; Augaist, 0; September, O;0ctober, 0; Novem-
ber, 0.05; December, 11.81; January, 6.14; February, 5.06; March,
1.37; April, 1.64; May, T.; June, 0.50; seasonal, 26.57; year, 1881;
annual, 20.71.

1881-82— July, T.; August, 0; September, 0.30; October, 0.55; Nov-
ember, 1.88; December, 3.27; January, 1.89; February, 2.40; March,
3.78; April, 1.99; May, 0.35; June, 0.10; seasonal, 16.51; year, 1882;
annual, 18.06.

1882-83— July, T.; August, 0; September, 0.57; October, 2.63; Nov-
ember, 3.22; December, 1.13; January, 2.23; Februarv, 1.11; March,
3.70; April, 0.67; May, 2.85; June, 0; seasonal, 18.il; year, 1883;
annual, 13.48.

1883-84— July, 0 ; August, 0 ; September, 0.90 ; October, 0.97 ; Nov-
ember, 0.61; December, 0.44; Januarv, 3.43; Februarv, 4.46; March,
8.14; April, 4.32; May, 0.06; June, 1.45; seasonal, 24.78; year, 1884;
annual, 34.92.

1884-85— July, 0 ; August, T. ; September, 0.60 ; October, 2.01, Nov-
ember, 0; December, 10.45; January, 2.16; Februarv, 0.49; March,
0.08; April, 0.68; May, T. ; June, 0.11; seasonal, 16.58; vear, 1885;
annual, 20.72.

1885-86— July, T.; August, 0; September, 0.08; October, 0.02; Nov-
ember, 11.34; December, 5.76; Januarj^, 7.95; February, 0.29; March,
2.68; April, 4.08; May, 0.07; June, 0; seasonal, 32.27; year, 1886;
annual, 18.17.

1886-87— July, 0; August, 0; September, 0; October, 0.68; Nov-
ember, 0.21; December, 2.21; January, 1.12; Februarv, 6.28; March,
0.94; April, 2.53; Mav, T.; June, OJ seasonal, 13.97; vear, 1887;
annual, 13.43.

1887-88— July, 0; August, T.; September, 0.02; October, 0; Nov-
ember, 0.45; December, 2.09; January, 4.81; Februarv, 0.57; March,
3.04; April, 0.10; May, 0.40; June, 0.08; seasonal, 11.56; year, 1888;
annual, 18.46.

1888-89— July, T. ; August, T. ; September, 0.55 ; October, 0 ; Nov-
ember, 4.28; December, 4.63; January, 0.15; Februarv, 0.33; March,
6.25 ; April, 0.26 ; Mav,. 3.25 ; June, 0.25 ; seasonal, 19.95 ; year, 1889 ;
annual, 27.48.

1889-90— July, 0; August, 0; September, 0; October, 6.02; Nov-
ember, 3.15 ; December, 7.82 ; .January, 6.62 ; February, 4.06 ; March,

HISTOEY OF SACBAMi^NTU COUNTY 25

3.00; April, 1.33; May, 1.80; June, 0; seasonal, 33.80; year, 1890;
annual, 20.95.

1890-91— July, 0; Aiioust, T.; September, 0.80; October, T.; Nov-
ember, 0; December, 3.34; January, 0.53; February, 6.61; March,
1.78; April, 2.04; May, 0.66; June, 0.05; seasonal, 15.81; year, 1891;
annual, 15.63.

1891-92— July, T. ; August, 0 ; September, 0.10 ; October, 0.10 ; Nov-
ember, 0.48; December, 3.28; January, 1.78; February, 2.84; March,
3.02; April, 1.20; Mav, 2.38; June, T.; seasonal, 15.18; year, 1892;
annual, 23.60.

1892-93— July, 0; August, 0; September, 0.18; October, 0.70; Nov-
ember, 6.60, December, 4.90; January, 3.27; February, 2.66; March,
.3.51; April, 1.08; May, 1.05; June, 0; seasonal, 2.3.95; year, 1893;
annual, 16.59.

1893-94— July, T. ; August, T. ; September, 0.22 ; October, 0.12 ; Nov-
ember, 2.92; December, 1.76; January, 4.17; February, 3.92; March
0.74; April, 0.34; May, 1.70; June, 0.46; seasonal, 16.35; year, 1894;
annual, 22.61.

1894-95— July, T. ; August, T. ; September, 0.88 ; October, 1.06 ; Nov-
ember, 0.48; December, 8.86; January, 8.42; February, 1.84; March,
1.20; April, 0.86; May, 0.51; June, 0; seasonal, 24.11; year, 1895;
annual, 17.38.

1895-96— July, 0.04; August, T. ; September, 1.26: October, 0.17;
November, 1.54 ; December, 1.54 ; January, 9.76 ; February, 0.09 ; March,
2.57; April. 5.34; May, 0.92; June, 0; seasonal, 23.23;" year, 1896;
annual, 25.06.

1896-97— July, T.; August, 0.20; September, 0.31; October, 0.55;
November, 3.56 ; December, 1.76 ; January, 3.66 ; February, 4.15 ; March.
2.54; April, 0.25; May, 0.30; June, 0.04; seasonal, 17.32; year, 1897;
annual, 15.32.

1897-98— July, 0 ; August, 0.01 ; September, 0.16 ; October, 1.96 ; Nov-
ember, 0.61; December, 1.64; January, 0.98; February, 3.19; March,
0.04; April, 0.28; May, 1.50; June, 0.14; seasonal, 10.51; year, 1898;
annual, 10.04.

1898-99— July, 0; August, 0; September, 0.36; October, 0.64;
November, 0.61; December, 2.30; January, 3.94; February, 0.04; March,
6.02; April, 0.10; May, 0.54; June, 0.49;' seasonal, 15.04; year, 1899:
annual, 21.14.

1899-00— July, 0 ; August, 0.02 ; September, 0 ; October, 4.46 ; Nov
ember, 2.62; December, 2.91; January, 3.54; February, 0.32; March,
1.61, April, 1.88; May, 2.88; June, T.; seasonal, 20.24; year, 1900:
annual, 17.91.

1900-01— July, T.; August, 0; September, 0.06; October, 1.74; Nov
ember, 4.50; December, 1.38; January, 3.70; February. 5.32; March,
0.48; April, 2.23; Mav, 0.80; June, T"; seasonal, 20.21; year, 1901;
annual, 18.52.

1901-02— July, 0 ; August, T. ; September, 0.56 ; October, 1.56 ; Nov-
ember, 2.68; December, 1.19; January, 0.95; February, 6.52; March,
1.99; April, 1.36; May, 0.45; June, 0.01; seasonal, 17.27; year, 1902;
annual, 17.88.

1902-03— July, 0; Augiist, T.; September, 0; October, 1.67; Nov-

26 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

ember, 2.02; December, 2.91; January, 3.05; February, 1.70; March,
4.81; April, 0.46; May, T. ; June, T.;" seasonal, 16.62; year, 1903;
annual, 14.70.

1903-04— July, 0 ; August, 0 ; September, 0 ; October, 0.12 ; Nov-
ember, 3.44; December, 1.12; January, 0.45; February, 5.26; Marchj
5.43; April, 1.02; Mav, 0.03; June, T. ; seasonal, 16.87; vear, 1904;
annual, 20.99.

1904-05— July, T.; August, 0.07; September, 3.62; October, 1.86;
Noyember 2.05; December, 1.20; January, 3.33; February, 2.47; March,
3.75; April, 1.18; May, 2.45; June, 0; "seasonal, 21.98; year, 1905;
annual, 14.97.

1905-06— July, 0; August, T.; September, 0.03; October, 0; Nov-
ember, 1.20 ; December, 0.56 ; January, 6.63 ; February. 3.02 ; March,
8.45; April, 1.21; May, 2.24; Jime, 0.59; seasonal, 23.93; year, 1906;
annual, 30.70.

1906-07— July, 0 ; August, T. ; September, 0.20 ; October, T. ; Nov-
ember, 0.99 ; December, 7.37 ; January, 4.63 ; February, 2.37 ; March,
7.28; April, 0.25; May, 0.10; June, 0.85; seasonal, 24.04; year, 1907;
annual, 20.05.

1907-08— July, 0; August, 0; September, T.; October, 1.20; Nov-
ember, 0.04; December, 3.33; January, 3.84; February, 2.75 March,
0.42; April, 0.08; May, 0.54; June, T.; seasonal, 12.20; yeai. 1908:
annual, 11.21.

1908-09— July, T.; August, 0; September, 0.05; October, 0.26; Nov-
ember, 1.23; December, 2.04; January, 9.65; February. 6.68; March,
1.84; April, T. ; May, T. ; June, 0.03;" seasonal,, 21.78; year. 1909;
annual, 24.87.

1909-10— July, 0 ; August, 0 ; September, 0.21 ; October, 1.27 ; Nov-
ember, 1.32; December, 3.87; January, 1.48; February, 0.83; March,
3.06; April, 0.11; May, 0.03; June, T. ; seasonal, 12.18; year. 1910;
annual, 7.78.

1910-11— July, T. ; August, 0 ; September, 0.20 ; October, 0.28 ; Nov-
ember; 0.17; December, 1.62; January, 12.72; February, 1.88; March,
4.30; April, 0.66; May, 0.03; June, 0.12; seasonal, 21.98; year. 1911;
annual, 21.11.

1911-12— July, 0; August, 0; September, T.; October, 0.18; Nov-
ember, 0.15; December, 1.07; January, 0; February, 0; March, 0;
April, 0; May, 0; June, 0; seasonal, 0; year, 1912; annual, 0;

Means (62 years), July, 0.02; August, 0.01; September, 0.22; Oct-
ober, 0.83; November, 2.02; December, 3.95; January, 3.96; Februarv,
2.89; March, 3.00; April, 1.58; May, 0.80; Jime, 0.12; seasonal, 19.48;
annual, 19.24.

TEMPERATURES

Following is a table of al>soliite maxinnim and minimum tempera-
tures since 1878:

Year, 1878: Absolute maximum, 100 in August; a1)solute minimum,

24 in December.

Year, 1879 : Al)solute maximum, 103 in August ; absolute minimum,

25 in Deceml)er.

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 27

Year, 1880: Absolute niaxinuun, 98 in July; absolute iiiuuinum,
25 in January.

Year, 1881: Absolute niaxinuun, !)8 in July; al)solnte minimuni,
32 in November and December.

Year. 1882: Absolute maximum, lOU in August and Septeniher ;
absolute minimum, 27 in December.

Year, 1883: Absolute maximum, 104- in July; absolute niiniuunn,
22 in January and February.

Year, 1884: Absolute maximum, 100 in August; absohite mini-
mum, 21 in February.

Year, 1885: Absolute maximum, 105 in August; absolute mini-
mum, 34 in January.

Year, 1886: Absolute niaxinuun, 105 in July; absolute minimum,

28 in January.

Year, 1887: Absolute maximum, 100 in June, August and Sep-
tember; alisolute minimum, 28 in November.

Year, 1888 : Absolute maximum, 108 in August ; absolute minimum,
19 in January.

Year, 1889 : Absolute maximum, 104 in July, absolute minimum,
31 in January and February.

Year, 1890: Absolute maximum, 102 in July; absolute miniinum,

29 in January.

Year, 1891: Absolute maximum, 106 in June, July and August;
absolute minimum, 26 in December.

Year, 1892 : Absolute maximum, 106 in August ; alisolute mini-
mum, 26 in December.

Year, 1893: Absolute maximum, 103 in July; absolute minimum,
28 in December.

Year, 1894: Absolute maximum, 108 in August; absolute mini-
mum, 26 in December.

Year, 1895: Absolute maximum, 102 in June; absolute minimum
28 in December.

Y'ear, 1896: Absolute maximum, 104 in July, absolute miuinium
28 in January.

Year, 1897: Absolute maximum, 105 in July; absolute luininium

28 in December.

Year, 1898: Absolute maximum, 110 in August, absolute mini
mum, 26 in January.

Year, 1899: Absolute maximum, 102 in July; absolute niinimum

30 in February.

Y^ear, 1900: Absolute maximum, 102 in August; absolute mini
mum, 30 in December.

Year. 1901: Absolute maximum, 105 in August; absolute mini
mum, 26 in January.

Year, 1902: Absolute maximum, 107 in July; absolute miniinum

29 in January.

Year, 1903 : Absolute maximum, 102 in September ; absolute mini
mum, 29 in January.

Year, 1904: Absolute maximum, 102 in September, absolute mini
mum, 32 in January.

28 HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY

Year, 1905 : Absolute maxinnim, 110 in July ; absolute minimum.

28 in December.

Year, 1906: Absolute maximum, 104 in July, absolute minimum,

30 in December.

Year, 1907: Absolute maximum, 99 in August; absolute minimum,

31 in January.

Year, 1908: Absolute maximum, 103 in August; absolute mini-
mum, 28 in December.

Year, 1909: Absolute maximum, 101 in July; absolute minimum,

29 in December.

Year, 1910: Absolute maxinmm, 103 in May; absolute minimum,
28 in January.

Year, 1911: Absolute maximum, 100 in July; absolute minimum.

30 in December.

The following tables will be found of interest in relation to climate:

TEMPERATURE, RELATIVE HUMIDITY AND PERCENTAGE OF SUNSHINE.

Average Conditions by Montbs

Humidity 24 years. Sunshine mean for 5 years.

January: Humidity, 5 a. m., 86; 5 p. m.. 71; per cent of sunshine.
37; hours of sunshine, 111.5.

February: Humidity, 5 a. m., 83; 5 p. m., 61; per cent of sunshine,
54; hours of sunshine, 162.2.

March: Humidity, 5 a. m., 81; 5 p. m., 55; per cent of sunshine, 63;
hours of sunshine, 234.5.

April : Humidity, 5 a. m., 79 ; 5 p. m., 46 ; per cent of sunshine, 81 ;
hours of sunshine, 323.4.

May: Humidity, 5 a. m., 78; 5 p. m., 44; per cent of sunshine, ^3;
hours of sunshine, 368.0.

June: Humidity, 5 a. m., 75; 5 p. m., 38; per cent of sunshine, 87;
hours of sunshine, 390.4.

July: Humidity, 5 a. m., 75; 5 p. m., 34; per cent of sunshine. 96;
hours of sunshine, 4.34.3.

August : Humidity, 5 a. m., 75 ; 5 p. m., 35 ; per cent of sunshine, !)6 ;
hours of .sunshine, 405.4.

September : Ilumiflity, 5 a. m., 72 ; 5 p. m., 36 ; )ier cent of sunshine,
88; hours of sunsliine, 329.3.

October: Humidity, 5 a. m., 74; 5 p. m., 43; ]ier cent of sunshine.
77 ; hours of sunshine, 265.7.

November: Humidity, 5 a. in., 76; 5 p. m., 53 ; per cent of sunshine,
60 ; hours of sunshine, 180.0.

December: Humidity, 5 a. m., 82; 5 p. m., 40; jier cent of sunshine,
38; hours of sunshine, 111.2.

EXTREME TEMPERATURES.

1878 to 1911, Inclusive.

January : Al)solute maximum, 72; year and date, 30, 1899 ; absolute
minimum, 19; year and date, 14,1888.

HISTOEY UF «A(JiiAMENTO COUNTY 2y

February: Absolute maximum, 76; year and date, 28, 1889; abso-
lute minimum, 21 ; year and date, 13, 1884.

March: Absolute maximum, 80; year and date, 30, 1882; absolute
minimum, 29 ; year and date, 15, 1880.

April: Absolute maximum, 89; year and date, 24, 1910; absolute
minimum, 35 ; year and date, 4, 1901.

May: Absolute maximum, 103; year and date, 30.1910; absolute
minimum, 39 ; year and date, 9, 1896.

June: Absolute maximum, 106; year and date, 30, 1891; absolute
minimum, 44; year and date, 1, 1890.

July: Absolute maximum, 110; year and date, 8, 1905; absolute
minimum, 47 ; year and date, 3, 1901.

August: Absolute maximum, 110; year and date, 11, 1898; absolute
minimum, 48; year and date, 30, 1887.

September : Absolute maximum, 106 ; year and date, 1 1 , 1888 ; abso-
lute minimum, 44 ; year and date, 18, 1882.

October: Absolute maximum, 98; year and date, 3, 1885; absolute
mininnmi, 36; year and date, 14, 1881.

November : Absolute maximiun, 81 ; year and date, 5, 1898 ; absolute
minimum, 27 ; year and date. 28, 1880.

December : Absolute maximum, 69 ; year and date, 8, 1893 ; absolute
minimum, 24; vear and date. 14, 1883.

EXTREMES OF WIND.

1895 to 1911, Inclusive.

January: Maximum velocity, 60; direction. Southeast; year, 1901
day, 3.

February : Maximum velocity, 60 ; direction. Southeast ; year, 1902
day, 25.

March : Maximum velocitv, 65 ; direction. Southeast ; year, 1904
day, 10.

April : Maximum velocity, 46; direction. South; year, 1902; day, 7

May: Maximum velocity, 45; direction. Northwest; year, 1902
day. 18.'

June: Maximum ^■elocitv, 42; direction, Northwest; venr, 1886
day. 12.

Jiilv: Maximum velocitv, 40; direction, Northwest; vear, 1903
day, 2.

Aiis^ust: Maximum veloritv, 38; direction. Soutliwest ; vear, 1908
dav, 9.

September: Maximum velocitv, 40; direction. Northwest: vear
1903; day, 11.

(Vtober: Maximum velocitv, 48; direction. South; vear, 18 »4
day, 20.

November: Maximum \eIocitv, 48; direction. North; vear, 1895
day, 22.

December : Maximum velocitv, 60 ; direction. Southeast ; year, 1894
dav, 9.

30 HISTORY OP SACRAMENTO COUNTY

CHAPTER IV

GEN. JOHN A. SUTTER

No man's name is so intimately connected with the settlement of
Sacramento city and county as that of Gen. John A. Sutter, the first
permanent white settler within its limits and the pioneer of civiliza-
tion here. Born of Swiss parents, in the Grand Duchy of Baden,
February 28, 1803, and educated there, he entered the French military
service as captain under Charles X and remained there until he was
thirty years of age. Embarking for New York, he arrived there in
July, 1834, having come to select a place and prepare the way for a
colony of his countrymen in the west. His first location was at
St. Charles, Mo., but liaving lost his property through the sinking of
a vessel, he abandoned the place. Leaving St. Louis, where he had
stayed for a time, he went to New Mexico. There lie met some hunters
and trappers, who told him of Uiiper California, whither they had
journeyed, of its fertile and beautiful valleys, its verdant foothills
and its lofty mountain ranges, covered with magnificent pine and
redwood forests. He at once resolved to go to this state and make
it liis future field of labor. There being no lines of steamers running
to California ports, the only way of arriving here was to cross the
))lains and mountains with one of the trapping expeditions of the
American or English fur companies. Accordinglj^, April 1, 1836, he
joined Captain Tripp, of the American F'ur Company, and traveled
with him to the rendezvous in the Rocky Mountains. , Crossing the
mountains with six horsemen, after a long and dangerous trip, he ar-
rived at Fort Vancouver. Embarking on a vessel bound for the
Sandwich Islands, he hoped to find an opportunity to sail thence to
the Pacific Coast and sailed from the islands in a vessel bound for
Sitka and from there down the coast. July 2, 1839, the vessel was
driven by furious gales into the bay of Yerba Buena (as San Fran-
cisco was then called), and there was boarded by a government officer
with an armed force, who ordered him to leave, saying that Monterey,
ninety miles -south, was the port of entry. Sutter, however, obtained
leave to stay forty-eight hours in order to jirocure supplies.

When he reached Monterey he succeeded in meeting Governor
Alvarado, whom he told that he wished to secure and colonize a sec-
tion of country in Upper California on the Sacramento river. The
governor, who was desirous that the country should be subdued and
settled, warmly approved Sutter's plan, but warned him that the In-
dians were hostile and would not allow the whites to settle there;
further, that they had robbed the people of San Jose and the lower
country of their cattle and other property. However, he gave Sutter
a passport with authority to explore and occupy any territory he

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 31

might consider desirable for liis colony, and requested him to return
in one year, when he should have his citizenship acknowledged and
receive a grant of such lands as he might desire to secure.

Returning to Yerba Bueua, wliich at that time contained scarcely
fifty inhabitants, Sutter secured a schooner and several small boats
with which to explore the interior, and started with ten whites to
ascend the river. He could secure no guide, as no one could be found
who had ever ascended the Sacramento river. However, in eight days
he discovered the mouth of the river. Reaching a point about ten
miles below the present city of Sacramento, he came on a jiarty of
about two hundred Indians who showed hostility. As some of the In-
dians fortunately understood Spanish, Sutter was able to assure them
that there were no Spaniards (against whom the Indians showed par-
ticular hostility) among his party, and explained that he was simply
a peaceful citizen, coming among them to settle and trade. Finally
he was guided by two Indians who spoke Spanish, up the river to the
Feather river. He made his way up this river for some distance, but
some of his white men became alarmed and discontented and he was
constrained to return. Reaching the mouth of the American river, he
ascended it a short distance, and AugTist 15, 1839, landed at a point
on the southern side, where he afterward established his tannery,
within the limits of the present city. After landing his effects on the
following morning, he informed the discontented whites that if they
wished to return to Yerba Buena they could do so, but that he was
determined to remain, and that the Kanakas were willing to remain
with him. Three of the whites determined to leave and he put them
in possession of the schooner, with instructions to them to deliver it to
its owners when they reached Yerba Buena. They started the next
day.

Three weeks later he moved to the sjiot where he afterwards con-
structed Fort Sutter, which was destined in a few years to ])ecome
the niicleus of civilization in the Sacramento valley. He encountered
iriany troubles with the Indians in the early days of his settlement,
and a number of plots were laid to massacre him and his men and
secure the goods which were such a great temptation to the aborigines.
These iilots were foiled, several of them, as the Indians afterwards
confessed to him, through the vigilance of his favorite bulldog. After-
ward manv of the Indians, at first most hostile to him, became his
firmest friends and co-operated with him in his work. He now de-
voted himself to agriculture and raising cattle and soon became
wealthy and prosperous. His companions at this time were six no-
madic whites of various nationalities, and eight Kanakas, who always
remained faithful to him, and who constituted his "colony" and his
army. They aided him in subduing and colonizing a large area before
totally unknown and inhabited by roving tribes of hostile Indians.
The nearest white settlement was at Martinez, and the Indians around

32 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

him were known as "Diggers," from their habit of digging roots for
food.

In the fall of 1839 he bought from Senor Martinez three hundred
head of cattle, thirty horses and thirty mares. During the fall eight
more white men were added to his colony. Having been considerably
handicapped by the lack of lumber and timber during his construction
of the fort, he floated some down the American river, and was also
compelled to send for some to Bodega, on the coast, a distance of sev-
eral hundred miles. In 1840 five white men who had crossed tlie
Rocky Mountains with him and whom he had left in Oregon, joined
him, swelling his colony to twenty-five, seventeen being white men and
the others being Kanakas. During the fall of that year General Sut-
ter was forced to make open war on the Mokelumne Indians, who had
become troublesome, stealing live stock from the settlers and render-
ing themselves obnoxious by their acts and menaces. He marshalled
his army of "six brave men and two baqueros," as his diary quaintly
states, and marched against the Indians in the night time. Coming to
the camp where they had concentrated over two hundred warriors, he
attacked them so determinedly that they retreated and sued for peace.
He granted it readily and it was ever afterward mutually maintained.
In time he made the Indians cultivate the soil, help build his fort,
care for the stock and be useful in various other ways. In the mili-
tarj^ history of California at a later date, he and his Indians were an
important factor. He iiurchased a thousand more cattle and seventy-
five more horses and mules, and his herds began to increase in num-
bers and value. He sent hides to San Francisco, kept supplies for the
trappers and purchased their skins and either employed all the me-
chanics and laborers or found work for them.

In June, 1841, General Sutter visited Monterey, the capital, where
he was declared a Mexican citizen and received from Governor Alva-
rado a grant for his land, under the name of New Helvetia, he having
caused a survey of it to be made for him. He was also honored with
a commission as "represendente del Govierno en las fronteras del
norte y encargado de la jnsticia." He was visited shortly after by
Captain Ringgold of the United States exploring exjiedition under
Commodore Wilkes. About the same time Alexander Rotcheff, gov-
ernor of the Russian possessions. Fort Ross and Bodega, offered to
sell to him the Russian possessions, settlements and ranches at those
places. The terms were advantageous and Sutter purchased them at
a price of $30,000. Besides the vast area of real estate, he came into
possession of two thousand cattle, over one thousand horses, fifty
mules and two thousand sheep, the most of which were driven to New
Helvetia and added to his herds there. In 1844 he petitioned Governor
Micheltorena for the grant or purchase of the sobrante or surplus,
over the first eleven leagues of land within the bounds of the survey
of the Alvarado grant, which the governor agreed to let him have.

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 33

but the grant was not finally executed until February 5, 1845. During
this time he had rendered valuable military services and advanced
supplies to the government to enable it to suppress the Castro rebel-
lion. For these considerations and personal services he obtained by
(jnrchase the sobraute or surplus.

When the Mexican war broke out, although Sutter was a Mexican
citizen and an officer under that government, his respect for the citi-
zens and the institutions of the United States was such that his un-
bounded hospitality was extended to all Americans, civil or military,
who visited him. When the country surrendered to the American
forces, Sutter, being convinced that all was over, heartily hoisted the
American flag July 11, 1846, and accompanied it with a salute from
the guns of the fort. Lieutenant Missoon, of the United States navy,
soon after organized a garrison for the fort and gave Sutter the com-
mand which he held till peace was declared. He was appointed alcalde
by Commodore Stockton and Indian agent by General Kearney, with
a salary of $750 a year, but his first trip in discharge of his duty cost
him $1600 and he naturally resigned his office. During all these years
his hand and his fort were always open to relieve the distressed. As
he said afterwards, "I have never turned a jnan away hungry or re-
fused him shelter." Many a party of immigrants who had arrived
near the fort half-starved and destitute, sent one of the party in ad-
vance to ask assistance, and Sutter alwa.vs granted it, often sending
an expedition out to bring in the exhausted. On one occasion ('aptain
Fremont, who had been exploring farther north with a party, man-
aged to reach the fort and announced that his party was exhausted
and destitute some distance away. General Sutter immediately dis-
patched an expedition which relieved them and brought them in. A
handsome fortune was expended by him in like charitable acts and he
was a great favorite among the pioneers on account of his large-
hearted generosity. The hungry he never turned away. Often they
were nursed back to health and strength on his place. On one occasion
a solitary starving immigrant reached the fort and announced that his
party some distance l)eliind were starving. Immediately General Sut-
ter packed seven mules with supplies and sent them in charge of two
Indian boys to the rescue of the party. On their arrival everything
was seized and devoured by the famished wretches. Other starving
immigrants arriving on the scene, they killed the seven mules and ate
them, then killed and ate the two Indian boys. Afterwards Sutter
said with much feeling, "They ate my Indian boys all up."

However, evil days were at hand. "Ingratitude, more strong than
traitor's arms" was to reduce the old pioneer to poverty. Gold was
discovered. While a boon to the country and hailed with delight all
over the world, this proved the ruin of the grand old man. His la-
borers and mechanics deserted Mm. His mill was forced to cease
operation. He could not hire labor to plant his crops or cut his

34 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

ripened grain. Laborers would not work for less than an ounce of
gold a day, as they could often make more in the mines. The influx
of immigration had brought men of all nations. Among them were
many who had no respect for the property of others. Convicts from
Australia, thieves and murderers from the east, flocked to the coast.
Both as a Mexican citizen and as a citizen of the United States by
the treaty with Mexico, General Sutter considered himself doubly pro-
tected in his property rights and felt that he held a strong claim on
his coiantry's justice. But many of the newcomers took forcible pos-
session of his land and began to cut his wood, claiming that it was
vacant and unappropriated land of the United States. Up to Janu-
ary, 1852, the settlers had occupied all of his land capable of settle-
ment and appropriation, while another class had stolen all of his cat-
tle, horses, mules, sheep and hogs, except a few that he himself had
sold. During the high water of 1849-50 one party of five men killed
and sold enough of his cattle (which were surrounded by water near
the river) to amount to $60,0U0. Despoiled of his propertj", he re-
moved to the west bank of the Ffeather and took up his residence at
Hock farm, where, in the midst of his family, recently arrived from
England, he led a quiet life. Later he went to Washington to press
his claims upon the government for the losses sustained by him from
the immigrants in the early days. During 1873 he removed to Lititz,
Pa., and June 18, 1880, he died at Washington, D. C, after having
devoted his last years to endeavoring to obtain from congress redress
for his wrongs. It is to the honor of California that in 1864 a bill
was introduced in^the state senate by Hon. J. P. Buckley and became
a law, appropriating $15,000 to be paid in installments of $250 per
month, for the benefit of Sutter and his heirs. In 1870 another bill
by Hon. W. E. Eichelroth was passed, providing $250 a month for two
years, and in 1872 a similar bill by Hon. B. C. Northrup. Thus the
state he founded, more grateful than the country to which he was
instrumental in giving an empire whose gold saved the Union in the
Civil War, made the latter days of the noble-hearted old man com-
fortable.

CHAPTER V
THE PORT RESTORED

As time rolled on after General Sutter removed to his farm, and
afterwards to the east, the decay of the old fort set in. Wind and
storm did their work. The adobe bricks became loosened, and the
tiles of the roof became broken and loosened. The property had
passed into other hands and was used for other purposes than had
been originally intended. The two blocks on which the fort stood had
been cut up into lots by John A. Sutter, Jr., and sold to different
parties, but had finally all come into the ownership of Benjamin Mer-

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 35

rill, who was residing in the east. Like many non-residents, he took
no care of the property and allowed it to deteriorate. Some enter-
prising individual stuck a long hop pole, bearing an old red flannel
shirt, through the roof like a flag pole. The underpinning became
dilapidated and the venerable ruin was used as a chicken house and
hog pen. The walls cracked open, and it was evident that the days of
the historic relic would soon be ended by its collapse. Many citizens
regretted its passing, but as usual notliing was done to preserve it.
Finally the board of city trustees decided to open Twenty-seventh
street from K to L. The street would run through the old fort and
necessitate its destruction. Still the community was apathetic and
the historic building seemed doomed. But Sacramento contained one
patriotic citizen who was determined to avert this disgrace, if possible.
Gen. James G. Martine, whose brain was always filled with ideas for
promoting the progress and jjrosperity of the city, took immediate
action. As a result the following open letter was published, June 4,
1889, in the Bccorcl-Unioii, and later in the press of the coast, and
also in many newspapers in the east, where it would come to the
notice of pioneers : 12G2*793

"To the Pioneers of the Pacific Coast, Gentlemen: In the year
'49, and even before that date, you left home, friends and all that was
dear to you, and journeyed to the shores of the broad Pacific in search
of fame and fortune. After many months of toil and hardshij) you
finally reached her golden shores, both tired and hungry. Who was
the first to reach you a helping hand and say to you : ' Come, my sons,
you are strangers in a strange land, and while you are here make my
house your home, and what is in it is yours'? Pioneers, do you re-
member how grateful you felt then for the shelter given you i)y Sut-
ter's fort? Well, gentlemen, that was nearly forty years ago, and the
old fort is still in the same ))lace, but in a most wretched condition,
and while most of your noble band have been blessed with good health,
wealth and happiness, this old friend has fared badly. It is now old
and can hardly stand, and unless you come to the rescue it will soon
fall by the wayside. Pioneers, there are many of you on the Pacific
Coast, and a few dollars from each of you would buy the ground and
fix up the old Sutter's fort as it was in the old days of '49. Once re-
paired, it would be a lasting monument to you all long after you have
crossed the silent river. I am not rich by any means, but if the Pio-
neers or Native Sons do not take this worthy object in hand at once,
I suggest that a siibscription be raised among the citizens of Sacra-
mento to purchase the ground and rejiair the old fort. I will sub-
scribe fifty dollars towards it. Sacramento has but few historic relics
left, and it would be a burning shame to have Sutter's fort torn down.
The city authorities have already announced their intention of pulling
it down unless something is done with it, and there is no time to lose."
(Sig-ned) J. G. MARTINE.

36 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

The appeal commanded attention and responses came from in-
dividuals throughout the state, commending Mr. Martine's pro]iosal,
and making donations toward carrying it out. Mr. Martine olitained
a subscription from Col. C. F. Crockef of $15,000 on behalf of himself
and family, and $500 from Mrs. Leland Stanford, the governor stating
later that he would make up any existing deticiency. The Native Sons
took up the matter, and Mr. Merrill finally set a price of $20,000 on
the property, subscribing $2,000 of the amount himself. It was found,
when the first payment was made, September 12, 1889, that John Rider
and the city of Sacramento owned an interest in a part of the fort,
but the title was cleared and the jnirchase made, the Native Sons'
canvassing committee and others having secured the necessary funds.
The iiroperty was deeded to the Native Sons and by them to the
state.

In 1891 the legislature passed a bill appro])riating $20,000 foi"
the restoration of the fort, and it is worthy of remembrance that in
the assembly Beecher and Phillips, both members of the order of
Native Sons, voted against it, the latter moving to cut down the ap-
propriation to $10,000. The governor appointed as the first board of
trustees to manage the property, which had been conveyed to the
state: C. E. Grunsky, of San Francisco; E. E. Gaddis, Woodland;
Frank D. Ryan, Sacramento; Charles E. Hollister, Courtland, and
Eugene J. Gregory, Sacramento, all natives of California. Consider-
able feeling was engendered among the Pioneers, who had worked and
contributed to the purchase of the fort, that no member of their so-
ciety had been appointed on the board.

The first adobe brick for the restoration of the fort was laid Sep-
tember 21, 1891, the bricks being made from the soil on which the
fort stands, mixed with straw, and of the same material which Sutter
used in its construction. The same cannon which guarded the fort
after its comjiletion are to be seen on the grounds today, as well as
the heav\ cannon which General Sutter purchased from the Russians
with Fort Ross, one of which was presented to John Stuber in 1855
by General Sutter, and which for many years guarded the entrance
of Pioneers' Hall on Seventh street. The original adobe bricks were
made by the Digger Indians, who used their hands for molding them,
and their finger marks were to be seen when they were again used.
One of them was dislodged from the wall during the restoration, and
was found to be the corner-stone, on which was chiseled signs of the
"Indian Masonic" order which was known to exist among the tribes.
The tiles used in the restoration were of ancient Sjianish manufac-
ture, such as were used in the early days. The fort as restored is
constructed with double adobe bricks, covered with concrete plaster
to preserve them from the ravages of the weather.

Some years later the Native Daughters of the local parlors
jilanted trees and flowers on the grounds, and within the past three

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 37

years the state has hiid out a park, made a small lake and beautified
the grounds, which are under the care of a gardener. Within the
coiirt inside of the fort are found a number of relics of the early days :
an old Wells-Fargo coach with the marks of Indian bullets on it, an
old ])rairie schooner that came across the plains, an old Mexican cart
with solid wooden wheels sawed from the trunk of a tree, and other
things. There is also a museum containing many old-time relics. The
rooms of the old fort liave been restored as nearly as possible to their
original status by the trustees of the fort, after consultation with
Gen. John Bidwell, who was General Sutter's financial agent, and
Charles Stevens of San Francisco, who was Sutter's bookkee])ei- in
1847 and 1848.

CHAPTER VI
THE DISCOVERY OF GOLD

We generally sjjeak of the discovery of gold in California as
having been made by James Marshall at Coloma, in January, 1848,
and while this is true in a practical sense, resulting in the stampede
that brought adventurers from all over the world to this state, there
is no doul)t that tlie existence of gold had been known many years
liefore.

The first mention of gold in California is found in Hakluyt's ac-
count of the voyage of Sir Francis Drake, who si)ent five or six weeks
in June and July, 1579, in some bay on the coast of California, the
locality of which has never been settled as to whether it was San
Francisco Bay or one of those farther north. Hakluyt wrote: "There
is no part of the earth here to be taken up wherein there is not a
reasonable amount of gold or silver." As neither gold or silver has
ever been found in the vicinity of the jjoint where Drake landed,
Hakluyt's story must be classed with other tales of the early ex-
l>lorers and as mere conjecture regarding an unknown land.

However, other early ex]ilorers stated that gold had been found
long before the discovery by Marshall and there is no doubt that the
opinion existed that gold was to be found in California. The country
had been explored by Spanish, Russian and American parties since
the sixteenth century and was visited by Commodore Wilkes while
on an exploring expedition in the service of the United States. Mem-
bers of his i)arty ascended the Sacramento river and visited Sutter at
his fort, while others made explorations by land. James D. Dana, the
author of several well-known works on geology and mineralogy, was
the mineralogist of the expedition and journeyed by land through the
up])er part of the state. He says in one of his works that gold rock
and veins of quartz were observed by him in 1842 near the Umpqua
river, in southern Oregon; also, that he found gold in the Sierra Ne-
vadas and on the Sacramento river, also on the San Joaquin river and

38 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

between these rivers. In the report of the Fremont exploring expe-
dition also, there is an intimation of the existence of gold. A state-
ment has been made also that a Mexican was shot at Yerba Buena
(now San Francisco) in October or November, 1845, on account of
having a bag of gold dust, and that when dying he pointed toward the
north and said, "Legos! Legos!" (yonder), indicating where lie had
found it.

Coming nearer home, into our own county, we find a claim that is
backed by strong probability that the Mormons who came to San
Francisco on the ship Brooklyn, and settled at Mormon Island, found
gold before Marshall did. It was a series of circumstances that
l)rought them to this coast. Persecuted in the east, where Joseph
Smith, their founder, claimed to have found the plates that he trans-
lated into the "Book of Mormon," generally spoken of as the Mormon
bible, his followers had settled at Nauvoo, 111., where they believed
they would be free from further persecution. But the people wlio had
settled around them became antagonistic to them and in the riots that
occurred. Smith was shot and killed bj^ a mob. They then determined
to remove beyond tlie jurisdiction of the United States and selected
California as their future place of abode. They divided into two
parts, the land expedition starting to cross the Rocky mountains, while
the other party came around the Horn on the ship Brooklyn. Among
the believers in their faith was Samuel Brannan, one of their leading
men, who afterwards became prominent in the early history of Sac-
ramento and San Francisco. When the Brooklyn arrived, the
Mormons found that their hopes were frustrated, California having
passed into the possession of the United States. Couriers were
sent over land to meet the other party, and found them at the place
where Salt Lake City now is located. They determined to stay there,
although the country was sterile and unpromising. Those who came
on the Brooklyn scattered through the state, some of them settling
above Folsom at the place now known as Mormon Island. It is
claimed that they had found gold long before it was found at Coloma,
but had kept it a secret. Certain it is, that mining was carried on
by them a])out the time of Marshall's discovery, and that the diggings
at Mormon Island were very profitable.

On January 18, 1878, the Associated Pioneers of the tei-i'itorial
days of California gave a banquet in New York city, at whicli
Col. T. B. Thorpe, a veteran of the Mexican war who had been on
General Taylor's staff, was present. He stated that while he was
employed as a journalist in New Orleans several years before the
discovery of gold at Coloma, a Swede, evidently far gone into con-
sumption, called on him and stated that he was what was called in
Sweden a "King's Orphan;" that he had been educated at an institu-
tion maintained by the government, on condition that after he had
received his eduf^ation lie would travel in foreign countries, observe

HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY 39

and record what he had seen and transmit his records to the govern-
ment. He further stated that he had visited California and remained
several days at Sutter's Fort, enjoying Sutter's hospitality; that
while there he had closely examined the surrounding country and be-
came convinced that it was rich in gold. General Sutter was present
at that banquet and Colonel Thorpe asked him if he had any recollec-
tion of the Swedish visitor. General Sutter replied that he did recol-
lect the visit, which occurred about thirty-four years before, and
that he also remembered that the Swede spoke regarding the presence
of mineral wealth in the neighboring hills, "but," added the General,"
"I was too much occui^ied at the time with other concerns to devote
any time or attention to it. My crops were ripe, and it was imjiera-
tive that thej' should be gathered as soon as possible, but I do
recollect the scientific Swedish gentleman."

The report of the remarks at the banquet was published, and in
it is contained a copy of the manuscript to which Colonel Thoi'pe
referred, in which the "King's orphan" wrote: "The Calif ornias
are rich in minerals. Gold, silver, lead, oxide of iron, manganese
and copper ore are all met with throughout the country, the precious
metals being the most abundant."

Still another account of an early discovery of gold was pub-
lished in September, 1865, in the New Age, in San Francisco, the
official organ of the Odd Fellows. It purports to have been an article
written by the Paris correspondent of the London Star. He wrote
that while in Paris he visited a private museum, the owner of which
exhibited to him a gold nugget and stated that twenty-eight years
before a poor invalid had called on him, and taking out of his tattered
coat a block of quartz, asked him if he would purchase it, assuring
him that it was full of gold. He stated that the stranger said: "I
have come to you to apply to the government to give me a vessel
and a crew of a hundred men, and I will promise to return with a
cargo of gold." The proprietor of the museum thought the man
was mad, but gave him a napoleon as a matter of charity, retaining,
however, a piece of the quartz. Afterwards the quartz was analyzed
and was proved to contain pure gold. After a lapse of fifteen years
a letter and a parcel were left at his door. The parcel was heavy
and was wrapped in a handkerchief and the letter was worn and
almost illegible. He deciphered it and it proved to be the i)oor
invalid's dying statement, which the lodging-house keeper, where
he died after his interview with the proprietor of the museum, had
neglected to deliver. The package contained a block of quartz and
the letter read as follows: "You alone listened to me; you alone
stretched out a helping hand to me. Alas, it was too late! I am
dying. I bequeath my secret to you. The country from which I
brought this gold is called California."

All these statements being true, the credit for the practical dis-

iO HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

covery of gold belongs to Marshall. While it is true that a gold
mine in the lower part of the state was worked in 1841, and that gold
from that mine had been sent to Philadelphia for coinage as early
as July, 1843, the mine proved unprofitable and was abandoned.
The precise date of Marshall's discovery will probably never be set-
tled. He was working for General Sutter, in charge of a gang of
men erecting a sawmill at the present site of Colonia, Eldorado county.
The raceway was dug and the water turned in. As Marshall was
examining the race, his attention was attracted by a piece of shining-
stuff and he jucked it up and took it to the house, where it was
boiled in lye, and thought to be gold. He took it with other particles
down to Sutter, where it was submitted to crude tests and declared
to be gold. Afterward specimens were sent to Monterey and exhibited
to General Mason, the military governor, and W. T. Sherman, after-
wards one of the most famous generals of the Civil war. It was
liroved to be gold and the news went forth to the world that caused
immigration to pour into California from every clime.

James W. Marshall was l)orn in Hope township, Hunterdon
county, N. J., October 8, 1810. When he reached manhood he removed
to Indiana and afterward to Illinois and Missouri. He arrived in
California in 1844 and came to Sutter's Port in 1845 and was em-
]iloyed by Captain Sutter. He took an active part in the revolution
of 1846. In consideration of his discovery of gold the legislature
allowed him a pension for some years before his death. He settled
on a small piece of land at Coloma, near where he discovered the gold,
and partly sui^ported himself by farming. On the 10th of August.
1885, he was found dead in his cabin and was buried near the spot
where gold was first found bj' him. Marshall never married. After
his death the state erected a fine monument to him, a statue in the
early miner's garb, with his finger iiointing to the jilace wliere the
old millrace stood in which his discovery was made. The late John H.
Miller, for many years a well known journalist of this city, was
appointed the first guardian of the monument, which office he held
for a number of years.

The discovery of gold gave a great impetus to the growth of
Sacramento City when the influx of gold-seekers commenced, making
it the point of departure for the mines as well as the depot for
su])plies. A part of the latter business it lost when the Folsom and
Placerville Railroad was built, but its progress was only delayed, as
it still continued to be the supply point for distribution to a vast
territory, including a large portion of Nevada. Seldom now are the
jingling bells of the mule team heard on its streets and the "prairie
schooner" laden with freight has become a very rare sight on its
streets. Folsom being on the American river and having proved to
be surrounded by rich placers, grew quickly to an important town,
polling at one time in the early days over two thousand votes. Of

NEW COURT HOUSE

NI«;\V CITY HAI.L

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO (H)UNTY 41

late years the gold dredge has taken the place of hydraulic mining,
since the latter was i)rohibited, and large areas of the rich lands along
the American river liave been turned into unsightly i)iles of cobble
stones, and the gold extracted from it. Even the great Natoma
vineyard, at one time the largest in the world, has been invaded by
the machines and is being rapidly destroyed and left desolate, and
practically wiped off the assessor's map. The viUage of Dredge has
grown up, the home of the company's employes, and tlie cobble |)iles
are of late being crushed for road material.

There are other accounts of gold discovery. Joseph Aram of
New York, and Sarah A. Aram of Vermont, his wife, were mem-
bers of a party of immigrants to California which, in SeiJtember,
1846, pitched their camp near the mouth of a little stream emptying
into the south fork of the Yul)a river where it was crossed by the
old overland trail, near where the boundary line between Placer and
Nevada comities has been established. It is related that Mrs. Aram
desired to wash some articles of ai)parel and in scooping out an
improvised washtub in the bed of the brook noticed several little
yellow pieces in the fine gravel. They were examined by the members
of the i)arty and pronounced to be gold. On the same day, however,
news of the declaration of war against Mexico by the United States
reached the party, and they made all possil)le haste in pushing on
to gain the shelter of vSutter's Fort instead of sto])])ing to make any
further investigation of their discovery. In the sununer of 1848,
after Marshall's discovery had been published, Mr. Aram returned
to his old camping ground only to find the ground already occujjied
by miners. Mr. Aram was a member of the first constitutional
convention, 1849, and a member of the assembly at the first session
of the legislature. He died at San Jose, March 80, 1898. His son,
Eugene Aram, born at Monterey, January 14, 1848, it is claimed
was the first white child born in California of American parents,
and was a state senator from Sutter, Yolo and Yuba counties during
the thirty-first and thirty-third legislative sessions. For some years
he has been a practicing attorney in this city.

CHAPTER VII
CITY AND COUNTY ELECTIONS

The first election under the city charter and in tlie county was
held April 1, 1850, there being three tickets in the field. Canvassing
had been going on for several weeks, both in the city and through the
county, and an immense numlier of tickets and handl)ills had been
circulated. The polls remained open until late in the evening; there
were lively times around the ballot boxes and plenty of whiskey
was drunk, but there was no rioting.

The whole number of votes polled for Mayor was two thousand

42 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

four liundred and uiuety-tliree, and Hardin Bigiow, the people's
candidate, had a majority over all the others of three hundred and
twenty-three. Following is a list of the city and county officers
elected, with the number of votes received by each :

Mayor, Hardin Bigiow, 1521; city recorder, B. F. AVashington,
885; city marshal, N. C. Cunningham, 1323; city attorney, J. Neely
Johnson, 1697; city assessor, J. W. Woodland, 792; city treasurer,
Barton Lee, 2310; Councilmen: C. A. Tweed, 1629; V. Spalding, 1621;
Demas Strong, 1420; T. McDowell, 1462; J. McKinzie, 1182; C. H.
Miller, 887; J. R. Hardenbergh, 862; Jesse Moore, 869; A. P. Petit, 804;
county treasurer, William Glaskin, 1104; district attorney, William C.
Wallace, 2011; county attorney, J. H. McKune, 2021; county judge,
E. J. Willis, 1818; county clerk, Presley Dunlap, 1567; county recorder,
L. A. Birdsall, 714; county sheritf, J. H. McKinney, 619; county sur-
veyor, J. G. Cleal, 1152; county assessor, D. W. Thorp, 1224; county
coroner, P. F. Ewer; 569 ; clerk supreme court, E. H. Thorp, 1313.

On the morning of April 4th, a meeting of the council-elect was
held at the courthouse and on motion of Jesse Moore, C. A. Tweed
was called to the chair, as president pro tern. On motion of Volney
Spalding, Charles H. Miller was requested to act as secretary pro
tem. The council proceeded to the election of a president and
Demas Strong was declared elected. A committee was also appointed
to wait upon the mayor-elect, Hon. Hardin Bigiow, and inform him
that the council was duly organized and ready to receive any com-
munication he might desire to make. He appeared before the council
and delivered a short and pertinent address, and the council adjourned.
It met the next morning pursuant to adjournment and a message from
the mayor was read, accepted and referred to the select committee.
The regular meetings of the board were ordered to be held on each
Tuesday evening at the courthouse.

Mayor Bigiow in his message urged the immediate raising of a
levee to protect the city from future inundations, suggesting the
building of a cheap railway track along the bank of the river, so
that material for the levee could be hauled from a distance and the
natural bank of the river be left undisturbed; that an election be
called to vote the necessary amount as estimated by the city engineer
for the levee; that the three small lakes be included in the limits
of the city and the whole of the present corporation be included within
the levee, and levee regulations be adopted, similar to those at New
Orleans. Other recommendations were relative to the storing of
powder, establishment of fire companies, a city hospital, a city prison
and provision for the removal of garbage. Also that every aid pos-
sible be given to public schools.

The election of Mayor Bigiow is attributed by Dr. Morse in
his interesting historical article published in Colville's Directory
in 1853-4, to his foresight and energy in saving the city from a second

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 4:]

flood in March, 1850. Fears had been expressed that the city mift'lit
he again inundated, hut there seemed to be an aversion to raising
a levee for j^rotection and the idea was unpopular. Says Mr. Morse:
"In the month of Marcli following, heavy rains occurred, which with
the action of the sun upon the snowy summits, caused another flood.
The rivers rose with great rapidity, the sloughs filled up to over-
flowing, and the city must have been nearly as severely flooded as in
January, but for the masterly and herculean efforts of one Hardin
Biglow. This man had declared from the first the practicability of
defending the city by a levee. Having thus committed himself to
the proposition, he was determined to demonstrate his theory in this
second flood. With the moiety of means and handful of men, he
commenced damming up the intruding waters at every low point,
and finally extended his temporary levee almost to its present limits.
Night and day he was in his saddle, going from one point to another,
and stimulating his men to an almost superhuman action. For a few
days this man met tide and torrent, mud and darkness, and croaking
discouragement that few men in the world would have endured, and
to the utter astonishment of all, he saved the town from a severe
inundation. J, Front, Second, I and a portion of K streets, he kept
open for the uninterrupted transaction of business. As a natural
consequence everybody praised him, and on the first Monday of
April succeeding, at an election pursuant to the new legislative charter,
aciopted February 27, 1850, he was elected by a most cordial vote
as the chief magistrate of this city.

In a few weeks after the abatement of the waters of the second
inundation everything seemed almost transformed into business and
money making. The council busied itself with the subject of a levee
and surveys were made, the tents gave way to large and commodious
buildings, built of good material and embellished with ornamental
architecture. Business began to be reduced to a system, and developed
some of the most substantial mercantile houses and manufacturing
firms and some of the strongest banking houses in the country.
Disease abated and everything pointed to prosperity.

The assessor's report on the value of property — real and per-
sonal— gave an aggregate of $7,968,985 that summer, an important
feature in the light of the pecuniary revulsion that followed. The
real estate of the city was assessed at $5,586,000, probably $5,000,000
over its real value. Hence, following the financial reaction in the
fall of 1850, some of the shrewdest men in the city found themselves
embarrassed by immense losses on loans on real estate, which on
foreclosure often brought not more than one-fourth to one-eighth
of the loans. The three heaviest banks and many of the prominent
merchants were swept suddenly into bankruptcy in the fall and a
general prostration of business was the result. The city had survived
the struggle with Sutterville, the distress and poverty of immigration

44 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

in 1849, the floods of 1850 and now, in the midst of tliis financial
storm, a new cahimity befell her — the Squatter I'iot of August 15,
1850.

February 27, 1850, the first legislature passed an act to incor-
porate Sacramento City, and defined its boundaries as follows:

"All that tract of land lying within the following boundaries:
Beginning at the junction of the American Fork and the Sacramento
river to Y street, as designated on the map or plan of Sacramento
City on file in the recorder's office in said city; thence along said Y
street east to the point where said Y' street intersects Thirty-first
street as designated on said map; thence along the said Thirty-first
street till the same intersects the American Fork; thence along the
American Fork to the place of beginning, the said boundaries extend-
ing to the middle of Sacramento river and American Fork."

The act further provided that there should be a mayor, a recorder,
and a council of nine members for the government of the city, and
that one of the members of the council should be elected president.
It provided further that on the thirtieth day after the passage of the
act a city election should be held for the election of the first officers,
to wit: A mayor, recorder, nine councilmen, city marshal, city
attorney, assessor and treasurer. After the first election the officers
mentioned were to be elected on the first Monday in May in each
year, and in case of a vacancy a special election should be ordered
by the council to fill the same. The mayor was clothed with com])lete
executive power. The recorder performed the duties now imposed on
the police .iudge, and the marshal those belonging now to the chief
of police and the collector. The common council was empowered to
create the offices of city collector, harbor-master, and such other
offices as might become necessary.

An amendatory act was passed by the same legislature. March
13, 1850, providing that, on the first Monday of Ajnil following, a
city election should be held to fill the offices created by the charter,
making it fall on the same day as the first county election. The
officers chosen at that election were to hold office till the first Monday
of May, 1851. This amendment affected the first election only.
A]iril 10, 1850, an act was passed providing for the a])pointment by
the goveinor of a i)ort warden for the port of Sacramento.

The second legislature passed a new cliarter for Sacramento
City, and it became a law March 26,. 1851, by operation of time, and
without the ai)])roval of the governor. Governor McDougal said con-
cerning it: "The within bill is regarded as oppressive and extraor-
dinary in many of its features, but not regarding it as infringing
on any i)arti(ular ])rinciple of the constitution, and as it is the act
of the rei)resentatives of Sacramento county, and presuming it to be
the wish of the i)eo])le of Sacramento City, I permit it to become a

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 45

law, by the operation of time, without ai)proving it, or returning- it
to the body in which it originated. ' '

The act in question provided that the then existing government
should continue in office until the election of the officers provided
for l)y the new charter. The council was to divide the city into three
wards, from each of which three councilmen were to be elected.
Vacancies were to be filled by special election, unless one should
occur within sixty days of a regular annual election, when it was to
be filled by the council. The first election under the act was to take
place on the first Monday of May following, for officers to hold office
until the first Monday of April, 1852. All city elections after that
were to be held on the first Monday of April in each year. The
fixing of salaries was left to the council, but they were not permitted
to fix the salary of any officer at over $3,000, excejit the mayor or
recorder, the limit of wliose salary was fixed at $5,000.

The legislature enacted a law April 26, 1853, i^roviding for a
special tax of one-fourth of one per cent., for the support of the free
common schools, to be expended under the direction of a board of
trustees, consisting of one from each waixl, to be annually appointed
by the council.

March 31, 1855, a law was enacted striking the harbor-master
from the list of the elective officers. It fixed the salaries as follows:
Mayor, $2,000 ; recorder, $4,000 ; marshal, $3,000 ; deputy city marshal,
$1,500; city attorney, $2,000; treasurer, $1,500; superintendent of the
water works, $2,000; assessor, $1,500; recorder's clerk, $1,500; each
lioliceman, $125 per month. In case of death, sickness or leave of
absence of the recorder, the mayor was to attend to the duties of
that office also. It was further provided that at the next sul)sequent
election there should be chosen a superintendent of common schools
and two school commissioners from each ward, who, with the super-
intendent of schools, should constitute the school board.

A}>ril 2, 1856, the legislature enacted an act to regulate the
fire department. It ])rovided for the election of officers and the
reuulation of the de]>artment in general.

CONSOLIDATION

On Ai)ril 24, 1858, a law was passed which cousoliilated the
government of the city and county and gave to the board of super-
visors the authority which had heretofore rested in the county council.
On the first Monday of May following, five supervisors were to be
elected, to hold office until October 5, 1858. There was also to be
elected at the same time a president of the board, to continue in
office until the general election of 1859, the term of office thereafter
to be two years. After the first Monday of October, 1858, the board
was to consist of a ])resident and eight members, and the members

46 HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY

were to be elected at the general election in that year, four to hold
office for two years, and four for one year. After the first election
the term was to be two years. At the general election in 1859, and
every two years thereafter, there were to be elected the other officers,
who were to laerform their duties for both city and county. The
president of the board was to be ex-officio mayor of the city, and
superintendent of the streets and the water-works. The then county
officers were required to perform such city duties as might be allotted
to them by the board, and the board was given jjower to create and
fill b.y appointment the minor city offices. Some clianges were also
made in the fire and school departments.

The consolidation act was repealed April 23, 1863, and a new
charter adopted. It provided that the government of the city should
be vested in a board of trustees, to consist of three. The first trustee
was to be ex-officio mayor; the second, street commissioner, and the
third, superintendent of the water-works. There would also be an
auditor, an assessor, a collector, a police judge, and such other officers
as might be appointed by the board. The trustees' term of office
was fixed at three years, and that of the other officers at two. It
was further provided that on the tenth day after the passage of
the act a city election should l)e held, at which the offices above desig-
nated should be filled, and that annually thereafter, on the second
Tuesday in March, city elections should be held. At the election in
1864, a third trustee should be elected; in 1865, a second trustee,
assessor, auditor, collector, and judge, and in 1866, a first trustee,
each to hold for the time indicated. Any vacancy in the board was
to be filled by a special election, and a vacancy in any other office was
to be filled by appointment by board. Provision was also made for
the school and fire departments.

A slight change was made in the boundaries of the city, and a
change in the time of electing officers other than members of the board
during the life of this charter. In 1872 a bill was enacted creating
a paid fire department, another to i^rovide a new svstem of water-
works, and a third for the reorganization of the police force.

As has been stated elsewhere, Hardin Biglow was elected the
first mayor of Sacramento. He was badly wounded in the Squatter
riot, and before he had recovered, was seized with cholera and
died in San Francisco, November 27, 1850, at the age of forty-one.
Born in Michigan, he was a man of great courage and fine executive
ability. After his death the president of the council acted as mayor.

A special election was held December 14, 1850, for the purpose
of choosing a mayor. Although there was no excitement in the
morning, later it became intense, in spite of a heavy rainfall. Bands
of music paraded and both parties struggled hard to elect their
candidates. Horace Smith (Whig) was elected by a vote of 933.

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 47

Other votes were: J. R. Hardenbergh (Democrat), 865; James Mc-
Clatchy, 183; Wesley Merritt, 25; and Joseph Grant, 19. The last
three were independents. May 5, 1851, J. R. Hardenbergh (Democrat)
secured 1264 votes for mayor, against 1224 for Joseph H. Nevett
(Whig). A- great conflagration in San Francisco on the day of
election destroyed $7,000,000 worth of property, and the reception
of the news rather dampened the ardor of the voters.

April 5, 1852, C. I. Hutchinson (Whig) defeated Hardenbergh,
his vote being 1450 to 12.34. It was a particularly exciting election,
mass meetings being held at different points in the city, and it was a
campaign of mud-throwing.

Hardenbergh turned the tables, however, April 4, 1853, defeating
W. H. McGrew, his Whig opponent, by a vote of 2046 to 1382. Dr.
Volney Spalding had been nominated by the Whig convention March
28, but he declined, and on the 30th McGrew received the nomination.

April 3, 1854, R. P. Johnson (Whig) was elected by a vote of 1798
to 1693 over his opponent. Col. John P. Hall (Dem.).

Ajaril 2, 1855, James L. English (American) defeated Hiram
Arents (Anti-American) by a vote of 1523 to 504, R. P. Johnson
(Whig) getting 78 votes. The latter had published a card of with-
drawal a few days before the election.

April 7, 1856, B. B. Redding (Dem.) was elected mayor over
L. B. Harris (American) by a vote of 1743 to 1654.

April 6, 1857, J. P. Dyer (Dem.) defeated Dr. R. B. Ellis
(People's Independent) by a vote of 1955 to 788. George Rowland
(Rep.) received 501 votes. Dyer lield office until under the consoli-
dation act he was succeeded by tlie president of the board of
supervisors.

May 3, 1858, Dr. H. L. Nichols (People's Independent) was
elected president of the board of supervisors, defeating J. L. Craig
(Dem.) by 3584 to 1877.

September 7, 1859, William Shattuck (Lecompton Dem.) was
elected president by a vote of 3233 to 2802, over B. B. Redding (Dem.),
and 5 for George Rowland (Rep.).

September 4, 1861, Shattuck was re-elected on the Douglas Dem-
ocratic and Settlers' ticket over C. H. Grinnn (Republican) by a vote
of 3633 to 3258, E. P. Figg (Breckenridge Dem.) getting 14 votes.

After the repeal of the Consolidation Act mayors were elected
under the charter adopted at that time, as follows:

May 5, 1863, Charles H. Swift (Union) over William Shattuck
(Dem.) by a vote of 1640 to 742.

March 13, 1866, Charles H. Swift (Union) over William P. Knox
(Dem.) 1321 to 915.

March 9, 1869, Charles F. Swift (Rep.) by a vote of 1232 to 749

48 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

over Archibald Henley (Ind.) and 71 for P. H. Russell, (Dem.). The
latter withdrew on the morning of election in favor of Henley.

March 12, 1872, Christopher Green (Rep.) over John Q. Brown
(Dem.) by a vote of 1629 to 1245.

March 9, 1875, Christopher Green over John Q. Brown ( Dem. and
Ind.) by a vote of 1815 to 1271.

March 12, 1878, Jabez Turner ( Workingnian) by a vote of 1203
to 1063 for James I. Felter (Rep.), 1056 for Hugh M. La Rue (Dem.)
and 726 for Ezra Pearson ( Workingman).

March 8, 1881, John Q. Brown (Dem.) over Cliristopher Green
(Rep.) by a vote of 1925 to 170*.

March 11, 1884, John Q. Brown over Joseph Steffens (Rep.) by
a vote of 1912 to 1875. Dr. A. B. Nixon (Prohiliition) received 344
votes.

March 8, 1887, Eugene J. Gregory (Rep.) over John <,). Brown
(Dem.) l)y a vote of 3202 to 1283, and 39 for F. H. L. Welier (Pro-
liibition).

March 17, 1890, W. D. Comstock (Dem.) over P^ugene J. Gregory,
(Rep.) by a vote of 2415 to 2374. March 14, 1893, B. U. Steinman
(Rep.) over John Weil (Citizens and Dem.) by a vote of 2505 to
2328, and 279 for C. M. Harrison (Rep., Dem. and People's).

The new charter went into effect in 1893 and on the 7th of Novem-
ber of that year B. U. Steinman (Reorganized Dem.) defeated W. F.
Knox (Rep!, Dem. and Citizens') by a vote of 3203 to 2052, with
Dittmar (People's) 250.

November 5, 1895, the vote was: C. H. Hubltard (Citizens') 2526;
J. W. Wi)son (Reji.) 2280; B. U. Steinman, (Ind.) 1487; and W. D.
Lawton (Dem.) 209.

November 2, 1897, William Land (Rep.) 3190; C. H. Hubbard
(Citizens') 2106; R. D. Stephens, (Ind.) 801; C. E. Leonard, (Dem.)
145.

November 7, 1899, George II. Clark (Rep.), 4012; R. D. Stephens,
(Dem.) 219.3.

November 5, 1901, George H. Clark (Ind.) 3018; William Land
(Rep.) 1755; J. H. Devine, (Dem.) 879; Llewellyn Tozer (Ind.) 315;
Mr. Alderman (Soc.) 181.

November 3, 1903, W. J. Hassett (Dem.) 3076; Albert Elkus
(Rep.) 2522; W. J. McDowell (Soc.) 263; D. J. Simmons (Ind.) 14.

November 7, 1905. M. R. Beard (Dem.) 24.35; Albert Elkus
(Re]).) 2200; Henry E. Wright, (Soc.) 781; E. I. Woodman (Ind.)
145.

November 5, 1907, Clinton L. White (Rep.) 2835; M. R. Beard
(Dem.) 2702.

November 2, 1909, M. R. Beard (Dem.) 3522; John E. Sullivan
(Rep.) 2965; H. E. Wright (Soc.) 163.

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 49

November 7, 1911, M. R. Beard (Dem.) :!9(i(i; Allen W. Stuart
(Soc.) 2649; Frank P.. Sutliff (Rep.) 2367.

In 1911 the new charter was adopted for a commission for city
government with five commissioners, as follows: M. J. Burke, five
years; J. A. Filcher, four years; C. A. Bliss, three years; Dr. E. M.
Wilder, two years; and Mrs. LueUa B. Johnston, one year.

CHAPTER VIII

THE SQUATTER RIOT

Many of the immigrants arriving in 1849 were imbued with the
idea that Sutter possessed no valid title to the land where the city
stands, as his title was founded on the grant by Governor Alvarado,
and the United States had subsequently conquered and taken posses-
sion of the state. They considered the ground public land and subject
to settlement. Moreover, tliey claimed the boimdaries of Sutter's
grant, as defined, did not cover the site of the city, but ended some
distance above it. Also that it could not embrace the site of the city,
as by its stipulations it should not be subject to annual inundations,
and that by improving Hock Farm he had overstei)]>ed the boundaries
of his possession under the grant either to the north or the south;
his engineer's lines, when correctly drawn, placed his southern liouud-
ary considerably above the city. These claims were not accorded
nnich attention by those who had jturchased from Sutter.

But when the immigi'ants across the plains arrived a few months
later, things took on a different a])pearance. Weary with the long
journey, and many of them without money or homes, the idea that they
could own the land by simply taking possession of it was an alluring-
one and the ranks of the "Sciuatters", as they were called, increased
rapidly. Lots were staked off in various parts of the city and those
taking ])ossession boldly declared the squatter title was sujierior to
that from Sutter.

An association was formed, and the first meeting was called by
John H. Keyser, and held at the house of a man named Kelley. on
Front street, above J. A number of meetings were held there ])rior
to the flood of the ensuing winter. At first the members of the
association were mostly ignorant and uneducated men, but later men
of tact and talent succeeded them and their addresses began to be
viewed with anxiety by those holding Sutter titles. Their speeches
were incendiary and in May a talented engineer. Col. John Plumbe,
joined them and became their surveyor and recorder. After the floods
of January and March, their organization was made more thorough
and a feeling of hostility grew up between them and the holders of
Sutter titles. The members of the association began to demonstrate

50 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

their views by taking possession of lots in various parts of the city.
Contests ensued and removals were made from time to time.

May 10, 1850, John P. Rodgers and Dewitt J. Burnett began
action in the Recorders Court against James J. Madden, B. F. Wash-
ington presiding. The lot settled upon and claimed by Madden was
on the Southeast corner of Second and N streets. The defendant
claimed that the land was owned by the United States, and therefore
subject to a title by settlement and improvement. The case was
argued and the recorder decided against defendant, finiug him $300
and costs, and ordering restitution.

The defendant appealed to the county court, but Judge Willis
sustained the lower court. The defendant asked to appeal to the
supreme court, but there being no law then to sustain the appeal, the
motion was denied. Both parties grew excited during the trial, and
the Squatters as a body declared against the restitution of the
property pursuant to the judgment of the courts. After the decision
the Squatters issued a poster, claiming that the laws passed by the
Legislature were not recognized by congress and not binding and
that the settlers would resist and disregard all decisions of the courts
in land cases and also all summonses or execution by the sheriff or
other officers, and resolved to appeal to arms on the first show of
violence to their persons or ]iroperty by the sheriff. The card caused
great excitement and inany who had hitherto passively approved of
the Squatters enlisted against them. On August 11, the Squatters
held, a meeting on the levee and the proceedings were reported in the
Transcript the next morning. Dr. Robinson was the chairman
and the meeting was much excited, both sides of the controversy be-
ing heatedly debated. J. H. McKune, who afterward became promi-
nent in county affairs, James McClatchy, afterward editor and pro-
prietor of the Bee, and others spoke in defense of the Squatters'
action, while Samuel Braunan and Col. E. J. C. Kewen defended the
Sutter titles. Captain Sutter claimed the land within the city limits
by virtue of his grant from the Mexican Grovernment, and through
the guarantee of the treaty between the United States and Mexico.
His claim was sustained by the settlement at Sutter's Fort, by im-
provements made, by occasional occupation and use made of the site
of the ctiy and by a map of the survey made for him by an engineer
whom he supposed to be a competent one, locating him on the land.

As the meeting progressed, Dr. Robinson in a speech defending
the Squatters' resolutions, said that, as for him, he meant at all
hazards to defend the pro]ierty he had settled upon.

Madden retained the possession of the ]n-operty in litigation for
some time, by the defense of the members of the association, and the
house itself became a sort of garrison, containing a A'ariety of weapons.
In his endeavors to execute the writ of restitution, the sheriff dis-

HISTORY OF SACKAMENTO COUNTY 51

covered a number of persons, whom be knew, among the party who
were resisting his authority. He reported the names of James Mc
Clatchy, Charles Robinson and others to the court and warrants for
their arrest were issued by Justice Sackett. McClatchy delivered
himself up and was confined in jail during the subsequent conflicts.
Madden was finally ousted from the house, but recovered possession
on August 14.

The Times of August 15th gives an account of the fatal riot on
the preceding day as follows:

"At two o'clocli a body of Scpiatters numbering about forty
proceeded to the foot of I street, on the levee, and undertook to re-
gain possession of a piece of ground which had lately been in the
occupation of one of their party. They were fully armed and a
general understanding prevailed that their object included the liber-
ation of the two men committed the day before to the prison ship,
upon the charge of being concerned in a riotous assemblage on the
morning of the 12th, for the purpose of forcibly resisting the process
of law. After the displacement of some of the hunber on the ground
the i)arty of Squatters were deterred from proceeding further in their
intent. The mayor had meantime requested all good citizens to aid in
suppressing the threatened riot, and very large numbers had gathered
about the spot — several citizens also, armed, proceeded to the prison
ship, but no demonstration was made in that direction.

"The Squatters retreated in martial order, and passed up I street
to Third, thence to J and up to Fourth, followed by a crowd of pei'-
sons. Tliey were here met by the mayor, who ordered them to de-
liver up their arms and disperse. This they refused to do, and
several shots were fired at him, four of which took effect. He fell
from his horse, and was carried to his residence dangerously, if not
mortally, wounded. J. W. Woodland, who, unarmed, stood near the
mayor at the time, received a shot in the groin, which he survived
but a few minutes. A man named Jesse Morgan, said to be from
Millerville, Ohio, lately arrived, and who was seen to aim at the
mayor, next fell dead, from the effects of a ball which passed through
his neck. James Har]ier was very severely, but not dangerously,
wounded, in supporting the sheriff. It is difficult to give an exact
detail of the terrible incidents which followed in such rapid succession.
It appeared from an examination before the coroner, that the party
of Squatters drew up in regular order, on arriving at the corner of
Fourth street, and that the sheriff was several times fired on before
he displayed any weapons. Testimony was also given as to the person
who was seen to fire upon Mr. Woodland. The mounted leader of
the Squatters, an Irishman by the name of Maloney, had his horse
shot imder him; he endeavored to escape, but was pursued a short
distance up the alley and shot through the head, falling dead. Dr.

52 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

Robin.sou, one of the armed party imder his t'Oiumand, was wounded
in the lower part of the body. Mr. Hale, of the firm of Crowell Hale
& Co., was slightly wounded in the leg. A young boy, son of Mr.
Rogers, was also wounded. We have heard of several others, but
aie not assured of the correctness of the reports. Upon the oath of
several gentlemen, that they saw Dr. Robinson deliberately aim at
the mayor, he was arrested and placed in confinement. An Irishman
named Caulfield, accused of a siniihr-' act with regard to both the
mayor and Mr. Woodland, was arrested late in the afternoon.

"After these terrible scenes, which occupied less time than we
have emi)loyed to describe them, had jiassed, a meeting of the
cDuncil was held, the ])roceedings of which appear in another column.
The citizens gathered at the corner of Second and J streets and
other jilaces throughout the city, and proceeded to organize parties
to prevent further outrage. A body of mounted men under command
of the sheriff, hearing the rei)ort that the Squatters were reinforcing
at the Fort, i)roceeded thither. The lawless mob were nowhere to be
found; scouts were dispatched in all directions, but no trace of them
could be discovered. Meanwhile several other parties had formed in
rank and proceeded to different parts of the city, establishing
rendezvoux at different points. Brigadier-General Winn issued a
l)roc]amation declaring the city under martial law, and ordering all
law abiding citizens to form themselves into volunteer companies and
report their organization to headquarters as soon as possible. At
evening (|uiet was fully restored throughout the city. Lieutenant
(iovernor ]\IcDougal, who left on the Senator, and exi)ects to meet
the (Jold Hunter, will bring up tliis morning a detachment of troops
from Benieia. An. extraordinary i)olice force of five-hundred was
sumr.ioned for duty during the night."

The minutes of the council show that B. F. Washington was
a])))ointed marshal and Capt. J. Sherwood assistant, to whom all
])ersons desiring' to make arrests were requested to aii])ly for aid
and authority.

A letter in Dr. Roljinson's handwriting was found in his tent
after the riot, detailing wliat he had done and the ])lans of the
Squatters for resisting the law.

The next day brought other developments tliat saddened the
conmmnity and were detailed in the Times of the 16th. Sheriff Jose]ih
Mc Kinney was shot down it was said by a man named Allen, who kejit
a hotel at Brighton. Mc Kinney had gone out with a ])arty of alwut
twenty to arrest some parties said to have been concerned in the riots.
Mr. McDowell, of Mormon Island, who was well known at the house,
was sent to make observations and report, but the Sheriff did not
wait for him to return. He rode up to the door and demanded that
Alien and the others should surrender. Imt thev refused and several

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 53

shots were fired immediately, mortally wounding McKinney. Several
of the sheriff's party entered the house, where about a dozen
Squatters were and killed three of them. Allen, though wounded,
escaped, and a number of prisoners were taken to the city.

When Governor Burnett heard of the trouble, he telegraphed to
Brig.-Gen. A. M. Winn to proceed to Sacramento with his whole
force and aid the authorities to maintain order. On the 17th two
military companies, composing the Second Brigade, arrived on the
Senator and General Winn offered their services to the mayor and
council, but was informed that the citizens ' orgauization under Wash-
ington was thought to be able to sustain the law. The reports that
the Squatters had enlisted the aid of the miners in the hills, who were
coming to Sacramento to aid them, were found to be false, and quiet
was soon restored. The funerals of Captain Woodland and Sheriff
McKinney were attended by almost the whole city and such was the
spirit shown, by the citizens that Squatterism never reared its head
again, although disputes over land titles continued for many years,
making costly and annoying litigation for a long time.

As Mayor Biglow was severely, and possibly fatally, wounded
Demas Strong became the acting mayor for the remainder of his
term. B. F. Washington was appointed marshal. The death of
Woodland, who was city assessor, was due to his kindness of heart
He was walking up the street with a friend and when near the corner
of Fourth and J, the Squatters ranged themselves diagonally across
Fourth and J streets, with their guns presented toward the mayor
and his party, who were approaching. Woodland saw their threaten-
ing attitude and exclaimed to his friend, "Oh! it is too bad for thes
men to take sucli a stand, for they will certainly be shot down. I will
go u]i and advise them." lie went forward a few steps to attempt to
mediate, when a liall struck him and killed him almost instantly.

Ben McCulloch succeeded McKinney as sheriff and afterwards
became quite a noted man in the history of the nation. He was born
in Tennessee in 1814 and always evinced an inclination for a roving
and adventurous life. He went with Davy Crockett to Texas, to take
part in the revolution that freed that state from Mexican rule. In
18.36 he joined the Texan army under Gen. Sam Houston and was
assigned to the artillery service. He served with credit at the battle
of San Jacinto and was employed afterwards on the frontier, in sur-
veying and locating lands in Texas. On the breaking out of the
Mexican war he raised a company of Texan Rangers that became
famous during that struggle. It was accepted by General Taylor and
took a prominent part in the battles of Monterey and Buena Vista
and assisted in the capture of the city of Mexico. After the war was
over President Pierce appointed McCulloch United States marshal
of Texas and the present efficient force of Rangers in that state is

54 HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

the outcome of his orgauization. The Rangers of to-day are picked
men, noted for their iron nerve, and are the terror of evil doers,
penetrating where tlie other officers of the hiw cannot or dare not go
to capture criminals.

In 1857 McCuUoch was appointed, with ex-Governor Powell,
a commissioner to Utah. It was believed that at the time of the
inauguration of President Lincoln he was in Washington for the
puri)ose of taking possession of the city at the head of a band of
secessionists. If so, the plan was abandoned, on account of the
l>recautions taken by General Scott. Later on, he was commissioned
l)rigadier-general in the Confederate army and assigned to the
command of the forces in Arkansas. He issued a proclamation in
June, 1861, to the people of that state, calling on them to assemble at
Payetteville to defend the state from invasion. He was in command
at the battle of Wilson's Creek, where General Lyon was killed, and
it is stated that he surrendered the command to General Sterling
Price, on account of some misunderstanding with him. He led a
corps of troops from Louisiana and Texas at the battle of Pea Ridge,
and fell on the second day of the engagement, March 7, 1862.

Henry A. Caulfield, who was arrested and charged with firing on
the mayor and Woodland during the riot, led a stormy career in this city
afterward. He was a man of violent temper and often became involved
in trouble. Born in Ireland, he came to the United States and in 1844
was a member of the Emmet Guards at Albany, N. Y. During the anti-
rent troubles in that state, his company was ordered to Columbia
county to assist the authorities in repressing the disorder, the anti-
renters having killed an under-sheriff, tarred and feathered other offi-
cers and committed other outrages. He came to Sacramento in 1849
worked as a carpenter and joiner and became active in Democratic poli-
tics. He was arrested by John Cleal between here and Brighton as he
was fleeing after the riot, and brought to this city stra])ped to a horse's
back and confined on board the prison brig. With a number of others
he was indicted by the next grand jury on a charge of conspiracy and
murder. They were never punished, as Governor McDougal had de-
clared he would ])ardon them if they were convicted, and a nolle prose-
qui was subsequently entered in their case. He was afterwards active
in the squatter troubles that followed. He settled on a farm on the
mound north of the American river about 1851 and lived there till the
flood of 1852, when he sold the place to Patrick Bannon, and removed
to a ranch south of the R street levee, out of which arose most of the
sulisequent troubles.

George Wilson was a justice of the peace and associate justice of
the court of sessions and had made some remark that gave offense to
one of the attorneys. June 19, 1851, the attorney came to the court
room and demanded a retraction. Wilson refused and when the attor-

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 55

ney struck at him drew a sword cane and stabbed him. Caulfiekl was
entering the room and fired se%'eral shots at Wilson, Init did not hit
him. Wilson seized Caulfield round the neck and was about to send a
Imllet through his head when R. P. J acobs, a policeman, rushed in and
saved Caulfield 's life. At another time Caulfield was shot several
times by Thomas 0. Shelby over land matters and several of the bul-
lets he carried to his grave. On that occasion he was unarmed and
the assault was unprovoked. As it was thought he would die, a priest
called to see him. ' ' I am told you have been a very bad man, ' ' said he.
"It is a dom lie and you are no doctor. Get out of here," was the
reply.

At another time, in 185(i, he had a quarrel with a man named Mil-
ler about politics and some mules. It was at Miller's house and he at-
tempted to strike him with a flat iron, but Miller broke a cane over his
head and was about to throw him out of the window. Miller's wife
inter^'eued and Miller let go and Caulfield fell to the ground. Miller
sent word to the coroner that he had killed Caulfield, but when the
dead wagon arrived the supposed corpse had walked to the county hos-
]3ital. The same year he was stabbed by a man named Frank Nolan
on Front street, and wounded so severely that for several days he
breathed through the knife wounds in his back. August 15, 1878, he
had a dispute with William G. English, over a lot on R street, and shot
English, who died a couple of days later. For this murder he was sent
to the state's prison for six years. Caulfield was short and heavy set,
and had lost an eye in one of his encounters, giving him a truculent
appearance; he was much feared by many citizens on account of the
uglv scrapes in which he engaged, nearly killing some or being almost
killed himself. July 2, 1888, while walking on the R street track near
Fourth street, he was struck by the evening train from Folsom, evi-
dently not having heard the whistle, and was killed instantly.

Dr. Robinson, as will be seen elsewhere, became shortly afterwards
a member of the legislature and subsequently governor of Kansas.

CHAPTER IX
FIRST THINGS

The first mail brought to Sacramento came on the schooner John
Dunlap, owned jointly by Simmons, Hutchins & Co., and E. S. Marsh,
which left San Francisco on her first trip to Sacramento, May 18, 1849,
and brought the first mail on her second trip, June 27. having ))een
forty-eight hovirs on the way.

The first directory of Sacramento City was published in 1851, by
J. Horace Culver, and a copy of it is in the state lilirary. It was print-
ed by the Transcript press, and has ninety-six ]iages, with a large
quantity of very interesting information. The names of citizens occu-
pied less than half the space.

56 HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY

The first ship ever used in the state of California as a prison brig
was the bark Strafford. It was brought here from New York in 1849,
and was moored in the Sacramento river opposite the foot of I street.
It cost $50,000, but while lying at the foot of 0 street it was sold at
auction by J. B. Starr to C. C. Hayden for $3,750. Hayden sold three-
quarters of his interest to Charles Morrill, Captain Isaac Derby and
a Mr. Whitney, and in March, 1850, they rented the vessel to the
county for a prison brig. Morrill bought out the interests of the oth-
ers in May, intending to trade between San Francisco and Panama,
and loaded it at the levee so poorly that it nearly capsized when it
reached San Francisco bay. The cargo was readjusted and she went
to sea, but never came back. Soon afterwards the county purchased
the La Grange, of Salem, Mass., and it was moored opposite H street,
but when the big freshet of 1861-62 came down, it strained so heavily
at its moorings that the seams opened and the water came in so fast
that the prisoners were barely saved and conveyed to the city jail, and
the bark filled and sank. Since then Sacramento county has had its
jail on land.

The first house in Sutterville was erected by Sutter, the second by
one Hadel, and the third by George Zins, being a brick building, the
first of the kind erected in California. Zins afterwards manufactured
the bricks in Sacramento from which the first brick buildings in this
city were erected. He stamped each brick with his initials. The
Crocker Art Gallery Museum and the Museum of the Pioneer Asso-
ciation each contain one of them.

The first store opened in Sacramento was at Sutter's Fort, by
C. C. Smith & Co. (Sam Brannan being the Co.), and the first ex-
changes of American goods for California gold were made over its
counters, it having been started about two months before the opening
of the mines.

The first projected rival of Sacramento was Sutterville, as else-
where related. The second was known as Hoboken, north of the pres-
ent town of Brighton, on the south bank of the American. During the
flood of 1853, all communication with the mining counties was cut off
and some enterprising merchants moved their goods out there on the
high ground and laid out a town with wide streets and a steamboat
landing, the American being at that time navigable. In ten days a
town sprang up, with three steamers making daily trips to Sacramento,
and an express office. Many firms removed there and trade flourished,
the city newspapers devoting a page to Hoboken news. As the flood
subsided, however, so did Hoboken, and its site is now occupied by a
farm. The city of Boston was laid out on paper, at the junction of the
Sacramento and American rivers, but never materialized.

The first census taken in the state, in 1851, was under the super-
intendence of J. Neelv Johnson, afterwards governor of the state.

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 57

The census credited Sacramento with 11,000, the state census being
120,000. The Federal census of 1860 credited tlie cit}^ with 12,800; of
1870, with 16,283 ; of 1880, with 21,420 ; of 1890, with 26,388 ; of 1900,
with 29,282; of 1910, with 44,696. Since that time a phenomenal in-
crease has been made, through the rapid development of the Sacra-
mento valley, and the annexation of Oak Park and other eastern sub-
urbs, and predictions are made that by the next cen.sus the population
will exceed 100,000.

The first vessel ever used to carry press aud type into interior
California was the Dice me Nana (says my mamma), which brought
an old press and type to Sacramento in order to start the Placer
Times, in 1849, which was the first paper published in Sacramento.

The first public reception and banquet ever given in Sacramento
was in 1849, to Gen. P. F. Smith, military commander on the coast,
Commodore Jones, in command of the navy, Hon. T. Butler King,
who had been sent out by the government to reconnoiter the Sacra-
mento valley and report on it at AVashington, and W. M. Siddons, a
pioneer citizen of Sacramento, who accompanied them. They were
members of an expedition that accompanied Mr. King on his trip.
Lieutenant Stoneman, aftei'wards governor of this state, was with the
expedition but was left in charge of the camp, about five miles from
the city. They were met bv General Sutter, Sam Brannan, B. F. Gil-
lespie,'J. H. Hyer, P. B. Cornwall, Col. J. B. Starr, W. R. Grimshaw,
and a large number of other prominent men, and were given a ban-
quet by the citizens. General Sutter also received them at the fort
and entertained them handsomely.

The first grand ball was given on July 4, 1849, in honor of the
day, at the City Hotel. The young men were sent out to scour the
country and invite all the members of the gentler sex they could find
to attend. From among the immigrant parties and others, they mus-
tered eighteen females, more or less handsome. Tickets of admission
were only thirty-two dollars and champagne flowed freely at a sump-
tuous supper.

The first railroad built was the Sacramento Valley railroad, from
this city to Folsom, in 1855-56.

The first man hung in Sacramento was a gambler, Frederick J.
Roe, who shot a man named Myers, who tried to stop a fight between
Roe and another man. A jury was selected by the people, who found
Roe guilty and a mob broke open the jail, took him out and hung him.

The first steamboat explosion was that of the steamer Fawn,
August 18, 1850.

The first agricultural association in the state met in this city in
the American theatre, October 8, 1852, and a fair was held for a week
or two at the same time.

The first appearance of cholera in Sacramento was on the 20th

58 HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY

of October, 1850, wlien an immisrant l)y steamer was found dying on
the levee.

The first case of smallpox in this city was in a family named
Zumwalt, during the flood of 1850, Daniel Zumwalt, now a resident of
Anderson, Shasta County, being the first to suffer an attack of the
disease.

The first steamboat that ever came u]) the river to Sacramento
was the Little Sitka, in the latter part of November, 1847. She was
packed on board a Russian bark from Sitka and was of forty tons
burden. She was put together at Y^erba Buena island, near San Fran-
cisco, and was so "cranky" that the weight of a person on her guards
would throw one of her wheels out of service.

The first military organization in Sacramento was the Sutter
Rifle Corps, June 27," 1852.

Ilensley & Reading erected the first frame house in Sacramento,
to be used bj^ them as a store. It stood at the corner of Front and I
streets, and was built before McDougal removed to Sutterville.

The first brick house built in Sacramento, the Pioneer Hotel, was
kept for years by Louis Binninger.

The first mail for Salt Lake left Sacramento on May 1, 1850.

The first fire department was organized in Sacramento February
5, 1850, and was known as Mutual Hook and Ladder Company No. 1.

The first street cars in Sacramento were run about 1860, and
were used chiefly for hauling sand from the river. The rails were of
wood, and the cars ran on II street from Front to Thirteenth. They
sometimes carried passengers.

The first regular street cars in this city were started in August,
1870, the cars, only two in number, being built by the Kimball Manu-
facturing Company of San Francisco. The first electric car, the
motive power being a storage battery, was run in 1888, but the power
applied in that manner proving too expensive, it was soon temp-
porarily suspended and a trolley system, as at present, was later
constructed.

The first Thanksgiving day ever observed in California was on
November 30, 1850. On that day J. A. Benton, pastor of the Congre-
gational Church (known as the First Church of Christ), preached
the sermon on "California as she was, as she is, and as she is to be."

At that time agriculture could hardly be said to be even an ex-
periment, but Mr. Benton uttered this remarkable prophesy: "A
million of jieople cannot fail to thrive ])y cultivating this virgin soil,
and in fifty years they will be here to make the demonstration; farm
houses will dot thickly every valley; niarshes will be redeemed from
overflow and wastes will bloom in beauty and yield harvests of joy.
The state will not fall behind the chiefest in arts and manufacturing
and in commerce. With hundreds of miles of navigable bays and

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 59

rivers, with seven hundred miles of sea coast, with earth's l>roadest
ocean at her feet, gemmed with a thousand sea isles, and having the
shore of a continent, California is to be the Queen of the Seas, and
within tlie Golden Gates are to be the docks and depots of a steam
and electro-magnetic marine, of which all the steam marine that now
exists is but the minutest embryo. The iron horse that has drunk
the waters of the Mississippi will fly over mountain and plain and
river, breathe defiance to yonder beetling cliffs and towering jieaks
of snow, as he dashes forward through the tunneled depths l)eneath,
and comes through our streets to slake his thirst at the Sacramento."

The first school in Sacramento county outside of the city was kept
by a Mr. O'Brien, at the house of Martin Murphy, in San Joaciuin
township.

The first ball held in Sacramento county by the white settlers was
at Moi'mon island, in 1849.

The first courthouse erected in Sacramento, at Seventh and I
streets, was begun in June, 185U, and completed December 24, 1851.
The sessions of the legislature of 1852 and 1854 were held in it. It
was destroyed in the great fire of July 13, 1854, which consumed a
large part of the business portion of the city. Immediately after the
fire, a contract was entered into for the erection of the one on the
same site which was recently demolished to make room for the new
one at present being erected. The cost in toto was $240,000, al-
though the original contract was for $100,000. The cornerstone was
laid September 27, 1854, with Masonic ceremonies, and the building,
which was of lirick, was completed January 1, 1855, and was used by
the state as a capitol from 1855 until the present capitol was built.
It was eighty by one hundred and twenty feet, and sixty feet high,
and the style of architecture was Ionic. The portico was sui)])orted
by ten pillars, three feet six inches in diameter and thirty-three feet
six inches in height. In April, 1870, it was raised to the high gi-ade,
four hundred jack screws being used for that purpose.

Gilbert T. Witham, who lives in Washington, Yolo county, and
who conducted the Coleman house on J street in this city in the early
days, ran the first hack in Sacramento. It was bought in San Fran-
cisco for $3000 cash, and his stand was at the Orleans hotel, on Sec-
ond street. In 1855. he entered the employ of Doughty & Co.. and
for that firm ran the first steam trading and produce boat on the
river. He was the first conductor on the first train out of Sacra-
mento to Chico, Tehama and Red Bluff. Charles Crocker was on the
train, and bossed the job. Mr. Witham saw Governor Stanford turn
the first shovelful of dirt on J street for the building of the Central
Pacific railroad.

The first criminal trial in Sacramento occurred in Sutter's Fort
and was a remarkable one. In January, 1849, Charles E. Pickett,

60 HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY

afterwards known as "Pliilosopher Pickett," was a merchant in Sut-
ter's Fort, occupying a portion of the northeast bastion, a man named
Alderman, from Oregon, occupying the rest of it. During a dispute
about the premises Alderman advanced on Pickett with an ax up-
lifted. The latter was armed with a shotgun, and warned Alderman
not to come farther, Pickett having retreated to the wall. As Alder-
man continued to advance, Pickett fired and killed him. The cir-
cumstances being well known, and the killing clearly in self-defense,
no attention would have been paid to it, had not Sam Brannan, who
was also a merchant at the fort, stirred up an excitement. He ap-
plied to Frank Bates, who held the office of first alcalde, and then to
John S. Fowler, second alcalde, for a warrant for Pickett's arrest,
and both refused and resigned. The sheriff also resigned. There-
upon Brannan called a meeting of the residents of the fort for the ap-
pointment of an alcalde. Everyone declined, until it came to Bran-
nan, who accepted. The nomination of a prosecuting attorney next
went the rounds till it came to Brannan, who accepted it also. A. M.
Tanner was appointed sheriff and notified Pickett to consider liim-
self under arrest. The court convened, Captain Sutter, John Sinclair,
Capt. W. H. Warner, James H. Toppens and Thomas Murray being
among the members of the jury.

Pickett appeared, accompanied by his attorney, one Payne, also
from Oregon. The sheriff was ordered to bring in drinks for the
court, jury, defendant and counsel. Cigars were proposed, in addi-
tion, but an objection was made and the point argued. The court
decided that "Inasmuch as the ladies of California made a practice
of smoki7ig, it could not be out of place anywhere." Every time the
defendant would ask a witness a question, his counsel would tell him
to be silent, and these altercations became frequent, as the orders on
the sheriff for refreshment became numerous. Midnight came, and
Sutter and Sinclair were asleep, leaning against the wall. One of
the witnesses was testifying that the character of Alderman was bad,
he having killed two men in Oregon, and Captain Sutter awoke, lis
tened a few minutes and said : ' ' Gentlemen, the man is dead, he has
atoned for his faults, and I will not sit here and hear his character
traduced." He then started to leave the court, but was persuaded
to sta\-. When the evidence was closed, Brannan started to sum up
for the prosecution. "Hold on, Brannan," said Pickett, "you are the
judge." "I know I am judge," retorted Brannan, "but I am prose-
cuting too." "All right, go ahead then," said Pickett. AVhen he
finished, Pickett's attorney was too far gone to talk, and Pickett
summed uji for himself. Toward morning the jury announced that
they could not agree, and were discharged. Brannan told the sheriff
that he lemanded the i)risoner to his custody. "What am I to do
with him," asked the shei'iff? "Put him in close confinement," said

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY Gl

Brannan. "I have uo place to put him in," said the sherifif. "Then
put him in irons," was the reply. "There ain't any irons about the
place," returned the officer. After deliberation it was agreed to admit
Pickett to bail, which was readily furnished. At a subsequent trial,
with a sober jury, Pickett was acquitted.

CHAPTER X

THE REVOLUTION

In July, 1839, when Captain Sutter told Governor Alvarado that
he desired to occupy and colonize the section where he afterward
erected his fort, the governor warmly approved his plan and gave
him authority to explore and occupy any teri'itory he found suitable
and told him to return in a year and have his citizenship acknowl-
edged, when he should receive a grant of such lands as he might de-
sire. This was done, and he received a grant of eleven leagTies. At
that time the settlement of Am.ericans in the country was encour-
aged by the local government.

But by 1844 the situation had changed. The events in Texas had
aroused the Mexican people and it was well understood in the United
States that Polk's election to the presidency in 1844 meant the an-
nexation of Mexican territory, and that hostilities might reasonably
be expected soon. At about the same time feelings of animosity be-
gan to spring up in California between the Americans and the Mex-
ican population and the former began to apprehend that the latter
Avould attempt to drive them from the country. True, no declara-
tion of war had yet been' made, but it was evident that both the
United States and the Mexican government were preparing for a hos-
tile meeting. Colonel Fremont had reached California, ostensibly
on an exploring expedition, he having led several exploring expe-
ditions in the western part of the continent. The existing govern-
ment in the southern part of California had shown some opposition
to his progress, and he had turned northward toward Oregon.

In April, 1846, Lieutenant Gillespie of the United States army
arrived in California, and started from Monterey in pursuit of Fre-
mont, and overtook him in Oregon, on May 9th. Gillespie's despatch
to Fremont has never been made public, but it is generally supposed
that it contained orders for Fremont to retrace his steps and hold
himself ready to assist in the conquest of California on the first in-
timation that war was to be declared. He returned and encamped
at or near the ]ilace where Sacramento now stands. The population
of California was estimated at that time to be about ten thousand,
exclusive of Indians. Of this number probably less than two thou-
sand were foreigners. General Castro, was at that time military
commandant of California, and he had several times issued jirocla-

62 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

mations ordering all foreigners to leave the country. The American
settlers therefore determined that the time had arrived when they
must ]n-otect themselves, and that some decisive movement should
be made by them. This movement was precipitated by an order from
Castro to Lieut. Francisco de Arce to proceed with fourteen men as
a guard to the mission of San Rafael, where there were some horses
belonging to the Mexican government, and remove them to the mis-
sion at Santa Clara. As New Helvetia (now the city of Sacramento)
was the first point at which the horses could swim the river, de Arce
was under the necessity of coming to that point. An Indian ob-
served de Arce's party in its movement, and reported that he had seen
two or three hundred men mounted and armed, coming up the Sac-
ramento river. The settlers believed that Castro was leading a large
party to attack Fremont. The news spread among the Americans
by means of couriers, and they gathered for the defense at Fre-
mont's camp, near the confluence of the Feather river with the Sac-
ramento. There they met William Knight, who told them that he
had seen the party of Californians in charge of the horses, and
that de Arce had told that Castro had sent for the horses for the
purpose of mounting a battalion of two hundred men to march
against the Americans settled in the Sacramento valley and to expel
them from the country. The settlers held a consultation and re-
solved that a party should pursue de Arce, and capture the horses
and thus defeat Castro's plans. Twelve men volunteered for the
duty, and chose Ezekiel Merritt, the oldest of the party, as their
captain. At daylight, June 10, 1846, they surprised the C'alifornians,
and captured the horses without resistance. De Arce and liis men
were allowed to go, each one being allowed one horse.

This was the first overt act committed by the foreig-ners and
made it necessary that all in the country should take one side or
the other in the revolution thus i)recipitated. It was followed on
the morning of June 14. by the taking of the town and Mission of
Sonoma. The American party, increased to thirty-three, was led
by Ezekiel Merritt and was known afterward as the famous Bear
Flag party. It was composed mostly of hunters and men who could
leave their homes on short notice. They were roughly dressed and
presented a formidable appearance. They seized the town and mis-
sion without bloodshed and captured Gen. M. G. Vallejo, Lieutenant-
Colonel Prudon, Don Salvador Vallejo and other prominent per-
sons and conveyed them to Sutter's Fort, where they were kept
prisoners for about two months.

As nearly as can be ascertained, the names of the members of
the Bear Flag party from Sacramento valley were : Ezekiel Merritt,
Robert Semple, Henry L. Ford, Samuel Gibson, Granville P. Swift,
William Dickev, Henrv Booker, John Potter, William B. Ide, Will-

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 63

iam Fallon, William M. Seott, Henry Beason, William Anderson,
James A. Jones, W. Barti (or "Old Red") and Sami;el Neal. The
rest of the party was from Napa valley.

A garrison of eighteen men, under command of William Ide,
was left at Sonoma and in a few days it was increased to about
forty. Ide issued a proclamation declaring that he and his com-
panions had been invited to come into the country and had been
promised protection by the government, but that they had been sub-
jected to oppression by military despotism; that threats had been
made, by proclamation, of exterminating them if the^^ did not leave
the country; that it meant they must either abandon their property
and be driven through deserts inhabited by hostile Indians, or must
defend themselves; and that they had been forced to inaugurate a
revolution with a view of establishing and perj^etuating a repub-
lican government.

The party obtained its name by adopting what was known as
the Bear flag, and it formed a partial organization under the name
of the Republic of California. The flag borne by them was a piece
of cotton cloth, with one red stripe on the bottom, and on the white
part was the figure of a grizzly bear, with one star in front of him.
It was })ainted or stained with lampblack and poke berries and on
the top were the words, "Republic of California." According to
the history of the event filed in the office of the Society of Califor-
nia Pioneers, the flag was painted with paint secured from a wheel-
right's shop, "and the execution did not excel in artistic merit."

William L. Todd, however, in a letter to the Los Angeles Express
under the date of January 11, 1878, makes this statement: "I have
to say in regard to the making of the original Bear flag of Califor-
nia at Sonoma in 1846, that when the Americans who had taken
up arms against the Spanish regime had determined what kind of
a flag should be adopted, the following persons performed the work:
Granville P. Swift, Peter Storm, Henry L. Ford, and myself. We
procured, in the house where we made our headquarters, a piece of
new, unbleached cotton domestic, not quite a yard wide, with stripes
of red flannel about four inches wide, furnished by Mrs. John Sears,
on the lower side of the canvas. On the upper left-hand corner was
a star, and in the center was the image made to represent a grizzly
bear, so common in this country at that time. The bear and star
were painted with paint made of linseed oil and Venetian red or
Spanish brown. Underneath the bear were the words, 'California
Republic' The other person engaged with me got the materials to-
gether, while I acted as artist. The forms of the bear and star and
the letters were first lined out with pen and ink by myself, and the
two forms were filled in with the red paint, but the letters with
ink. The flag mentioned by Mr. Hittel, with the bear rampant, was

64 HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY

made, as I always understood, at Santa Barbara, and was painted
black. Allow me to say tbat at that time there was no wheelwright
shop in California. The flag I painted I saw in the rooms of the
California Pioneers in San Francisco in 1870, and the secretary will
show it to any person who will call upon him at any time. If it is
the one that I painted, it will be known by a mistake in tinting out
the words 'California Eepublic' The letters were first lined out
with a pen and I left out the letter 'I' and lined out the letter "C"
in its place. But afterward I lined out the letter 'I' over the 'C
so that the last sj'Uable of 'Republic' looks as if the last two let-
ters were blended." The giiidon used at Sonoma was in 1874 pre-
sented to the California Pioneers by Brig.-Gen. Joseph Revere, who
in 1846, as lieutenant, hauled down the Bear flag and substituted
the Stars and Stripes.

There has been considerable dispute as to the causes which led
to the revolution in California, the capture of Sonoma, Ide's procla-
mation, the raising of the Bear flag and its design. Reliance is
placed on the accounts which were published in the Californian in
August and September, 1846. This was a few months after the oc-
currence of those events and the articles were written by Robert Sem-
ple, the editor, who distinctly stated in them that he wrote them as
a matter of history and for the benefit of future historians.

Commodore John D. Sloat arrived at Monterey July 7, 1846, with
a United States frigate. Monterey was at that time the Mexican
capital of California. The commodore took possession of the town
and hoisted the American flag over the custom house, and from that
day dates the possession of California by the United States. Sloat 's
frigate had been lying at Mazatlan under orders to seize California
on the first intimation that war had been declared against Mexico.
The first American flag was hoisted in the Sacramento valley where
Sacramento City now stands. Colonel Fremont being encamped there
with about one hundred and seventy men. William Scott arrived in
the camp on the evening of July 10, with the news of the hoisting
of the flag at Monterey by Commodore Sloat. He also brought with
him an American flag sent by Capt. John B. Montgomery, of the
United States ship Portsmouth. The Californian, in speaking of the
first receipt of the news at Sacramento, says : "It was received with
universal shouts by the men, and our gallant leader, surrounded by
a number of officers and soldiers, partook of a cup of good brandy,
and sang some national airs. The Star Spangled Banner was re-
ponded to with warmth."

With the raising of the American flag the Bear flag was sup-
planted, and although there were several engagements between the
United States troops and the Mexican forces in the southern part of
the territory of California, the Mexicans capitulated early in 1847, and

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 65

the hostilities ceased. While uiany events happened during the
transition, those above recorded were all that directly affected this
county and the territory surrounding it.

CHAPTER XI
IN THE BEGINNING

The first survey of the plat of Sacramento was made in Decem-
ber, 1848, by Capt. William H. Warner of the United States Army.
Previous to 184-1: Sutter's Fort was the principal trading post in
Upper California. In that year Captain Sutter and some others at
the fort determined to hiy out and build a town on the river bank
three miles below, which they called Sutter, now spoken of as Sutter-
ville. A survey was made by Capt. William Tecumseh Sherman
(afterwards famous during the Civil war as General Sherman), and
building was begun. The first house was erected by Captain Sutter
himself; the second by a Mr. Hadel and a third, a brick structure,
said to be the first of its kind erected in California, by Mr. Zius.
The city began to flourish unrivaled and continued to do so until the
discovery of gold. Soon after that time, however, it came into a
disastrous rivalry with Sacramento. Dr. Morse, the earliest historian
of those times and a warm partisan of Sacramento, gives many in-
teresting particulars of the struggle for supremacy between the two
budding cities, which resulted in the ultimate downfall of the city on
the high grounds back from the river and the success of the city on
the lower level, .that was doomed in a few years to be inundated by
the rising waters, although one of the principal arguments used by
the traders and speculators in their arguments for the support of
this city was that the ground where it stands had never been over-
flowed within the memory of the white man, and never would be.

P>ayard Taylor says in his "Eldorado," of his first visit to Sac-
ramento in October, 1849 : ' ' The limits of the town extended to nearly
one square mile and the number of inhabitants, in tents and houses,
fell little short of ten thousand. The iirevious April there were just
four houses in place. Can the world match a growth like tliis? . . .
The value of real estate in Sacramento is only exceeded by that in
San Francisco. Lots 20x75 feet, in the best locations, brought from
$3,000 to $.3,500. Rents were on a scale equally enormous. The City
hotel, which was formerly a sawmill erected by Captain Sutter, paid
$30,000 per annum. A new hotel, going up on the levee, was already
rented for $35,000. Two drinking and gaming rooms on a business
street paid each $1,000 monthly, invariably in advance. The value
of all the houses in the city, frail and perishable as many of them
were, could not have been less than $2,000,000. . . . The inhabi-
tants had elected a town council, adopted a city charter and were

66 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

making exertions to have the place declared a port of entry. The
political waters were being stirred a little, in anticipation of the ap-
proaching election. Mr. Gilbert, of the Alta California, and Colonel
Stewart, candidate for governor, were in the city. A political meet-
ing which had been held a few nights before, in front of the City
hotel, passed off as uproariously and with as zealous a sentiment
of patriotism as such meetings are wont to at home."

Shortly after the great discovery that was to so influence the for-
tunes of the world and to become the ruin of General Sutter, a num-
ber of stores were located at the fort and an immense business was
soon created there. The first of these was the establishment of C.
C. Smith & Co., in which Sam Brannan was a partner. It was started
a few months before the opening of the mines and the first exchange
of gold dust for store goods took place over its counters. Brannan
afterwards bought his partners out and continued the business in
the old adobe building which was subsequently used as a hospital.
In 1849 the building on the inside of Sutter's Fort was occupied by
Rufus Hitchcock, the upper story being used as a boarding house.
The front room below was used as a barroom and gambling house
and the bar was kept open night and day. If a customer had coin,
his drink cost him fifty cents, but he generally opened his sack and the
barkeeper took out a pinch of gold dust, to be regulated by size or
amount of drink consumed, and in those days very few drank alone.
The cost of board at this ])la('e was $40 per week.

Hitchcock soon left the fort and went to the mines on the Stan-
islaus. In passing it may lie stated that old residents say that in
the '50s Capt. (afterwards Gen.) Ulysses S. Grant, owned a ferry
on the Stanislaus and they often saw him, dressed in red shirt and
overalls, h'ing under a shady tree on the bank, contentedly waiting
for a foot passenger to come along who wanted to be ferried over.
In those days, in fact, many a man who afterwards became prominent
in the history of his country, was a resident of California. Hitch-
cock subsequently became the owner of the Green Springs ranch in
Fldorado county and died there in 1851. He was succeeded in the
boarding liouse by M. F. McClellan of San Francisco. By summer
all the business had become transferred to the Embarcadero or land-
ing place on the Sacramento river, now known as Front street, which
became a lively place. The blacksmith shop at the fort was carried
on by a Mr. Fairchild, who paid an assistant $16 a day and charged
$64 for shoeing a horse all round, or $16 for a single shoe.

In the freighting to the mines, which was done by means of ox
teams, John S. Fowler had a virtual' monopoly and paid his team-
sters from $200 to $250 per month. The rate for freighting was enor-
mous. In the winter of 1848-49 the roads to the mines were almost
impassable. Freight from the fort to Coloma was one dollar a ]iound

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 67

— $2,000 a ton. Even at that price it was impossible to transport
the necessaries of life fast enough to prevent serious apprehensions
of famine in the more distant mining districts.

The firm of S. Brannan & Co. consisted of Sam Brannan, Will-
iam Stone, W. D. Howard, Henrj- Melhas and Talbot H. Green. The
stores of Priest, Lee & Co., Hensley, Reading & Co., Captain Dring,
C. E. Pickett, Von Pfister & Vaughn, and the drug store of Drs.
Frank Bates and AVard were inside of the fort. The prices de-
manded were enormous. One evening John S. Fowler, wishing to
give a supper to his teamsters, saw on the shelf in Brannan 's store
a dozen two-pound cans of oysters and asked the clerk the price.
"Twelve dollars each," replied the clerk. "How much if I take the
lot?" asked Fowler. "One hundred and forty- four dollars," was
the reply. "Well, I'll take them all," said Fowler, and he carried
off his costly prize.

Brannan 's employes were: Jeremiah Sherwood, of New York;
Tallman H. Ralfe, afterwards editor of the Democrat in Nevada
City; J. Harris Trowbridge, afterwards of Newburg, N. Y. ; George
M. Robertson, afterwards supreme judge of Oahu, Sandwich Islands;
James B. Mitchell, subsequently public administrator of Sacramento
county, who died in 1857 in Benicia; W. R. Grimshaw, a well-known
resident for many years on the Cosumnes river ; and James Queen.

The pioneers did not leave their patriotism behind them when they
came here. The 4th of July, 1849, was celebrated in the shade of a
grove of oak trees, the last survivor of which, hoary with age and
covered with mistletoe, stood for many years in front of the old build-
ing on L street which was used as a hospital. The orators of the
day were William M. Gwin and Thomas Butler King, who after-
wards served the state in the United States senate.

Shortly afterward came the struggle for supremacy with Sut-
terville. As soon as the survey of Sacramento City had been made
George McDougall obtained a lease of the ferry at a jwint below
the entrance of Sutter Lake, and located a store-ship on ^\e river
bank opposite I street, and in company with Judge Blackburn, opened
it with a large stock of goods. When John A. Sutter, Jr., arrived,
his father, the ca])tain, transferred to him all the proprietary rights
in the city of Sacramento. McDougall declared that his lease gave
him control of six hundred feet along the river front, and a dispute
arose which was carried into the courts. Being defeated, McDougall
in a rage determined to destroy the prospects of the city, and re-
moved his goods to Sutterville. He then came out with immense
placards stating that he would sell goods at cost and freight, and
made a verbal declaration that if necessary he would sell goods at
cost. This produced a lively agitation among the traders and they
patched up a scheme of purchase which broke up many lines of Mc-

68 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

Dougall's stock aud, as it was no easy task in those days to replenish
it, effectually extinguished McDougall's enterprise and put an end to
the budding hopes of Sutterville as well.

The latter end was accomplished largely by a shrewd specu-
lative move on the part of Sam Brannan, Judge Bui'nett and Priest,
Lee & Co. The Sutterville proprietors had offered to donate to
these traders eighty lots in Sutterville if they would transfer their
stocks and business to Svitterville. They informed young Sutter
of the offer and persuaded him that it would be for his interest to
give them about five hundred lots in Sacramento to induce them to
sta>- here, aud he did so. Such was the passing of Sutterville, and
today the old brick brewery stands as a monument of its decease,
while the ))ig brick stores whicli stood there until later years have
disappeared.

Sacramento grew apace. Ajjril 1, 184!), the number of inhabi-
tants of the fort aud city did not exceed one hundred and ten. An
election had been held the preceding fall for first and second alcaldes,
resulting in the election of Frank Bates and John S. Fowler, re-
spectively. Fowler resigned in the spring and Henry A. Schoolcraft
was appointed in his place. Early in the spring a board of commis-
sioners consisting of Messrs. Brannan, Snyder, Slater, Hensley,
King, Cheever, McCoover, McDougall, Barton Lee, Feete, Dr. Car-
penter, Fowler and Southard was elected to frame a code of laws for
the district. The committee met under an oak tree at the foot of T
street and submitted a report which recommended the election of one
alcalde and one sheriff, who should have jurisdiction from the Coast
Range to the Sierra Nevada and throughout the length of the Sac-
ramento valley. H. A. Schoolcraft was elected alcalde and A. M.
Turner, sheriff, aud thus was laid the foundation of the judicial and
political system in Northern California, under a sturdy oak on the
banks of the Sacramento.

Immigration was coming liy sea, although as yet in not very
great nipnbers between February to June, but improvement went
steadily on. The condition was anomalous. There was no law or
system of government, yet there was no discord or disorder. There
was no legal restraint imposed on citizens, yet during these months
the community was exempt from violence, and all seemed imbued
with a feeling of forbearance and accommodation. The craze for
gold had not yet fastened its deleterious influence on men, and right
and a feeling of equality and independtoce seemed to guide their
actions.

Trading \aelded an enormous profit and everyone was absorbed
in it. Two hundred per cent was the profit on goods procured from
San Francisco and trading in gold dust was very profitable. At
first the scale of payment for goods with dust ranged from $8 to

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 69

$16 an ouuee. Clerks could liartlly be retained in the stores at from
$200 to $300 i^er month. The trade between the mines and Sacra-
mento was immense. Such was the prevailing feeling of honesty and
security that neither goods nor gold dust were watched with anxiety
for their safety. Miners came to town with bags of gold dust which
they took no more care of than their hats and boots. Money was
so ])lentiful that there was no temptation to steal. By the first of
May there were about thirtj^ stores, and two barks and a brig were
moored along the shore. The Whiton, one of the former, had as-
tonished the residents by coming up from San Francisco in three
days, from five to ten days having been consumed before then by
small boats and launches.

lu' June there came a change. Immigrants began to arrive by
thousands and to outfit' for the mines, Sacramento being the point of
departure for the northern mines. The American, Yuba, Bear and
Feather rivers were the points of attraction and Sacramento was
the place for outfitting. Business became a rush in which the cal-
culation was only for today. Transportation from San Francisco was
the source of enormous profits and every craft that could be procured
was pressed into service. The cost of passage from San Francisco
to Sacramento was from $16 to $25 and the freight rate was cor-
respondingly high. On June 26th the city numbered a hundred houses
"and the City Hotel, on Front street between I and J, 35x53 feet and
of three stories, originally framed for a saw and grist mill for Cap-
tain Sutter, was said to have cost $100,000. It was headquarters
for the aristocracy of the times and the scene of many town-meetings.

Every sort of material from which tents, store ; and houses could
be constructed rose to enormous prices. Muslin, calico, canvas, old
sails, logs, boards, zinc and tin were priceless po'ssessions. The hun-
dreds of immigTants coming in were lucky if they could have the
shade of the trees to protect them from the noonday sun or the night.
Gambling was everywhere carried on and magnificent saloons were
built at enormous cost, the first place of public gaming being on J
street, between Second and 'Third, kept by James Lee, an<l euphoni-
ously named "The Stinking Tent." Others followed, and a demo-
cratic and cosmopolitan crowd composed their patrons. Coin was
scarce and the miners brought their bags of gold dust, de])ositing
them with the game keepers and drawing from them as the game pro-
gressed, generally till all was gone, and then went back to the mines
for more. Not one person in ten, either by absence or condemnation,
tried to discountenance gaming. Indeed, it is narrated by Dr. Morse
that two exclergyTnen were conspicuous among the gamesters, one
dealing monte and the other playing faro. Poker was played by the
larger capitalists on a magnificent scale, the ante being often $100
and $3,000 being frequently bet on a single hand. One individual

70 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

is said to Jiave staked a thousand ounces on a hand and won, after
ba\'ing Jest nearly that much previously. Many men who had been
brought up to regard gambling as a stain on a man's character and
who had left their wives and children in straightened circumstances,
says Morse, hastened to hazard and lose the first few hundred or
thousand dollars they had made.

But a moral wave soon swept over the community. In Api-il,
1849, Rev. Dr. Woodbridge preached the first sermon ever heard in
Sacramento. In May Dr. Deal, a practicing physician, undertook to
establish regular religious services and in July Rev. J. A. Benton
began his long and beneficent services in the citJ^ "His course," tes-
tifies Dr. Morse, "was from the first consistent. He was essentially
a minister of the gospel — a seven-days advocate of the Christian re-
ligion." He extended his influence by a pure life, winning the re-
spect and confidence of the people, instead of making an onslaught
on the tide of vice, and soon acquired great influence in the com-
munity. At this late day many of the pioneer Sacramentans who knew
him speak in the highest terms of his character. He sometimes made
missionary excursions of two or three weeks duration, sleeping on
the ground nnder the trees and living like the primitive Apostles.

Before the removal of McDougall's store, Hensley and Read-
ing had erected a frame building in Sacramento, on the corner of I
and Front streets, the first frame house in the new city. Soon after
that a Mr. Ingersoll erected a building half canvas and half frame,
between J and K on Front street and Mr. Stewart 4iad put up a
canvas house on the bank of the river, which was opened as a tavern.
In February, 1849, Sam Brannan erected a frame storehouse on the
corner of J and Front streets, and this was soon succeeded by an-
other belonging to Priest, Lee & Co., on the corner of Second and J
and directly afterwards two substantial log houses were erected by
Mr. Gillespie and Dr. Carpenter.

For a time the chief place for business was on First or Front
street between J and K, but soon it began to extend up J and K
streets to Third. The river bank was piled with the goods of immi-
grants and merchandise, and storage facilities were entirely in-
adequate. The chief business was in miners' supplies. Lumber was
from fifty cents to a dollar per square foot, and hard to get at that.
Teaming and packing earned enormous revenue. In December $50
a hundred was charged for hauling goods from Sacramento to
Mormon Island and Auburn. In July fresh beef sold for fifteen
cents a pound; bread fifty cents a loaf; butter from $2 to $3 a poimd;
milk $1 a quart ; dried apples $1 to $2 a pound ; saleratus $6 a pound,
and pickles whatever their owner chose to ask. Carpenters were
paid $16 a day; laborers $1.50 an liour; board without lodging
$16 to $49 a week; washing $6 to $12 a dozen; doctor's fees $16 to

HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 71

$32 a visit. A glass of liquor at a first-class bar cost $1, ami a cigar
fifty cents. Everything was high in proportion.

But business did not entirely engross the attention of the citi-
zens. There were some votaries of pleasure, and on July 4, 1849,
a grand ball was given at the City hotel, at that time the headquar-
ters of Sacramento fashion and aristocracy. Money was spent with-
out stint to enhance the success and dignity of the occasion, and the
affair was on a magnificent scale. There was a dearth in the com-
munity of feminine attractions and the surrounding country was
scoured thoroughly by a committee of young men to gather in all
the ladies that could be obtained to grace the occasion. Every min-
ing camp, ranch, wagon, tent and log cabin was canvassed, with such
success that eighteen of the fair sex were secured. To quote Dr.
Morse again. "Not all Amazons, but replete with all the adornments
and graces that belong to bold and enterprising pioneers of a new
country. Tickets to the ball were fixed at the moderate price of thir-
ty-two dollars ; gentlemen were requested to have swallow-tail coats
and white vests. The supper was, of course, a profusion of all that
money could obtain," and champagne flowed freely, despite its cost.
Thus was the pace set for future occasions in the new city.

In July, 1849, a movement was set on foot to organize a city
government. An election for councilmen was held at the St. Louis
Exchange on Second street between I and J, and the first council-
men for the city of Sacramento were chosen as follows: John P.
Rodgers, H. E. Robinson, P. B. Cornwall, William Stout, E. F. Gil-
lespie, Thomas F. Chapman, M. T. McClelland, A. M. Winn and B.
Jennings. The new council was organized on August 1st, with Will-
iam Stout as president and J. H. Harper as clerk. The first busi-
ness transacted was the preparation of a constitution for local gov-
ernment. A. M. Winn was afterwards made president in place of
Stout, who had left the city. On September 20th an election was held
to decide on a city charter. A draft had been prepared by the coun-
cil but the citizens did not turn out well to vote, and it was defeated
by a majority of one hundred and forty-six votes. Its rejection was
charged to the gamblers, who opposed a change and worked hard
and spent much money to defeat it. Up to this time there had been
no law or government that was more than nominal, as there was no
court except that of the alcalde, which, while expeditious, was costly
in dispensing justice. The people therefore shunned litigation and
this lawless state just suited the gamblers. This was a great morti-
fication to the council, and the president issued a proclamation stat-
ing that the council was unalile to determine what the citizens wanted,
and as the powers and duties of the council were not defined, they
desired to know whether the citizens desired still to act under the
Mexican laws at present in force, although ina"pplicable to the pres-

72 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

ent conditions, or to adopt a charter, striking out sucli features as
were objectionable. Immediate action was necessary if the council
was to be of any use. It therefore asked the citizens to meet Octo-
ber 10, 1849, and declare what they wished the council to do. The
people, who had paid no attention hitherto to local government,
awoke from their apathy. A Law and Order party was formed.
The gamblers were defeated and the charter adopted by a majority
of two hundred ninety-six. The charter adapted, however, contained
matter relative to taxation which rendered it unpopular, and it was
soon amended.

The council soon had a burden of troubles of its own. The com-
munity had enjoyed robust health during the spring and summer
months, but with the fall a terrible change came. Many of the ed-
venturous immigrants had seemed to think that nothing was neces-
sary to their success except to reach California. Many of them were
destitute on their arrival. Not one in a hundred had money to buy
an outfit for the mines at the ruinous prices asked. Many were suf-
fering from hardships and privations endured on the overland jour-
ney, or as steerage passengers saturated with scorbutic diseases or
so dejDressed or despondent that they became an easy prey for dis-
ease. Nine-tenths of these adventurers poured into Sacramento,
the nearest point for outfitting for the mines. Here they met another
train of scorbutic sufferers straggling in from the east, debilitated
and worn out by the hardships encountered.

From these causes Sacramento had become one vast lazar house
long before the city government was organized and the council im-
mediately found a serious condition confronting it. This was in-
tensified by the fact that as men became accustomed to these scenes
of suffering, familiarity with them hardened their hearts, and cupid-
ity took possession of them. The lure of gold beckoned them away.
They could not spare time to relieve the distress of their fellows,
They must press on to the diggings and begin to acquire their for-
tunes. Fathers abandoned their sons, and sons abandoned their
fathers when they required a little troublesome care. When they
could be of no further iise to each other friendship and kinship be-
came mere words. One flagrant case was that of an old father, who
had furnished the means for his son and other relatives to come to
the new Eldorado, but was deserted by them as he lay dying with
scurvy on the levee, where he soon passed away. The sick and suf-
fering accumulated so fast that by July means of caring for them
were entirely inadequate. Creigan's Hospital at the fort and the
one opened by Dr. Deal and Dr. Martin were filled, but the prices
for nursing and board were prohibitive to four-fifths of those need-
ing care. Miasmatic fevers added to the misery and distress of the
scurw.

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY TA

But charity had not departed, and compassion and help were at
hand in a limited degree. Two great fraternal orders were represented
among the community, not organized into lodges, but nviml)ering many
individual members. The feeling of brotherhood that had bound them
together, also bound them to relieve distress as far as lay in their
power, and nobly did they come to the front and face the stupendou.5
task. The first effective efforts for relief came from members of the
fraternity of the Odd Fellows. They came together and bound them
selves into an informal organization and devoted themselves with
earnest zeal to the relief of the distressed. A. M. Winn was elected
president of the association, a Mr. McLaren secretary and Captain
Gallup, treasurer. Every member of this body became a visiting com
raittee and an immense amount of relief was dispensed.

They were joined by the members of the Masonic fraternity in
their eiforts to take care of the sick and destitute. "Tlie two noble
orders contributed inoney and exertions as freely as if their lives
had been devoted to the exclusive function of human kindness," says
Dr. Morse, "and their fair names are inscribed in indelible and liv-
ing characters upon those pages of history which California
ought to and must preserve." But their combined efforts, assisted
by those of the council, could not do all that there was to do. The
people were appealed to in a public meeting. to come forward and
assist in the general effort for relief. The president of the council
was dispatched to Monterey for the purpose of laying the case be-
fore General Riley and procuring from him some of the public funds
then in his possession. But their mission was a failure, as General
Riley, the military governor of the territory, did not consider he had
the right thus to use the national funds.

Sacramento was then thrown u])on her own resources, and with
her treasury empty and low credit, she did all that was possible and
by co-operation with individual effort and the two fraternities she
succeeded in furnishing a tolerable shelter and medical attendance
for the sick. Rough pine coffins had ranged from $60 to $150, and
even then the supply was far from sufficient, so hundreds had been
buried without coffins and even without being wrapped up in a blan-
ket. The Odd Fellows spent thousands of dollars for coffins and
when General Winn became the executive officer of the city, no man
was refused a coffiu burial. The scenes of those days were terrible
and the description of their horrors is almost unreadable.

When the rains set in the. misery was increased. Many of the sick,
with typhus and other fevers, lay without shelter from the pitiless
storms. Finally Drs. Morse and Stillman aroused the sympathies of
Barton Lee, whose name should occupy an honored place in the
City's history, and induced him to erect a story and a half hospital,
40x50 feet, at the corner of Third and K streets. The city deter-

74 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

mined also to erect a two story hospital, 20x60 feet between I and
J, Ninth and Tenth streets, and $7000 was expended for lumber,
but when it was partially erected it was prostrated to the gTOund by
a rain and wind storm, and the timber so injured as to make it al-
most useless for building purposes.

But the future city was doomed to pass through a yet more try-
ing period. An enemy came like a thief in the night, for which she
had made no provision. The reckless speculators had declared there
was no danger of inundation and the people had been credulous
enough to believe them when they declared that the city's site had
remained free from flood during the sojourn of the oldest Californians.
The })eople had not raised their buildings, but had built on the ground
wherever their lots happened to be. The rains through the latter
part of December and the first part of January had awakaned anx-
iety. The Sacramento and American rivers were rising rapidly and
the back country seemed to be filling up and cutting off communi-
cation with the higher lands. But the citizens, with fatuous confi-
dence in the assertions that a flood could not harm them, made no
preparations for the deluge. Hence, when it came, there was no
adequate protection for life or property. Many were drowned, some
in their beds, some in trying to escape, and many from the terrible
exposure. The few boats belonging to the shipping at the Embarca-
dero were pressed into service to rescue the women and children and
the sick, that were scattered over the city in tents and canvas houses.
Some of the women were found standing upon beds or boxes, in water
a foot or two deep. Sick men on cots were found floating about help-
lessly. By mere accident a boat in which Capt. J. Sherwood was
manager passed the hospital and was attracted by the cries of the
sick for help. He immediately proceeded to rescue them and took
them to safety in Mr. Brannan's house.

Most of these poor sufferers died and after being placed in coffins,
were buried across the river. One of the men detailed for this duty
was a Dutchman who was very suspicious of everyone so far as his
money was concerned, and having accumulated about $2,000 in gold
dust carried it in a belt around his waist. They placed the coffin
across a small boat, and when they had reached some distance the
boat careened and sank. The Dutchman, who was a good swimmer,
called to his companion that he would swim ashore and get a boat,
but weighted down with the gold that he loved better than his life,
he sank. His companion hung on to the coffin and reached shore
safely. The description given by Dr. Morse of the neglect of the sick
and their condition is almost beyond belief.

After the January flood in 1850, prices of everything rose enor-
mously and continued high for a long time. But the high prices of

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 75

real estate did not shrink on account of the flood and destruction.
Here are some of the current prices in the city in April and May:

Filtered water, per barrel, $1.50; washing and ironing, per dozen,
$7.00; private boxes at the theater, $4.00; ordinary boxes at the
theater, $3.00; pit seats at the theater, $2.00; musicians in gambling
houses, by the day, $16.00; hauling lumber from First to Second
street, per thousand, $3.00; hair cutting, $1.50; shaving, $1.00; bil-
liards, per game, $1.00; saddle horses, per day, $10.00; lodging,
without blankets, per night, $1.00; celery, per head, 20 cents; peas in
the pod, per gallon, $2.00; radishes, every size, per bunch, $1.00;
turkeys, per pair, $16.00; apples, small, but good, each, 50 cents;
specked apples, each 25 cents; Colt's pistols, medium .size, $75.00.

Up to the 6th of August the amount of $100,000 had been issued
by warrants to meet the expenditures for the city government, as
shown by the mayor's statement. The estimated sum to be expended
for the construction of the levee' and the city government inclusive
footed up $300,000. Sacramento endured grievous troubles in August
and September. The contests about titles, the breaking up of confi-
dence in the general value of property thus situated, the pecuniary
embarrassments that were plunging men into bankruptcy and ruin,
and the heavy taxation necessary to sustain the city government and
complete the public works necessary to protect the city from floods,
were enough to utterly discourage the citizens and destroy their confi-
dence in the city's future. But the community was composed of men
of iron; men who had come thousands of miles through all sorts of
dangers and perils to found on the shores of the Pacific a great
empire, although they were at that time unconscious of the fact and
looked not far beyond the present. Their energy was unconquerable
and inextinguishable, and the greater the burdens imposed by fate, the
more manfully and determinedly they strove to overthrow them.
That this city exists to-day, large and prosperous, is indisinitable
evidence that they succeeded.

In August the council made itself decidedly unpo])nlar by "one
or two of its acts. The members appropriated to themselves a salary
of $200 a month each. In addition to this, the taxpayers saw the
appointment of various committees to duties that were but little
more than nominal, and who drew $25 a day for their services, in
addition to their regular salary voted.

After the bankruptcies of September and the squatter riots of
August affairs settled down to a degree of quiet and the people
began to engage more systematically and soundly in business, which
was augmented extraordinarily by the heavy demand for goods and
their transportation to the mines. During the previous winter the
people in the mines had suffered greatly from ])rivations and were
thrown into a desperate and almost starving condition from the

76 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

scarcity of provisions and the cutting off of communication with the
city by the floods. As a natural consequence, in tlie fall soon after
the revulsion in finance, there sprang up a brisk demand and an
immense and profitable trade was inaugurated and carried on between
the merchants and jniners. The situation being thus relieved, the
effect upon the city was such as almost to restore its former pros-
perity.

At this time a public question began to awaken interest in the
men's minds and to cause them to watch every arrival from Wash-
ington and the news brought, with intense anxiety. This was the
question of admission as a state to the Union. The constitution
had been adopted, the application made, but congress still delayed
action and the community was in a state of painful suspense as to
what the outcome would be. One can readily imagine, then, the relief
to the tension when the news came that California was a member of
the great Union of states. Early in the morning of October 15th,
it is stated, the rapid firing of cannon upon the levee awakened the
citizens to the fact that the news had arrived and that our admission
was an assured fact. It was a season of rejoicing that for the moment
almost obliterated the memory of the i^ast misfortunes. In addition
to the news it was ascertained that a number of Sacrainento's citizens
had returned by the steamer that brought the news.

But Sacramento's cup of sorrow was not yet full and a lu^avier
calamity than any that had gone before, was, even in this season
of rejoicing, hovering over the devoted city. The same fostering
breezes that had borne on the steamer bringing the news of admission
had also borne on their wings a ghastly pestilence and on the steamer
itself many of the passengers had fallen victims to the dread scourge.
A most maligTiant cholera was sweeping on toward California and
many were the imknown graves that it was to fill in the new state
ere its violence should be abated. City and country were alike to it
and the urban dweller and the miner in his cabin were alike to pay
toll to the dread Reaper. The tale that is told by the pioneers who
escaped with life the pestilence harrows the soul of the listener with
the vivid pictures of distress and destruction. Each successive day
brought news from San Francisco that the passengers on the ill-
fated steamer were still being decimated by the terrible scourge. Not
only this, but the accounts of the visit of the disease to Sandusky.
Rochester, St. Louis and other places began to fill the hearts of the
])eople with a dread of im))ending disaster. The stories of its relent-
less malignity and the wide-spread destruction that accompanied its
progress fell like a ])all on the conmumity, and terror fell on all.
It is dou))tfnl if history records a jiarallel of the destructive panic
that followed its aii])earance on this coast and in this city. The hard-
ships and disease that had i)i-evailed during the suninier and which

HISTORY OF SA(^RAMI<]NTO COITNTV 77

were sufficient to crush all progress and energy in a less buoyant and
determined people, had been too recent to allow of a recuperation of
their health and strength and rendered them an easy prey for the
insidious disease.

As is well known, in cases of epidemics, the mass of the people is
filled with fear and dread, and in the fevered state of mind prevailing
it was easy for the disease to develop to terrific proportions. Panic
predisposed the people to receive its attacks, and it hardly needed
an imported case to spread the disease. Early in the morning of
October 20 a person was found on the levee in the collapsing stage
of the dread disease. Medical aid was summoned, but he was too
far gone and soon died. Tlie cholera was in the city. The news
spread as if by magic, the circumstances grew in horror with repeti-
tion and the pall of despair seemed to settle down like a black cloud,
over the city. It is well known bv experience that the fear of disease
and the dwelling on its symptoms are very often followed by its
appearance and so it was largely in this case. The next day several
more fatal cases were reported and as the stories spread and were
constantly auginented in their description, it is not to be wondered at
that fear should have become an auxiliary to the disease and that
the epidemic was soon in full progress.

In six days from its inception, the disease had made such progress
that regular burials were but slightly attended to and nursing and
attention were frequently wanting. Money, so powerful an agent
in most cases, could scarcely purchase the offices of common kindness
and charity. Affection seemed blunted and the fear of death seemed
to sever all ties and develop elements of selfishness. But little could
be done under these conditions to arrest the course of the disease,
and it swept through the community with irresistible force. In many
such epidemics the personal ]ial)its of in(li\i(luals have a strong influ-
ence in resisting disease or inviting it, but the case was different here.
Men of the most reg-ular, careful and industrious habits were its
\-ictims equally with those who were intemperate and irregular. In
a few days many of the most ]irominent and substantial citizens fell
before the pestilence. None seemed immune.

It was reported that a hundred and fifty cases occurred in one
day, but such was the confusion and the panic in the community
that no records were kept, nor can any accurate data be found in
regard to the havoc made by this epidemic. As the number of deaths
increased and men were kept constantly employed in the removal
of the dead, the citizens began to leave the city in every direction
and the numlier increased so rapidly that in a short time not more
than one-fifth of the residents remained. The most heartrending
abandonment of relatives and friends took place during the reign
of terror. But a very small remnant resisted the instinct of self-

78 HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY

})reservation and remained to minister to tlie sick and dying. A few
noble men, moved ])y sympathy, the divine attribute of onr nature,
remained to do what they could for the relief of suffering humanity,
and their humane ministrations, regardless of danger and death, did
much to ameliorate the situation. Their names should be written in
letters of gold in the history of Sacramento and California, but
alas, they were lost to us and their only reward was the consciousness
of having done their duty. One name, however, has been preserved,
that of John Bigler, afterwards governor of California, whom Dr.
Morse describes as moving among the dead and dying, with a large
lump of camphor in one hand, which he frequently applied to his
nostrils, as an antidote to the disease. No danger of infection daunted
him, however, and where misery, death and destitution abounded, he
•was ever to be found in its midst, proffering aid and sympathy.

The physicians of the city did noble work. No danger appalled
them. Night and day they responded to the call of distress, scarcely
pausing to snatch a few hours of needed sleep and rest. Before
the epidemic subsided seventeen of them were deposited in the
sand hill cemetery of the city — an almost unexampled mortality in
the profession in a season of epidemic. Not one in ten escaped
the disease and not a single educated physician turned his back on the
city in its extremity. In such a time of delirium and terror it is
no wonder that no systematic records were kept. In fact it was
impossible. Not only in the city, but on the roads, and even in the
mines, many who were fleeing from the pestilence were stricken down
by the awful malady and perished, unknown and unaided in many
cases. In the latter part of the epidemic, the city authorities, who
had from the first done all they could to relieve the suffering,
obtained the use of a large frame building on L street, where the
destitute victims were taken and cared for.

"From the beginning, the local pai)ers had endeavored, as
usual in such cases, to conceal the extent of mortality, and their
files of that date give no adequate idea of the fearful scourge," say
Thompson and West in their history. On the 24th of October the
city ])hysieian reported seven cases of cholera to the council, five
of whicii were fatal. Some of the doctors endeavored to quiet public
apprehension by giving the opinion that the disease was only a violent
form of cholera morbus. The Times "felt confident that there was
very little danger, and had not heard of a single case where the
patient had not been previously reduced by diarrhoea." On the
27th, six cases were reported, and the Ti))U's "hoped that some pre-
cautionary measures would be taken." On the 29th twelve cases
appeared; on the 30th, nineteen, and it was no longer possible to
conceal the fact that a terrible epidemic had attacked the com-
munity. A Sacramento correspondent of the Alia says on November

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 79

4: "The daily mortality is about sixty. Many deaths are concealed,
and many others are not rejiorted. Deaths durinfi: the past week,
so far as known, 188." On November 14, the daily mortality had
decreased to twelve and on the 17th, the pestilence was reported as
having entirely disappeared. But the jirecise number of fatal cases
can never be known, as a great number were reported to have died
of dysentery, fevers, and other diseases, for the purpose of quieting
the public anxiety and restoring the confidence of the people. Many
of the victims were buried in unknown graves and their very location
was soon forgotten. Many a wife or mother or sister waited in
vain for tidings of the loved ones that never came, and never knew
when or how they had passed away.

A writer who was one of the survivors of that terrible time says :
"What with floods and fires, insurrection and the plague, the very
stars seemed to fight against Sacramento in her infancy, and the
foundation of her later prosperity was laid upon the ashes of her
pioneers." Before the disastrous visitation of the cholera. Dr. Still-
man walked through the sandhill cemetery and counted eight hundred
graves that had not yet been sodded over, and how many more
were added by the still more terrible destroyer is not found recorded
in the history of the time. Of a company of forty men who came
out on the infected schooner Montague, more than half died after her
arrival; and after her departure from Sacramento for Panama, the
captain, second mate and six passengers died of cholera before leaving
San Francisco bay.

This terrible calamity lasted in its malignant form only about
twenty days, but under the circumstances and from lack of systematic
records, the number of deaths will never be known. Its abatement
lasted much longer than its period of beginning and virulence, and
began just as soon as the people became familiarized with its features
and the terrible scenes in their midst, thus rendering them less liable
to be attacked through a paralyzing fear. By the time it ceased, the
city had become nearly depopulated and many thought it would
never rise again from the disaster. But such prophecies did not take
into account the sturdy perseverance of a strong people. Just as
soon as the mortality began to obviously decrease, the fugitives began
to return, and those who had remained to help their fellow man and
to abide by the fortunes of the city recovered their elasticity of mind
and energy. A transformation immediately commenced to take place
in the appearance of the city. Confidence in its healthfulness re-
turned; men grew cheerful and hopeful and business communication
with the mines was reopened. The previous prosperous conditions
were restored and for several weeks business was good once more, and
the beautiful winter that followed stimulated the community to ener-
getic efforts.

80 HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY

But the inerchauts and traders had unfortunately calculated too
much upon a winter like those of 1848 and 1849. This induced them
to transport at high prices large stores of goods into the mining
regions, trusting that communication would be difficult, as it was
in the former year. But these goods, in consequence of the lack of
water in dry diggings and the roads that offered immediate communi-
cation with the mines all winter, were sold at ruinous sacrifices.

A synopsis of events in the spring and summer shows that the
city was divided into wards, April 15 ; the first mail left for Salt
Lake, May 1 ; a city election May 5 polled 2482 A'otes and James R.
Hardenbergh was elected mayor; the treasurer's report. May 6, showed
the city's receipts for the fiscal year to have been $214,939.86 and
the mayor's report showed the indebtedness to be $368,551.29 and
that $80,000 of this was drawing interest at ten to twenty per cent
per month, the balance from three to eight per cent per month.
In June the city debt was funded at ten per cent per annum in New
York and twelve yer cent in Sacramento. In September the popular
vote of the county was 4115. The Tehama Theater burned August 13
and Dr. Volney Spalding opened the American Theater September 9.
On December 24 the courthouse was finished and January 14, 1852,
the state offices and legislature moved to Sacramento and the
first legislative session opened January 16. One thousand persons
arrived by steamer January 20 and on the 23d, a brick building now
on K street was begun. March 7 the city was overflowed again.

At the municipal election, April 5, twenty-eight hundred two
votes were east, C. I. Hvitchinson being elected mayor. The debt had
increased to $449,105.32 and the estimated revenue to $200,000. At an
election July 17 the people voted for a wide levee through I street,
and also to erect a city hall and prison. October 8 there was an
agricultural fair. The population at this time was between ten
thousand and twelve thousand. On November 2 there was a terrible
conflagration. December 17 there was a storm of four days duration
and on the 25th the upper part of the city was flooded. By January
1, 1853, the water was higher than ever before known. January 13
the people voted for water-works, fire department, loan and three-
quarters per cent additional taxation. Many mercantile houses this
month established branches at Hoboken, trade being entirely cut off
from the city by reason of high water and impassable roads.

The Golden Eagle, at the corner of Seventh and K streets,
was for more than half a century considered the hotel par excellence
of the city, and dates back in a much cruder form to the early days
of Sacramento. For many years it was a headquarters for the
Repulilican politicians, while the Cajiital hotel, on the corner opposite,
was considered the Democratic headquarters. Many a state campaign
and legislative session were engineered and directed from these two
points.

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 81

Where the Golden Eagle now stands, in 1851, "Dan" Callahan,
for many years the proprietor of that hotel, erected his frame lodging
house, which he had purchased for a span of horses, and added to
it a canvas annex, upon the flaps of which a joker named Wrightmire,
with artistic talent, drew with charcoal the figure of an eagle, with
outspread wings and a pensive air, and named the structure the
Golden Eagle, and the name clung to it through the pioneer days with
the tenacity of an inspired title.

CHAPTER XII
POLITICAL

In 1854 the old Whig party was passing away and the anti-slavery
party was pushing its way to the front. The exciting struggle in
"bleeding" Kansas was attracting widespread attention and becom-
ing a lively political issue and a fruitful subject for discussion. On
Tuesday, July 18, a Democratic convention met in the Fourth Street
Baptist Church in this city, at 3 P. M. Disturbance was in the air,
and long before the hour for opening the convention, the doors of
the church were surrounded by people, a great many of whom were
not delegates. The church would hold about four hundred, and as
soon as the doors were opened the people crowded in and filled it to
its utmost capacity.

D. C. Broderick was chairman of the state central committee,
and when he ascended the platform he was received with continued
cheers. As soon as he called the convention to order a number of
delegates sprang to their feet, in order to make nominations for
temporary chairman. He recognized T. L. Vermule as having the
floor, but before he could make the announcement, John O'Meara
nominated ex-Governor Jolm McDougal for temporary chairman.
Vermule nominated Edward McGowan for chairman pro tem, and
Broderick announced that he could not recognize O'Meara 's nomina-
tion, and put the question on McGowan 's election and declared him
elected. McGowan mounted the platform immediately, followed closely
by McDougal, whose friends insisted that he had been elected, although
his name had not been submitted to the convention in regular form.

The convention thus had two chairmen, who took seats side by
side and pandemonium reigned for a time. Finally a semblance of
order was restored, and McDougal announced the names of Major
G. W. Hook and John Bidwell as vice-presidents and McGowan
announced J. T. Hall and A. L. Laird as appointed by him to those
offices. A scene of noise and confusion again followed, but the gen-
tlemen named took their seats with their respective leaders. The
appointment of two sets of secretaries and committees followed and
reports were made to each side, recommending that the temporary

82 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

officers be made the permanent ones. Motions were made to adopt
the respective reports, and were declared carried,, amid great excite-
ment.

The convention transacted no other business, but sat as a double-
header until nine o'clock that night, each side endeavoring to outstay
the other. One sickly tallow candle in front of each president, illum-
inated the scene, or rather made darkness visible. The situation
lasted Imtil the trustees of the church notified the convention that
they would no longer tolerate the riotous assemblage in the church,
and the delegates departed without attending to the formality of
an adjournment.

Pandemonium had reigned throughout the session and soon after
the organization was completed a crowd made a mad rush for the
platform. One of the officers was seized and just then a pistol
exploded in the crowded room. The direction of the rush was imme-
diately changed toward the doors and windows, a number of the dele-
gates jumping through the latter to the ground, a distance of about
fifteen feet. This ended the exciting events of the day.

The next morning the "chivalry," or southern element of the
party, the wing presided over by McDougal, met at Musical Hall, while
the McGowan, or Tammany faction, representing the northern ele-
ment, met in Carpenter's building. The officers of the chivalry wing-
tendered their resignations and Major Hook was elected president
and H. P. Barber, William A. Mannerly, A. W. Taliafero, and J. G.
Downey were elected \ace-presidents. The other convention sent a
message asking that a committee on conference be appointed in order
to endeavor to settle the ditferenees. As the language of the com-
munication was considered offensive, it was withdrawn for the pur-
pose of modifying the phraseology. A second note was afterward
sent in, but as it was quite similar to the first, it met with a flat
rejection. The convention then nominated candidates for congress
and for clerk of the supreme court; passed resolutions favoring the
construction of the Atlantic and Pacific /Railroad under the auspices
of congress, and endorsing the Nebraska Bill, etc. It also elected a
state central committee and levied an assessment of five dollars on
each delegate, to pay for the damage done to church building.

The McGowan wing met at 9 :30 on the morning of the 19th, that
gentleman continuing to act as chairman. They appointed a committee
of seven to invite the McDougal convention to attend their session
and also empowered the committee to heal the difficulties. When the
convention re-assembled the committee reported that they had sent
a communication to the McDougal convention, but that the proposition
embraced in it had been rejected. The communication sent was as
follows :

"John McDougal, Esq., Chairman of Democratic delegates con-

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 83

vened at Musical Hall: Sir — The undersigned have been this morn-
ing constituted a committee, with full powers, by and on behalf of the
Democratic state convention at Carpenter's Hall, for a conference
with our fellow Democrats at Musical Hall, for the purpose of harmon-
izing and uniting the Democrats of California. You will be pleased
to announce this to your body; and any communication may be ad-
dressed to the chairman of this committee, at Jones' hotel."

The report was accepted and the committee was discharged. The
couvention then proceeded to nominate a ticket entirely different
from that nominated by the McDougal convention. It also adopted
a series of resolutions alluding to the heterogeneous condition of the
party in the state, and to the differences of the convention in this
city. They urged the people of the state to accept their ticket as most
likely to effect conciliation. They also appointed a state central com-
mittee and took up a collection of four hundred dollars to reimburse
the Baptist church for the damage done to it, a committee having
reported that the injury to the building would amount to that sum.
Several of the nominees withdrew from the ticket after the convention
adjourned, and the Tammany wing, after the election, ascribed its
defeat to the withdrawal of Milton S. Latham, who afterwards became
governor, from the congressional ticket.

The time had arrived when a new party was to spring up and
enter the field of politics and later to attain a dominating influence
in the state. The first mass meeting of Republicans in California
was held in Sacramento, April 19, 1856. E. B. Crocker was the leader
of the new party in Sacramento county, and opened the meeting with
an address that was listened to attentively. George C. Bates was
introduced and attempted to make a speech, but so much noise and
confusion ensued in a disturbance raised by Democrats and Americans
that his voice could not be heard. Henry S. Foote, who had been
governor of Mississippi, begged the turbulent crowd to desist from
disturbing the meeting and allow it to proceed, but no attention was
paid to his protest. When the Republican speakers again attempted
to proceed, the crowd made a rush for the stand, overturned it and
broke the meeting up.

April 30. 1856, the first state convention of the Republicans was
held in the Congregational Church in this city. E. B. Crocker pre-
sided as temporary chairman. Only thirteen counties were represented
in the convention and of the one hundred and twenty-five delegates
composing it, sixty-five were from Sacramento and San Francisco.
Resolutions were adopted opposing the further extension of slave ter-
ritory and of slave power; welcoming honest and industrious im-
migrants; deprecating all attempts to prejudice immigrants against
our free institutions; favoring the speedy construction of a trans-
continental railroad bv aid from congress; favoring the speedy set-

84 HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

tlement of land titles in this state; and the election of onlj' bona fide
permanent settlers to office.

A public discussion was announced to take place early in May
in Sacramento, between George C. Bates, Eepublican, and J. C. Za-
briskie. Democrat, but when the time appointed arrived, no location
could be procured, on account of the anticipated disturbance. The
meeting was therefore postponed until the evening of the 10th of
that month, and when the time arrived the disturbance commenced.
Rotten eggs were thrown and firecrackers were exploded to create
a turmoil, but the police made several arrests and restored order.
Outsiders took possession of the stand after the meeting closed and
a resolution was adopted declaring "that the people of this city have
been outraged by the discussion of treasonable doctrines by a public
felon; and that we will not submit to such an outrage in the future."

Looking back at this day one naturally wonders that such intoler-
ance should be shown in a free state, but "history repeats itself,"
and there are many similar instances of narrow-mindedness and in-
tolerance in the world's history, not only in political, but in religious,
scientific and other matters. But for the evolution of new ideas and
doctrines there would be no progress in the world, and today it
would be hard to find one to contradict Galileo's murmured protest,
"but it does move." The doctrines advocated in 1856 have long
ago worked out their own solution, through much bloodshed and de-
vastation and the whole fair domain of our great republic acknowledge
that the destruction of slavery was a blessing to our country.

A few days after the meeting the Sacramento Tribune (Amer-
ican), referring to the meeting, said: "The fact that a public dis-
cussion was permitted to take place in a public street in the heart
of oui' city, in the presence of a large concourse of our citizens,
almost all of whom disapprove the doctrine advocated by the speaker,
and this too, when it is the firm conviction of a large majority of
the ])ersons assembled that the agitation of the slavery question as
the basis of political organization is against the true interest of the
state and nation, speaks volumes in favor of the public morals of
Sacramento." The extract indicates the bitterness of feeling that
had already begim to grow up against the agitation for the abolition
of slavery, or its restriction to limits where it already existed.

THE SPITTOON CONVENTION

A remarkable political clash took place July 25, 1865, at a county
convention held in Sacramento. Through dissention in the Union
party two factions had arisen. Governor Frederick F. Low was a
candidate for the United States senatorship, and was the choice of
one wing of the party, but there was strong opposition to Ms nomina-
tion. The Low and anti-Low delegates in the convention were about
equal in numbers and the convention met in the Assembly Chamber

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 85

of what was tlien the State Capitol, afterwards, and until latelj' de-
molished, the Sacramento county courthouse. The desks which or-
dinarily occupied the chaniher had heen removed, and replaced by
chairs to accommodate the convention of one hundred and six dele-
gates who were exjjected to be present. It was a noticeable fact, that
almost without exception the Low delegates, dubbed the short-hairs,
occupied the seats on the speaker's right hand, while the anti-Lows,
known as the long-hairs, occupied the seats on his left.

As soon as the convention had been called to order, two per-
sons were nominated for temporary secretary, and voted for. The
chairman of the county central committee announced that AV. H.
Barton, the long-hair candidate, had been elected to the position by
a viva-voce vote. At once the convention was a scene of confusion,
and the Low delegates insisted on a count of the vote. As Barton
advanced from the left toward the secretary's table, the delegates
from the right made a rush to the left side of the chamber.

So sudden was the outbreak that it is hard to describe the ter-
rible scene that followed and that has never before or since been wit-
nessed in any political convention in this state. Barton was inter-
eejited 1>.\- his ojaponents before he could reach the secretary's table
and was told that he should not serve in that position. The dele-
gates on the long-hair side of the house hastened to his support,
while the l^ow men presented a solid front to bar his way to the
desk, and instantly the battle was on, the opposing wings joining in
a hand to hand conflict. Weapons for the combatants appeared as
if by magic, and solid hickory canes, which ajipeared to be abundant
on both sides, were vigorously used. It was a reproduction of Don-
nybrook fair and the battle waged hot and furious. Spittoons were
numerous and flew through the air like bombshells. Inkstands sup-
plied the place of cannon balls and the artillery was in full action.
Pistols were drawn and used freely as clubs, but no firearms were
discharged or knives used. The principal weapons of warfare in use
on both sides were the chairs, which had not been furnished with the
idea of their being applied to the heads of the delegates, and which
were not very well adapted for that purpose, but were swimg in the
air by vigorous arms and used with telling effect, being broken over
the heads of the contending parties. In many instances they were
broken u}) in order that the legs might be used as clubs. No Homer
has as yet sung the doughty deeds performed on that occasion, and
the names of the heroes have passed into oblivion. The battle, while
furious, did not last over about five minutes, and when the artillery
fire had ceased, the long-hairs, who had rallied to Barton's support,
had al)andoned the field. Some had jumped through the windows, and
others, who had been badly hurt, were assisted from the scene. The
greater number had passed out into the ante-room and the main hall,

86 HISTOEY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY

leaving the scene of conflict. Thus ended this episode of what has
passed into history as the ' ' Spittoon Convention. ' '

The long-hairs retired in a body after the battle was over, and
organized in another hall, while the short-hairs, as victors, occupied
the battle-field and proceeded with business. Each convention nom-
inated a full local ticket and elected a set of delegates to the state con-
vention. The long-hairs nominated Newton Booth for state senator,
while E. H. Heaton was the nominee of the short-hairs. The shorts
claimed that the trouble in the convention was caused by a partial
ruling by the chairman of the committee in favor of Barton, and by
the determination of the long-hairs to run the convention, regardless
of the rights or wishes of their opponents. The short-hair convention
instructed its nominees for the legislature to vote for Low for United
States senator, but he aftej-wards declined. The breach in the party
was not healed by his withdrawal, however, and the opposition lasted
until August, when the short-hairs gradually transferred their sup-
port to John E. Felton for United States senator. When the state
convention met, however, Cornelius Cole was elected, December 16,
as the agreed candidate of both wings.

Ex-Governor H. S. Foote, referred to in relation to the first Ee-
publican meeting, was well-known on this coast. Born in Virginia
in 1800, he graduated at Washington College in 1819, commenced the
practice of law in 1822, edited a Democratic paper in Alabama, 1824-32,
and resided in Mississippi for a number of years, being elected by the
legislature of that state to the United States senate. He resigned his
senatorshi]) and was elected governor of the state in 1852. In 1854 he
came to (California and joined the Native American party and was its
candidate for United States senator in 1856, being defeated by David
C. Broderick. He returned to Mississippi in 1858 and took an active
part in politics. He represented Tennessee in the Confederate con-
gress. During his life he was engaged in three duels and was wounded
in two of them. One of his daughters became the wife of Senator W.
M. Stewart, and the other two married and reside in California, while
his two sons became practicing lawyers on the Pacific coast. Mr. Foote
possessed considerable ability as a writer. In 1866 he published "The
War of the Eebellion," and "Scylla and Charybdis." In 1871 he |nib-
lished a volume of reminiscences and was also the author of "Texas
and the Texans," published in 1847. He died near Nashville, at his
residence. May 20, 1880.

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 87

CHAPTER XIII
COUNTY GOVERNMENT

Sacramento county was formallj^ organized in 1850, when the legis-
lature passed "An act subdividing the state into counties and estab-
lishiug the seats of justice therein," February 18, 1850. Section 17
of that act defined the boundaries of Sacramento coimty as follows:
"Beginning at a point ten miles due nortli of the mouth of the Ameri-
can river, and running thence in an easterly direction to the junction
of the north and south forks of said river; thence up the middle of
the principal channel of the south fork to a point one mile above the
head of Mormon island, so as to include said island in Sacramento
county; thence in a southerly direction to a point on the Cosuranes
river eight miles above the house of William Daylor ; thence due soutli
to Dry creek ; thence down the middle of said creek to its entrance
into the Moquelumne river, or into a large slough in the tule marsh;
thence down the middle of said slough to its junction with the San
Joaquin river; thence down the middle of said river to the mouth of
the Sacramento river, at the head of Suisun bay; thence up the mid-
dle of the Sacramento river to the mouth of Merritt's slough; tlience
up the middle of said slough to its head; thence up the middle of the
Sacramento river to a point due west of the place of beginning, and
then east to the place of beginning. The seat of justice shall be Sacra-
mento City."

In the "History of Sacramento," published in 1853 by Dr. John
I. Morse, who was the earliest historian of the embryo city and county,
he alludes to what was probably the first election held in what was then
known as Sacramento District, as follows: "In the fall of 1848, an
election was held at the fort (Sutter's) for first and second alcaldes,
and resulted in the selection of Frank Bates and John S. Fowler.
Fowler resigned in the spring following, and H. A. Schoolcraft was
elected to fill the vacancy. In the spring of 1849, Brannan, Snyder,
Slater, Hensley, King, Cheever, McCarver, McDougal, Barton- Lee,
Dr. Carpenter, Southard, and Fowler were elected a board of com-
missioners to frame a code of laws for the district. Pursuant to the
wish of this legislating committee, the people convened under a broad-
spreading oak at the foot of I street. The report, which was then of-
ficially submitted and which was duly accepted by the sovereigns as-
sembled, provided the following offices of a jurisdiction extending from
the Coast Range to the Sierra Nevada, and throughout the length of
the Sacramento Valley, to wit: — One alcalde and one sheriff. H. A.
Schoolcraft was then elected alcalde, and A. M. Turner, sheriff. This
constituted the judiciary of Northern California up to the time that
those changes took place in very rapid succession after the immigration
of 1849 began to concentrate at Sacramento."

88 HISTOEY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY

In 1871 a history of Sacramento was published in Crocker's direc-
tory, which was written by D. J. Thomas, and aUudes in part to the
same event, but as will be seen, the list of the legislative committee
differs somewhat, and as to which is correct, there is no means of de-
ciding. Mr. Thomas says:

"The first attempt to establish a civil government under American
ideas of government was made on April 30, 1849, when a mass meeting
of the then residents of Sacramento City and other portions of Sacra-
mento district was held at the Embarcadero to devise a means for the
government of the city and district. At this meeting Henry A. School-
craft presided, Peter Slater was vice-president and James King of
William and E. J. Brooks secretaries. Samuel Brannan explained
the object of the meeting, and it was resolved that a kgislature of
eleven members should be elected, with full powers to enact laws for
the government of the city and district. It was also determined to hold
the election forthwith, and Henry Bates, M. D., M. F. McClellan, Mark
Stewart, Ed. H. Von Pfister and Eugene I. Gillespie were appointed
judges. The vote resulted in the election of John McDougal, Peter
Slater, Barton Lee, John S. Fowler, J. S. Robb, William Pettit, Wm.
M. Carpenter, M. D., Charles D. Southard, M. M. McCarver, James
King of William and Sanmel Brannan, but u])on tlie announcement of
the result, Robb declined to accept, and Henry Cheever was chosen.
The eleven were immediately swoi'n in, and some time afterward adopt-
ed a code that no laws were wanted, and that all the officers necessary
for the district of Sacramento, bounded on the north and west by the
Sacramento river, on the east by the Sierra Nevada s, and on the south
by the Cosumnes river, were one alcalde and one sheriff. They then
submitted the code to the people for adoption or rejection, and asked
them at the same time to vote for officers. The code was adopted.

"Nothing further toward adopting a local government was at-
tempted until after the proclamation by General Riley (the military
governor) was issued at Monterey on June 3rd. In fact, nothing
seemed necessary, if theft was by common consent punished, as the
Times says, 'by giving the offender thirty or forty rawhide lashes,
and then ordering him off, not to return under penalty of death. ' ' '

The proclamation of General Riley called for an election to be
lield August 1, 1849, to elect delegates to a general convention and
for filling necessary offices. A meeting was held on July 5th, and a
committee was appointed to organize the district into precincts, ap-
portion the representation, and nominate the candidates to be voted
for. The committee consisted of R. B. Cornwall C. E. Pickett, Will-
iam M. Carpenter, Samuel Brannan, John McDougal, W. Blackburn,
J. S. Robb, Samuel J. Hensley, Mark Stewart, M. M. McCarver, John
S. Fowler and A. M. Winn.

On the 14th the committee reported, recommending the places for

HISTORY OP SACRAMENTO COUNTY 89

polls, etc. At the election the vote stood: For delegates to the con-
stitutioual convention: Jacob R. Snyder, 469; John A. Sutter, 468;
John Bidwell, 462; W. E. Shannon, 458; L. W. Hastings, 450; W. S.
Sherwood, 446; M. M. McCarver, 296; Jolm S. Fowler, 289; John Mc-
Dougal, 281 ; Charles E. Pickett, 193 ; W. Blacklnirn, 192 ; E. 0. Crosby,
189 ; R. M. Jones, 179 ; W. Lacey, 123 ; James Qneen, 130.

For local offices : William Stout, Henry E. Robinson, R. B. Corn-
wall, Eugene I. Gillispie, T. L. Chapman, Berryman Jennings, John
P. Rodgers, A. M. Winn, and M. F. McClellan were elected as mem-
bers of the city council without opposition, by an average vote of 424.
James S. Thomas was elected .first magistrate by three hundred ninety-
three votes, against twenty-two for S. S. White and five for J. S.
Fowler. J. C. Zabriskie was elected second magistrate; H. A. School-
craft, recorder, and D. B. Hanner, sheriff.

Under the call for the constitutional convention the district was
entitled to but four delegates, and J. R. Snyder, W. E. Shannon, W.
S. Sherwood and John A. Sutter were certified by General Riley as
elected representatives. Afterwards the representation was increased
to fifteen, and in addition to the original four, eleven others were ap-
pointed, as follows: L. W. Hastings, John Bidwell, John S. Fowler,
M. M. McCarver, John McDougal, E. 0. Crosby, W. Blackburn, James
Queen, R. M. Jones, W. Lacey and C. E. Pickett.

The convention adjourned in October and an election was called
for November 12, 1849, to vote on the constitution, for state officers,
and for representatives in the legislature. At that election the vote
of Sacramento district was declared to be as follows: For the Con-
stitution, 4317 ; against the Constitution, 643 ; for Governor, P. H.
Burnett, 2409 ; J. A. Sutter, 856 ; W. S. Sherwood, 1929 ; Thomas Mc-
Dowell, 87; William M. Stewart, 448.

For State Senators: John Bidwell, 3474; Elisha 0. Crosby, 2610;
Thomas J. Green, 2516; Henry E. Robinson, 2328; Murray Morrison,
2171 ; Gilbert A. Grant, 1687 ; Hardin Biglow, 1407 ; Charles E. Pickett,
905. The first four were declared elected and at the ensuing session
the county boundaries were fixed.

The first Monday of October was fixed in the first election law as
the day for electing state officers and was denominated the general
election. The first Monday in April was designated as the day for
the election of county officers and was called the county election. The
legislature of 1851 repealed the clause fixing the time for the county
election and provided that it should be held at the same time as the
state election, and the time for that election was changed to the first
Wednesday in September, where it remained for a number of years.
Originally, the terms of the county officers commenced on the first
Monday in May, 1850, but the le.gislature of 1851 changed it so that
the term commenced on the first Monday in October following the elec-

90 HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY

tion. The legislature in 1863 changed it again so that the official terms
commenced on the first Monday in March following the election. The
new constitution, adoj^ted in 1879, fixed the time for all state and
county officers commencing their terms of office on the first Monday
in January.

The first county officers, elected April 1, 1850, to serve until April,
1852, were as follows : County judge, E. J. Willis ; sheritf , Joseph
McKinney ; clerk, Preslej^ Dunlap ; recorder, L. A. Birdsall ; district
attorney, William C. Wallace; county attorney, John H. McKune;
treasurer, William Glaskin; assessor, David W. Thorpe; surveyor, J.
G. Cleal ; coroner, P. F. Ewer ; J. S. Thomas was elected district judge
by the legislature of 1849-50, and he resigned, January 1, 1851. Tod
Robinson was appointed January 2, 1851, and served until the first
part of August, when Ferris Forman, who was secretary of state dur-
ing the administration of John B. Weller, succeeded him on the 14th
of August, and presided one month. Lewis Aldrich became district
judge September 15, 1851. Joseph McKinney, sheriff, was killed near
Brighton, on the evening of August 15, 1850, the day after the Squat-
ter riot, and Ben McCuUoch was elected at a special election to fill
the vacancy, on the first Monday in September. The office of county
attorney was abolished by the legislature of 1851, the duties of the
office being assigned to the district attorney. Wallace resigned in the
meantime, and was succeeded October 18, 1850, by Milton S. Latham,
afterward governor. William Glaskin resigned the office of treasurer,
August 22, 1850, and John W. Peyton was appointed to fill the vacancy.
He in turn resigned November 29, 1850, and Charles H. Swift was ap-
jiointed treasurer and collector by the court of sessions, of which he
was a member.

The court of sessions was composed of the county judge and two
associates and was the court of criminal jurisdiction. The associates
were elected by a convention of justices of the peace, held the first
Mondav in October of each year, except the first convention, which was
held May 20, 1850, when Charles F. Swift and C. C. Sackett were elected
associates. This court filled vacancies in office in the county and at-
tended to the financial affairs of the county in early times. When
Swift was appointed treasurer he was succeeded by James Brown as
an associate, who assumed his duties February 7. 1851, and was suc-
ceeded August 14 by D. D. Bullock.

County officers to serve from October, 1851, to October 5, 1853, were
elected September 3. 1851, as follows: County judge, E. J. Willis;
sheriff, A. D. Patterson; clerk, L. B. Harris; recorder and auditor,
W. S. Long; district attorney, George H. Carter; treasurer, Cyrus
Rowe; assessor, W. A. Selkirk; surveyor, John G. Cleal; coroner.
S. J. May; public administrator, John T. Brown; associate justices,
George Wilson and James B. Gates.

HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 91

A board of supervisors in the several counties to transact the
financial business in their counties was provided for by the legis-
lature of 1852, and a special election was held on June 14 of that
year. John Noyes, Louis Z. Hagen, James S. Meredith, James Mar-
tin, and E. M. Pitcher were elected, Meredith being elected chairman
when the board was organized. At the general election held Septem-
ber, 1852, the following were elected : William McNulty, Luther Cur-
tis, John A. Watson, H. H. Lewis and H. B. Waddilove. Watson was
elected chairman and the board conducted the county business until
May 16, 1853. After that time the court of sessions assumed control
of the civil business of the county.

At the election September 7, 1853, the following county officers
were elected, and served until October, 1855 : County judge, Jolin
Heard; sheriff, D. N. Hunt; clerk, Abner C. Hunter; recorder and
auditor, John L. Craig; district attorney, James H. Hardy; treas-
urer, J. Griswold; assessor, H. J. Bidleman; surveyor, W. L. De-
Witt; coroner, Ephraim Smith; public administrator, James B.
Mitchell.

The legislature passed another act in 1855, relative to boards of
supervisors, and as the sui)reme court had decided that it was con-
templated by the constitution that the business interests of the vari-
ous counties should be managed by the boards, the court of sessions
was not eligible to act, and the counties again elected boards of super-
visors. The first election under this act was held April 2, with the
result that J. L. Howard, L. P. Ormsby and F. S. Munford constituted
the board, which commenced its sessions early in May. In September,
1855, L. R. Bickley, Josiah Johnson and S. E. Caldwell were elected to
the board and Johnson was chosen chairman.

September 5, 1855, county officers were elected as. follows, serv-
ing from October, 1855, to October 1, 1857: County judge, John
Heard; sheriff, W. S. AVliite; clerk, C. H. Bradford; recorder and
auditor, John L. Brown; district attorney, Frank Hereford; treas-
urer, David Maddux; coroner, E. Bell; public administrator, Gordon
Backus; superintendent of common schools, F. W. Hatch (the first
school superintendent elected by the people). Up to the time Mr.
Hatch assumed the office its duties were performed by the county as-
sessor; the board of 1856 was composed of L. E. Beckley, A. Spinks
and Julius Wetzlar, and Beckley was chairman. In 1857 the mem-
bers of the board were Jared Irwin, C. C. Harrington and Frank Hast-
ings, the latter being chairman.

September 2, 1857, the county officers elected were : County judge,
E. Eobinson; sheriff, W. S. Manlove; clerk, J. B. Dayton; recorder
and auditor, Jerome Madden; district attorney, Eobert F. Morrison;
treasurer, Morgan Miller; assessor, E. Black Eyan; surveyor, John
G. Cleal; coroner, J. P. Counts; public administrator, L. E. Beckley;

92 HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

school superintendent, N. Slater. The legislature of 1858 passed a law
consolidating- the government of the city and county and increased the
board of supervisors five members, making the president of the board
a separate office. A special election was held in April, at which H.
L. Nichols was elected president and Mark Hopkins, J. A. Carroll,
S. C. Fogus, E. Stockton and W. K. Lindsay the new members. These,
with the old members, met May 8, 1858. In September, 1858, a lioard
was elected, consisting of the following: E. Granger, John Leavitt,
Sylvester Marshall, H. T. Holmes, I. N. Babcock, John B. Taylor, L.

C. Goodman and W. K. Lindsay, and the president was continued
another year. August 4, 1859, B. H. Hereford was elected in place of
Lindsay, resigned.

The members in 1859 were : President, William Shattuck ; mem-
bers, E. Granger, John Leavitt, E. L. Eobertson, A. Henley, I. N.
Babcock, A. M. Green, L. C. Goodman and Larkin Lamb. S. Marshall
served until October 11, when he was succeeded by Mr. Eobertson.
Thomas Letson was clerk, being the first elected under the consolida-
tion act. October V2. 1859, Thomas Hunt was elected, vice Goodman,
resigned.

County officers elected Se])tember, 1859, and serving until October,
1861, were: County judge, Roliert Robertson; sheritf, Sylvester Mar-
shall; clerk and recorder, Jerome Madden; district attorney, Cornelius
Cole; treasurer, C. L. Bird; assessor, E. B. Evan; surveyor, J. G.
Cleal; coroner, D. Murray; public administrator, Jared Irwin; school
superintendent, F. W. Hatch; clerk of board and auditor, Thomas Let-
son. Leu Harris was elected county warden in 1861, but the office was
abolished. The l)oard in 1860 was composed of ?]. Granger, Thomas
Hansbrow, P. H. Eussell, A. Henlej^ J. S. Woods, A. M. Green, S.
Waterman and Larkin Lamb. Shattuck, the president, was continued.
The members of the l)oard in 1861 were: President, William Shattuck,
E. Granger, Thomas Hansbrow, P. H. Eussell, S. Hite, J. S. Woods,
Jacob Dickerson, S. Waterman and John Hall.

September 4, 1861, the election for county officers resulted as fol-
lows: County .judge, Eo1)ert C. Clark; sheriff, Benjamin N. Bugby;
clerk and recorder, Jared Irwin; district attorney, W. W. Upton;
treasurer, C. L. Bird; assessor, E. B. Eyan; surveyor, G. W. Colby;
coroner, J. W. Eeeves; jniblic administrator, F. McComber; school
superintendent, F. W. Hatch; clerk of board and auditor, Josiah
Howell. Bird absconded and James C. McDonough was ajipointed
treasurer by the board. The board in 1862 was composed of E. Gran-
ger, N. L. Drew, Thomas Eoss, S. Hite, J. L. Graves, Jacob Dickerson,

D. L. Williams and J. Hall, with Shattuck as president. They served
until March 7, 1864. In 1863 the legislature divided the city and counts-
government and reduced the board of supervisors for the county to
five membei-s. The new organization took place in the spring and the

HISTOBY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY i);{

following composed the board: A. C. Bidwell, Thomas Ross, Joseph
Hull, H. A. Thompson and Dwight Hollister, Ross being chairman.

At the election of September 2, 1863, the following county officers
were elected to serve until March, 1866: County judge, R. C. Clark;
sheriff, James McClatchy; clerk and recorder, A. C. Bidwell; dis-
trict attorney, M. M. Estee; treasurer, F. S. Lardner; assessor P. R.
Beckley; surveyor, G. W. Colby; coroner, J. W. Reeves; public ad-
ministrator, J. E. Miller; school superintendent, Sparrow Smith; clerk
of the board of supervisors and auditor, Josiah Howell. At the gen-
eral election in September, 186.3, the members of the board elected were
as follows: D. W. Clark, Thomas Ross, Joseph Hull, H. A. Thomp-
son and Dwight Hollister. Thompson failed to qualify and on No-
vember 16 Jesse Couch was elected in his place. This board was elect-
ed to serve two vears and took their seats the first Mondav in October,
1863.

An election was held September 6, 1865, and county officers
elected as follows to serve from March 5, 1866, to March 5, 1868:
County judge, Robert C. Clark; sheriff, James Lansing; clerk and
recorder, E. D. Shirland ; district attorney, James C. Goods ; treasurer,
Ezra Woolson; assessor, E. Black Ryan; surveyor, A. G. Winn;
coroner, Joseph A. Conboie; public administrator, Findley R. Dray;
school superintendent, F. W. Hatch; clerk of board and auditor,
W. A. Anderson; members of the board: D. W. Clark, M. McManus,
Joseph Hull, Jesse Couch, and William Beckman; Hull was chairman.

An election was held September 4, 1867, and the following ]iersons
were elected to the county offices, serving from March, 1868, to March,
1870 :— sheriff, Edward F. White (contested by Hugh M. LaRue) ;
clerk. W. B. C. Brown; district attorney, James C. Goods; treasurer,
A. Spinks; assessor, F. R. Dray; surveyor, John Doherty; coroner, J.
P. Counts; public administrator, William Shattuck; school superin-
tendent, Augustus Trafton; clerk of board and auditor, W. A. Mc-
Williams ; board : John Domingos, C. H. Ross, Benjamin Bailey, James
S. Meredith and William Beckman; Meredith was president. These
members were elected for two years, and under the provision of the
statute which was in force at the time of their election, their terms
would have ex]:>ired in October, 1869, but the legislature of 1867-68
extended the term of the members from the Third, Fourth and Fifth
districts (Bailey, Meredith, and Beckman) to 1871, and they ser\ed
four years. Judge Clark was successively re-elected each time until
the county judgeship was abolished in 1879 by the new constitution.

At the election September 1, 1869, the following county officers
were elected, and served until March, 1872: — sheriff, J. S. Wood;
clerk, W. B. C. Brown; treasurer, Alfred Spinks; recorder and ex-
officio auditor, W. A. McWilliams; assessor, F. R. Dray; district
attorney, John K. Alexander ; surveyor, A. G. Winn ; coroner, J. P.

94 HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY

Counts ; school superintendent, Augustus Trafton ; public adminis-
trator, William Shattuck; supervisors: — John Domingos, James H.
Groth, Benjamin Bailey, James S. Meredith and William Beckman.

At the general election of September 6, 1871, the officers elected
were as follows, to serve until March, 1874: — sheritf, Mike Bryte;
clerk, Lauren Upson; treasurer, John Bellmer; recorder and auditor,
Jesse A. Stewart ; assessor, F. E. Dray ; district attorney, Henry
Starr; surveyor, John Prentice; coroner, J. W. Wilson; school
superintendent, S. H. Jackman ; public administrator, N. Q. Feldheim ;
board of supervisors: — John Domingos, James H. Groth, James S.
Meredith, S. B. Moore and J. W. Sims. September 2, 3873, Daniel
Brown, J. J. Bauer, L. Elkus and H. 0. Seymour were elected.

At the same election the following were elected county officers : —
sheriff, Hiigh LaEue; collector of taxes, Joseph W. Houston; clerk,
Ham C. Harrison; treasurer, John Bellmer; district attorney, Charles
T. Jones; recorder, Matthew darken; auditor, Jesse A. Stewart;
public administrator, H. S. Beals; superintendent of schools, George
H. Kelly; surveyor, Ed. Murray; coroner, J. P. Counts; commissioner
of liighways, H. D. Johnson. The supervisors who served in 1874-75
were: James S. Meredith, S. B. Moore, Daniel Brown, J. V. Sims,
H. 0. Seymour, L. Elkus and J. A. Mason, the legislature having
increased the number of districts to seven.

The officers elected in September, 1877, were as follows : — sheriff,
M. M. Drew; clerk, Thomas H. Berkey; treasurer, D. E. Callahan;
auditor, W. E. Gerber; district attorney, George A. Blanchard;
superintendent of schools, F. L. Landes; public administrator, Troy
Dye; surveyor, John Prentice; coroner, A. J. Vermilya. The super-
visors serving from October, 1877, to October, 1878, were : S. B. Moore,
J. W. Wilson, J. J. Bauer, P. E. Beckley, Samuel Blair, Daniel Brown,
and Edward Christy. In 1878-79, Benjamin Bailev served in place
of S. B. Moore.

The county officers elected in September, 1879, were: — sheriff,
Adolph Heilbron; clerk, Thomas H. Berkey; assessor, Joseph W.
Houston; auditor, William E. Gerber; treasurer, Ezra Woolson;
public administrator, George F. Bronner; district attorney, Henry L.
Buckley; superintendent of schools, Charles E. Bishop; coroner, A.
J. Vermilya; surveyor, James C. Pierson. Supervisors, 1880-81: — J.
W. Wilson, Benjamin Bailey, P. E. Beckley, Edward Christy, Stephen
W. Butler, Samuel Blair and John F. Dreman.

The legislature of 1882 changed the time of elections to November,
to correspond with the election of president of the United States. In
November of that year the officers elected were : sheriff, A. H. Estill ;
clerk, C. M. Coglan; assessor, John T. Griffitts; treasurer, A. S. Green-
law; district attorney, John T. Carey; auditor and recorder, W. E.
Gerber; public administrator, George F. Bronner; superintendent of

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 95

schools, Charles E. Bishop; coroner, J. Frank Clark; surveyor, J. C.
Pierson ; supervisors : J. F. Dreman, J. W. Wilson, Samuel Blair, S. W.
Butler, Edward Christy, P. R. Beckley and Benjamin Bailey. '

At the election on November 4, 1884, the county officers were elected
as follows : sheriff, J. W. Wilson ; clerk, W. B. Hamilton ; auditor and
recorder, J. Henry Miller; district attorney, Henry L. Buckley; treas-
urer, George E. Kuchler; public administrator, F. H. Russell; coroner,
J. Frank Clark ; surveyor, J. C. Pierson ; supervisors : B. U. Steinman,
George O. Bates, George C. McMullen, S. J. Jackson and L. H. Fassett.
The number of districts had been changed from seven to five.

The following were elected November 2, 1886: County clerk, W.
B. Hamilton; sheriff, M. M. Drew; assessor, A. L. Frost; treasurer,
John L. Huntoon; district attorney, Elwood Bruner; auditor and re-
corder, J. H. Miller; superintendent of schools, Benjamin F. Howard;
public administrator, S. B. Smith; coroner, J. Frank Clark; surveyor,
J. C. Pierson; supervisors: H. C. Ross and F. F. Tebbets. Steinman,
Bates and McMullen held over. During the year Miller resigned as
auditor and recorder, and Frank T. Johnson was elected to succeed
him. Mr. Howard made a most efficient superintendent of schools; so
much so indeed that he was re-elected term after term and served in
that capacity for twenty years, during which time he lifted the schools
to a high degree of excellence, making them the peer of any in the state.

November 6, 1888, the following were elected: sheriff, George C.
McMullen; clerk, W. B. Hamilton; auditor and recorder, Frank T. John-
son; district attorney, Elwood Bruner; treasurer, John L. Himtoon;
public administrator, G. W. Harlow ; coroner, J. Frank Clark ; surveyor,
J. C. Boyd ; supervisors : Andrew Black and George 0. Bates. Erskine
Greer, H. C. Ross and F. F. Tebbets held over.

In 1890 the officers elected were : sheriff and tax collector, Thomas
W. O'Neil; clerk, W. B. Hamilton; treasurer, Edward Lyon; auditor
and recorder, F. T. Johnson; district attorney, Frank D. Ryan; assessor,
R. D. Irvine; coroner, George H. Clark; public administrator, George
F. Bronner ; surveyor, A. M. Winn ; supervisors : M. Miller, George 0.
Bates; Andrew Black, Erskine Greer and Thomas Jenkins. In 1892
the supervisors were J. M. Morrison, J. W. Todd, M. Miller, William
Curtis and Thomas Jenkins.

County officers in 1894 were as follows: sheriff and tax collector,
Frank T. Jolmson; clerk, W. B. Hamilton; treasurer, E. Lyon; auditor
and recorder, R. T. Cohn; district attorney, Frank D. Ryan; assessor,
Thomas H. Berkey ; coroner, George H. Clark ; public administrator, W.
B. Miller ; surveyor, J. C. Boyd ; supervisors : John F. Dreman, J. W.
Todd, J. M. Morrison, William Curtis and Thomas Jenkins. In 1896 the
board was : J. F. Dreman, J. M. Morrison, William McLaughlin, Thomas
Jenkins and William Curtis. Treasurer Lyon died during his term of
office, and A. S. Greenlaw, his deputy, was elected by the supervisors

96 HISTOBY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

to fill the vacancy. Public Administrator Miller also died during his
term.

In 1898 the officers elected were: sheriff, Frank T. Johnson; clerk,
W. B. Hamilton; license and tax collector, B. N. Bugbey; treasurer,
A. S. Greenlaw; auditor and recorder, R. T. Cohn; district attorney,

C. W. Baker; assessor, T. H. Berkey; coroner, Q. C. McMullen; public
administrator, S. B. Smith; surveyor, J. C. Boyd; supervisors: Dugald
Gillis, William McLaughlin, J. M. Morrison, William Curtis and Thomas
Jenkins. In 1900 the board was : D. Gillis, William McLaughlin, M. J.
Dillman, Morris Brooke and Thomas Jenkins.

The legislature had previously separated the offices of sheriff and
tax collector, and Bugbey took advantage of the fact that the convention
had neglected to nominate a tax collector. He announced himself as
a candidate for the office, and as Johnson neglected to announce himself,
Bugbey was elected. Sheriff Johnson died during his term and the
supervisors ai)pointed David Reese to fill the vacancy.

In 1902 the officers elected were: clerk, W. B. Hamilton; sheriff,
David Reese; license and tax collector, Charles E. Trainor; treasurer,
A. S. Greenlaw ; auditor, L. P. Williams ; recorder, R. T. Cohn ; district
attorney, A. M. Seymour; assessor, T. H. Berkey; coroner, W. F.
Gormley; public administrator, S. B. Smith; surveyor, J. C. Boyd;
supervisors : E. A. Meister, William McLaughlin, M. J. Dillman, Morris
Brooke and T. Jenkins. In 1904 the board was : C. W. McKillip, James
H. Donnelly, H. K. Johnson, E. A. Meister and Gillis Doty.

Treasurer Greenlaw died during his incumbency, and D. W. Car-
michael was elected by the supervisors to fill the vacancy. Mr. (^ar-
michael appointed M. J. Curtis as his depiity, the legislature having
provided for a deputy at the i)revious session.

The officers elected for 1906 were as follows : clerk, W. B. Hamilton ;
sheriff, D. Reese ; license and tax collector, Charles E. Trainor ; district
attorney, E. S. Wachorst ; coroner, W. F. Gormley; public administrator,

D. McDougall; superintendent of schools, Mrs. Minnie R. O'Neil; sur-
veyor, C. M. Phinney; recorder, C. A. Root; supervisors: Howard K.
Johnson, David Ahern, Charles W. McKillip, J. H. Donnelly and L.
C. Thisby. In 1908 the board was : Robert Callahan, J. H. Donnelly,
L. C. Thisby, C. W. McKillip and Da\'id Ahern.

Sheriff Reese died during his term of office, and the board of su))er-
visors elected his son, Edward E. Reese, to fill the unexjiircl tenii.
Assessor Berkey also died and the suiiervisors elected E. J. Kay, liis
deputy, to the position. Mr. Kay had l)&en Berkey 's right hand man-
for several years, and was thoroughly comjietent to fill the ]iosition,
being well accpiainted witli tlie values of i-eal estate and ])erson;il
property.

The officers elected for 1910 were: clerk, W. B. Hamilton; sheriff,
David Ahern; license and tax collector, Charles E. Trainor; auditor,

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY <J7

L. P. Williams; recorder, C. A. Root; assessor, Ed. J. Kay; super-
intendent of schools, Mrs. Minnie R. O'Neil; treasurer, M. J. Curtis;
district attorney, E. S. Wachliorst; coroner, W. F. Gormley; i)ul)lic
administrator, D. McDougall; surveyor, P"'rank C'. Miller; supervisors:
J. H. Donnelly, Charles H. McKillip, Robert E. Callahan, James P.
Kelly and Thomas Jenkins.

County Clerk Hamilton died in the spring of 1911, and th(! board
of supervisors elected Ed. F. Pfund, who had for many years been his
deputy and was thoroughly conversant with the affairs of the office,
to fill out the unexpired term. The apjjointment of Mr. Pfund gave
universal satisfaction, both to the bar and the people, as his perennial
courtesy and painstaking performance of his duties had gained liim
a host of friends.

No man in the county was more universally liked and respected
than "Billy" Hamilton, as he was always called. Genial and affable,
he was the friend of all, and all were his friends. As was once said
of him, "Billy Hamilton is the same man the week after election
that he was a week before he was elected." An ardent hunter and
fisherman, he had a fund of sporting and other anecdotes, and was
so happy in his methods as a raconteur that the most astounding ex-
periences issuing from his lips took on the appearance of verity. His
death was mourned by a host of friends. It was said of him that he
never forgot a face, and could call every resident of the county by
name, — a most valuable accomplishment for a politician. Peace to
his manes. "AVe ne'er shall look upon his like again."

CHAPTER XIY
CITY OFFICERS

A list of the officers of the city of Sacramento from 1849 follows :

1849 — A. M. Winn, mayor; the alcalde was recorder; N. C. Cun-
ningham, marshal; William Glaskin, city clerk and auditor; J. A. Tutt,
assessor; S. C. Hastings, treasurer; B. Brown, collector; Murray Mor-
rison, city attorney; R. J. Watson, harbormaster.

1850 — Hardin Biglow, mayor (died in office) ; Horace Smith,
mayor (to fill vacancy) ; B. F. Washington, recorder; N. C. Cunning-
ham, marshal ; J. B. Mitchell, city clerk and auditor ; J. W. Woodland,
assessor; Barton Lee, treasurer; E. B. Pratt, collector; J. Neely John-
son, city attorney; George W. Hammersley, harbormaster.

Hardin Biglow, the mayor, was severely wounded in the Squatter
riot and died in San Francisco of cholera ])efore recovering from his
wounds. Horace Smith was elected to succeed him. J. W. Woodland,
the assessor, was also killed in the Squatter riot, but his place does

98 HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY

not seem to have been filled, the elections at that time being for only
one year.

1851 — James R. Hardenbergh, mayor; W. H. McGrew, recorder;
W. S. White, marshal; L. Curtis, clerk and auditor; Samuel McKee,
assessor; W. E. MeCracken, treasurer; W. S. White, collector; J.
Neely Johnson, city attorney; John Eequa, harbormaster.

1852 — C. I. Hutchinson, mayor; W. H. McGrew, recorder; David
McDowell, marshal; Wasliington Meeks, city clerk and auditor; Wil-
liam Lewis, assessor; E. Chenery, treasurer; D. McDowell, collector;
John G. Ayer, city attorney; John Eequa, harbormaster; W. A. Sel-
kirk, superintendent of schools.

1853 — J. E. Hardenbergh, mayor; N. Greene Curtis, recorder;
W. S. White, marshal ; John A. Fowler, city clerk and auditor ; Samuel
T. Clymer, assessor; C. J. Torbert, treasurer; W. S. White, collector;
L. Landus, Jr., city attorney; Gordon Backus, harbormaster; PI. J.
Bidleman, superintendent of schools.

1854 — E. P. Johnson, mayor; N. Greene Curtis, recorder; W. S.
White, marshal ; T. A. Thomas, city clerk and auditor ; E. C. Winehell,
assessor; W. E. Chamberlain, treasurer; N. A. H. Ball, collector;
W. Cyrus Wallace, city attorney; Frank Harney, harbormaster; H. W.
Harkness, superintendent of schools.

1855 — James Lawrence English, mayor; N. Greene Curtis, re-
corder ; James W. Haines, marshal ; W. E. Chamberlain, city clerk and
auditor; Preseott Eobinson, assessor; John C. Barr, treasurer; J. T.
Knox, collector; Horace Smith, city attorney; James W. Haines, har-
bormaster; Frank Tukey, superintendent of schools (resigned), F. W.
Hatch (to fill vacancy).

1856— B. B. Eedding, mayor; W. W. Price, recorder; Thomas Mc-
Alpin, marshal; John F. Madden, city clerk and auditor; W. C. Felch,
assessor; W. M. Brainerd, treasurer; John H. Houseman, collector;
Henry Starr, city attorney; George C. Haswell, harbormaster; F. W.
Hatch, superintendent of schools.

1857 — J. P. Dyer, mayor; Presley Dunlap, recorder; James Lan-
sing, marshal; John F. Madden, city clerk and auditor; Alex. Mont-
gomery, assessor; James H. Sullivan, treasurer; John H. Houseman,
collector ; George E. Moore, city attorney ; George C. Haswell, harbor-
master; J. G. Lawton, superintendent of schools.

1858 — H. L. Nichols, president of the board, justice of the peace,
police .iudge ; J. P. Hardy, marshal ; J. B. Dayton, city clerk and
auditor; E. B. Eyan, assessor; Morgan Miller, treasurer; W. T. Man-
love, collector; E. F. Morrison, city attorney; Daniel H. Whepley,
harbormaster; G. L. Simmons, superintendent of schools.

1859 — W. Shattuck, president of the board, justice of the peace,
police judge; J. J. Watson, marshal; J. B. Dayton, city clerk and
auditor ; E. B. Eyan, assessor ; Morg. Miller, treasurer ; W. S. Manlove,

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 99

collector; R. F. Morrison, city attornej^; G. L. Simmons, superintendent
of schools. From 1858 to 1862 the city and county were consolidated
and managed by a board of supervisors, one of which was president
of the board. During this period the three city justices of the peace
were, in rotation of a week each, police judge.

1860 — W. Shattuck, i^resident of the board; justice of the peace,
police judge; J. J. Watson, marshal; Thomas Letson, city clerk and
auditor; E. B. Ryan, assessor; C. L. Bird, treasurer; Sylvester Mar-
shall, collector; Cornelius Cole, city attorney; F. W. Hatch, superin-
tendent of schools.

1861 — W. Shattuck, president of the board, justice of the peace,
police judge; J. J. Watson, marshal; Thomas Letson, city clerk and
auditor; E. B. Ryan, assessor; C. L. Bird, treasurer; Sylvester Mar-
shall, collector; Cornelius Cole, city attorney; G. Taylor, superintend-
ent of schools.

1862— W. Shattuck, president of the board; Thomas W. Gilmer,
police judge; J. J. Watson, marshal; Josiah Howell, city clerk and
auditor; E. B. Ryan, assessor; C. L. Bird, treasurer; James McDonald,
treasurer (appointed to fill vacancy) ; B. N. Bugbey, collector; Samuel
Smith, collector (appointed to fill vacancy) ; W. W. Upton, city
attorney; G. Taylor, superintendent of schools.

The city government was changed April 25, 1863; the new board
met and held its first session May 1, 1863, and after that the city
was governed by three trustees until January 8, 1894, the first trustee
being the president of the board and mayor ; the second trustee street
commissioner, and the third trustee superintendent of the waterworks.

1863— C. H. Swift, first trustee and mayor; H. T. Holmes, second
trustee; Josiah Johnson, third trustee; S. S. Holl, police judge; J. T.
Clark, chief of police (removed October 7, 1863, and D. H. Lowry
appointed) ; Benjamin Peart, city auditor and clerk; James E. Smith,
assessor; W. E. Chamberlain, treasurer; James E. Smith, collector;

E. H. Heacock, city attorney; W. H. Hill, superintendent of schools.

1865- C. H. Swift, first trustee and mayor; S. D. Smith, second
trustee; Josiah Johnson, third trustee; S. S. Holl, police judge; F. T.
Burke, chief of police; C. C. Jenks, city auditor and clerk; John C.
Halley, assessor; Harvey Coswell, treasurer; D. A. DeMerritt, col-
lector; E. H. Heacock, city attorney; S. C. Hall, harbormaster; W. H.
Hill, superintendent of schools.

1866— C. H. Swift, first trustee and mayor; S. D. Smith, second
trustee; Josiah Johnson, third trustee; L. H. Foote, police judge;

F. T. Burke, chief of police; C. C. Jenks, city auditor and clerk; John
C. Halley, assessor; Harvey Caswell, treasurer; D. A. DeMerritt,
collector; E. H. Heacock, city attorney; N. A. Kidder, harbor master;
W. H. Hill, superintendent of schools.

1867— C. H. Swift, first trustee and mayor ; S. D. Smith, second

100 HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY

trustee; David Kendall, third trustee; L. H. Foote, police judge; F. T.
Burke, chief of police ; John McClintock, city auditor and clerk ; E. R.
Hamilton, assessor; W. E. Chamberlain, treasurer; D. A. DeMerritt.
collector; M. C. Tilden, city attorney; W. H. Hill, superintendent of
schools.

1868 — C. H. Swift, first trustee and mayor; John Rider, second
trustee; David Kendall, third trustee; L. H. Foote, police judge; B.
W. Martz, chief of police; John McClintock, city auditor and clerk;
E. R. Hamilton, assessor ; W. E. Chamberlain, treasurer ; D. A. DeMer-
ritt, collector; M. C. Tilden, city attorney; W. H. Hill, superintendent
of schools.

1809 — C. 11. Swift, first trustee and mayor; John Rider, second
trustee; David Kendall, third trustee (died in office); L. H. Foote,
police judge; B. W. Martz, chief of police; John McClintock, city
auditor and clerk; W. T. Crowell, assessor; W. E. Chamberlain, treas-
urer; A. Leonard, collector; S. S. Holl, city attorney; W. H. Hill,
superintendent of schools.

1870 — C. H. Swift, first trustee and mayor; John Rider, second
trustee; James McCleery, third trustee; A. Henley, police judge;
George Smith, chief of police ; John McClintock, city auditor and clerk ;
W. T. Crowell, assessor; W. E. Chamberlain, treasurer; A. Leonard,
collector; J. K. Alexander, city attorney; W. H. Hill, superintendent
of schools.

1871 — C. H. Swift, first trustee and mayor; John Rider, second
trustee; James McCleery, third trustee; A. Henley, police judge;
George Smith, chief of police ; John McClintock, city auditor and clerk ;
S. S. Greenwood, assessor; W. E. Chamberlain, treasurer; H. Mont-
fort, collector; Charles T. Jones, city attorney; W. H. Hill, superiu'
tendent of schools.

1872 — Christopher Green, first trustee and mayor; John Rider,
second trustee; James McCleery, third trustee; T. W. Gilmer, police
judge; Matt Karcher, chief of police; E. M. Stevens, chief of police;
John McClintock, city auditor and clerk; S. S. Greenwood, assessor;
W. E. Chamberlain, treasurer; H. Montfort, collector; M. C. Tilden,
city attorney; S. C. Denson, superintendent of schools.

1873 — Christopher Green, first trustee and mayor; John Rider,
second trustee; Horace Adams, third trustee; T. W. Gilmer, police
judge; Matt Karcher, chief of police; E. M. Stevens, chief of police;
John McClintock, city auditor and clerk; Fred A. Shepherd, assessor;
W. T. Crowell, collector; Samuel Poorman, treasurer; M. C. Tilden,
city attorney; S. C. Denson, superintendent of schools.

1874 — Christopher Green, first trustee and mayor; W. F. Knox,
second trustee; Horace Adams, third trustee; W. R. Cantwell, police
judge; Matt Karcher, chief of police; E. M. Stevens, chief of police;
John McClintock, city auditor and clerk ; Fred A. Shepherd, assessor ;

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 101

W. T. Crowell, collector; Samuel Poorman, treasurer; W. R. Hinkson,
city attorney; Add C. Hinkson, superintendent of schools.

1875 — Christopher Green, first trustee and mayor; W. F. Knox,
second trustee; James McCleary, third trustee; M. S. Horan, police
judge ; E. M. Stevens, chief of police ; P. L. Hickman, city auditor and
clerk; Fred A. Shepherd, assessor; W. T. Crowell, collector; Samuel
Poorman, treasurer; W. A. Anderson, city attorney; A. C. Hinkson,
superintendent of schools.

1876 — Christopher Green, first trustee and mayor ; W. F. Knox,
second trustee; James McCleery, third trustee; M. S. Horan, police
judge; E. M. Stevens, chief of police; P. L. Hickman, city auditor
and clerk; Fred A. Shepherd, assessor; W. T. Crowell, collector; J. N.
Porter, treasurer; W. A. Anderson, city attorney; A. C. Hinkson.
superintendent of schools.

1877 — Christopher Green, first trustee and mayor; W. F. Knox,
second trustee ; James McCleery, third trustee ; Thomas Conger, police
judge; E. M. Stevens, chief of police; E. H. McKee, city auditor and
clerk; Fred A. Shepherd, assessor; G. A. Putnam, collector; J. N.
Porter, treasurer; W. A. Anderson, city attorney; A. C. Hinkson,
superintendent of schools.

1878 — Jabez Turner, first trustee and mayor; W. F. Knox, second
trustee; James McCleery, third trustee; Thomas Conger, police judge;
E. M. Stevens, chief of police; E. H. McKee, city auditor and clerk;
Fred A. Shepherd, assessor; G. A. Putnam, collector; J. N. Porter,
treasurer ; H. L. Buckley, city attorney ; A. C. Hinkson, superintendent
of schools.

1879 — Jabez Turner, first trustee and mayor; W. F. Knox, second
trustee; Josiah Johnson, third trustee; W. A. Henry, police judge;
E. M. Stevens, chief of police; E. H. McKee, city auditor and clerk;
Fred A. Shepherd, assessor; George A. Putnam, collector; J. N.
Porter, treasurer; H. L. Buckley, city attorney; F. L. Landes, super-
intendent of schools.

1880 — Jabez Turner, first trustee and mayor; Jerome C. Davis, sec-
ond trustee; Josiah Johnson, third trustee; W. A. Henry, police
judge; Matt Karcher, chief of police; E. H. McKee, city auditor and
clerk; Fred A. Shepherd, assessor; George A. Putnam, collector; W.
E. Chamberlain, treasurer; W. A. Anderson, city attorney; F. L.
Landes, superintendent of schools.

1881 — John Q. Brown, first trustee and mayor; Jerome C. Davis,
second trustee (died October 5, 1881, before expiration of his term) ;
Josiah Johnson, third trustee; W. A. Henry, police judge; Matt
Karcher, chief of police; E. H. McKee, city auditor and clerk; Fred
A. Shepherd, assessor; George A. Putnam, collector; W. E. Chamber-
lain, treasurer; W. A. Anderson, city attorney; F. L. Landes, super-
intendent of schools.

1882 — John Q. Brown, first trustee and mayor ; John Ryan, second

102 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

trustee; William Guteuberger, third trustee; W. A. Henry, police
judge; M. Karcher, chief of police; E. H. McKee, city auditor and
clerk; Fred A. Shepherd, assessor; George A. Putnam, collector; W.
E. Chamberlain, treasurer; W. A. Anderson, city attorney; J. R.
Lane, superintendent of schools.

1883 — John Q. Brown, first trustee and mayor ; John Ryan, second
trustee; William Guteuberger, third trustee; W. A. Henry, police
judge; Matt Karcher, chief of police; E. H. McKee, city auditor and
clerk; Fred A. Shepherd, assessor; George A. Putnam, collector; W.
A. Anderson, city attorney; J. R. Lane, superintendent of schools.

1884 — John Q. Brown, first trustee and mayor; H. B. Neilson,
second trustee; William Guteuberger, third trustee; W. A. Henry,
police judge ; Matt Karcher, chief of police ; W. E. Chamberlain, treas-
urer; E. H. McKee, city auditor and clerk; Fred A. Shepherd, as-
sessor; George A. Putnam, collector; W. A. Anderson, city attorney;
J. R. Lane, superintendent of schools.

1885 — John Q. Brown, first trustee and mayor; William Guteu-
berger, third trustee; E. H. McKee, city auditor and clerk; J. J.
Buckley, assessor; George A. Putnam, collector; W. A. Henry, police
judge; O. C. Jackson, chief of police; J. N. Porter, treasurer; W. A.
Anderson, city attorney ; J. R. Lane, superintendent of schools.

1886 — John Q. Brown, first trustee and mayor; H. B. Neilson,
second trustee; W. R. Jones, third trustee; E. H. McKee, city auditor
and clerk ; J. J. Buckley, assessor ; J. N. Porter, treasurer ; George A.
Putnam, collector; W. A. Henry, police judge; H. F. Dillman, chief of
police; E. C. Hart, city attorney; M. R! Beard, superintendent of
schools.

1887 — Eugene J. Gregory, first trustee and mayor; John Ryan,
second trustee; W. R. Jones, third trustee; E. H. McKee, city auditor
and clerk ; J. J. Buckley, assessor ; George A. Putnam, collector ; Henry
L. Buckley, police judge; H. F. Dillman, chief of police; E. C. Hart,
city attorney; W. E. Gerber, treasurer; M. R. Beard, superintendent
of schools.

1888 — Eugene J. Gregory, first trustee and mayor; John Ryan,
second trustee; H. C. Wolf, third trustee; E. H. McKee, city auditor
and clerk; J. J. Buckley, assessor; George A. Putnam, collector;
Henry L. Buckley, police judge; Timothy Lee, chief of police; E. C.
Hart, city attorney; M. R. Beard, superintendent of schools.

1889 — E]ugene J. Gregory, first trustee and mayor; William Mc-
Laughlin, second trustee; H. C. Wolf, third trustee; E. H. McKee, city
auditor and clerk; J. J. Buckley, assessor; George A. Putnam, col-
lector; Henry L. Buckley, police judge; Timothy Lee, chief of police;
W. S. Church, city attorney; W. E. Gerber, treasurer; M. R. Beard,
superintendent of schools.

1890 — W. D. Comstock, first trustee and mayor; William Mc-
Laughlin, second trustee; H. C. Wolf, third trustee; E. H. McKee,

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 103

city auditor; George A. Putnam, collector; J. J. Buckley, assessor;
W. E. Gerber, treasurer; Henry L. Buckley, police judge; Warren F.
Drew, chief of jDolice; E. C. Hart, city attorney; Albert Hart, superin-
tendent of schools.

1891 — W. D. Comstock, first trustee and mayor; William Mc-
Laughlin, second trustee; Alonzo Conklin, third trustee; J. D. Young,
auditor; George A. Putnam, collector; J. J. Buckley, assessor; W. E.
Gerber, treasurer; R. 0. Cravens, police judge; W. F. Drew, chief
of police; E. C. Hart, city attorney; Albert Hart, superintendent of
schools.

1892 — W. D. Comstock, first trustee and mayor; E. H. Green,
second trustee; Alonzo Conklin, third trustee; J. D. Young, auditor;
George A. Putnam, collector; W. E. Gerber, treasurer; J. J. Buckley,
assessor; R. 0." Cravens, police jiidge; John B. Rodgers, chief of
police; E. C. Hart, city attorney; Albert Hart, superintendent of
schools.

1893 — B. U. Steinman, first trustee and mayor; E. H. Green,
second trustee; Alonzo Conklin, third trustee; J. D. Young, auditor;
George A. Putnam, collector; W. E. Gerber, treasurer; J. J. Buckley,
assessor; H. L. Buckley, police judge; John B. Rodgers, chief of
police; C. N. Post, city attorney; Albert Hart, superintendent of
schools.

A new charter for the city went into force January 8, 1894, by
vt^hich the number of trustees was increased from three to nine, the
mayor being elected separate from the board, and the trustees being
(>leeied to severally represent the nine wards of the city

1894-95 — B. U. Steinman, mayor; W. D. Lawton, president of
board of trustees; trustees: H. Wachhorst, Robert E. Kent, J. G.
Davis, W. H. Bragg, L. Tozer, J. H. Devine, C. E. Leonard, T. J. Pen-
nish, W. D. Lawton; J. D. Young, auditor and assessor; J. N. Porter,
treasurer; E. H. McKee, collector; J. Frank Brown, city attorney;
M. M. Drew, chief of police; 0. S. Flint, city clerk; Albert Hart, super-
intendent of schools.

1896-97— C. H. Hubbard, mayor; C. E. Leonard, president of board
of trustees; trustees: H. Wachhorst, R. E. Kent, James G. Davis,
D. ^Y. McKay, L. Tozer, J. H. Devine, C. E. Leonard, T. J. Pennish,
C. H. Beutley; J. D. Young, auditor and assessor; D. W. Carmichael,
treasurer; C. C. Robertson, collector; J. Frank Brown, city attorney;
M. J. Desmond, city clerk; O. W. Erlewine, superintendent of schools.

1898-1899— Mayor, William Land; collector, C. C. Robertson;
treasurer, A. L. Frost; auditor and assessor, J. D. Young; trustees —
F. F. Tebbets, R. E. Kent, C. W. Paine, D. McKay, Philip Douglas,
J. H. Devine; M. J. Desmond, clerk; chief of police, Thomas D-n^er
(died in office, 1899) ; superintendent of schools, 0. W. Erlewine. Mr.
Erlewine has been regularly re-elected to the office and was the in-

104 HISTOEY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY

cumbeut until his resignation this spring under the present com-
missioners.

1900-1901— Mayor, George H. Clark; collector, C. C. Eobertson;
auditor and assessor, J. D. Young; trustees — F. F. Tebbets, E. E.
Kent, C. W. Paine, John C. Ing, Jr., Philip Douglas, James H. Devine,
Henry P. Brown, M. E. Beard, J. H. Dolan; clerk, M. J. Desmond;
chief of police, John C. Sullivan!

1902-1903— Mayor, George H. Clark; collector, C. C. Eobertson;
auditor and assessor, J. D. Young; treasurer, C. M. Prodger;
trustees— F. F. Tebbets, E. E. Kent, J. G. Black, John C. Ing, Jr.,
S. H. Farley, J. H. Devine, Albert Elkus, M. E. Beard, E. J. Carra-
gher; clerk, M. J. Desmond.

1904-1905— Mayor, W. J. Hassett; collector, J. E. Govan; auditor
and assessor, W. D. Comstock; treasurer, C. M. Prodger; trustees —
F. F. Tebbets (died 1904, George F. Eider appointed), Ed. McEwen,
J. G. Black, John C. Ing, Jr., S. H. Farley, E. E. Callahan, Albert
Elkus, James Popert, E. J. Carragher; clerk, M. J. Desmond; chief
of police, Martin Coffey.

1906-1907— Mayor," M. E. Beard; collector, M. H. Spaulding;
auditor and assessor, Fred W. Carey; treasurer, C. M. Prodger;
trustees— George H. Eider, Ed. McEwen (died 1906, J. II. Schacht
appointed), John C. Ing, Jr., M. J. Burke, E. E. Callahan, Harry A.
Nauman, James Popert, E. J. Carragher; clerk, M. J. Desmond; chief
of police, John Denny.

1908-1909— Mayor, Clinton L. White; collector, L. H. Spaulding;
auditor and assessor, Fred M. Carey; treasurer, C. M. Prodger;
trustees— Geo. F. Eider, J. H. Schacht, J. T. Murphy, E. P. Hammond,
M. J. Burke, B. F. Catlett, Harry A. Nauman, 0. G. Hopkins, E. J.
Carragher; clerk, M. J. Desmond; chief of police, John E. Sullivan.

1910-1911— Mayor, M. E. Beard; collector, L. H. Spaulding;
fiuditor and assessor, Fred W. Carey (died in 1910, Edward Haynes
appointed) ; treasurer, C. M. Prodger (died in 1911, W. C. Hendricks
appointed); city attorney, J. V. Hart; trustees — George Eider, C. H.
Schacht, J. T. Murphy, E. P. Hammond, M. J. Burke, B. F. Catlett,
H. Hoffman (died in 1911, C. W. Mier appointed), 0. G. Hopkins
and E. J. Carragher ; clerk, M. J. Desmond ; superintendent of streets,
E. C. Irvine ; chief of police, William M. Ahern.

1912-1913 — Mayor, M. E. Beard; auditor and assessor, Edward
Haynes; collector, L. H. Spaulding; city attorney, J. V. Hart; treas-
urer, D. McDougall; trustees — Geo. Eider, John W. Crone, J. B.
Hicks, E. P. Hammond, M. J. Burke, G. C. Simmons, C. W. Mier,
.James Mangan and E. J. Carragher; clerk, M. J. Desmond; superin-
tendent of streets, E. C. Irvine; chief of police, William M. Ahern.
William Johnson was appointed by the commissioners chief of police
during the summer of 1913.

K STRKET IN THK '(12 FLOOI

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 105

CHAPTER XV
FLOODS

The flood of 1850, heretofore mentioned as among the early dis-
asters to the city, was only one of a series that devastated the city
and county in later years, and some of which were far more wide-
spread and destructive. Seasons of heavy rainfall have brought down
from the mountains that bound the great Sacramento Valley on both
sides torrents of rushing waters that have spread out over the low
lands along the Sacramento river or overtopped the levees constructed
to preserve the alluvial lands and swept away the banks erected as
barriers, reminding man that his puny efforts to restrain and control
the forces of nature were futile at such times. To-day the banks of
the river in most places are crowned with substantial levees, many
of them eighty to one hundred feet across the top, and holding back
successfully the angry waters that surge and beat against them. But
in many places these huge mounds have ]iroved ineffectual in time of
great floods, and the reclamation of the river lands and islands has
been a costly and discouraging undertaking. The labor of months and
years, costing many thousands of dollars, has often been swept away
in a day and the fertile fields, often covered with a valuable crop,
inundated and covered with several feet of sand and detritus.

Long before the white man settled in the valley did these floods
occur at different periods. The Indian mounds of past generations,
the remains of which frequently appear on the low lands along the
rivers, bear mute testimony to the rise of the raging waters and the
necessity forced upon the aborigines of providing for the safety of
themselves and their families from the devouring waters. Their tra-
ditions give an account of various floods before the white man invaded
the valley. The great flood of 1805 forms an epoch in their history
from which they still reckon in speaking of subsequent events. That
of 1S25-6 was often referred to by the older members of the tribes who
camped along the river in the early days of the state. The floods of
1846-7 and of 1850 were familiar to the earliest pioneers and still
remain vividly in the memories of the survivors of those days. The
former did but little damage, for the reason that there was very little
property subject to damage in those days. The latter, which has been
referred to earlier in this volume, did an immense am.ount of damage
to the infant city and occasioned much suffering.

On the evening of January 8, 1850, a terrible southeast storm set
in, swelling the Sacramento river to such an extent that the slough
on I street, between Second and Third, began to run over. Before
night on Wednesday the water was running under the zinc building
of Montgomery and Warbass, and torrents were rushing down Second
and Third streets. On Thursday morning the whole city for a mile
from the Embarcadero, except some high places on Tenth street, was

106 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

under water. The next day buildings were carried from their founda-
tions. Very few buildings escaped having their lower floors flooded.
The damage was immense, great quantities of provisions and goods
being swept away. Dr. John F. Morse, in writing of the flood, says,
among other things:

"At 10 o'clock on the evening of the flood, when the back waters
of the sloughs and the waters that came in from the banks of the Sac-
ramento were rushing into the city, tearing up sidewalks and dislodg-
ing merchandise, sweeping away tents and upsetting houses, — at this
very time, and throughout the inundation, the city seemed almost
mad with boisterous frolic, with the most irresistible disposition to
revel m all the drinking, talking, swearing, dancing and shouting that
were ever patronized by the wine-drinking son of Jupiter and Semele.

"All the shipping and two-story houses became crowded with the
unwebbed bipeds of hilarity and merriment. When hundreds of
thousands of dollars in merchandise were being wrested from the
merchants and traders by the sweeping currents that were running
through the streets, in some places with irresistible force, no one
could have found among the losers of the property a single dejected
face or dejected spirit. There were no gloomy consultations, no long-
ing looks cast upon the absconding produce, no animosities excited.
A man who would purposely roll into the water that he might share
in the general laugh that was entailed upon one who had accidentally
fallen in, would not wet the sole of his foot to save a barrel of pork
that was being carried off by the current.

"In the early part of this great flood small boats would bring
almost any price on sale or hire. A common-sized whale boat would
bring $30 an hour, and sell readily for $1,000; but in an incredibly
short time every particle of lumber that would answer for boat or
raft making was appropriated, and in a few days the people were
enabled to emigrate to the adjacent hills, where settlements were made,
similar to the Hoboken of 1853. It would be impossible to estimate
the amount of property destroyed by this terrible visitation." Team-
sters lost from forty to fifty yoke of oxen and a large number of
horses and mules were drowned, write the historians. On the 18th
the water so far subsided as to leave some dry spots on the Embar-
cadero and most of Second street. The great number of cattle drowned
created much discomfort to the people.

Another flood occurred in March, in which the city was saved
from a second disaster by the energetic etforts of Hardin Biglow,
who had built a levee across the sloughs at his own expense. This was
the inception of the present system of levees which so effectually
protects our city at present and renders it practically impregnable
to the waters.

Two years later came another devastating flood. For some days
prior to Simday, March 7, 1852, both the Sacramento and American

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 107

rivers had taken on a threatening form, heavy rains in the foot-hills
and a very heavy snowfall in the mountains having filled them bank
full. About 1 a. m. Sunday the citizens were aroused from their
slumbers by the clanging of the alarm bell, warning them of impending
danger. Excited men soon thronged the streets, anxious to ascertain
the cause. On investigation it was found that, owing to a sudden rise
in the American river, the levee near its mouth had given way and
the water was rushing fast through a breach in its crumbling banks.
The mayor, chief engineer and many citizens were soon on the ground,
making every effort to avert disaster. Timber, hay, sacks of barley,
dirt and other things were cast into the breach, but to no avail. The
earth on which the timbers of the sluice gate rested became loosened
and about two o'clock the bridge gave way and was swept away by the
current into the slough. Brooks' store house, on the levee, followed
the bridge and as the opening widened the rush of waters increased
and trees, houses, scows and tents were swept into the vortex and
coming with tremendous force against the bridge across Third street
snapped it like a pipe stem and it too was swept away, cutting off all
communication with the peninsula and imperiling the safety of many
residents.

Boats were quickly procured and after great exertions all were
rescued and conveyed to a place of safety. By four o'clock the water
had reached the level of I street and was running up Second to J.
The mayor issued a proclamation, calling on all to helj^ stem the tide.
A temjiorary embankment stopped the water at I street, but it soon
found its way around to Seventh and submerged I street again. The
embankment was continued to Seventh, where the ground was higher,
but soon the water was pouring into J street through the slough. The
Sacramento river at this time was two feet lower than in the flood
of 1850, and lacked twenty inches of overtopping the levee, and the
sloughs below the city contained less water than at the former flood.
But the American was higher and was rising, while the Sacramento
was stationary. The levee was crumbling and the water was trickling
through and it appeared certain that the levee must ^deld to the
rising waters. Much property had been destroyed already. Cattle,
pigs and poultry floated by on the flood and the water stood from a
few inches to two feet deep on the lower floors on I street. By six
o'clock the city was almost wholly submerged, the buildings rising like
so many pyramids on the desert over the face of the waters, only
Sutter's Fort and the "Ridge" being above the flood.

By this time the American river, which had overflowed its lianks,
had crept insidiously around the city and a torrent rushed in on the
opposite side. The east levee had broken and the water poured vio-
lently in. The stores on K street were nearly all flooded several inches
deep, but J street, being higher, was still above the flood. The entire
city was wild with excitement. Every one who possessed goods or fur

108 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

niture was removing them to higher apartments or gTound. Houses
on the outskirts were almost deserted and the residents took refuge
on scows. Carpenters became boat builders, but there was not half
enough material or labor on hand to supply the demand. The water
still rose and by Monday morning scarcely a foot of land was visible
in the city. Then a cold southeast wind rose and the water receded
four inches by noon, but still stood two feet deep on K street and also
covered J, but not so deeply. From the commencement communication
with the outside had been cut off. Stages for Auburn and Nevada
leaving on the 6th were forced to turn back. On the following day
one was wrecked while trying to cross a slough at Sutter's race, and
the horses were saved with difficulty. Little's bridge at Coloma, the
bridge at Uniontown, the two covered bridges at Salmon Falls and all
the bridges on the south and middle forks of the American river were
carried away. Many horses and mules were drowned while trying
to swim a deep slough near Brighton. Most of the losses sustained,
however, were in the suburbs, or outside of the city. The merchants
had, as a rule, profited by their experience in 1850, and removed their
goods in time to escape damage.

But with all the damage and danger, not to say discomfort, the
elastic spirits of the pioneers were undaunted. Many enjoyable ex-
periences were not lacking and pleasure excursions took place over the
submerged country outside. The Sacramento Daily Union of March 9,
1852, had the following to say :

"J street, up town, proved to be the center of attraction yester-
day, and presented many enlivening and animating scenes through
the day. Its bosom was covered with unique water craft of every con-
ceivable description, and the ingenuity displayed in their construction
was only equalled by the tact and skill with which they were managed.
The greater number consisted of skiffs, and these constituted a regular
line of ferry boats, plying from block to block. There were also
freight boats laden with hay, barley, provisions, etc.. which articles
were transported in accordance with established rates. Then came
the fancy sail boat of the man of leisure, shooting swiftly past the
meaner craft and stretching upward for more sea room! We noticed
one of these far out on the prairie, close-hauled to a southeast wind
and a])parently bound for Stockton. Among other craft, the omnibus
boat was conspicuous. They are made by fastening two or three empty
boxes together. These appeared to be the favorite conveyance of 'the
people,' although scarcely a trip was successfully performed, owing
to the ])ilots getting off their course, throwing their craft on their
ends, and spilling their passengers overboard. Then, by hoisting
signals of distress, these attracted the attention of some other catama-
ran, which bore down to their relief. One cute chap built a big box
with wheels attached, and after getting 'steam up' threaded his way
through K street. Besides these, there were metallic boats, dug-outs,

HISTOEY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY 109

hide boats and canoes — all filled with people, out on business or pleas-
ure— all, too, joyous and happy. It was, in fact, an aquatic carnival,
and the town was afloat on a frolic."

The high land at the head of I street, near the plaza, was densely
crowded during the flood with human beings, wagons, tents, cattle and
horses. As in the flood of 1850, the dwellers near the sloughs on the
south side of the city and all those on lower ground escaped from the
water and made this their camping ground. On J street a number
of Mexicans and boys improved the opportunity given them by free
water, of washing the surface ground in front of the different banking
houses, in some instances with considerable success. The wild animals
also sought refuge and fifteen rabbits were caught at one time in a
dwelling near the slough, which proved a treacherous refuge for them.
A large number of rats took up their abode on a big stump on Sixth
street, where they were soon slaughtered by men and boys, much to
the disgust of a crowd of Chinamen who deprecated the destruction
of so much good food.

The flood lasted four days before it began to subside. Before this,
those who had urged the necessity of a substantial levee on the river
front to keep out the flood waters had been largely in the minority
and their arguments had been scornfully rejected and they often sub-
jected to public denunciation for advocating the incurring of such
a needless expense. It was claimed and believed by many that even
if a levee were built, the water would percolate through and undermine
it. But public opinion now underwent a radical change. The last
flood had demonstrated the fact that it might become an annual occur-
rence and men thought it wise to heed the warning, and arrange-
ments were made at once to construct more efficient levees.

December 19, 1852, a break occurred in the levee on the American
river, between Stuart's and the "Eidge." By the morning following
the business portion of the city was submerged to a depth of several
inches, but the water soon subsided, but little damage being done by it.

The city was again completely flooded January 1, 1853. The
water of the Sacramento river was twenty-two feet above low-water
mark and two feet higher than during the great flood of 1850. Boats
were again in great demand and New Year's calls were made in them.
But the trade, although profitable, was brief, many of the boats being
stranded by the quickly-receding waters. While but little damage
was done in the city, the county and those adjoining it suffered con-
siderable destruction of property and the incidental discomfort and
suffering. The city now passed an ordinance for the improvement of
the river levees.

For nearly eight years after this Sacramento escaped the floods
and her prosperity increased. She was fast growing into a large
city. She had passed through fire and flood and all the privations and
misfortunes incident to the histoiy of a pioneer city, and far more than

110 HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY

the average of them. Her people had met all these discouragements
and misfortunes with a smiling face and an undaunted courage. It
seemed as if they had surmounted all their trials and their career
henceforth was to be one of continued prosperity. But the end was
not yet. Fate had not yet shot all her arrows of misfortune and one
more, the most destructive of all, was yet to strike the city.

The precursor of the great misfortune was a flood March 28, 1861,
when the American again rose, quickly reaching a point twenty feet
above low water mark. It swept away the wing-dam at Eabel's tan-
nery and damaged the levee at that point greatly. The water from
Sutter's lake overflowed its bounds and cut a channel tln-ough First
street to the American river, Swift's bridge, and Lisle 's bridge across
the American were both destroyed. Norris' bridge became impassa-
ble and ferries had to be established, there being no other means of
crossing the American between Folsom and Sacramento.

About 8 o'clock on the morning of December 9, 1861, the an-
nouncement was made that the levee on the eastern boundary of the
city had given way and that the waters of the American river were
sweeping down on the devoted city with uncontrollable fury. On they
came with irresistible force. Well was it for Sacramento in that hour
of trial that the break in the levee had not occurred in the night. Had
it done so the loss of life would have been heavy. As it was, a number
of persons were drowned and the property destroyed far exceeded in
quantity and value that of any preceding flood. Bursting through the
eastern levee, the water poured down along Thirty-first street till it
struck the R street levee, which was swept away like an eggshell by
the tremendous force of the current and the city was at the mercy of
the flood. The other levees surrounding the city instead of proving a
protection, now constituted a source of danirer and damage, confining
the waters and forcing them to rise to a liigher level than they might
otherwise have attained.

Within an hour of the first alai'm many persons on Eleventh
street found themselves surrounded by water and unable to escape.
Their appeals for help were heartrending. Stock owners began to
bestir themselves, and great numbers of horses, mules, cattle, hogs and
sheep were driven across the Yolo bridge and down to Sutterville. By
eleven o'clock the water had risen to such a depth at Fifth and Sixth
streets that many houses were overturned and set afloat. Women
and children clung to the doors and windows of these and cried out for
assistance. There was a scarcity of boats, and for a time many per-
sons seemed doomed to perish inevitably. Many families were driven
from their homes in the vicinity of the Pavilion, on the corner of
Sixth and M streets. The upper doors of the Pavilion being locked,
they were burst open and many sought refuge in the building.

The Howard Benevolent Society made its headquarters here, and.
having four boats at its disposal, furnished soup and blankets to all

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 111

who came through the day. In turn M, L, K and J streets were
flooded by the water backing up from the R street levee. Inmates of
one-story buildings deserted them while those living in two-story
structures carried their bedding and furniture upstairs. Cellars were
flooded and large quantities of merchandise of all descriptions de-
stroyed. Boats and all imaginable kinds of craft were employed in
saving life and property, and moved back and forth laden with pas-
sengers and various things. Many were upset, and many a foot pas-
senger plunged into a deep hole, suffering temporary submergement.

Finally, the chain gang cut a hole through the R street levee and
the water poured out of it in a torrent. The force of the water here
drew many houses afloat in the vicinity — some of them two-story
edifices — into the break, where they were torn to pieces. It was im-
possible to obtain any data as to the number of persons who perished.
A teamster was drowned near Sutter's Fort. A man was drowned
with his team at the corner of Ninth and M streets through falling into
an open cistern, and a child in the wagon was saved with great diffi-
culty. It was generally supposed that many women and children were
drowned in one-stor.v houses, being unable to escape to the roofs of
their dwellings.

The only dry portions of the city were I street, the river front, the
R street levee and Poverty Eidge, now known as Sutter terrace. I
street and the levee were crowded with stock taken there for refuge.
Many boats were employed in the evening in taking passengers to and
from the hotels and restaurants for meals, the fires in many of which
had lieeu extinguished by the waters.

The steamer Swallow, coming from Marysville, was dashed
against the bridge jiier, injuring two of her passengers. The train for
Folsom went only to Poverty Ridge, passengers being carried thence
in boats for half a mile and put on another train and carried to their
destination. In many places the railroad track was destroyed. Early
in the day the city gauge showed the water had risen to twenty-one
feet, and at sundown it had risen six to eight inches higher, while
the Yolo side was but slightly overflowed. During the night several
houses floated down the river and female voices within them were
heard shrieking vainly for help. Two sections of Lisle 's bridge across
the American were swept away, but lodged against the Sacramento
bridge and were secured there.

The next morning was clear and the waters had sulisided several
feet, leaving L street a bed of mud and those north of it likewise.
Planks of sidewalks and crossings, stranded boats and scows used the
day before, were scattered all around. The city south of L street was
still under water, having first felt the fury of the flood, and here boats
were still in use. The area was crowded with capsized houses, mer-
chandise and other things, and the loss of property here was great.

Many acts of humanity were performed, but avarice and callous-

112 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

ness were also found during these perils. Some men borrowed boats
on the levee under pretense of rescuing sufferers, but instead turned
them into a means of extortion. One man had placed his wife on the
roof of a house about to fall, and was obliged to pay one of these
scoundrels $75 to carry her to a place of safety. A man standing in-
side of a house, up to his chin in water, begged to be taken into a boat.
The boatman demanded $15 fare, but he said he had no money. ' ' Then
I'll leave you to drown," was the unfeeling reply. Fortunately an-
other boat came along and rescued him. Such things were common,
and near midnight two women were saved who had been on the roof
of a house on Eleventh street, near L, for seven hours, unable to find
a boatman who would take them off. The loss of property was esti-
mated at $1,500,000. How many lives were lost will never be known.
By December 11 the water had subsided and traffic was resumed.

Scarcely had this flood passed away, however, than it was suc-
ceeded by another. On December 23, while men were still employed
in building up and strengthening the levee on Burns' slough, the
American river rose again so rapidly that it carried away a portion
of the new embankment and that portion of the city lying south of
Tenth and L streets was inundated the second time to a maximum
depth of about four and a lialf feet. The water soon subsided and the
levees were so far repaired and strengthened that, although the Sac-
ramento river five days later stood twenty-two feet and seven inches
above the low water mark, the highest yet recorded, the city was quite
free from water in its business portion.

The rains still continued and as the lowlands could not clear
themselves of flood water, a still greater calamity hung over the de-
voted city and would have been the climax of disaster had not the
previous floods warned the inhabitants to be prepared for anything.
That there was less loss of life and property is largely due to this
fact, as the flood came suddenly. On Thursday, January 9, 1862, in
consequence of the continued rains and the melting of the snows in
the Sierras, the American river overflowed the levee at Eabel's tan-
nery and speedily covered the entire area lying east of the Thirty-first
street levee, and before ten o'clock that night the water had covered the
lower part of the city a foot deep.

The levee commissioners after the flood of December, 1861, had
established a cam]i of about thirty men in the vicinity of Burns'
slough, imder Charles Farley. The flood of January 9 came on them
without warning, swept away the house and compelled its inmates to
take shelter upon the roof of the barn, which, being banked up by sand
and sediment withstood the flood.

About four o'clock Burns heard their cries and came in a whale
boat with an old sailor, to succor them. Farley, seeing his men pre-
paring to jump into the boat, threatened to shoot the first one who
did so without his orders, telling them that such a move would result

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 113

in the loss of all their lives. As a result, only five men were taken off
at this time and it then being too late to do more, the remaining
twenty-five spent the night on the roof. During the night Mrs. Burns
prepared soup and food for them and in the nioruing the wliale Ijoat
brought them a large milk fan filled with the hot soup. Burns, the old
sailor and S. D. Carkhuff toiled all day and all were safely landed by
night, Farley, the overseer, being the last man to leave the roof.

At daybreak on the lOtli the southern part of the city was under
two and a half feet of water, while the eastern part, north of J street,
was also flooded, and by one o'clock J and K streets were flooded to
Ninth and during the afternoon the flood attained the same height as
the highest rise of December 8, 1861.

The scene in the afternoon was an animated one. Merchants
erected platforms for their goods above the line of supposed danger
and stock owners were driving their horses, mules and cattle to the I
street and Front street levees. Women and children moved to the
upper stories or to the higher streets and hundreds of boats were afloat
on the streets, carrying passengers. Many of them contained people
apparently bent on pleasure excursions. There was much less danger
than on former occasions and fear and anxiety were also less. The
balconies were crowded with spectators and there was plenty of mirth
and hilarity. In the southern and eastern parts of the city, however,
many were forced to leave their homes without knowing where to go.
All the hotels were soon overcrowded and the pavilion again came into
requisition as the headquarters of the Howard Benevolent society,
many persons being lodged and fed there.

The committee of safety had some time previous to this flood
constructed a new levee at Rabel 's tannery, leaving the old one stand-
ing to protect it as a lireakwater, letting the water in gradually to
form a basin of still water and thus protect the new enbankment. A
person cut the old levee without authority and let the current flow
against the new one, and only by the most strenuous exertions and the
liberal use of gimny sacks, was the danger averted. A subsequent
report of the engineers to the state board of swamp land com-
missioners states that at this point the river makes an acute angle to
the northwest, the effect being to throw up a wall of water there, two
feet higher than at any other point in the channel, and the water
flowed over the levee, causing a crevice through which the flood jioured
at the rate of 60,000 cubic feet per second, with a torrent velocity due
to the fall in the river of 3000 feet in seventy-five miles.

During this inundation four deaths from drowning were reported
and the destruction of property was considerable. About three-
quarters of a mile of the Folsom railroad track was washed away.
Many small buildings were carried through the R street levee and
destroyed. One thousand feet of the wall surrounding Agricultural
park, which was twenty feet high and fourteen inches thick, fell to the

114 HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY

ground. The river rose five inches higher than on any previous
occasion. The fires in the Daily Union office were extinguished,
stop]nng the press while it was running off its weekly edition. The
steamer Gem of the California Navigation company was swept by the
current through the break at Rabel's tannery, and stranded at
Twenty-third and Z streets in a peach orchard, whence she was
launched with much difficulty in the following February. Two dead
bodies were found floating on the American river and two milkmen
on Eighteenth street near R, lost seventy head of milch cows. The
new levee at Rabel's tannery was only saved by using all the raw
hides in the tannery to spread over its weak points.

The legislature was then in session and on January 11th, a resolu-
tion was adopted by the senate, by a vote of 20 to. 13, to adjourn to San
Francisco for the remainder of the session. The resolution was de-
feated in the assembly after a long discussion, by a vote of 40 to 36,
but a further flood appearing, the assembly agreed to the measure
and on January 23, the legislature, with its attaches and furniture,
removed to San Francisco.

Ou January 12, the steamer Defiance went up the river to Patter-
son's, twelve miles above the city and seven miles higher than any steam-
boat had hitherto reached, and for some time after she made daily trips
to that point. On the same day Wilson's bridge over the Cosumnes
was overturned by the flood. From this time on the flood began to
subside and navigation of the streets soon became impossible, the only
means of traversing them being to wade through the mud with its accu-
mulated filth and carcasses of dead animals. The half-drowned and
starving cattle along the rivers gave employment to all the steamboats
and other craft in rescuing them. The flood was equally destructive
throughout the county. At this time the only mining that had been
done was mostly in a primitive way. No levees, except in the case of
the city, had been erected to repel the flood waters, as hydraulic mining
had not yet raised the bed of the river. The water had full sweep over
the valley, almost to the foothills of the Coast Range on one side and
to the rolling lands west of Folsom ou the other. This fact may give
some idea of the innnense volume of water poured into the valley by
the continued rains. As one pioneer expressed himself to the writer:
"We had six weeks' rain in January." An equal amount of rainfall
now, in so limited a time, would do incalculable damage to the dwellers
of the lowlands.

The Daily Union of Monda}', January 13, 1862, has the following:

"Upon Friday night the American river rose sixty feet above low
water mark, and destroyed a large amount of property. The old flour
mill of Stockton and Coover, built some seven or eight years ago, and
the new one built by them last summer in conjunction with Carroll &
Moore of this city, were both carried away, and in their course took

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 115

off the wire suspeusion bridge of Kinsey & Thompson. The new mill
was designed to run nine pair of burrs, and is reported to have cost
between $20,000 and $30,000. A large quantity of wheat therein stored
was also lost. The wire bridge was built in the summer of 1856, and
cost about $18,000. A wooden bridge some ten feet lower had been
previously destroyed. The railroad bridge belonging to the California
Central Railroad Company, some fifteen feet higher than the wire
bridge, and of a single span, is still standing. So far as we have
received information from various parts of the country, we are con-
vinced that the late flood spread over a much greater area of territory
and was far more destructive than any which has occurred since the
county was settled.

"The waters from the American did great injury at Brighton;
those from the Sacramento, a great deal in the townships bordering
on that river, and those from the Sacramento and Mokelumne, pro-
duced a corresponding result in the southern part of the county.
We are informed that families were taken from the tops of houses
in boats, their buildings were carried away, and most of their stock
destroyed. A large amount of stock on the Lower Stockton road has
been lost. Norris' bridge, on the American river, some four miles
from its mouth, which withstood the flood of December 9th, gave way
on Saturday afternoon (January 11th) to the still stronger torrent.
At about half jiast four o'clock two sections of the structure were
carried off, and lodged on the north bank of the river, a short distance
away. There is -now no bridge standing on the American river, that
we are aware of, excepting onlj^ the railroad bridge at Folsora."

While the elements were dealing death and destruction to man-
kind, animals and property, human philanthropy was not idle. Steam-
boats were dispatched daily from San Francisco, laden with cooked
food for the sufferers. An aid society was organized at Folsom, and
a deputation sent to Sacramento to invite the suffering and distressed
to partake of the hospitality of that town. The work of the Howard
Society of Sacramento should never pass into forgetfulness. It will
always live in the memory of those who were its beneficiaries and
should never be forgotten by their children or descendants.

But the troubles of the city from flood were not yet ended.
January 23, 1862, the new levee at Rabel's tannery broke and a crevice
of 150 feet wide was opened, which speedily increased to 800 feet,
flooding the business portion of the city. While it lasted only a short
time, it was followed by the flood of February 24, which poured in
through a break in the same place. The water encroached on the
following day to such an extent that the great railroad scales on
R street, sixty feet in length, had to be removed. The railroad soon
after being repaired, communication with Folsom was once more
established.

The city was by this time aroused to the necessity for better pro-

116 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

tection and the authorities began to take active steps in the matter,
and moved energetically to that end. Between the recession of the
flood and January 1, 1863, more than $200,000 was spent in elevating
the streets and otherwise improving them and in strengthening the
levees. Since that time many hundred thousands of dollars have
been spent in raising and strengthening the levees. After the flood
of 1862 it became evident to the business men of the city that it was
unsafe to depend entirely on the levees. A movement was put on foot
for raising J and K, the principal business streets. It was an arduous
job, but men were found to contract to do the work, and the buildings
were raised, the streets filled in from six to eighteen feet and the
city began to take on a more solid and permanent appearance. The
flood of '62 was the last one to do any damage to the business portion
of the city, and it was not till sixteen years afterwards that the water
invaded the city limits.

On the morning of February 1, 1878, it was reported that a break
had occurred in the levee below the city, near the Lovdal ranch. The
gophers had honeycombed the levee and in a very short time the
crevice, at first about twelve feet wide, had grown much larger and
by the next morning was 300 feet wide and very deep. The roar of
the waters pouring through the break could be heard for a great dis-
tance. The lowlands were soon flooded and the road to the city ceme-
tery was soon covered and impassable. Attention was immediately
turned to closing the openings on the streets passing under the R
street levee, which at that time was the city's only protection on the
south. By nightfall these were rendered secure, but the seepage water
came up as far as Sixth and N streets before the flood subsided.

On February 14 it was found necessary to cut the R street levee
at Eighteenth street, to allow the accumulation of water from Burns'
slough to pass away. On the 20th the river rose to twenty-five feet
ten inches above low water mark and a strong gale forced the flood
up against the levee, endangering it, but the citizens turned out at
the alarm and made it secure. Steps were taken to close the break
at the Lovdal place and by April 10 the city was once more safe.

The last flood of any consecjuence was in 1904, and is known
as the "Edwards break." It occurred on February 26, of that year,
at a place in the levee about three miles below the city. It was said
at the time that it was caused by water seeping through gopher holes
in the levee, and that it was discovered by a Portuguese in the vicinity
just after it had begun to trickle through, and could have been stopped
at the time by stuffing a bale of hay or straw into the hole, but that
the man valued the straw too highly to use it in that way. By night
the crevasse had increased to one hundred and fifty feet wide, and
later it widened to three hundred feet. About fifteen thousand acres
were flooded, the water running down until it emptied into Snodgrass
slough. A number of residents had narrow escapes from drowning.

HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 117

but no lives were loat. Much saud was carried down by the current,
badly damaging a number of farms. So strong was the current that
many attempts to close the break by driving piles and hllmg in were
unsuccessful, and not until some months afterwards, when the river
fell, was it possible to repair the levee. At present the levee below
the city is high and strong, the Southern Pacihc having built one on
which to run the Sacramento Southern railroad traius.

CHAPTER XVI

SACRAMENTO COUNTY SENATORS

Sacramento county lias furnished a long list of legislators to the
history of the state and many of them finished their career begun
in the state legislature by being promoted to high office.

At the first session of the legislature the members represented
Sacramento district, which was the northern part of the state, there
being at that time no county subdivisions. It was provided in the
constitution of 1849 that i;ntil the legislature should divide the state
into counties, and into senatorial and assembly districts, Sacramento
district should be entitled to four senators and nine assemblymen.
The list of the first legislature shows twelve assembhT;nen, but this
was caused by the resignation of three of those originally elected.
Cornwall resigned January 28, 1850, and was succeeded on March 4th,
by Deal. White resigned February 9, 1850, and was succeeded on
March 15th, by Henley. Dickerson's seat was declared vacant De-
cember 18, 1849, and Bigler was seated in his place.

The first legislature made Sacramento county the twelfth sen-
atorial district, April 4, 1850, and pro^dded for its representation
by one senator and three assembhmien. May 1, 1851, the county
was made the eleventh senatorial district, to be represented by two
senators and four assembhmien. There was a reapportionment of the
state, May 18, 1861, and the county was constituted the sixteenth
senatorial district, to be represented by two senators and five assem-
blymen. The Political Code, adopted March 2, 1872, retained this
a]iportionment, but May 16, 1874, the legislature fixed the apiwrtion-
ment at two senators and three assembhmien and renamed the county
the eighteenth senatorial district. March 8, 1883, there was another
reapportionment and the county was changed to be the thirteenth
senatorial district, with one senator. By the act of March 13, 1883,
the first and third wards of the city were made the eighteenth
assembly district, the second and fourth wards the nineteenth assembly
district and the remainder of the county the twentieth district, each
being entitled to one assemblyman.

The senators from the county have been as follows : 1849-50, John
Bidwell, Elisha 0. Crosbv, Thomas J. Green and Henry E. Robinson.

118 HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY

Bidwell was a man who became prominent in the history of the state.
He was one of the earliest pioneers, arriving here in 1841 by the
overland route, after a journey of six months. He was given charge
of Forts Bodega and Eoss and also of General Sutter's Feather river
property. During the war with Mexico he saw service in the army
and rose to the rank of major. He was the first man to find gold
on the Feather river. Elected from the Sacramento district to the
constitutional convention in 1849, he did not serve as a delegate. He
was a delegate to the Charleston national Democratic convention in
1860, and was elected to congress from the old third district in 1864.
He was defeated by George Gorham for the nomination for governor
in the Eepublican convention of 1867, and Gorham was beaten at the
election by Henry H. Haight. In 1875 Bidwell was nominated for
governor, but was defeated by "William Irwin, the Democratic nominee ;
he was nominated again for governor on the Prohibition ticket in
1890, and on the same ticket for president in 1892. For many years
he made his home at Chico and there he died, April 4, 1900.

Arriving in California in 1848, Elisha 0. Crosby was a member of
the first constitutional convention and lived at Alameda for a number
of years. Green was elected a major-general by the legislature in
1850. He left California a few years afterwards and died in Warren
county, N. C, December 13, 1863. Eobinson, a lawyer by education,
but engaged in mercantile pursuits, arrived in San Francisco in
March, 1849, on the California, the first steamer that ever entered
that port! In his will he left $40,000 to be used by the board of
supervisors of San Francisco for the benefit of the poor of that city.
Robinson was a member of the first council of Sacramento and one
of the early postmasters. He amassed a large fortune in Alameda
county and died at Norwalk, Conn., January 9, 1880.

1851, Henry E. Eobinson; 1852, Henry E. Eobinson and James
H. Ealston. Ralston was for a number of years one of the leading
lawyers in Sacramento, but went to Washoe during the mining excite-
ment in that district and afterwards settled at Austin, Nev. While
prospecting in search of mineral ledges in May, 1864, he lost his way
and perished of starvation after manv days of wandering. An Indian
discovered and buried his body, which was afterwards disinterred and
buried at Austin.

1853, James H. Ealston and A. P. Catlin; 1854, A. P. Catlin and
Gilbert W. Colby. The latter was a pioneer who in the early days ran
a ferry across the Upper Sacramento at Colby's landing. He was
surveyor of Sacramento county two terms, from 1862 to 1866. For
a number of years afterwards he made his hoine at Nord, but later
located at Martinez and became interested in banking. He died in
San Francisco, August 20, 1881. A. P. Catlin was born in New
York and came to California in July, 1849. He was instrumental in

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 119

getting the capital located in Sacramento, was prominent in politics
and as a lawyer. He died on November 5, 1900.

1855, Gr. W. Colby and A. S. Gove. The latter, who was a mer-
chant, returned to Vermont and died there. At the time he was
elected to the senate he was a member of the city council.

1856, A. S. Gove and W. I. Ferguson. The latter was a na-
tive of Illinois and was shot in a duel with George Pen Johnston,
dying in San Francisco from the effect of his wound, September
14, 1858. Ferguson was a lawyer of much ability and an
effective and popular speaker. The nick-name of "Ipse Doodle" was
given to him, for some reason not explained. Ferguson was a man of
great courage and it is stated that when he received the wound that
caused his death, he exclaimed as he fell, "I am a gone community."
His body is interred in the state plat of the Sacramento city cemetery.
Johnston died in San Francisco, March 4, 1884.

1857, W. I. Ferguson and Josiah Johnson. Johnson was at one
time a member of the board of supervisors and afterwards a city
trustee. He died in Sacramento, December 10, 1888.

1858, W. I. Ferguson and Josiah Johnson; 1859, J. M. McDonald
and Dr. Johnson Price. McDonald removed to San Francisco some
years after and became prominent as a capitalist and mining man.
Price was a Kentuckian and was elected at a special election to fill
the vacancy caused by Ferguson's death. He had been an officer dur-
ing the Mexican war and a member of the convention to revise the
constitution of his own state. He came to California in 1849 and
practiced medicine in Sacramento. He was appointed secretarj^ of
state January 10, 1860, by Governor Latham, and held the office
until the expiration of Governor Downey's term. Afterwards he was
a stock broker in San Francisco and died there of consumption, Feb-
ruary 8, 1868.

1860, J. M. McDonald and Robert C. Clark. The latter, a son of
James Clark, an early congressman, supreme judge and governor of
Kentucky, arrived in this state in 1853 and began practice of the law
in Sacramento. He was elected county judge in 1861, and was contin-
uously re-elected to that office until it was abolished by the new con-
stitution in 1879, when he was elected superior judge of this county,
filling that office until his death, which occurred January 27, 1883.

1861, R. C. Clark and E. H. Heacock. Heacock practiced law in
this city for- a number of years, and was city attorney from 1863 to
1867. He moved from here to Santa Cruz and served as county judge
there for a number of years. Later he removed to Santa Barbara
and was appointed superior judge of that county by Governor Per-
kins, to succeed Eugene Faucett, deceased. Faucett will be recol-
lected as the judge who tried Sprague for the killing of Moore. Hea-.
cock represented the counties of San Luis Obispo, Santa Barbara and
Ventura in the state senate for several terms.

120 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

1862, E. H. Heaeock and Dr. A. B. Nixon. Dr. Nixon practiced
medicine in Sacramento for many years and was in charge of the
Railroad hospital here. He was one of the first in the county who
espoused Republican principles. Later he became identified with the
Prohibition movement and ran for mayor in 1884 on the Prohibition
ticket against John Q. Brown. He also ran as a St. John elector in
1884. He died in this city, November 2, 1889.

1863, Dr. A. B. Nixon and Newton Booth. A sketch of the latter
will be found elsewhere.

1864, J. E. Benton and E. H. Heaeock. At the time of his elec-
tion Mr. Benton was a minister at Folsom. An anecdote regarding
him relates that on one occasion he was so shocked at a remark made
by a young rough in Sacramento that he reproved him for his lan-
guage. The young man asked him brusquely who he was, and Mr.
Benton replied, "I am a follower of the meek and lowly Jesus."
"Well," rejoined the offender, "if I was the meek and lowly and
such a looking fellow as you was following me around, I would hit
him on the nose." Benton built the first church erected in Folsom.
Afterward he became postmaster of Oakland, and died there, Feb-
ruary 18, 1888.

1865-66, J. E. Benton and E. H. Heaeock.

1867-68, E. H. Heaeock and N. Greene Curtis. Curtis arrived in
California in May, 1850, and was recorder or police judge of this city
from 1853 to 1855. For many years he practiced law here and was
regarded as the best among the criminal lawyers of the state. Soon
after his arrival in Sacramento he was appointed deputy postmaster
and shortly afterwards Jonathan Tittle, the postmaster, having gone
east on business, left Curtis in charge of the office. While Tittle was
absent, Richard Eads appeared and claimed that he had been ap-
pointed to the office. Curtis refused to surrender the office imtil Eads
presented his commission and filed his bond, and he retained the office
for some months, until Eads had complied with these formalities.
When Eads came in he retained Curtis as his deputy until the latter
was elected recorder. Curtis was a Democrat, and was elected to
the senate three times and the assembly once. He was a regent of
the State University from 1880 to 1883, and was Grand Master of
Masons of California from 1857 to 1860. He died at Sacramento,
July 27, 1897.

1869-70, N. Greene Curtis and A. Comte, Jr. Comte was a lawyer
and afterwards went to San Francisco. He graduated from the
pubUc schools of this city a.nd from Harvard Collesre, and received
his legal training and was admitted to the bar from our local law
offices. He also served in the assembly from Sacramento.

1873-74, James A. Dut¥y and Henry Edgerton. A native of Ver-
mont and a distinguished lawyer, Edgerton served for several terms
as district attorney of Napa county. As such, he conducted the

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 121

prosecution of Edward McGowan for his connection with the killing
of James King of William (the editor of the San Francisco Bulletin),
which led to the forming of the vigilance committee of 1856, and the
purification of San Francisco. He was senator from Napa county in
1860 and 1861, and ran unsuccessfully for congress in 1861 and 1862.
He was also a member of the last constitutional convention and was
the only Republican presidential elector elected in 1880, and was
re-elected in 1884. He died in San Francisco, November 4, 1887.

1875-76, Henry Edgerton and Creed Haymond. Haymond was a
brilliant lawyer, with a national reputation. He came from Virginia
to California in 1852, and locating in Plumas county, practiced law
there for a number of years, removing thence to Sacramento. In
3870 he was appointed one of the commissioners to draft a code of
laws for the state. He was a delegate to three national Republican
conventions and held a prominent position in the law department of
the Central and Southern Pacific railroads at San Francisco until his
death there, January 13, 1893.

1877-78, Creed Ha^anond and N. Greene Curtis.

1880, Grove L. Johnson and William Johnston. In 1849 Johnston
came from Pennsylvania to this state and engaged in mining, but
afterward bought a place near Richland, in this county, where he
passed the rest of his life, dying at his home, November 15, 1905.
He was a member of the senate for two terms and of the assembly
one term. He was master of the State Grange two terms and twice
a delegate to the National Grange, and was Grand Master of Masons
of California. In 1883 he was a member of the state board of equal-
ization by appointment of Governor Perkins, served as a dele-
gate to the national Republican convention in 1880, and in 1886 was
a prominent candidate for the Republican nomination for lieutenant-
governor.

1881, Grove L. Johnson and William Johnston.

1883, Frederick Cox and Joseph Rentier. Routier was born in
France and came to California in 1853. He planted one of the first
orchards near Folsom and settled ten miles from Sacramento, becom-
ing a successful fruit-raiser. In 1877 he was a member of the assem-
bly, and in 1886 he was appointed by Governor Bartlett as a member
of the board of fish commissioners. He died at his home at Routier 's,
February 6, 1898. Frederick Cox came to this state in 1850. He was
president of the State Agricultural Society for several years. With
C. W. Clarke he engaged in raising cattle for many years, on a
large scale.

1885, Frederick Cos and Joseph Routier.

1887, Findley R. Dray. As a boy of seventeen, Mr. Dray came
to California with his father in 1850. He mined and farmed for
several years in different parts of the state, and finally settled here
in 1863, being appointed a deputy by Sheriff James McClatchy. After

122 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

the close of MeClatchy's term Mr. Dray was elected public adminis-
trator, and then assessor, for eight years. Judge Clark then ap-
pointed him a supervisor, to fill out the term of H. 0. Seymour,
deceased. He engaged in real-estate and insurance and later became
connected with the Sacramento Savings Bank. He died in this city,
November 30, 1901.

1889-91, Findley R. Dray.

1893-95, Elijah C. Hart. Judge Hart is well known throughout
the state, and for many years has been a resident of Sacramento.
He was a member of the assembly in 1889-91, served as superior
judge of this county from 1897 until 1906, and was elected in 1907
a justice of the third district court of appeals, which office he has
filled most creditably. Judge Hart possesses a host of friends.

1897-99, Gillis Doty. Mr. Doty was one of the sturdy farmers
of the county, respected by all for his high character and incorrupti-
ble integTity. He was a member of the assembly for the twenty-fifth
and twenty-ninth sessions, and from 1897 to 1902 was a inember of
the auditing board to the conunissioner of public works. In addition
he served two terms as a member of the board of supervisors of this
county. He died at his residence in Elk Grove July 23, 1909.

1901-03, R. T. Devlin. Mr. Devlin was born in this city and
resided here all his life until recently, being a member of the law firm
of Devlin and Devlin ever since its formation many years ago. In
1884 he was appointed a state prison director. In 1885 he was ap-
pointed penology commissioner and continued as a member of the
board of prison directors until 1905, when he was appointed United
States district attorney for the northern district of California, which
office he still holds. He is considered one of the soundest and most
capable lawyers in the state.

1905-07, J. A. McKee. For a generation Mr. McKee has been
a successful practicing physician in this county and resides in this
city, still practicing his profession.

1909-11, Charles B. Bills. Mr. Bills is a successful business man
of this city and is the head of the Pioneer Fruit company.

CHAPTER XVII

SACRAMENTO COUNTY ASSEMBLYMEN

The first assemblymen, members of the legislature of 1849-50,
were IT. C. Cardwell,"P. B. Cornwall, Rev. W. Grove Deal, W. B.
Dickerson, T. J. Henley, E. W. McKinstry, John Bigler, George B.
Tingley, Madison Walthal, T)r. Thomas John "\\'hite, John T. Hughes
and John F. Williams. Sacramento district was entitled at that time
to nine assemblymen, as it comprised all of the northern part of the
state, but Cornwall resigned and was replaced by Deal; White re-

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 123

signed and was replaced by Henley, and Bigler took the place of Dick-
erson, whose seat was declared vacant. Cardwell died at Los Angeles,
Jnly 4, 1859.

Cornwall arrived in Sacramento in Augnst, 1848, and was a mem-
ber of the first city council. He, with Sam Brannan, foresaw that a
great city would soon spring up on the Sacramento river at the head
of navigation, so thej' came up from San Francisco to investigate.
Seemingly unimportant events often bring about great changes. Tliey
decided that Sutterville would be the most eligible spot for the city,
on account of the high ground there. Accordingly, they endeavored
to make satisfactory arrangements with L. W. Hastings, who owned
the land there, for going into business. They were unable to do so,
and having on their way up passed two launches loaded with supplies
for the mines, they returned and met them and persuaded them
to go farther up and unload their cargoes on the Sutter Embarcadero
at Sacramento. Through this little circiimstanee their trading ])ost
was established at this place, and soon a small city sprang u\o. Had
Hastings agreed with them, the city would have been located at Sat
terville. Cornwall afterwards went to San Francisco and engaged
in business and died there September 5, 1904. He was a member of
the first constitutional convention and of the board of regents of the
University of California.

Henley was the father of ex-Congressman Barclay Henley, and
was a native of Indiana. In that state he served several tenns in the
assembly, being once speaker. He was congressman from Indiana
three terms, serving with President Lincoln. He arrived in California
in 1849 and engaged in banking in Sacramento. In 1852 he was a
presidential elector; was chosen postmaster in San Francisco in 1853;
appointed superintendent of Indian affairs in 1S54. and defeated for
presidential elector in 1868. He died at his farm in Round valley,
Mendocino county. May 1, 1875.

McKinstry was a native of Michigan, and arrived in California
in March, 1849. He was elected judge of the seventh district, Novem-
ber 2, 1852 ; re-elected September 1, 1858 ; elected judge of the twelfth
district (San Francisco) October 30, 1873, but resigned in the latter
part of 1873, having been elected a justice of the supreme court Oc-
tober 15, 1873. He was re-elected supreme justice September 3, 1S79,
and resigned October 1, 1888. He died at San Jose, November 1, 1901.

Bigler was a Pennsylvanian, and was a journalist and lawyer.
He arrived in Sacramento in 1849, and became an auctioneer and
also a woodchopper. For a time he was speaker of the first assem-
bly; he was elected governor September 3, 1851; re-elected September
7, 1853 ; defeated for that office in 1855. He served as United States
minister to Chile from 1857 to 1861; was defeated for congress in
1863; served as a delegate to the Democratic national conventions of
1864 and 1868; was appointed assessor of internal revenue for this

124 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

district in 1866 and edited the State Capital Reporter from January,
1868, until his death, November 29, 1871. His body was interred in
the City Cemetery.

Tingley was a native of Ohio and was a brilliant lawyer. He
removed to Indiana and there served in the legislature with T. J.
Henley and Vice-President-elect T. A. Hendricks. He was an unsuc-
cessful candidate for the United States senate and was defeated for
congress in 1851. He died at San Francisco, Aug-ust 3, 1862.

White served as speaker till February, 1850, when he resigned
the office and was succeeded by Henley. He was at one time city coun-
cilman, and died at Los Angeles in December, 1861.

Deal, a Methodist minister, was elected to succeed Cornwall
(resigned) and he qualified March 4, 1850. He died in Indiana in
June, 1892.

1851, John Bigler, D. J. Lisle and Dr. Charles Robinson. liisle
built the Twelfth street bridge across the American river. At a
special election he was chosen to till the vacancy caused by the death
of L. Dunlap, who had been elected, but died of cholera before the
meeting of the legislature. He went to San Francisco and died there
February 8, 1855.

Robinson came here from Massachusetts. He was prominently
identified with the squatter element in 1850 and was second in com-
mand of the forces of that party in the riot which took place in
August of that year. He was wounded in the fight and was arrested
on the oath of several citizens that he had been seen to aim deliber-
ately at the mayor, who was shot four times during the fight. He
Avas confined in the prison brig when he was elected to the assembly.
In 1854 he, with S. C. Pomeroy, led one of the parties of free state
men into Kansas, and was prominently connected with the Free State
party in the slavery agitation in that commonwealth. He was elected
governor by the Free State men under the Topeka constitution Jan-
uary 15, 1856, and was indicted in May by the grand jury for treason,
with the other officers who had been elected. Some of them fled from
the territory, but Robinson was arrested and confined for four months.
While in prison his residence was burned in the sacking of Lawrence.
He was elected the first governor of the state after the adoption of
the constitution in 1859, and died at Lawrence, August 17, 1894.

1852, Gilbert W. Colby, Alpheus Kip, G. N. McConaha and Dr.
Joseph C. Tucker. Colby was also senator one term. McConaha was
a lawyer and was drowned by the upsetting of a boat at Seattle,
May 4, 1854. Kip lived on the farm near Brighton where Sheriff
McKinney was killed by Allen, its then owner (1850). The farm was
owned later by John Rooney. Kip left this country many years ago.
Tucker went to live in San Francisco and died in Oakland, Decem-
ber 22, 1891.

1853, J. W. Harrison, J. Neely Johnson, Robert Robinson and

HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY 125

J. H. Estep. Robinson was afterward county judge, and was for
many years connected with the law department of the Central Pacific
Railroad Company. He was adjutant-general in 1865-66 and died at
San Francisco, September 26, 1894. Estep removed from Sacramento
and died at Lakeport January 11, 1876. Harrison left Sacramento
in the '50s. Johnson was elected district attorney of Sacramento in
1850 and in 1855 he was elected governor on the Know Nothing ticket.
After his term as governor he removed to Nevada, where he served
as a member of the constitutional convention and as supreme justice.
He died from the effects of a sunstroke at Salt Lake Citv, Augiist
31, 1872.

1854, J. M. McBrayer, Dr. F. A. Park, T. R. Davidson and J. W.
Park. F. A. Park was a dentist and at one time was deputy sheriff.
He died at San Francisco, November 13, 1870. The others removed
from Sacramento some years after they served.

1855, John G. Brewton, Philip L." Edwards, H. B. Meredith and
James H. Vineyard. Edwards was a native of Kentucky. He visited
San Francisco with a party of traders in 1836 and returned to the
east. He was admitted to the bar, elected to the Missouri legislature
in 1843, chosen a delegate to the Whig national convention in 1844,
removed to Sacramento in 1850, defeated as the Whig candidate for
congress in 1852, and ran unsuccessfulh' for United States senator
in 1855. He died here May 1, 1869. Vineyard was a member of the
city council at the time of his election to the assembly. He died at
Los Angeles, August 30, 1863. Meredith, a brother of ex-supervisor
James H. Meredith, of Folsom, practiced law while living in Sacra-
mento county. In 1864 he removed to New York, where he carried
on business as a broker, and where he died. Brewton went to San
Francisco and died there.

1856, George H. Cartter, George Cone, George W. Leihy and
Dr. J. W. Pugh. Cone was for many years justice of the peace in
Center township and was an unsuccessful nominee for coimty treasurer
on the Democratic ticket. He was a brother of ex-Railroad Commis-
sioner Cone, and died at Red Bluff, November 12, 1883. Leihy, a
farmer and miner, was murdered by Indians in Arizona November 18,
1866. Cartter was district attorney in 1852 and 1853. He left this
state many years ago and went to Oregon, where he died at Portland
February 24, 1862. Pugh removed from the county many years ago,
and died at Stockton January 24. 1896.

1857, A. P. Catlin, Robert C. Clark, L. W. Farris and John H.
McKune. Catlin and Clark were also senators. A sketch of Judge
McKune will be found elsewhere. Farris was in business here for a
number of years, but removed to another part of the state, and died
at Altaville, Tuolumne county, in April, 1878.

1858, R. D. Ferg-uson, Charles S. Howell, James E. Sheridan and
Moses Stout. For manv vears Ferguson conducted a horsemarket

126 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

here and then went to Nevada and in 1868 was a member of the
legislature of that state. Later he went to Arizona. Sheridan was
a farmer near Georgetown (now known as Franklin) and died on his
farm there, October 12, 1872. Howell was a farmer living near Wal-
nut Grove and was killed by the explosion of the steamboat J. A.
McClelland, near Knights Landing, August 25, 1861. Stout died on
his farm in this county December 20, 1879.

1859, Dr. R. B. Ellis, A. R. Jackson, James E. Sheridan and Dr.
Charles Duncombe. Jackson, a well-known school teacher, died in
San Francisco, August 30, 1876. Ellis practiced medicine here at
the time of his election. He removed to Nevada in 1861 and died at
Carson, that state, January 12, 1873. Duncombe was once a member
of the city council. His election gave rise to a novel contest in the
assembly and one that is often cited in the legislature in contested
election cases. He was born in Connecticut and about 1817 removed
to Canada. A couple of months afterwards he was elected to the
colonial parliament and took an oath of allegiance to the then English
king. He was denounced as a rebel and fled to the United States in
1837, but was never naturalized. His seat in the assembly was con-
tested on the ground that he was not a citizen and January 22, 1859,
the house declared his seat vacant. A special election was called and
on February 19 9he was elected again by a large majority. On the 14th
he had been admitted to citixenship under the act of 1795. His seat
was again contested on the ground that he had not been a citizen
for the constitutional period at the time of his election, and the house
again declared his seat vacant. Sacramento county therefore lost
part of its representation at the session. Duncombe died at Hicks-
ville, October 1, 1867.

1860, Dr. R. B. Ellis, L. C. Goodman, Henry Starr and D. W.
Welty. Goodman was at one time a supervisor and afterward re-
moved fi-om the county. Starr was a practicing attorney and died
in this city about three years ago. Welty removed to Nevada, then
returned to Sacramento and practiced law. He removed to Oregon
and died 'at Chehalis, Wash., March 24, 1891.

1861, Amos Adams, Charles Crocker, N. Greene Curtis and Dr.
Jose]3h Powell. Adams, at that time a farmer, afterward became
prominent as a member of the Grange. He removed to San Francisco
and died at San Jose, March 18, 1896. Crocker was then a dry-goods
merchant and afterwards acquired national reputation as one of the
builders of the Central Pacific Railroad. He was at one time a city
councilman. He died at Monterey, August 14, 1888. Powell prac-
ticed medicine at Folsom, where he died November 27, 1869.

1862, W. H. Barton, John E. Benton, James B. Saul, James H.
Warwick and R. D. Ferguson. Barton was president of the New
Liverpool Salt Company in San Francisco for many years. Benton
served also as a senator. Saul removed to Yolo county, where he

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 127

managed a large fruit ranch. He died at Davisville, October 30, 1881.
Warwick, an actor of ability and a fine orator, removed from here
many years ago.

1863, Amos Adams, W. H. Barton, M. M. Estee, James H. War-
wick and Dr. Charles Buncombe. Estee served the county as district
attorney in 1864-65. In 1882 he ran for governor and was defeated
by Stoneman. He was chairman of the national Republican conven-
tion; a presidential elector in 1876; nominee for governor in 1894;
United States district judge of the Hawaiian Territory, appointed
June 5, 1900. He lived for a number of years at his home in Napa,
and died at Honolulu, October 27, 1903.

1863-64, Alexander Badlam, William B. Hunt, John P. Rhodes,
Francis Tukey and J. R. Watson. Badlam, in partnership with M. M.
Estee, John Simpson, H. C. Bidwell and others, published a paper
called the Evening Star for about three months from May 25, 1864.
He removed to San Francisco and was elected assessor. He ran for
re-election in 1882 and when his friends expressed fear that he might
not win, he said that "it would be a cold day when he got left." The
day after the election some of his friends sent him a ton of coal and a
cord of wood, with a note sa>'ing that it might serve to keep him
warm during the cold da}'. He was port warden at San Francisco,
1890-91, and died in that city, January 25, 1898. Hunt kept the French
Hotel on Second street for many years. He was an old New York
fireman in the days of the volunteer companies and was chief en-
gineer of our fire department. He was known as the "Sacramento
Statesman" when he was assemblyman; was an assemblyman from
San Francisco in 1885, and died there November 13, 1889. Rhodes
was a farmer on the Cosunmes, and died there on his farm, December
20, 1866. Tukey was marshal of Boston at the time of the Webster-
Parkman murder. He was city superintendent of schools in 1855 and
died on his farm near this city, November 23, 1867. For many years
Watson was purchasing agent for the Central Pacific Railroad Com-
pany, and superintendent of the hospital. He died in this city, Sep-
tember 11, 1889.

1865-66, Thomas Hansbrow, Dwight Hollister, Peter J. Hopper,
William B. Hunt and J. B. Maholmb. Hansbrow was in business in
Sacramento for some years. He was at one time a supervisor, and
died August 31, 1868. Hollister was a farmer and fruit-grower near
Courtland. He was once a supervisor and served in the assembly
a second time, in the twenty-sixth session. He died on his ranch at
Courtland, September 7, 1904. Hopper was a lawyer and newspaper
publisher at Folsom and afterward moved to Sacramento. He died
July 22, 1883. Maholmb was a farmer on the Cosumnes, but afterward
moved to San Francisco.

1867-68, Marion Biggs, Paschal Coggins, A. Comte, Jr., Bruce B.
Lee and Charles Wolleb. Marion Biggs removed to Butte county,

128 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

where he lived until his death. He was a member of the second con-
stitutional convention and a member of congress from 1887 till 1891.
Coggins was for some time local editor of the Union, and was a mem-
ber of the board of education, but left here, shot himself in the head
in San Francisco and died from the effects of the wound, November
18, 1883. Comte was also a senator. Bruce B. Lee was a son of
Barton Lee, one of the pioneer merchants and bankers, whose deeds
of charity in the early days of Sacramento are worthy of remem-
brance. He was subsequently harbor commissioner and later removed
to Eed Bluff and engaged in the real-estate and insurance business.
A prominent Mason, he was chosen grand commander of the Knights
Templar of California. He died at Eed Bluff, October 30, 1890.
WoUeb was secretary of the Germania Building and Loan Association
for years. He died at Fruitvale, Alameda coimty, December 21, 1883.

1869-70, James A. Duffy, Isaac F. Freeman, M. S. Hor.qn, John A.
Odell and R. D. Stephens. Duffy was also a senator. Freeman was
a farmer near Elk Grove. Born in Ohio, he came to this state in 1852,
driving a herd of cattle across the plains and walking all the way.
After staying a year he returned east, but came back in 1859, settled
near Elk Grove and carried on a farm there for many years. He was
highly respected by his neighbors, by whom he was familiarly known
as "Uncle Isaac." He died at his home, December 7, 1892. Horan
was afterwards a police judge and practiced law in San Francisco and
died there, December 10, 1892, three days later than Freeman, his
colleague. Odell died at Folsom, May 29, 1881. Stephens was born
in Illinois and came overland to California in 1849 with his father.
They located near Mayhews, where the son still has a very valuable
vineyard and orchard. He has been one of the foremost fruit-growers
in the county and has done much to build up the fruit interests of the
state. He was elected constable in 1859, to the legislature in 1869,
served as warrant clerk in the controller's office from 1875 to 1880,
and was a candidate for controller in 1882 in the Democratic conven-
tion. He took an active part in the constitutional convention of 1879,
and in 1885 was appointed by President Cleveland postmaster of Sac-
ramento. He was state library trustee, 1889-94; member of the state
board of vitieultural commissioners, 1890, and the state board of hor-
ticulture from 1896 to 1903. He still lives in Sacramento and carries
on his horticultural interests.

1871-72, C. G. W. French, Dr. Obed Harvey, Peter J. Hopper,
William Johnston and E. B. Mott, Jr. French practiced law at Fol-
som and in this city for many years. He was appointed chief justice
of Arizona by President Hayes in 1877; was trustee of the state
library from 1866 to 1870, and died in San Francisco, Aug-ust 13, 1891.
Dr. Harvey came from Illinois to California in 1850. In 1859 he was
a delegate to the first railroad convention held in the state. In 1869
he located near Gait and acquired large land holdings. He served in

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 129

the state senate and was a director of the insane asylum at Stockton
for many years. He died at Gait, January 16, 1894. Johnston was
also a senator. Mott was for many years a member of the firm of
Gillig, Mott & Co., and was afterward connected with the Pacific Mu-
tual Life Insurance Company. He was trustee of the state library
from 1872 to 1878, and died here August 4, 1882.

1873-74, James N. Barton, W. E. Bryan, Paschal Coggins, Reuben
Kercheyal and P. H. Russell. Barton remoyed to Humboldt county.
He was a member of the second constitutional conyention. He is still
liying near Sacramento. W. E. Bryan was a farmer residing in this
county. Kercheyal was a fruit farmer with large holdings on Grand
Island and died there, May 9, 1881. Russell was formerly a prominent
grocer in this city. Pie remoyed to San Francisco and died there,
February 12, 1906.

1875-76, Marion Biggs, Jr., Thomas J. Clunie and A. D. Patter-
son. Biggs, the son of Marion Biggs, Sr., was a farmer near Frank-
lin, but afterwards moyed to Butte county. He died in Sacramento,
January 19, 1903. Clunie practiced law for many years in this city
and afterwards removed to San Francisco, being sent to congress from
that city and also represented it in the state senate. In 1884 he was
a delegate to the Democratic national conyention. He died in San
Francisco, June 30, 1903. Patterson was a native of Pennsylvania.
He came to California in 1849 and soon afterwards located at Ron-
tier's, his family coming out here in 1852. He was postmaster at
Routier's for fifteen years. In 1851 he was elected sheriff and the
first three men executed by the authorities were hung during his term.
He died at Routier's, December 4, 1884. What is known as Routier's
for years was called Patterson's, until the name of the postoffice was
changed.

1877-78, Grove L. Johnson, Reuben Kercheval and Joseph Ron-
tier. Johnson and Routier were also senators.

1880, Elwood Bruner, Seymour Carr and John N. Young. Brunei-
and Young were lioth members of the city board of education. The
former has been grand master of the order of Odd Fellows of Cali-
fornia, and was elected district attorney in 1886 and 1888. He went
to Alaska some years ago. Young was an attorney here for a num-
ber of years and "finally removed to San Francisco, where he still prac-
tices law. Carr was a farmer near Clay station, where he still lives.

1881, John E. Baker, W. C. Van Fleet and J. N. Young. Baker
was a soldier during the Civil War, and was a farmer down the Sac-
ramento river. He died in this city. May 2, 1881. Judge Van Fleet
was born in Ohio and came to California in 1869, and studied law
with Beatty and Denson. He was admitted to the bar in 1873 and
practiced in Nevada, returning here in 1876; was appointed a state
prison director in 1883; elected to the superior court in 1885-92; jus-
tice of the supreme court, 1894-99; trustee state library, 1899; code
commissioner, 1899-1903; judge of the United States district court,
northern district, in 1907, which office he still holds.

130 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

1883, Gillis Doty, Hugh M. LaRue and Frank D. Ryan. Doty
was for many years a farmer near Elk Grove and enjoyed the con-
fidence of the community. He was sui^ervisor several times and was
also a state senator for two terms. He was a member of the auditing
board for the commissioner of pnblic works from 1897 to 1902. He
died at Elk Grove, July 23, 1909. La Rue was born in Kentucky and
came to California in 1849, locating at Fiddletown (now called Oleta),
but came to Sacramento in 1850. In 1857 he was elected sheriff by a
few votes, but lost the office on a contest. He was elected again in
1873, and in 1879 was a member of the second constitutional conven-
tion. In 1863-64 he was a member of the assembly, being speaker for
both terms.- He was a delegate to the national Democratic conven-
tion in 1884; was president of the State Agricultural Society for sev-
eral years and an ex-ofificio regent of the State University, and served
as railroad commissioner from 1895 to 1899. He died at Sacramento,
December 12, 1906. Ryan was born in Sacramento, was admitted to
the bar in 1880; was grand president of the Native Sons in 1889;
trustee of the state library, 1898-1902; trustee Chico Normal School,
1899-1901; trustee Sutter's Fort, 1891-1903; commissioner of public
works, 1899-1907; died near Pleasant Grove, Februarv 9, 1908.

1885, Winfield J. Davis, Charles T. Jones and Dwight Hollister.
Davis was a valuable man in the history of this county. Having a
taste for literature and history, he preserved many of the early in-
cidents and records, and in 1890 published a history of the county,
collected with much care and to which the writer of this history is
much indebted for valuable matter, both then and subsequently. A
biograpliical sketch of him will be found elsewhere. He died at
Marysville, August 3, 1909. Jones served the county several terms
as district attorney and still livfes in this city, practicing law. He was
chosen an alternate elector in 1888.

1887, H. W. Carroll, L. S. Taylor and Seymour Carr. Carroll was
born in Sacramento, was a University of California graduate, and
engaged in various kinds of business here. He was a prominent
Mason and was engineer officer, brigade inspector, lieutenant-colonel
and aide-de-camp on the staff of Governors Stoneman and Bartlett.
He removed some years ago to Seattle, where he is city controller at
present. Taylor was a native of Ohio and came to this state in 1850.
He spent some time in the mines and later went to Solano, holding for
a year the position of deputy district attorney. For some years he
practiced law in this city and was a county commissioner. He was a
past grand master of Odd Fellows, and died in this citv, Februarv 6,
1895.^

1889, E. C. Hart, W. M. Petrie and L. H. Fassett. Judge Hart
was a member of the senate in 1893-95, and is now a justice of the
third district appellate court. Mr. Petrie has been for nearly fifty
years a resident of this city and a successful merchant. He served a
number of terms as a member of the city board of education, of which

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 131

he was a member until the uew city charter abolished the board, hav-
ing been re-elected term after term. Mr. Fassett was a farmer and
died at his home near Freeport, December 16, 1889. He served one
term as supervisor.

1891, Elwood Bruner, Judson C. Brusie and Gillis Doty. Mr.
Bruner was for many years a resident of Sacramento, but went to
Alaska during the gold excitement some years ago and still resides
there. He was also a member of the assembly in 1879 and was dis-
trict attorney of this county for a time. Judson C. Brusie, a prac-
ticing attorney of this city and previously an assemblyman from
Amador county, was secretary of the railroad commissioners from
1903 to 1908. He died in Los Angeles, June 10, 1908. In addition to
being an attorney and public man, he was a very versatile writer
and the author of a successful play.

1893, H. C. Chipman, W. A. Anderson and Eben B. Owen. Mr.
Chipman was a resident of this city for many years and died here.
May 26, 1899. Judge Anderson is an old-timer, having come to this
county with his father at four years of age, in 1849. lie was elected
city auditor and took the office four days after attaining his ma-
jority; was admitted to the bar of the supreme court while yet a
minor. In 1868 he entered the practice of the law and has been for
many years one of the best known and successful attorneys in the
state. He has filled the office of city attorney for several terms and
also that of city justice. From 1867 to 1875 he was assistant ad-
jutant-general of the Fourth Brigade, N. G. C, with the rank of
major. Mr. Owen was a farmer living near McConnell's on the
Cosumnes, where he has a large ranch.

1895, L. T. Hatfield, John E. Butler and Judson C. Brusie. Mr.
Hatfield, an attorney, has been for a number of years legal adviser
of the Sacramento Electric Gas and Railway Company of this city.
Mr. Butler was a farmer who lived above Folsom. He died about a
vear ago at his home in Oak Park.

1897, Scott F. Ennis, L. M. Landsborough and William M. Sims.
Mr. Ennis is a prominent citizen of Sacramento, in the wholesale
produce and commission business. Mr. Landsborough was a fruit-
raiser of Florin and is now a successful business man in that town.
Mr. Sims was for a niimber of years a practicing attorney here, but
of late years has been a resident of San Francisco, where he prac-
tices his profession.

1899, W. D. Knights, Grove L. Johnson and Morris Brooke. Mr.
Knights was for a number of years engaged in business here, but has
for sonie years past been a resident of San Francisco. Mr. Brooke
was a fruit-raiser for some years, but is at present the head of a
large and successful real-estate firm.

1901, Louis F. Reeber, W. W. Greer and Grove L. Johnson. Mr.
Reeber was a well-known citizen of Sacramento. He was elected
as a Democrat and was backed by the labor organizations of the city.
Mr. Greer was a farmer and prominent in Grange circles. He still

132 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

resides on his farm, southeast of the city.

1903, Grove L. Johnson, W. W. Greer and J. M. Higgins. Mr.
Higgins has been for a number of years foreman of the bindery in the
state printing office and is very popular among the labor unions.

1905, Frank J. 0 'Brien, Edward F. Ljnich and C. 0. Busick. Mr.
0 'Brien and Mr. Busick are both practicing lawyers of this city. Mr.
L^^lch is a farmer living near Mills station" on the Folsom and
Placerville railway.

1907, Grove L. Johnson, Frank J. O'Brien and Edward F. Lynch.

1909, E. L. Hawk, W. W. Greer and Grove L. Johnson. Mr.
Hawk has been for many years a prominent real-estate dealer of this
city, and is very prominent in Grand Army circles, having been de-
partment commander in 1910.

1911, John C. March, Charles A. Bliss and E. F. Lynch. Mr.
March is well known in this city, and was city justice for two terms.
Mr. Bliss, a practicing attorney here, at the recent election under the
new charter was elected one of the city commissioners.

CHAPTER XVIII
CALIFORNIA STATE LIBRARY

In 1850 the legislature took the first active step toward securing
a state library by enacting a law directing that the scattered books
which were the property of the state be gathered together and placed
in the custody of the secretary of state, who should also serve as
state librarian. This was done, but no considerable addition was
made to the number of volumes so collected until 1856, when 3500
standard law books were bought, at a cost of about $17,000, and
placed in the library, which soon began to grow, comprising in 1860
about 20,000 volumes; in 1870 it had increased to 25,000; in 1880
to 50,000 ; in 1890 to about 70,000.

Nearly every stranger in Sacramento visits the California State
Library, whose headquarters are in the Capitol building, where they
occupy the largest part of the east wing, extending from the base-
ment to the top floor. On the shelves of the library are about
165,000 volumes. Its average annual income has been about $45,000.
The institution was established by an act of the state legislature in
1851, and was intended originally as a legislative reference collection
only. In 1899 the right to appoint the state librarian passed from the
legislature to the governor, thus taking the state librarianship out
of the danger of periodic scrambles for office incident upon legis-
lative changes. The strength and influence of the office was greatly
strengthened by the api)ointment in the same year of the present
state librarian, J. L. Gillis, a librarian of unusual executive power.
Under his administration the library has widened its sphere of use-
fulness until it has become the controlling factor in library work
throughout the entire state.

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 133

The work of the institution is carried on through about seven de-
partments, briefly summarized as Order and Accessions; Catalogue;
Law ; Reference ; Documents ; California ; Department for the Blind,
and County Library Extension. The most original work is conducted
by the last three departments. The California includes besides all
books written about California or by California authors, a splendid
file of pioneer records, arranged in card-catalogue form, and con-
taining invaluable information concerning the social and political
history of the state written first-hand by actual observers of the
events that make up the annals of early California. A like record is
kept of the state's authors, musicians and artists, together with files
containing reproductions of the canvases of California painters. Pho-
tographs are also on file of the interesting persons connected with any
part of the state's history, political, social or artistic. An unique
index to California's newspapers and magazine literature is main-
tained by this department.

Books for the blind are sent out upon request to coimtless readers
all over the state. The resources of this branch of the work are
some 2,132 books in different kinds of raised ijpe, and nearly all the
leading magazines for the blind; to which are being constantly added
writing appliances, games and puzzles of new invention.

Nowhere is the influence' of the state library more helpful thkn
in its organization and encouragement of the county libraries which
are rapidly appearing on every side, and promise to spread throughout
all the counties of the state. These county libraries, through a well
organized system of inter-library loans managed by the state library,
are able to secure a constant supply of rare, valuable or technical
books which would otherwise be unattainable by them. Also the
standard of scholarship and efficiency of these smaller libraries is
kept u]! to a high level through a system of report-making to the
state library; through county library conventions conducted by the
state library ; through personal yearly visits of the state librarian, and
through the influence of the state library board of examiners, which
conducts competitive examinations for applicants for county librari-
anship.

California is among the first of all the states to reeogTiize the
large value of a strong, central library which shall foster the smaller
county organizations, and naturally the people of the state are in-oud
of the good work accomplished and yet to be accomplished by their
state library at Sacramento.

CHAPTER XIX

CITY FREE LIBRARY

Along in the middle '50s the need for a piiblic library began to
be recognized, and in 1857 the Sacramento Librarv Association was

134 HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY

organized and a good library collected, which, in spite of loss by fire,
steadily increased. In 1872 the building on I street, between Seventh
and Eighth, which is now occupied by the Sacramento City Free
Library, was erected, and furnished at a total cost of $17,000. $11,000
of this amount was raised by a gift enterprise and mortgage for
$6,000 was given. The library opened under favorable auspices, but
its existence was not as prosperous as had been expected or was
desirable. In 1879, therefore, the directors offered to donate the
property to the city, to be maintained as a free library, if the city
would assume the debt. When the question was submitted to the
voters of the city at the election in March following, the offer was
accepted. Soon after the library was re-arranged and re-catalogued
and on Ji;ne 15, was thrown open to the jjublie as a free library with
6,067 volumes on the shelves. It has steadily gTOwn in size and use-
fulness and comprises many thousand volumes. The leading papers
of the state and many of the leading newspapers of the Union are
to be found in its reading room, besides a number of representative
foreign newspapers and periodicals, numbering in all, between two
hundred and three hundred. Books may be drawn from the library
by any citizen of Sacramento, free of cost, upon obtaining the neces-
sary permit. The library is supported by a public tax and is under
the control of a board of trustees appointed by the mayor of the city.
For a number of years they were elected by the people. Among those
who have served as library trustees were the following: Judge S. C.
Denson, William H. Mills, William C. Fitch, Samuel Howard Gerrish.
Add C. Hinkson, Mrs. G. W. Hancock, Miss Georgiana Brewster,
Albert Hart, Kirke W. Brier, Francis Le Noir, A. S. Hopkins, L. E.
Smith, E. B. Willis.

In 1908 the library, under an agreement with the board of super-
visors, extended the library privileges to all the residents of Sacra-
mento county, being the first library in the state to undertake this
county library work. Branch libraries and deposit stations to the
number of twenty-eight have been established in various parts of the
county, and school-room libraries have been provided for all schools
desiring this service.

The library now has approximately 50,000 volumes, including
the county and schools collections, serves 10,000 card holders, and
circulates about 200,000 books a year. Under the new city charter,
effective July 1, 1912, the management of the library is placed in the
hands of a librarian, subject to the supervision of the commissioner
of education. The last board of library directors to serve in this
capacity, who will go out of office with the incoming of the new charter,
consists of W. C. Fitch, president; S. H. Gerrish, secretary; L. J.
Hinsdale, F. B. Sutliff and D.. S. Watkins The first two have served
continuously since the library became a free library. The librarian,
Lauren W. Ripley, has been connected with the institution since Jan-

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 135

uary, 1882, and is assisted by a staff of ten people at the central
library and twenty-eight branch librarians and custodians of deposit
stations.

CHAPTER XX
GOVERISnMENT OFFICES

The Sacramento postoffice was established in the early days of
the city's existence. Since that time its business has increased with
the growth of the city, but the facilities for carrying it on have
always been less than its needs. The rapid growth and extension
of Sacramento and its suburbs during the past few years have sorely
taxed the resources of the office, the government furnishing additional
carriers and clerks when it could no longer shut its eyes to the fact
that the force was inadequate.

R. M. Richardson, the latest postmaster, assumed his duties in
1904. The total receipts of the office for that year were $117,792.55.
The tremendous growth since then is apparent when it is stated that
for the year ending December 31, 1911, the receipts were $284,807.86.

When Mr. Richardson took charge in 1904, there were twenty-six
carriers and twenty-two clerks. At the present time the force con-
sists of forty-one carriers and forty-nine clerks, with the prospect
that another increase will be necessary before long. The addition
which during the past year has been made to the building provides
for about double the lobby space, and greatly increases the general
working room of the main office. At the i^resent rate of increase in
postal receipts and the amount of work to be handled, the present
building will hardly be sufficiently large to accommodate the postal
business of this city in a few years.

It is estimated that over 60,000 people are now receiving city
delivery service, which includes Oak Park, Highland Park, Curtis
Oaks and East Sacramento. The adjacent country Mng within a
radius of about nine miles from Sacramento is served by two rural
carriers. Owing to the fact that it has become so thickly populated,
it has become necessary to make request for two additional rural
routes in order to serve the patrons.

In addition to the main office there are fifteen branch offices within
the old limits of Sacramento and one at Oak Park.

The Post Office, Internal Revenue Office, United States Land
Office, Weather Bureau and some minor offices are in the fine sand-
stone Government building that stands on the northeast corner of
Seventh and K streets, on the site formerly occupied by St. Rose's
Rou'an Catholic Church.

The United States Land Office dates back to the early history
of the state, after its admission. There were formerly United States
land offices at Marysville and Stockton, but the two offices were con-

136 HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY

solidated with the Sacramento office a few years ago and all their
records transferred to Sacramento. John F. Armstrong is the reg-
istrar and John C. Ing the receiver, and they have given to the office
a reputation of promptness and careful management.

The Internal Revenue office for this district comprises Northern
California and Nevada — a wide extent of country — and which gives
employment to a large clerical force, as well as numerous store-
keepers, gangers, etc. It has been vex'y efficient in the discharge of
its duties for many years, and stands high on the roll of efficiency
in the revenue department in Washington. It has not lost any of
its prestige during the management of the present incumbent, Hon.
W. A. Shippee, and his clerical force. (It was incorporated lately
with the San Francisco office.)

The United States Weather Bureau station in Sacramento was
established July 1, 1877, by Sergeant B. B. Watkins of the Signal
Corps, U.S.A. The office was located on the fourth floor of the St.
George building, on the corner of Fourth and J streets. November
28, 1879, the office was moved to the Fratt building, corner of Second
and K streets, and June 1, 1882, it was again moved to the Arcade
building, on Second street, between J and K. February 1, 1884, it
was moved to the Lyon & Curtis building, on J street, between Front
and Second, and April 30, 1894, it was removed to the postoffice
building, at Seventh and K streets, where it now is. The station was
in charge of Sergeant Watkins until April 15, 1879, when he was
relieved by Sergeant M. M. Sickler, who was relieved by Sergeant
James A. Barwick, March 15, 1881. Sergeant Barwick remained in
charge of the station, except as temporarily relieved on account of
sickness or other causes, until August 18, 1901, when he was relieved
by James H. Scarr, and transferred to Denver, his health having
failed. Mr. Scarr was relieved May 3, 1908, by T. A. Blair, who
had temporary charge until relieved by N. R. Taylor, the present
incumbent. May 8, 1908. By his uniform courtesy and personal quali-
ties Mr. Taylor has made many friends in the community, and during
his incumbency has instituted great improvements in the service.

During his incumbency of twenty years Sergeant Barwick made
great strides in the efficiencj" of the service and is held in most kindly
regard by older residents of the city. Formerly the data concerning
the stage of the river and the forecasts in winter concerning it were
published in the San Francisco office, but May 1, 1905, the data con-
cerning the river were transferred to Sacramento. Here the river
observation service was re-organized by Observer Scarr, and he
made great improvements in it, which brought it to a high state of
efficiency and which have been continued and expanded by Observer
Taylor. Today all the flood stages of the Sacramento river and its
tributaries are accurately forecast by him from data gathered from
the stations in his district. This station now has the collection of

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 137

data from the San Joaquin watershed below the mouth of the Mokel-
umne, embracing that of the Mokehimne, Cosunmes, Stanislaus, Cala-
veras rivers, and Mormon slough. Observer Taylor has also, within
the past two years, established a number of stations for the observa-
tion and recording of the snowfall in the Sierra Nevada mountains.

CHAPTER XXI

CHARITABLE INSTITUTIONS

In an earlier chapter reference was made to the suffering in
1849 and 1850 of the inhabitants of Sacramento and the immigrants
who came across the plains or "around the Horn," in search of gold.
Some of them had lost their stores of provisions or exhausted them.
Some had started without calculating on the conditions they would
find here. Some had been despoiled by the attacks of Indians, and,
losing their horses or cattle, had been obliged to abandon part of
their wagons and stores. And some of those coming by both of the
routes had been attacked by scurvy on account of the scarcity of
vegetables, and were in wretched condition when they arrived here.
The generosity of General Sutter afforded the impoverished strangers
temporary relief, but more than temporary relief was needed where
there were so many destitute and suffering.

The situation in Sacramento was graphically set forth by Dr.
Morse in his history. He says: "At this time Sacramento was a
nucleus of attraction to the world. It was the great starting point
to the vast and glittering gold fields of California, with the tales of
which the whole imiverse became astounded, and which men of every
clime and nation sought to reach, without a moment's reflection upon
the cost or hazard of such an adventure. The only consideration
upon the part of a hundred thousand gold-seekers who were prepar-
ing for emigration to California was dispatch. Time wasted on pru-
dential outfits, upon the acquirement of means beyond the passage
fee to San Francisco, and peradventure a little spending money to
dissipate the impatience of delay, was as well wasted in any other
way. What were a few dollars that required months to accumulate in
the Atlantic states, to the gold-gleaming ounces that California gave
weekly as compensation to the simplest labor?

"All that men seemed to wish for was the means of setting foot
on California soil, and few were sufficiently provident in their calcu-
lations to provide anything beyond the mere landing at San Francisco.
Out of the thousands who landed at the above place in the interval
referred to, not one in a hundred arrived in the country with money
enough to buy him a decent outfit for the mines. Such was the heed-
lessness with which people inunigrated to this country during the
incipient progTess of the gold-seeking fever. In all parts of the world
vessels of every size and condition were put up for the great El

138 HISTOEY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY

Dorado, and as soon as put up were filled to overflowing with men
who had not the remotest conception of the terrible sufferings they
were to encounter. Along the entire coast of the American continent,
in every prominent port in Europe, in nearly every maritime point
in Asia, and in nearly all the islands in the world, were men struggling
with reckless determination for the means of coming to California.
The savings of years were instantly appropriated, goods and chattels
sold at ruinous sacrifices, homesteads mortgaged for loans obtained
upon destructive rates of interest, and jewelry, keepsakes and pension
fees pledged for the reimbursement of a beggarly steerage passage
for thousands of miles to the town of San Francisco.

"These are facts with which the world is now familiar, and this
being the manner in which people embarked for the Eureka state, it
can be easily imagined how those landed who survived the untold
and unutterable suffering endured from port to jDort. From the 1st
of August, 1849, the deluging tides of immigrants began to roll into
the city of San Francisco their hundreds and thousands daily; not
men robust and hearty by a pleasant sea voyage, but poor miserable
beings, so famished and filthy, so saturated with scorbutis diseases,
or so depressed in spirits as to make them an easy prey of disease
and death, where they had expected naught but health and fortune.

"Thus did mining adventurers pour into San Francisco, nine-
tenths of whom, for a few months, took passage to Sacramento. How-
ever debilitated they might be, however penniless and destitute, still
this, the great focus of mining news, the nearest trading point for
miners situated on a navigable stream, was the only place that men
could think of stopping at for recuperative purposes. Hence, from
Cape Horn, from all the isthmus routes, from Asiatic seaports, and
from the islands of the Pacific, men in the most impoverished health
were converging at Sacramento. But these were not the only sources
of difficulty to Sacramento in 1849; for at the same time that the
scurvy-ridden subjects of the ocean began to concentrate among us,
there was another more terrible train of scorbutic sufferers coming
in from the overland roads, so exhausted in strength and so worn
out with the calamities of the journey as to be but barely able to
reach this, the Valley City.

"From these sources Sacramento became a perfect lazar house
of disease, suffering and death, months before anything like an ef-
fective city government was organized. It must be remembered that
in proportion as these scenes began to accumulate, men seemed to
grow indifferent to the appeals of suffering, and to the dictates of
benevolence. The more urgent and importunate the cries and be-
seeching miseries of the sick and destitute, the more obdurate, des
potic and terrible became the reig-n of cupidity.

"In the month of July, 1849, these subjects of distress and the
appeals of misery became so common that men could not escape them ;

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 139

and if there had been the utmost attention paid to the exercise of
oharity and protection, it would have been impossible to have met the
demands of the destitute, sick and dying as a commensurate sympathy
would have dictated. Such was the difficulty with which facilities for
the care of the sick could be procured, that even the few who had
money could not purchase those comforts which even the poorest
in the Atlantic states can enjoy. Dr. Craigan's hospital at the Fort
was the most comfortable place, but such 'were the necessary demands
for boarding and nursing that men could not avail themselves of such
care. Soon after the establishment of this hospital, Drs. Deal and
Martin opened another hospital in one of the bastions of the old
Fort. This led to a reduction of the cost of hospital board and
attendance, but still it was too dear a comfort to be purchased
by more than one in five of the accumulating invalids of the town.
The sick of the city were in consequence thrown upon the exclusive
attention of a society which had become so mammon-ridden as to be
almost insensible to the voice of want. Not only were the victims
of scurvy evolving a general distress, but also those who supposed
themselves acclimated were beginning to feel the sweeping miasmatic
fevers which were peculiarly severe during this first season."

The first organized efforts to relieve the suffering were made
by the fraternity of Odd Fellows, individual members of which formed
an informal organization. Gen. A. M. Winn was elected president,
Mr. McLaren, secretary, and Captain Gallup, treasurer. They devoted
themselves untiringly to the sick and suffering, and an immense
amount of relief was dispensed. Still men sickened and died and
often were not even wrapped in a blanket for burial. Coffins were
from sixty to one hundred and fifty dollars apiece and could not
always be procured, Imt the association spent thousands of dollars
for them.

As before related, the cholera made its appearance oh the 20th
of October, 1850, and raged for nearly a month, the death roll of
which can never be known. The stricken city was nearly dejioim-
lated for a time. In A]n-il, 1850, the Freemasons and Odd PVllows
together built a hospital, the board of trustees being elected by linth
orders.

Dr. Dow had a "Thompsonian Hospital and Botanic Medicine
Store" on K street, between Second and Third. The price of admis-
sion per day was from five to twenty- five dollars, "according to
trouble and expense."

Drs. T. J. White and C. D. Cleveland had a large hospital at
the corner of Ninth and L streets that would accommodate one hun-
dred patients, and Drs. James S. Martin and B. R. Carman eon-
ducted the "Sutter's Fort Hospital" inside of the Fort. Drs. Morse
and Stillman also had a hosjutal at the corner of Third and K streets.

Besides these, there were several physicians, first at Sutter's

140 HISTOEY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY

Fort and afterwards in the city, who received boarding jDatients, but
very few sick persons had the means with which to pay the prices
asked. It became necessary, therefore, at an early date, for a public
hospital to be established, at which all cases could be taken in and
cared for. This was done, the first one being opened in the business
part of the city, Drs. J. F. Montgomery, Johnson Price, George W.
Williams and Proctor being among the first physicians connected
with it. The city directory of 1853 contains the announcement, "Drs.
Johnson Price and George W. Williams, Physicians to the County
Hospital, corner of I and Seventh streets." About that time Proctor
and Price established a hospital on Second street, between I and J,
with seventy-five or eighty beds, and entered into a contract with the
county for keeping the poor, numbering about fifty, and charging very
high prices. Three or four years afterwards the county, having
meanwhile built itself a hospital on the corner of Tenth and L streets,
endeavored to break the contract, but Price and Proctor sued and
obtained judgment against it. This county hospital was erected on
the northeast corner of the present Capitol Park. It was torn down
and removed shortly after it was vacated, soon after the Civil War.

Dr. Montgomery was the county physician again in 1857 ; 1858-59,
Dr. G. L. Simmons; 1859-60, Dr. Montgomery; 1861, from November,
Dr. G. J. Phelan; 1869, from September, Dr. Montgomery; 1870, Dr.
A. C. Donaldson, with Dr. G. A. White as assistant.

The county then purchased some land from James Lansing, there
being about sixty acres on the Upper Stockton Road, a mile south of
the city limits, paying about $11,000 for it. Here the county erected
a fine building and removed to it about seventy-five patients from the
old one. This hospital was burned October 5, 1878, and the patients
were removed to the "Old Pavilion," corner of Sixth and M streets
and cared for temporarily, until the present one was built, in 1879.
It was more eonunodious and better arranged than the first one, but
has nearly outlived its usefulness and a new one will undoubtedly
be constructed in the near future, with more up-to-date appurtenances.
It was built on the "pavilion" plan with four wings radiating from
the central structure and cost about $65,000. The farm provides
fruit, vegetables, milk and various other things for the use of the
inmates.

Dr. G. A. White became county physician in 1872, and continued
as such until 1908, with the exception that in the spring of 1879, the
homeopathists were put in charge of the hospital, Dr. George Pyburn
serving for three months, and Dr. George M. Dixon the succeeding
four. Dr. Laine, regiilar, finished out the unex]Hred term. Dr.
White brought the hospital up to a high state of efficiency and stands
in the front rank of the surgeons of the state. He was succeeded,
in 1904, by his son, Dr. John L. White, who is the present county

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 141

physician and has already won the name of one of the most promising
yoimg surgeons on the coast.

SOUTHERN PACIFIC HOSPITAL,

In the early days of the Central Pacific history, the road i-an
through a sparsely settled country, with the towns few and far be-
tween and of small size. Accidents in the railroad man's life are
frequent. In those days most of the road's employees were new men
on the coast and but few of them had relatives that could take care
of them when disabled. It remained then, in most cases, for the com-
pany and their comrades to take care of them. These calls for dona-
tions were frequent and burdensome and the company finally con-
cluded that it would be best and most humane for it to build a hos-
pital where the emploj^ees could be treated and cared for when sick
or disabled, whether they had means or not. Sacramento was the
place chosen for the hospital and an old residence was leased for the
purpose. In 1869 the Central Pacific Hospital was built at a cost of
$64,000. It was of four stories, 60x35 feet, and two wings, 35x52
feet, and a kitchen twenty-four feet square. It had six wards, be-
sides eight private rooms for patients, and had a library of fifteen
hundred volumes. The executive and medical staff was excellent.
It was supported by a monthly contribution of fifty cents from each
officer and employee, which entitled them to free medical treatment
in case of sickness or injury while in the employ of the company. It
proved of very great benefit to the employees. In 1900 it was aban-
doned and removed to the Charles Crocker residence on F street and
Eighth, where it now is, but the construction of a new one was begun
in 1911 on Second street. It was completed in 1912, and has since
been used chiefly as an emergency hospital, most of the ordinary eases
being sent to the company's hospital in San Francisco.

PKOTESTANT OEPHAN ASYLUM

Early in 1858 the necessity for caring for orphan children was
discussed, and an association for that purpose was formed, but it did
not prove of long continuance and the matter was dropped for some
years. In 1867, however, the governor and a number of citizens were
interested through the efforts of Mrs. Elvira Baldwin in the care of
a family of seven children orphaned by the death of their mother, a
poor woman. The direct influence of this movement was the awaken-
ing of a new interest in the subject, and the organization of a society
for the care and maintenance of destitute orphans in the county, and
ultimately in the state. Mrs. I. E. Dwinell was the first president
of the organization and the society rented and furnished a building
at Seventh and D streets, where fourteen or fifteen children were
immediately placed in the care of the first matron, Mrs. Cole. The
association erected a building the next year on the block between K
and L, Eighteenth and Nineteenth streets, where the new high school
building now stands. The building was considerably damaged by fire,

142 HISTOEY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY

December 7, 1878, but was soon repaired and another and better
building was added to it, making it commodious and well-arranged.
The year previous a neat school building had been erected, and the
school was made part of the city public-school system and placed
under the care of the city board of education. No children except
the inmates of the institution were allowed to attend the school.

Many noble women have devoted much time and money to the
welfare and upbuilding of the institution. Among them was Mrs.
Sarah E. Clayton, who was president of the society in 1877-88, and
traveled nearly five thousand miles in fifteen years, caring for orphans
who were afterwards furnished with homes through the efforts of
the society. In 1905 the propertj^ was sold to the city of Sacramento
for high school purposes and the institution was removed to a site
on the Lower Stockton Eoad, just beyond the William Curtis jilace.

THE MAKGUEEITE HOME

The first of the monuments to the memory of Mrs. Margaret
Crocker was the home for aged women known as the MargTierite Home,
the second being the gift of the Crocker Art Gallery to the city. The
home is situated at Seventh and I streets and was originally the
residence and grounds of Capt. William Whitney, comprising a half-
block on I street. A fine building was added to the residence, mak-
ing twenty-eight large bedrooms, with parlor, reception room, office,
kitchen, laundry and diningroom. Everything was done for the com-
fort and convenience of the inmates and the rooms are well-lighted
and ventilated, and the house heated by hot-air pipes. The grounds
are well shaded by fine trees and kept in good order by the trustees.

The Marguerite Home was dedicated February 25, 1884; the
sixtieth anniversary of the birth of Mrs. Crocker, the occasion being
celebrated by a reception of the older citizens of Sacramento at the
home. After the congratulations were over, Mrs. Margaret Crocker
made the presentation of the home to the trustees in the following
words, which explain the purpose and status of the gift: "Frank
Miller, Albert Gallatin, John H. Carroll, Gustavus L. Simmons and
Charles McCreary: Gentlemen — Herewith I deliver into your pos-
session a deed in trust for certain money, real and personal prop-
erty, by means of which I propose to establish a home for aged
and indigent women in Sacramento, to be known as the 'Marguerite
Home.' I have the honor, gentlemen, to solicit your acceptance of
this trust; the deed expresses my intentions without placing restric-
tions on your mode of management.

"Knowing your intelligence and ability, and having full faith in
your character and in your disposition to aid in all benevolent pur-
poses, and believing you to be in full accord with my views in respect
to the especial objects in my regard in this gift, I have left, as you
will see upon a careful examination of the deed, to your discretion

HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY 143

and superior knowledge and to your kind and earnest efforts, wliich
I most heartily invoke, the success of this trust."

Mayor John Q. Brown, Dr. G. L. Simmons and Hon. Joseph Stef-
fens made appropriate responses to the tender of the generous gift.
The deed, in addition to the property purchased for the home, dedi-
cated also $50,000 as an endowment fund, besides $12,000 as a further
aid to the maintenance of the home. While the money was apportioned
to the support of the inmates, the trustees, anxious to extend the
benefits of the institution to a wider range, concluded to take for life
such worthy and respectable women as may desire to enter the home
and as are able to pay the expenses incident to their maintenance.

Of the original trustees, all except Frank Miller are dead, Dr.
Simmons passing away a little over a year ago. The present board
of trustees consists of Ludwig Mebius, president. Dr. W. A. Briggs,
vice-president, Dr. W. E. Briggs, C. F. Dillman and H. A. Fairbanks.
The death of Dr. Simmons was a great blow to the board of directors,
as he had given his time and eifort unstintedly and unselfishly to
looking after details important to the efficiency of the home and the
comfort of its inmates. The patronesses of the home are Mrs. W. A.
Briggs, Mrs. Mebius, Mrs. C. F. Dillman, Mrs. W. E. Briggs and
Mrs. Fairbanks. Miss Sue M. Clarke is the present matron.

OTHER HOSPITALS

From time to time other hospitals have been provided for the
care of the sick, which, while not strictly speaking, charitable institu-
tions, are for the alleviation and cure of the ills of suffering humanity,
and may therefore be spoken of under this head. All "water cures"
and "health institutes" are hospitals, and after the rush of the gold
seekers to this state was fairly on, it is surprising how quickly all
the eastern institutions of that class were established on this coast,
although not on an extensive scale. There is no record as to when
the first water cure was established in this city, but it was probably
in the early '50s. We find Dr. T. P. Zander in 1857 advertising one
at the southwest corner of Fifth and K street, and later a Dr. Burns
established one which afterwards became the Pacific Water Cure and
Electric Health Institute.

This fell later under the management of Dr. M. F. Clayton, a
graduate of the Eclectic Medical Institute of Cincinnati, Ohio, who
carried it on until his death, when Mrs. Clayton took charge of it
for a number of years, being succeeded in its active management by
her daughter, Mrs. A. J. Gardner. In 1910 the institution was closed
and the fine structure known as the Hotel Clayton was erected on
its site.

MATEE MISEKICORDIAE HOSPITAL

The care of the sick is one of the chief objects of the order of
Sisters of Mercv, and as Sacramento for so many years could not

144 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

lay claim to any institution for the care of the sick except those of
the city and county and the railroad hospital, the Sisters, in 1895,
with very little money, but with great faith in God's providence, pur-
chased the half block between Q and R, Twenty-second and Twenty-
third streets, of the late Dr. G. L. Simmons for $12,000 on a
mortgage note. The two small buildings known as the "Ridge Home,"
on Twenty-second street, were a small beginning, and poorly equipped,
but their faith was rewarded bj' the appreciation of the public and
in 1896, the large building now known as the Hospital Mater Miser-
icordiae was erected. It has since been enlarged, and porches run
all around it, and is one of the best equipped and best patronized
hospitals on the coast, having four elegant operating rooms of the
latest pattern. Ridge Home is now utilized as a home for the aged.

THE WENTWOETH-IGO HOSPITAL

The Wentworth Igo Hospital was opened September 1, 1900, at a
cost of $13,000, at No. 2515 I street. It had twenty-five beds, and
increased rapidly in popularity. Dr. Wentworth died in 1901 and
Miss Louise Igo continued .the management of the hospital until 1902,
when she severed her connection with it and graduated from the
Medical College of the University of California. In March, 1910,
she opened the Louise Igo Hospital with eight rooms for patients,
and her business grew so rapidly that she has determined to build a
larger institution.

WHITE HOSPITAL

January 12, 1910, Dr. J. L. White opened tlie White Hospital at
Twenty-ninth and J streets, with five four-bed wards, two four-lied
wards and thirty private rooms. He is the owner and manager. For
more than ten years he was superintendent of the County Hospital
and is considered one of the most successful young surgeons in North-
ern California. Mrs. Staley is superintendent of the nurses and has
a number of assistants, and twenty-one nurses in training. The ap-
proximate value of the hospital is $90,000. The annex was completed
in May, 1911, with twelve rooms on the upper floor for patients. The
hospital rapidly found its way into public favor and is in a very
prosperous condition.

THE HOME OF THE MERCIFUL SAVIOUR

The Home of the Merciful Saviour, on the J Street Road, is an
institution for the treatment of crippled and invalid children. Al-
though under the fostering care of the Episcopal Church it is
wholly non-sectarian as to admissions and has received as patients
children from the length and breadth of California, the only requisite
for their acceptance being a physician's certificate indicating their
need of medical or surgical treatment and the age restriction of twelve
years for boys and fourteen for girls.

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 145

The Home owes its existence to a memorial gift of $250, donated
by the late Mrs. James Palache, of Berkeley, in remembrance of her
daughter. That nest egg was augmented by the generosity of many
Sacramentans and other friends in the diocese, and the property on
J street was purchased, the house renovated and the Home opened
for the reception of patients, June 1, 1907, with an initial family of
three little ones.

In the five succeeding years one hundred and twenty-five children
have been admitted, many have been discharged "cured," some "im-
proved" and there have been eight deaths. The fatalities have al-
most invariably been due to the hopeless condition of the children when
brought to the Home. The average size of the family at the pres-
ent time is from twenty to twenty-five.

The organization of the Home consists of a board of directors
from whose number are elected a president, vice-president, treas-
urer, corresponding and recording secretaries, the bishop of the
diocese being ex-officio president. There is a sustaining member-
ship of annual subscribers and a life membership comprising don-
ors of one hundred dollars or more in one sum.

There is also a Memorial Endowment Fund, the interest from
which is applied to the maintenance of the Home, and from which
it is hoped in time to realize an adequate annual income for the
support of the institution. This is being created by special gifts,
endowed beds and bequests. Legacies to this charitable institu-
tion are made payable to the Protestant Episcopal Bishop of
Sacramento, a Corporation Sole, in trust for the Home of the Mer-
ciful Saviour.

"the howaeds"

The Howard Benevolent Association of Sacramento was organ-
ized in a time of great tribulation and distress in this city. Tlie
rush of gold seekers in 1849 had brought with it much of disease
and poverty, and the Masons and Odd Fellows had risen nobly to
the occasion and dispensed charity with open hands and willing
hearts, counting not the cost when they could alleviate distress. In
later times, when the floods and fires brought poverty and suffer-
ing, another organization arose. This one was formed purely and
solely for the relief of the destitute and sick, and well and faith-
fully it played its part. No one will ever know how much it did
for the needy, for those who disbursed its funds never boasted of
the deeds, and most, if not all, of the original members have passed
away. The name of the Howards, however, should always be held
in reverence by every citizen of Sacramento.

The first steps looking to the organization of the society were
taken as early as December 21, 1857, N. A. H. Ball being the leader in
the good work. The officers elected for the first year were: George

146 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

W. Mowe, president; L. A. Booth, James P. Robinson, Jobn McNeill,
E. A. Pearis, James E. Perkins and N. A. H. Ball, directors; James
M. Kennedy, secretary, and John S. Bien, treasurer. The income
of the society was derived from membership fees, voluntary con-
tributions, donations by the legislature, and various other sources.
None of the officers except the steward received any salary. Dur-
ing the floods of 1861-62 the association had its headquarters at the
Old Pavilion on M street, as stated in a previous chapter, and as-
sisted hundreds of homeless people. For many years it distributed
to the needy about $4000 a year and numbered about thirty active
members, who elected the directors. Of late years the Howards have
not had so many calls on their charity, as the county has taken hold
of such matters more systematically. For this reason their reserve
fund has accumulated until it amounts to about $20,000. The pres-
ent board of directors consists of R. D. Finnic and Fred Biewener,
John Weil, the third member having died in January, 1912.

The Catholic Ladies' Relief Society, No. 1, has been in ex-
istence for many years and has faithfully looked after the needs of
the destitute and sick of their denomination.

The Young Men's Christian Association was organized October
3, 1866, and elected officers as follows: N. N. Denton, president; H.
B. Eddy, secretary, and M. L. Templeton, treasurer. Twenty-six
names were enrolled at the organization. At a subsequent meeting
October 22, 1866, at the Congregational Church, the organization
was completed by electing other officers, as follows : Sparrow Smith,
corresponding secretary; George "Wick, librarian; H. W. Earl, regis-
trar; G. W. Bruff, Seth Babson, A. Aitken, J. M. Ripley, G. W.
Bonner, board of managers ; and the following vice-presidents : Frank
Miller (Congregational Church), G. R. Forshee (Sixth Street Metho-
dist Church), A. Aitken (Presbyterian Church), C. Emery (Baptist
Church), and Henry Garrett (Christian Church).

The association died down in 1877 and 1878, but was soon after
revived. Its headquarters were at No. 309 K street, the St. George
Building, and on the west side of Sixth street, between K and L.
At present they own the building at the Northwest corner of Fifth
and J streets, but it has been razed, and a splendid building, costing
with the lot about $200,000, is being erected on the site. The associa-
tion is strong and prosperous and has a large membership.

CEMETERIES

The New Helvetia Cemetery, which lies south of and adjoining
McKinley Park, just east of Thirty-first street, is the oldest bury-
ing ground in Sacramento, and is embraced in the original plat of
Sutter's Port. Ten acres here were donated for burial purposes
by Gen. John A. Sutter to the city, about the first of December,
1849. The first person buried was Major Cloud, a paymaster of

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 147

the United States army, who was killed in 1847 some distance south-
east of the fort, by being thrown from a horse. The second person
buried in the cemetery was Miss Susanna Hitchcock, who died early
in 1849 at the new diggings on the Stanislaus; the third was James
McDowell, who was shot in Washington, just across the river from
this city. Many interments were made here in 1849 and 1850, dur-
ing the times when sickness and cholera were so prevalent. Since
the annexation of the suburbs beyond it in 1911, bringing this and
the Jewish cemeteries within the city limits, it is proposed to re-
move the remains of those buried there to some other place, and
abolish those cemeteries.

The City Cemetery was located south of Y street in 1850, on
the southern boundary of the city limits, on Tenth street. It origin-
ally comprised about twenty acres, but the area has been largely in-
creased by additions. It is beautifully adorned with trees, flowering
shrubs and plants, and many fine monuments are to be seen there.
The Freemasons, Odd Fellows, Red Men, Firemen, Pioneers, Print-
ers, Veterans of the Mexican war, and other organizations have
plats within the enclosure, as has also the state, where a number of
state officials were buried. This cemetery is owned by the city, and
is controlled by a. superintendent elected by the board of trustees.

The Hebrew Cemetery is under the control of the Congregation
B'nai Israel, but is owned by the Hebrew Benevolent Society. A
chapel has been erected on the grounds, which are enclosed by a
wall.

St. Joseph's Cemetery belongs to the Catholic diocese of Sac-
ramento and was consecrated by Archbishop Alemany in 1865. It is
located at Twenty-first and Y streets, and is well kept by the sup-
erintendent.

East Lawn Cemetery is the most modern of all the cemeteries,
having been opened by a private corporation in 1904. It is located
on a knoll which is part of the farm formerly owned by Governor
Booth, on the M street road, or Schley avenue, as it is called, a short
distance east of the former city limits, but now far within them
since the annexation of the eastern suburbs. It occupies a beautiful
site and will, in time, be one of the first in the state. It was fur-
nished with a furnace for cremation a year or two ago.

CHAPTER XXII

THE PKESS

One of the first accomjianiments of civilization is the newspaper.
The savage communicates with his fellows by breaking twigs on the
trail or by smoke and other si.gnals in the hills and on the plains.
Civilized man uses more universal and wide-spread devices for dis-
seminating the news. In the days of '49 the people were no less

148 HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

eager to hear the news than are we of the present day, who must
devonr the news from the daily paper while we devour our break-
fast. News from the mines was no less eagerly sought by the dweller
in the city than was the news from the city and the east by the
miner at his claim. It was a foregone conclusion, therefore, that
as soon as society was organized, the journalist should open his
office and begin to supply the demand.

The Monterey Californkm was the first newspaper issued in
California and was published and edited by Rev. Walter Colton, a
chaplain in the United States navy, and Dr. Robert Semple. The
type was principally long primer, an old Spanish font, badly worn
and battered. As there is no "w" in the Spanish language, two
"v's" were substituted in words containing "w. " The press was
an old Eamage, which had been used by the Mexican authorities for
printing their edicts and other public papers. The first issue of
the Californian was printed on an inferior quality of paper used
for tobacco wrappers, and was issued in the summer of 1846. John
R. Gould, of Baltimore, afterwards secretary of the Maryland As-
sociation of Veterans of the Mexican War, assisted by a boy, set
the tj'pe, worked off the paper and kept the books of the office. B.
P. Kooser, a corporal in the United States army, was compositor
and pressman on the Californian in 1847, and subsequently pub-
lished the Santa Cruz Sentinel and was a commissioner from the
state at the Centennial Exposition.

The second paper published in this state was the California
Star, the first number being issued in San Fi-ancisco January 9,
1847. It was a weekly a little larger than the Californian and was
published by Sam Brannan and edited by E. P. Jones. The press
was a tolerably good one and the Sonora Herald afterwards used
it. On the 17th of April, 1848, Mr. Jones resigned and E. C. Kemble
succeeded him as editor. The last number of the first volume was
issued January 1, 1848. The first number of the second volume ap-
peared January 8, 1848, in enlarged form and its publication was
continued regularly till May 26, when the printers went to the mines
and its publication was discontinued. The Californian having been
discontinued for the same reason, California was without a news-
paper from the last of May till the latter part of June, 1848.

About July 1, 1848, a few printers returned disgusted from the
mines and commenced the publication of the third volume of the
Californian, and published it irregiilarly until August, when it re-
commenced its regular weekly issues under the editorial manage-
ment of H. I. Sheldon. In September Mr. Kemble, who had re-
turned from the mines, purchased the Californian, as well as the
interests of his partners in the Star, and united the two under the
title of the Star and Californian and recommenced where the Star
had left off — Volume III, No. 24. It was the only paper then pub-

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 149

lished in California and was issued weeklj- till the last of December,
1848, when it was discontinued. January 1, 1849, Mr. Kemble took
into partnership Messrs. Gilbert and Hubbard, and began publish-
ing the Alta California. They published it weekly until November
10, 1849, when it was issued tri-weekly and after January 23, 1850,
it was published daily, simultaneously with the Journal of Com-
merce, published by W. Bartlett. March 4, 1849, the Pacific News
also appeared daily. The fourth paper started in California and the
second published in 1849 was the Placer Times, at New Helvetia,
Sutter's Fort April 28, 1849, published by E. Gilbert & Co., in Sac-
ramento, and edited by Jesse Giles. It was a weekly sheet and a
small one. It was printed on sheets of foolscap size. Printing paper
was very scarce in California, but the market was overstocked with
unruled foolscap, which was made a substitute. The Pacific News
was the third newspaper published in the state, at this time, and
was the first tri-weekly. It was published in San Francisco on fools-
cap paper, fte lack of size being compensated for by supplementary
sheets.

During the winter of 1849-50, George Kenyon Fitch came by
the Isthmus route, bringing with him a hand and a card press, ink,
tjTse and about thirty reams of printing paper. He proposed to five
attaches of the Pacific News — F. C. Ewer, H. S. Warren, J. M.
Julian, Theodore Russell and S. C. Upham — the formation of a com-
pany to publish a newspajDer at Sacramento, and the proposition was
accepted. They rented the second floor of a frame building on Second
street, between J and K streets, and April 1, 1850, the initial number
of the tri-weekly paper was issued, which was christened the Sacra-
mento Transcript. It was published on a folio sheet, in brevier and
nonpareil type. A steamer edition, for circulation in the Atlantic
states, was printed once a month, selling at fifty cents a copy, while
the tri-weekly sold at twelve and one-half cents and advertisements
were inserted for $4 a square, each insertion. The six copartners
accepted positions on the paper as follows: G. K. Fitch, heavy and
fighting editor; F. C. Ewer, literary editor; H. S. Warren, foreman;
J. M. Julian, compositor; Theodore Russell, pressman; and S. C.
Upham, local reporter, business manager, printer's devil, "dead
head," etc.

In its salutatory the Transcript uttered a sentiment that it would
be well for the papers of the present day to adopt. It said in part :

"The opening of a new paper is like the planting of a tree

Its shade should be free to all. It should reach forth its branches to
shield the innocent from the pelting storm, and, conscious of its fear-
less might, men should come to it for protection, and find refresh-
ment in its shade. It should be nurtured by no unhealthy influences;
it should be propped up by no interested motives; its growth should
be free and unrestrained. Perchance it may wither in its youth, and

"-SI

150 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

no longer be tlie home of healthy influences. Perhaps it may be
stricken in its manhood by the storms of adversity. Perchance it
may flourish through the years and grow green; but of all dangers
that assail it from without, the insidious influence of those who may
cluster round it for their own jDrivate ends is the most withering
and the most to be feared. A newspaper should never be used. It
is too tremendous a lever to be brought to bear for any jjurpose,
save for the good of the public." ,

The day of publication of its first number was, besides being
"All Fools' Day," the first election day under the new charter and
there were three tickets in the field — the Democratic, the ranchers'
and the citizens' ticket. The total number of votes cast was 2,943,
and Hardin Biglow, the people's candidate, received a majority of
323 over all the others. The Transcript was the fifth newspaper pub-
lished on the Pacific Coast and the first daily outside of San Fran-
cisco published in California. Ten days later the Placer Times came
out daily.

The Transcript was a financial success, but Mr. Julian retired
within two months and Mr. Upham a month later sold his interest
to G. C. Weld, California correspondent of the New York Journal of
Commerce. Mr. Weld was a model business man and a fine writer,
but died within six weeks of the time he became one of the proprie-
tors and the paper beginning to run down, was consolidated with the
Placer Times. A year later, the Times and Transcript removed to
San Francisco and took a leading position as a Democratic organ,
under Pickering and Fitch. It died in 1856 of a Democratic contro-
versy.

When the Placer Times was started the office was not equipped
with a modern plant equal to those nowadays. A lot of old t^qse
was picked up out of the Alta office, an old Ramage press was re-
paired, a lot of Spanish foolscap was secured in San Francisco, and
the whole was shipped to Sacramento on a vessel named the Dice me
Nana (says my mamma), the first craft to carry type and press to
the interior of California, and which made the trip in eight days.
An office was built for the paper about six hundred feet from the
northeast corner of the bastion of Sutter's Fort, and near what is
now" the corner of Twenty-eighth and K streets. The structure was
a queer mixture of wood, adobe and cotton cloth, but it answered
the purpose. The paper was 13x18 inches in size, and the title was
cut from wood with a ]5ocket knife. All sorts of expedients were
resorted to in cutting off and piecing out letters to round out a com-
plement of "sorts" for the cases. The press had a wooden platen,
which needed constant planing to keep it level, and the rollers were
not a most brilliant success. The plant like its owners was a pioneer
in that line, but with all its defects, it "filled a long felt want," and
the merchants of the city rallied around the pioneer publisher and

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 151

subscribed liberally to secure bim from loss. It bas been said tliat
in tbis country tbe newspaper is tbe berald of progress, and in an
energetic community like that of early Sacramento tbe truth of the
assertion was certainly made good.

When tbe Times and Transcript were combined under the double
head in June, 1851, the new paper was enlarged. Tbe Transcript
bad been started as an independent paper, but in 1850 it came out
for the Democratic party, thus being the first interior Democratic
paper. The Times had also originally been neutral, but bad also in
1850 leaned toward Democracy. When the Squatter riot excitement
arose, it had been valiant in defense of the real-estate owners, but
under its new management it became less partisan. At tbe time of
tbe consolidation G. K. Fitch had become state printer and Lorin
Pickering bad the city printing. This formed an advantageous basis
for the fusion, Fitch retaining a half interest in the printing and
Pickering and Lawrence the other half. The three were the editors.
The State Journal became an active rival to the new paper and in
June, 1852, tbe Times-Transcript abandoned the field to its rival and
removed to San Francisco, where it was published by the old firm,
which was afterwards succeeded by George Kerr & Co., composed of
George Kerr, B. F. Washington, J. E. Lawrence and J. C. Haswell.
From then it passed to Edwin Bell and later to Vincent E. Geiger &
Co. In the meantime Fitch & Co. bad acquired the Alta California
and December 17, 1854, they repurchased tbe old Times-Transcript
and absorbed it into tbe Alta.

October 30, 1850, the Squatter Association started a paper, styl-
ing it the Settlers' and Miners' Tribune. Dr. Charles Robinson, who
had become noted for tbe part be took in tbe Squatter riots and who
subsequently became tbe free-state governor of Kansas, was the
editor; James McClatchy and L. M. Booth were the associate editors.
The type was brought from Maine by Sirus Rowe. Except for Sun-
days, it was a daily for a month, but then declined into a weekly and
after another month it died quietly and took its place in the journal-
istic boneyard.

Tbe Sacramento Index was started December 23, 1850, by Lynch,
Davidson & Rolfe, practical printers, with J. W. Winans, since a
prominent San Francisco lawyer, as editor, and H. B. Livingstone as
associate. It was of good size, typographically neat and a paper of
rare literary ability. It was the first evening paper in Sacramento
and was printed in tbe Times ofSee. Having taken ground against
the action of a vigilance committee in hanging a gambler, it lost in-
fluence. After a career of three months it died March 17, 1851, and
joined tbe squatters' paper in the boneyard.

Before the union of tbe Times and tbe Transcript, tbe compe-
tition between them became so fierce that the prices of advertising
declined until they fell below the price of composition. At last the

152 HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY

printers in both offices rebelled and the greater number of them quit.
They held a meeting in a building adjoining the Transcript office,
which thereby acquired the name of "Sedition Hall," and resolved
to start a new i3aper, for which they secured as editor Dr. J. F.
Morse. Buying their stock in San Francisco, they launched the Sac-
ramento Daily Union at No. 21 J street, March 19, 1851, renting
rooms for it in the Langley brick building. The fate of several of
the proprietors was tragic. Alexander Clark went to the Society
Islands and was never heard from afterwards; W. J. Keating died a
few years afterwards in an insane asylum; Joe Court was burned
to death at the Western Hotel fire in this city, in the fall of 1874.
The others were Alexander C. Cook, E. Gr. Jeffries, Charles L. Han-
secker, J. H. Harmon, W. A. Davidson and Samuel H. Dosh. The
latter subsequently became editor of the Shasta Courier and died
prior to 1875.

It was nearly a year, however, before type could be procured.
A lot had been ordered, but failed to arrive. J. W. Simonton having
made an appearance with a full fledged printing office, with the in-
tention of starting a Whig paper, was persuaded to sell and his
stock was purchased by the Union men.

The daily edition of the Union started with five hundred copies
and rapidly increased. The paper was 23x34 inches, with twenty-
four columns, thirteen of which were filled with advertisements. It
was an independent, outspoken paper and ably edited. The edition
printed March 29, 1851, was entitled the Steadier Union, and was
designed for reading in the eastern states. April 29, 1851, the Union
hoisted the Whig flag, at the same time declining to be ranked as a
subservient partisan. S. H. Dosh soon sold out for $600 and in
June, Harmon sold out for a like sum. On April 23 the paper was
enlarged to the size it has since averaged, and appeared in the new
ty|3e at first ordered. H. B. Livingstone became associate editor in
January, 1852, and Hansecker sold out for $2,000, the firm now be-
coming* E. G. Jeffries & Co. They next sold out to W. W. Kurtz
for $2,100. The first Weekly Union was issued January 10, 1852.
February 13, Cook sold out to H. W. Larkin, and April 3, Davidson
sold to Paul Morrill. In May Dr. Morse retired as editor, being
succeeded by A. C. Russell, who remained until August. Lauren
Upson succeeded him as editor, retiring for a time in 1853, when
John A. Collins filled the place.

November 2, 1852, the Union was burned out in the great fire.
A small press and a little type were saved and the second morning
after the fire the paper came out foolscap size, but soon resumed its
former dimensions. A brick building was erected for it on J street.
near Second. May 16, 1853, Jeffries & Kurtz sold to the other part-
ners and to James Anthony, who had been in the business depart-
ment of the paper since November, 1851. The firm became James

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 153

Anthony & Co. Keating sold to Morrill, Anthony, Clark and Lar-
kin, and in December Clark's interest passed to the firm. A steam
engine was installed Jime 20, 1853, to rim the press.

In May, 1858, Morrill sold his interest to J. Gray, and went to
New Hampshire, reiraining between one and two years, when he re-
turned and bonght back Gray's interest. In February, 1875, the
firm sold out to the Sacramento Publishing Company, which also
purchased the Sacramento Daily and Weekly Record and the two
papers assumed the title of the Sacramento Daily Record Union. Be-
sides the daily issue, the semi-weekly feature of the Record was
maintained, being issued on Wednesdays and Saturdays. Since that
time the daily has been issued on each day of the week except Sun-
days, which day was added in 1893, with a double or eight-page edi-
tion on Saturdays and a mammoth sheet on each New Year's day.

Mr. Upson remained chief editor of the Union about twelve
years. He was succeeded by H. C. Watson, who served until his
death in June, 1867, and was succeeded by Samuel Seabough, who
served until the merging of the Union with the Record. George
Frederick Parsons, editor-in-chief of the Record, then became editor-
in-chief of the Record-Union, and continued as such until his re-
moval to New York in 1883, and J. A. Woodson became the editorial
writer. When the Record was consolidated with the Union, W. H.
Mills, one of the proprietors of the Record, became the manager and
remained in charge until his removal to San Francisco in January,
1883, and C. E. Carrington was appointed local manas-ing editor,
with T. W. Sheehan business manager. April 1, 1889, Mr. Carring-
ton retired and E. B. Willis and T. W. Sheehan were appointed
general managers of the paper, the former assuming the duties of
managing editor and the latter remaining in immediate charge of
the business department. Mr. Willis continued as managing editor
for seventeen years, the longest term of anyone who held that posi-
tion, resigning to accept the secretarvship of the state commission
to the St. Louis Exposition. Mr. Sheehan remained as business man-
ager until after the paper changed hands in June, 1904, Alfred Hol-
man becoming publisher. Mr. Holman remained as publisher until
the paper was purchased by Col. E. A. Forbes in December, 1906. In
February, 1908, the paper again changed hands, the Calkins Syndi-
cate purchasing it, but becoming involved in financial difficulties
caused by broadening out and assuming the proprietorship of several
other papers in the state, the control passed from the hands of the
syndicate. In 1910 the paper was purchased by Lewey E. Bontz.
who had been superintending it for the creditors, and had been busi-
ness manager from Holman 's time. The paper is now owned by the
L. E. Bontz Publishing Company.

May 19, 1889, the publication of the Sunday Union was begun
and it was mailed to all the subscribers for the Weekly Union, the

154 HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY

semi-weekly having been discontinued. The fine three-story build-
ing which was built for the Union in 1861, on the east side of Third
street, is now occupied by the Union, the name of the paper having
been changed from the Record-Union to the Union by Mr. Holman
during his proprietorship. The building was remodeled by the
Calkins Syndicate during their ownership and a splendid new press
put in, besides other expensive changes.

Among the earliest of the defunct journals comes the Democratic
State Journal, the initial number appearing February 5, 1852. It
was a morning paper, about the size of the Record-Union. V. E.
Geiger & Co. were the publishers and Geiger and B. F. Washington
were the editors. It battled valiantly for the Democratic party, sup-
porting John Bigler in his political aspirations, while its contem-
porary, the Times and Transcript, supported William M. Gwin. Early
in 1853 Washington retired, and was employed on the Times and
Transcript, and B. B. Redding, afterwards land agent of the Central
Pacific Company, became editor. The destruction of the office by the
great fire of 1852 greatly impeded the paper, and in June, 1853, a
new firm was composed, consisting of B. B. Redding, P. C. Johnson,
S. J. May and James McClatch\. In April, 1854, Johnson sold to
Colonel Snowden, and in June, Mr. May sold to Redding and Snow-
den. All of these pioneer newspaper owners have been dead for many
years.

In the fall of 1854 William Walker, who afterward became known
as General Walker, of Nicaragiia filibuster fame, the "gray-eyed man
of destiny," became editor. Mr. McClatchy sold out to D. J.
Thomas in October, 1854. Walker retired in February, 1855, and Mc-
Clatchv became editor, being succeeded in a month by John White.
In 1856 Snowden sold out to Redding and Thomas and in June, 1857,
the party having failed to give adequate support to it, the paper was
sold, under attachment and bought in by the printers in the office.
It resumed publication in about four weeks, with Henry Shipley &
Co. as publishers, and after various vicissitudes yielded up the ghost
June 24, 1858. At one time it ran a column in French and was the
only Sacramento paper that had a department in a foreign tongue.

In August, 1852, T. Alter began the publication of a weekly Bap-
tist paper, with 0. C. Wheeler and E. J. Willis as editors. It had its
office in the courthouse and lived about a year, losing $3000 to its
publishers.

November 17, 1852, E. Williamson & Co., with James McClatchy
and D. J. Thoiuas as editors, started a settler Democratic daily
paper, super-royal in size and in April, 1853, S. J. May bought one-
fourth interest and became editor. It was burned out and started
again in an old deserted kitchen bought from the county for that pur-
pose. On July 30th it fused with the State Journal.

The California Statesman, a morning paper published by J. W.

HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY 155

Gisli & Co. and edited by Henry Meredith, started November 13,
1854. It was Democratic and supported William M. Gwin for United
States senator against Broderick. March 1, 1855, Gish & Woodward,
the publishers, sued Gwin and Ilardenbergh on a claim that they had
agreed to pay $2500 for the support of Gwin by the paper. They
alleged that Gwin also agreed to give the paper the public printing.
They placed their damages at $20,000, but were thrown out of court
on the ground that the agreement was contrary to public policy.
Hardenbergh then sued for possession and the Statesman died.

The California Farmer and Journal of Useful Science, which
had been published in San Francisco, appeared in Sacramento in
May, 1855, as a weekly paper, published by Warren & Son, and J.
K. Philips & Co. In 1856 it moved back to San Francisco.

In March, 1854, Dr. Morse and S. Colville issued the first and
only number of a monthly magazine called "Illustrated Historical
Sketches of California, with a minute liistory of the Sacramento Val-
le^^" It was a good number, but the business department was poorly
managed and the second number never appeared.

The Pacific Recorder appeared July 15, 1854, edited by E. J.
Willis and was to be the organ of the Baptist church. It was a neat
semi-monthly and July, 1855, it became a weeklj^, but in March follow-
ing it was discontinued.

June 8, 1855, the State Tribune, a daily paper, appeared, edited
and ]nihlished by Parker H. French and S. J. May. It was pro-
fessedly independent of politics, but had Democratic proclivities.
In Se]5tember French sold out to May and left with the Nicaragua
expedition. J. N. Estill became editor August 1st, and opposed John
Bigler and the Democracy so vigorously that it soon became promi-
nent as an opposition journal. French returned to the state and
bought into it again, but some of the arrangements for pa>Tnent were
left in such form that difficulty ensued. He sold to George W. Gift,
who had assigned to Monson and Valentine, who attached the paper.
S. J. May and his three remaining partners set out these things in
a card and issued a new Tribune, so that October 16, 1855, two
Tribunes appeared, each claiming to be the genuine one. May &
Co.'s issue was from the material of the defunct Statesman. The
other Tribune was published by Farwell & Co. Both papers were
ardent American or Know-Nothing sheets, and each was very bitter
against the other. The war lasted two weeks, when Farwell & Co.
Tribune gave up and the Tribune came out with James Allen & Co.,
as publishers, still advocating Know-Nothin.gism. It lived till June
1, 1856. A new paper sprang up the next day from its ashes, called
the California American, and was as radical in its Know-Nothingism
as its predecessor. James Allen, J. E. Eidge and S. J. May were
the proprietors. Allen at the time was state printer and was said to

156 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

have sunk $15,000 on the paper, which never was a success. He died
in February, 1856.

The Water Fount and Home Journal, a weekly paper, was issued
December 15, 1855, by Alexander Montgomery & Co., with Montgom-
ery as editor. It was the official organ of the Sons of Temperance
and lived only nine months.

December 6, 1855, George H. Baker and J. A. Mitchell started an
independent evening paper called the Spirit of the Age. In June,
1856, it changed its name to the Sacramento Age, and was enlarged,
with A. A. Appleton & Co. as publishers. In the summer of 1856
it was sold to the Know-Nothings and made their fight till the elec-
tion was over, dying in 1857.

December 24, 1855, A. Badlam & Co. started the Daily Evening
Times, a gratuitous advertising sheet 10x18 inches and worked on a
wooden press made bv the publishers. It died of inanition in March,
1856.

December 11, 1856, C. Babb and W. H. Harvey, with Paschal
Coggins as editor, started the publication of a daily morning inde-
pendent paper of small size, called the City Item. It lived seven
months.

Cornelius Cole & Co. commenced the publication August 15, 1856.
of the Daily Times, a morning paper. Republican in politics. It was
very lively in the canvass for Fremont, and was edited with ability.
It became an evening paper in November and issued a weekly, but
became so weakly that it succumbed January 24, 1857. Mr. Cole, the
editor, aftei'wards became United States senator.

The Chinese News, which began publication in December, 1856,
lasted for a couple of years, first being a daily, then a tri-weekly,
next a weekly and finally a monthly. It was printed in the Chinese
language, Ze Too Yune, alias Hung Tai, being editor and publisher.

The Temperance Mirror, a quarto monthly, issued one number in
January, 1857, 0. B. Turrell, publisher, and W. B. Taylor, editor.
It removed to San Francisco, where it died in March.

The Daily Morning Bee was born February 3, 1857, as an inde-
pendent in politics. J. R. Ridge and S. J. May were the editors, and
the proprietors were L. C. Chandler, L. P. Davis, John Church and
W. H. Tobey. It was much smaller than the present Bee, having but
five columns to the page. April 6, 1857, it became an evening paper,
and in the following summer Ridge retired and James McClatchy suc-
ceeded him. The firm changed in 1858 to F. S. Thompson, L. P.
Davis and W. H. Tobey and the paper changed its size to seven col-
umns. April 8, 1860, Thompson's interest was purchased by J.
O'Leary and the firm name changed to L. P. Davis & Co. Decem-
ber 28, 1863, C. H. Winterburn bought out Tobey and sold his in-
terest to James McClatchy, February 12, 1866. McClatchy bought
the interest of Davis June 26, 1872, and the firm name became, as

HISTOEY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY 157

at present, James McClatchy & Co. Au^st 1, 1872, J. F. Sheehan
purchased a one-third interest from McClatchy. Since that time the
paper has been further enlarged and is today one of the most pros-
perous and profitable journals in the history of Sacramento. James
McClatchy admitted his son, Charles K. McClatchy, to a partner-
ship in the business and the firm members were then J. F. Sheehan,
James McClatchy and C. K. McClatchy. October 23, 1882, James
McClatchy died at Paraiso Springs, leaving his title and interest in
the paper to his wife and two sons. January 29, 1884, J. F. Shee-
han sold his interest in the paper, it being purchased by the mem-
bers of the McClatchy family, the firm name remaining James Mc-
Clatchy & Co. From then on the paper was conducted by the two
sons, C. K. as managing editor and V. S. as business manager.
Steadily progressing in circulation and influence, it is one of the
afternoon papers that receive the full Associated Press report, and
is regarded as one of the most influential papers on the coast. It
put in a fast stereotyping plant in 1888, and was the first evening
paper in California to do so.

In July, 1857, the Star of the Pacific, a religious journal, Rev.
A. C. Edmonds, a Universalist minister, editor and proprietor, re-
moved from Marysville to this city. In December, 1857, it suspended
animation, revived in May, 1858, and iiassed away that fall.

The Daily State Sentinel, a Eepublicah paper, was issued in small
size July 27, 1857, by J. E. Atkins & Co., as a morning paper. In
October C. D. Hossach & Co. took hold of it and C. A. Sumner be-
came its editor. It had bright prospects for a while, but followed to
the charnel house in 1858.

C. A. Sumner, August 22, 1857, began the publication of a sheet
called the Eye Glass, but only one number appeared.

The Covenant and Odd Fellotvs' Magazine, a monthly of thirty-
two pages, started August 31, 1857, with J. D. Tilson publisher and
A. C. Edmonds, editor, but gave up the ghost with the tenth number,
in 1858.

The Temperance Register, H. Davidson & Co., began as a monthly
September, 1857, changed to a semi-monthly in October, and on De-
cember 12 became a monthly again and then died.

A Sunday paper, the Herald of the Morning, appeared in De-
cember, 1857, with J. C. McDonald & Co., publishers, and Calvin
McDonald, literary editor. It was a spiritualistic paper and passed
to the spirit land in four weeks.

The Phoenix, afterwards the UUcuitous, was a scurrilous sheet,
fathered by E. McGowan, issued as an occasional in the fall of 1857.
and as a weekly during the following winter. The hot summer
weather killed it.

The Watch Dog, a similar publication, issued January 1, 1S58,
died in the following March.

158 HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

During the same March, the Sacramento Visitor, by Brown,
Ingham & Co., J. Coggins, editor, a daily evening paper of moderate
size and lively and independent in tone, began publication, but ceased
to exist Jime 1, 1858.

The Sacramento Mercury, a straight-out Democratic newspaper,
began publication March 28, 1858, with H. Foushie, publisher, and
W. S. Long, editor. It was about half the size of the Record-Union
and in the summer A. Montgomerv became its editor, but it died
October 12, 1858.

The second California Statesman took the place of the old one
in May, 1858, with S. W. Eavely, publisher, and A. C. Russell, edi-
tor, as a Democratic daily. It succumbed June 24th, the same year.

The Californian, second of that name, a neutral daily of small
size, was edited by D. J. Thomas. It was born July 9, 1858, but lived
only one week, departing Jvily 15th.

The Baptist Circular, the third effort of the Baptists to start a
paper in Sacramento, commenced in August, 1858, with Rev. J. L.
Shuck as editorial manager, but only survived until the next spring.

In 1858 and 1859 the Democracy became split into two factions
— the Lecompton and the anti-Lecompton. The contest between them
became so hot that the anti-Lecomptonites, goaded by the assaults
of Charles I. Botts from the Lecompton side, started a paper called
the Daily Register and issued every morning except Monday. It
was about the size of the Bee. Dr. Houghton furnished most of the
money and the firm was Harvey, Houghton & Co. The editors were
J. C. Zabriskie and William Bausman, who held small interests. It
was vigorous, but too scholarly and not lively enough for the times
and Bausman soon left it. The Register office was at the corner of
Fifth and J streets and the outfit and dress of the paper were good.
Houghton sunk a large amount of money in it, but the second day
before the general election that fall, it died a peaceful death.

The Register's rival, the Daily Democratic Standard, a better
paper from a purely journalistic point of view, was born February
26, 1859. J. R. Hardenbergh was its publisher and Charles T. Botts
its editor. It was a morning paper, about the size of the Record-
Union and was a vigorous exponent of the doctrine of the Lecomp-
ton faction. In July, 1859, Bolts became its proprietor. Its office
was on Third street, between I and J. June 2, 1860, it ceased its
daily issues, and for some months appeared weekly, with M. Gr.
Upton and Hon. Gr. Gorham as editors, but soon after the fall elec-
tion in 1869 it became defunct after draining the pockets of its owners.

In June, 1860, Henry Bidleman & Co. started the Daily Demo-
crat, issued from the Standard office, with M. G. Upton as editor.
It made a lively campaign, but died with the election.

June 24, 1860, F. R! Folger & Co. put forth the Daily Morning
News, a Douglas Democratic newspaper and the Folgers were its

HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY 159

first editors. Later, George C. Gorliam and Albert S. Evans were
its editors. It continued about nine months.

The Evening Post, published by R. W. Lewis & Co. in October,
1860, as an independent paper, subsequently became Republican in
politics. Small in size at first, it was enlarged and when it was five
months old W. S. Johnson & Co. took hold of it. Various writers
became its editors and it was discontinued September, 1861.

The Independent Order of Good Templars began the publication
of its organ. The Rescue, in San Francisco, in 1862, removing shortly
to Stockton and then to Sacramento. Its first editor was Edwin H.
Bishop. He was followed by W. H. Mills, 1864 to 1871. Then came
Albert D. Wood, of Vallejo, who conducted it till 1876 and was suc-
ceeded by Rev. George Morris of Dixon. It was removed successively
to San Francisco, Los Angeles and San Francisco again. In October,
1855, it was brought back to this city and George B. Katzenstein became
its editor. The editors of the paper were elected by the Grand Lodge
of the order or its executive committee. It has been removed from this
city since.

The Evening Star was started as a daily by J. J. Beebe, Alexander
Badlam, G. I. Foster, J. Simpson, M. M. Estee and H. C. Bidwell, May
25, 1864. It was an independent journal. It sunk under financial diffi-
culties in about three months.

The California Republican, a Democratic paper of the hard shell
variety, began publication January 4, 1863, and died a natural death
that fall. The publishers were Conley, Patrick & Co., and the editor
Beriah Brown, afterwards of the Free Press of San Francisco, which
was destroyed by a mob in the early part of 1863.

The Golden Gate, a spiritualistic weekly started by Ingham & Mc-
Donald in the spring of 1894, died soon after its birth, surviving only
a few weeks.

Judd & McDonald started a gratuitous sheet called the Advertiser,
in 1860, but it lived only a few weeks.

December 23, 1866, Alexander Montgomery removed the California
Express, a Democratic journal he had been publishing at Marysville,
to this city, expecting patronage from the then dominant party. He
did not receive it, however, and the paper, which was issued as a morn-
ing daily, died in July, 1867.

The Sacramento Daily Record, published by an association of
printers composed of J. J. Keegan, John L. Sickler, J. R. Dray and
R. E. Draper, first appeared as an independent evening paper Felnmary
9, 1867. Its first editor was Draper, who was succeeded in about a
month by W. S. Johnson. He remained about a year and was succeeded
by J. B. McQuillan, who gave way in a few months to R. A. Bird. The
paper was subsequently sold to "William H. Mills and A. D. Wood.
Mr. Wood was afterwards manager of the Record-Union. A portion
of the then and subsequent Record editorial staff, as also a portion of

160 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

the Sacramento Union's then and subsequent staff, afterwards com-
posed the Record-Union staff. Among these was E. B. Willis, who had
been a member of the Union statf, and also of the Record staff. The
Record became a morning paper December 2, 1867. At first it was a
small five-column sheet, but after being enlarged several times finally
attained the present size of the Record-Union. During the winter of
1871 and 1872 the Record distinguished itself by the fullest and most
elaborate phonographic reports of legislative joroceedings ever pub-
lished in the United States, frequently printing morning after morning
nineteen columns of solid nonpareil of the proceedings of the Senate
and House. For several years the Union had published annual New
Year's statistical sheets. The Record entered the same field January 1,
]873, and eclipsed its rival by publishing the largest and fullest holi-
day statistical sheet ever published in the United States to that time.
Each year afterwards until 1906 it and its successor issued a similar
mammoth paper. It was the first daily paper here to publish and main-
tain a semi-weekly edition. The contest for patronage and public
favor was very warm between the Record and the Union for years,
and until they were consolidated in February, 1875. Thereafter the
consolidation was known as the Record-Union.

The Expositor, published by C. D. Semple, as a daily and old-line
Democratic paper, appeared July 23, 1867, and died the 9th of Sep-
tember.

February 24, 1864, Richard Bowden published a juvenile paper,
The Young American, as a weekly. It ceased publication eleven weeks
after, on the death of Mr. Bowden, who was accidentally killed.

Several other weekly papers, of a local character, were published
about this time, viz: My Paper, Pioneer, Blusterer, The Anti-Office
Seeker, a lot of State Fair papers, the Sunday Times, Hesperian, Stu-
dents' Repository, and others.

Charles De Young, afterwards of the San Francisco Chronicle,
began the publication in the winter of 1864, of the Dramatic Chronicle,
a gratuitous daily advertising sheet of small dimensions. He removed
it to San Francisco about nine months later, enlarged it and published
it until the Daily San Francisco Chronicle grew up from it, the old
Dramatic Chronicle being swallowed up by the Figaro of San Francisco,
published by J. P. Bogardus.

The Traveler's Guide was published as an advertising sheet weekly
by L. Samuels and N. Towns in 1865. T. W. Stanwell began in the
same year the monthlv Railroad Gazetter, published bv H. S. Crocker
& Co. '

The State Capital Reporter, a daily Democratic paper, appeared
January 12, 1868, with a glowing announcement of its plans, and nomi-
nated H. H. Haight for President of the United States. By legislative
enactment it became the litigant paper, in which all summonses had to
be published. While this gave it a good income, it rendered it obnox-

HISTOEY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY 161

ious to the entire press of the State and made it unpopular with the
people. The act of February 21, 1872, repealed the litigant act and
deprived the Reporter of its fat job. It ceased to appear as a daily,
sending out its last daily issue May 7, 1872, when the law took effect.
Thereafter it issued a half sheet once a week, to run out the legal adver-
tisements on hand and July 30, 1872, it gave up the ghost quietly. It
was 23ub]ished by a joint stock company and lost money for every one
who touched it. At first it was controlled by John Bigler, and its first
editor was Henry George, afterward of the San Francisco Post, who
became widely known to the world as the author of "Progress and
Poverty," and the chief ai30stle of the land theory of single tax. The
paper was edited with much ability and for a long time was a vigorous
periodical. J. F. Linthicam, an old editor, still living in this city, suc-
ceeded Mr. George, and kept up the able tone of the paper. Jolm Bigler,
ex-governor of California, who about this time had returned from Chile,
where he had filled the post of minister, was editor of the Reporter some
months before it died and conducted it with vigor and dignity. O. T.
Shuck was its last editor.

The Sacramento Democrat was a small daily born August 3, 1871;
died Sejitember 5, 1871, just after the election. It was started under
the auspices of a publishing company, with Cameron H. King as editor
and its office was at the corner of Third and J streets.

The Locomotive was a six-column weekly advertiser and local pa-
per which was excellent in its way and did a prosperous business for
some months with E. L. Lawrence as the manager in the spring of 1873.
Its office was on J street between Second and Third streets. T. F. Case
bought a half interest and subsequently the whole interest, selling half
of it to Dr. A. P. Truesdell, who became editor. The name of the
paper was changed to that of the People's Champion, but in the
summer of 1874 it threw up the sponge and was counted among the
dead ones.

The only foreign paper, with one exception, published in Sacra-
mento prior to 1885, was the Semi-weekly Sacramento Journal (German)
published by K. F. Wiemeyer & Co., and edited by Mr. AViemeyer. Its
first number came out June 6, 1868, and it had a successful career for
many years. The Sacramento office was at No. 314 J street and about
1890 Wiemeyer & Co. established an office in Oakland, publishing the
paper at both places simultaneously. It was Eepublican in tone and
independent in its utterances.

H. B. Eddy early in 1873 started a small weekly paper called the
Valley World. It aimed at literary excellence, and was neatly printed
and critical. Mr. Eddy died that fall, and the paper was continued for
a few weeks, being ably edited by Eev. J. H. C. Bonte, Eector of
Grace Church and afterwards secretary of the University of California,
since deceased.

The Evening News, a daily, Sundays excepted, and neutral, was

162 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

first published March 26, 1869, by B. F. Huntley & Co. Vincent Ryan,
a member of the firm, did most of the writing, with Frank Folger and
W. S. Johnson in the other departments. The paper died in three
months.

The Sunday Free Press was started in February, 1873, by Beers
& Co., but its initial appearance was also its last, although it was a
lively number, local and jolly, and its proprietors mourned its loss for
grave financial reasons.

In February, 1874, the Sacramento Valley Agriculturist began its
existence as a monthly, with Davis and Stockton as editors and pub-
lishers. In June, 1874, it changed to a weekly and the next month it
bought up the old Champion material and was enlarged considerably.
April 15, 1875, Davis sold his interest to W. T. Crowell. The paper
was devoted entirely to agricultural matters, with a city edition on Sun-
day mornings, and some local news. It ceased publication many
years ago.

The Occidental Star, a weekly paper of four pages, devoted to the
interest of the return of the Jews to Palestine, began in January, 1873,
and ran for about five months, with Mrs. L. I. L. Adams as proprietor.

The Winning Way was a weekly paper edited and published by
Mrs. Clark and Mrs. Potter and devoted to the cause of woman and
sociability. It was started in September, 1873, and went the way of
many others in February, 1874.

Common Sense was piiblished as a weekly of four pages by Dr.
A. P. Truesdell in January, 1873, and discontinued in March, 1874, but
was afterwards revived and published in San Francisco.

The Mercantile Globe was an advertising sheet published by Byron
& Co., August, 1872, and changed to the Sacramento Globe October 18,
and published by Kelly & Farland. It ran for several months, sus-
pended, and was again started by Raye & Ford, December 5, continuing
weekly until April 17, 1875, being afterwards published at intervals
by B. v. R. Raye.

The California Teacher was started by the State Board of Edu-
cation about 1877, being purchased from the San Francisco Teachers'
Association. It has had a checkered existence since, with various pub-
lishers, as a state journal, under various titles.

The State Fair Gazette has been published by H. S. Crocker &
Co. for a number of years at the annual State Fair, as an advertising
sheet distributed gratuitously.

The Evening Herald was started March 8, 1875, as a small evening
paper, independent in policy. The publishers were Gardner, Larkin,
Fellows, and Major E. A. Rockwell, a well-known journalist of wide
experience, as editor. He had formerly occupied a position on the
Morning Call of San Francisco and had served a time in the legislature
creditably.

The Enterprise was started as a Sunday morning paper, by Crites,

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 163

Davis and Alexander, August 29, 1875. It was well conducted and vig-
orous, but the proprietors were handicapped by not finding a business
manager to suit them and ceased publication with the ninth issue. It
was printed from the old Reporter t3^e.

The Seminary Budget, an occasional publication by the young ladies
of the Sacramento Seminary, was issued for some years, attaining some
literary excellence and doing credit to its student editors.

The Business College Journal was issued occasionally for a number
of years by E. C. Atkinson, lately deceased.

The Sunday Leader appeared in October, 1875, issued by J. N.
Larkin, who retained his connection with it as editor and proprietor
until his decease in May, 1911, since which time his son, W. H. Larkin,
who had been associated with him for some years, under the firm name
of J. N. Larkin & Son, continues its publication. In 188-4-5 it was the
official paper of the county. In politics it has always been straight
Republican. Mr. Larkin was a veteran of the Civil War, straightfor-
ward and uncompromising, and had a host of warm friends who re-
gretted his passing away. The Leader is a neat sheet, 28x42 inches,
and presents a creditable appearance.

The Daily Sun was started as a workingTQan 's organ immediately
after the adjournment of the legislature of 1879, which provided for a
constitutional convention. It was published by a company of stockhold-
ers, with William Halley as manager. When the delegates to the con-
vention were elected and he was defeated, he withdrew from the man-
agement. A new company was formed and J. F. Clark continued as
editor for a few months, when the paper ceased publication.

The Sunday Capital was started in 1883 by J. L. Robinette and
C. C. Goode. It was a four-page folio, independent in politics and
devoted to news and literature. After about a year Robinette disposed
of his interest to William Ellery, but six months later it was discon-
tinued.

The Sacramento Medical Times, afterwards changed to the Occi-
dental Medical Times, was a large octavo monthly started in March,
1887, by five physicians and has been a successful publication. J. H.
Parkinson, M.D., has been its editor-in-chief for many years and among
his associates have been W. A. Briggs, William Ellery Briggs, W. R.
Cluness, Thomas A. Himtington and G. L. Simmons of Sacramento;
J. F. Morse, W. H. Mays, Albert Abrams, W. Watt Kerr and D. W.
Montgomery of San Francisco, and J. W. Robinson of Napa. Of late
years Drs. Cluness and Hunting-ton have been residents of San Fran-
cisco. Dr. Simmons died in 1911.

The Daily Evening Journal was beg-un July 4, 1888, by H. A.
Weaver and ran until October 1 following. It was devoted to general
news and literature.

Charles Schmitt issued the first number of the Nord-California
Herald, a German paper, September 5, 1885, and it has taken front rank

164 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

among the German papers of tlie state. Mr. Schmitt came to this state
in 1865, and after mining several years, became one of the founders
of the Abend Post, the second German daily published in San Francisco.
In May, 1868, he came to Sacramento and founded the Sacramento
Journal (German) and continued with it till 1881. Mr. Schmitt is a
ready writer of wide experience and intelligence and his paper has a
powerful influence in the field it occupies.

Themis was an able eight-page quarto Sunday paper, published in
the interest of Sacramento and devoted to dramatic and governmental
criticism and miscellany. It was printed with large type and on the
finest paper. It was started in February, 1889, by Winfield J. Davis,
W. A. Anderson and George A. Blanchard. The editors were among
the early residents of the city and county, thoroughly conversant with
its history in all respects, and eminently fitted for the task they had
undertaken. The paper enjoyed a reputation for exceptional literary
ability and the cessation of its publication in 1894 on account of a
division of opinion between its proprietors as to the policy of the paper
during the great railroad strike of that year, was regretted by a wide
circle of citizens, who had enjoyed the perusal of its columns.

In the early part of 1856 Dr. Bradley established the Granite
Journal at Folsom, Granite being at that time the name of what is now
known as Folsom. He conducted the paper for several years and it
became one of the most widely known papers in the state in that day of
only a few newspapers. When the name of the town was changed from
Granite to Folsom, the Journal changed its name to the Folsom Tele-
graph. The paper also changed hands about the same time, William
Penry, afterwards treasurer of Amador county, becoming the editor
and proprietor, being succeeded several years later by William Aveling.
When Mr. Aveling died, his widow conducted the paper for a time, but
soon sold it to Peter J. Hopper. About 1872 John F. Howe purchased
the paper and from his death ten years later until July 19, 1884, Mrs.
Howe held ownership. It then passed into the hands of Weston P.
Truesdell, and he published it alone until August 1, 1888, when I. Fiel
joined him. Thej^ conducted the paper until March 16, 1889, when Mr.
Fiel purchased the entire interest and soon after sold out to Thad
McFarland. Since the death of Mr. McFarland, May 4, 1894, his widow
has been the owner. The paper has been ably conducted by their son,
R. D. McFarland, as editor and manager, and has been enlarged from
six columns to seven.

The Gait Gazette has been in existence for a number of years and
has a fair circulation in the southern end of the county.

The Daily Evening Netvs was started in 1890, by John Dormer, a
well-known newspaper man of Nevada, and Wells Drury, also a jour-
nalist from the same state. Under their management the paper was
published for two years. It was then purchased by John A. Sheehan
and June B. Harris, who had been for many years attached to the

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 165

editorial staff of the Daily Evening Bee. Sheehan and Harris were
very capable newspapermen and the Daily Netvs prospered under their
management. Their financial backers became interested in a plan to
have the city water works pass into the hands of private interests, and
as parf of the bargain for the support of other newspapers, the Daily
News was suspended immediately after an election at which the people
voted to substitute well water for that supplied from the river by their
own works. The plan was blocked and ultimately fell through.

Soon after the suspension of the Daily Evening Neivs, in 1893, the
Sunday News was started by Messrs. Sheehan and Harris, and was a
pronounced success from the date of the first issue. About two years
later Harris died, and his interest in the publication was purchased
by Winfield J. Davis. In May, 1897, the Sunday Neivs was sold to the
News Publishing Co., its present owner. Its size and pages were en-
larged and a large modern iDublishing plant was eqiiipped for its issu-
ance with other printing and important publications. Mr. Sheehan
continued as its editor until his decease in 1910. He was succeeded
by Ennnet Phillips, his former partner and editorial associate, who is
at present editing the Sunday News, assisted by John H. Miller, for-
merly of the Evening Bee. The plant of the News Publishing Co. is
one of the largest in this part of the state, and the Sunday Neivs is
probably the most widely read and ciuoted weekl}^ newspaper in Northern
California. The present owners are Emmet Phillips, A. A. Trueblood
and John H. Miller.

The Sacramento Star was started November 21, 1904, being fur-
nished by the Scripps-McRae telegraphic service, the Associated Press
franchise for the city being owned exclusively by the Union and the
Bee. It is under the management of E. W. Scripps, who is the owner
of a large number of papers on the coast and in the west. It started
as a four-page, seven-column paper, printed on a flat press and in-
creased successively to eight, ten and twelve pages of eight columns,
in June, 1907, and subsequently. Henry White is editor and E. H. Car-
penter general manager. The paper has grown steadily in prosperity
and importance.

Several papers printed in foreig-n languages are being published
in this citj'.

CHAPTER XXIII

EDUCATIONAL MATTERS

It is an accepted fact among the educators throughout the country
that Sacramento has always kept abreast of the times in matters educa-
tional and the events of the past few years haA'e emphasized the fact.
One of the first things noted in the history of the city in the days of
the first rush of immigrants to the land of gold, was the establishment
of a school in the summer of 1849, when the fevered quest for the yel-

166 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

low metal pervaded all men's minds to almost the total exclusion of all
other sentiments. And Sacramento has fully kept pace with progress
along educational lines ever since, the last action of the city in voting
bonds to the amount of $800,000 for new schools and playgrounds for
her children being a patent evidence that her people were keenly alive
to the importance of directing the rising generation into the pathway
leading to intelligence and good citizenship. Destroyed several times
by fire, grown decrepit by age, stunted by cramped quarters and
needing more room for the constantly increasing number of children
seeking knowledge, the school buildings have time after time risen
like the Phoenix from their ashes, or given place to more modern
and commodious ones. Manual training, domestic science and gym-
nastic training have usurped in late years the time and attention for-
merly given to fossilizecl studies and ideas and the watchword of
"Progress" has shouldered out of the way the old and obsolete fea-
tures that had retarded advancement. Our boys are today being
fitted for the battle of life by the employment of their minds, eyes
and hands in a practical way, instead of turning them out upon their
struggle for a livelihood with their heads crammed with a mass of
knowledge that can be utilized only in certain directions and in a
very limited field. Our girls are being trained in the arts that pertain
to the home and its comforts and conveniences. The arts of cooking
and sewing, which have become almost lost arts in the feminine part
of the community, and on which the comfort and harmony of the
household so greatly depend, have been resuscitated and given their
proper place in the economy of our daily lives, and the growing gen-
eration of womanhood is being better fitted for wifehood and mother-
hood.

The influence for good these things will exert on the next gen-
eration can hardly be calculated and must result in a great betterment
of future economic conditions. The struggle for existence is becoming
yearly more arduous and our children must be so trained as to be
better fitted to encounter its future difficulties. Practical education,
then, is necessarily taking the place of that" which in the past was
largely theoretical and impractical.

Tlie first school recorded in the liistory of our city was opened
in August, 1849, by C. T. H. Palmer. Rev. J. A. Benton, who was
the first pastor of the Congregational Church in Sacramento, has
given an interesting account of the first educational ventures in Sac-
ramento, as follows: "C. T. H. Palmer, formerly of Folsom, taught
the first school, so far as I know, that was ever taught in Sacramento.
He taught during the month of August, 1849, and then abandoned the
business.' I do not know how many pupils he had, but the number
could not have exceeded ten. I purchased from him in September the
benches and furniture he had used, and opened the same school again
October 15, 1849, at the same place in which he kept it. The place

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 167

was on I street, in a building owned by Prof. F. Shepherd. The struc-
ture was a one-story house about 14x28 feet, covered at the ends
with rough clapboards, and the roof and sides were covered with old
sails from some craft tied up at the bank of the river. Some 'shakes'
and 'pickets' were nailed over the places not covered by the sails,
close to the ground. The doorway was covered by a piece of canvas
fastened at the top and dropping before the opening. There was no
floor but the ground, and that was by no means level. The school house
stood on the brink of the slough, or 'Lake Sutter,' near the northeast
corner of Third and I streets. It was about sixty feet east of the east
side of Third street and the southern side of it encroached a few feet
on I street. I street was not then passable for wagons. The remains
of a coalpit were in the middle of I street, a few yards eastward from
the building. A small and crooked oak tree stood at the eastern end
of the schoolhouse, close to it and near the door. A sycamore tree and
some shrubs of ash and elder grew out of the bank on the northern
side and close to the building. The filling up of I street and the
advent of the Chinese now obliterate every trace of the building and
its exact site. My school opened with four pupils, and increased to
six, then to eight or nine. I do not think it ever exceeded twelve.
By stress of weather and other circumstances I was compelled to close
the school the 1st of December, 1849. That was the end of my en-
deavors in the way of school teaching. It is my imiiression that
Crowell opened a school in the spring of 1850, but it might have been
during the following autumn. In the spring there were enough fami-
lies to make school teaching desirable, and the weather and other
circumstances were such as to make it practicable. I know of no other
schools in 1849 than Palmer's and mine."

Up to 1854 the public schools had been merged into those of the
county, and were under the supervision of the county assessor, by
virtue of his office. The state school law provided for a supervising
school committee in each city, town and incorporated village. The
attempt made in Sacramento to establish a common school under that
law failed and in 1852 the legislature repealed that law and passed
a new one, which gave to cities and incorporated towns the control of
the common schools within their limits, with a provision that if the
municipal authorities did not exercise that power the county assessor
should have charge of them and be ex-officio county superintendent.
This act was amended April 26, 1853, and in that year the county
assessor. H. J. Bidleman, appointed under the law as amended a board
of school commissioners for the city consisting of Dr. H. W. Harkness.
G. J. Phelan and George Wiggins.

Judging from the articles in the newspapers of that dav, fre-
quentlv demanding that the commissioners do their dutv and open
a public school, they must have been very dilatory in establishing the

168 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

schools. At last, in February, 1854, the following advertisement ap-
peared :

"Public School. The citizens of Sacramento are hereby notified
that the school commissioners for this city will open a public school on
the southeast corner of Fifth and K streets, on Monday morning,
February 20, 1854, at 9 o'clock. G. H. Peck will have charge of the
male department, and Miss Griswold of the female department. By
order of the Commissioners of Common Schools."

The school was opened on the day designated and was the first
public school opened in this city. The day of co-education had not
then arrived, and two rooms were occupied, one by the boys and the
other by the girls. The school opened on the first day with fifty boys
and forty girls in attendance. Most of them were between seven and
nine years old and the greater portion had never attended school
before. The attendance increased rapidly and on the fourth day
there were ninety boys and seventy girls in attendance. It was found
that the school was growing so fast that there was not room for
the accommodation of the pupils and soon there were 200 on the roll.
The building not being large enough to accommodate all, another
school was opened in an old building known as the Indiana House on
I street, near Tenth, and the board appointed A. R. Jackson as
teacher. This school in turn became too crowded, and another
building was leased, on the corner of Tenth and G streets. The girls
of the I street school were removed to this place and placed in charge
of M. E. Corby. On June 19 a school for girls and boys was opened
near the corner of Seventh and K streets, W. A. Murray being placed
in charge. The attendance still increasing, a primary school was
opened in the rear of the Fifth street school, in a building formerly
occupied as a mechanic's shop, and the care of the pupils was con-
fided to Miss A. E. Roberts.

And still the movement grew. In July, 1854, it is stated that
there were 261 pupils attending the public schools, and 250 in private
schools. The day of the children had come, and the city was becoming
a city of homes instead of men only. From this time on the advance
in the cause of education was rapid. October 2, 1854, the city council
passed an ordinance which had been drafted by N. A. H. Ball and
which provided for the election of a city superintendent of schools
and a board of education. The board was to assume the control of
the city schools, which had heretofore been controlled by the county
assessor.

The council elected Dr. H. W. Harkness superintendent, and N. A.
H. Ball, George Wiggins and Dr. T. A. Thomas trustees or members
of the board, which organized on the 1st of the following month,
Harkness occupying the chair and Ball being secretary. At this
meeting the board estimated the school income and expenses necessary
for the ensuing year at $22,000. A controversy arose between the

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 169

county superintendent and the board, the former declining to sur-
render control of the schools on the ground that it would deprive him
of his $1,000 salary. The jiiatter was finally adjusted and on Decem-
ber 7th the county commissioners and Superintendent Bidleman for-
mally surrendered all the public schools in the city, the city board
agreeing to liquidate all indebtedness. On the 11th the county super-
intendent and commissioners resigned their offices and the city board
assumed full control of the schools.

On November 25, 1854, the following teachers were elected by
the new board: For the Second Ward female grammar school, Miss
Anderson; Second Ward female primary school. Miss Frost; Second
Ward Male grammar school, G. H. Peck; Third Ward male grammar
school, A. R. Jackson. The first common school house was erected
on the corner of Tenth and H streets, lapon land tendered free by
John H. Gass, A. B. Asper contracting to build it in fifteen days for
$1,487. It was dedicated with appropriate ceremonies, January 20,
1855. February 5, 1855, a primary school was established at Eleventh
and I streets, with Mrs. Eliza A. Wright as teacher. The board
apportioned scholars to the different schools, to the number of 574.
The teachers were to register the applicants and if the pupil absented
himself for more than a week without good cause the board and the
parents were to be notified, his name dropped and the next applicant
on the list admitted. Dr. Harkness in his first report showed accom-
modations for only 414 pupils — 157 boys, 157 girls and 100 primary
scholars. Five hundred and seventy-eight pupils had made application
to enter, and the accommodations were insufficient, there being an
average attendance of 46.3.

In March, 1855, the authority to elect the board was taken from
the council and given to the people by legislative act, the number of
commissioners being increased to six. At the first election in April,
1855, Francis Tukey was elected superintendent, and R. P. Johnson,
H. Houghton, F. A. Hatch, J. F. Morse, George W. Wooley and George
Wiggins commissioners. The new board organized April 11th, the
salaries of teachers being at that time $1,350 monthly. On the 15th
Lee & Marshall's circus gave a benefit to the schools, netting $321,
and subsequently gave other benefits. The schools grew rapidly and
on May 5th the new board elected teachers, there being ten principals
and two assistants. In February, 1856, Tukey resigned as superin-
tendent and F. W. Hatch was elected in his place, William E. Cham-
berlain being elected commissioner in place of Hatch. The report of
Superintendent Hatch on March 18th showed that in the six grammar
schools there were 199 boys and 267 girls, a total of 466; average
attendance 254. In the five primary schools there were 270 boys and
234 girls; total 504, average attendance 250. Twelve of the pupils
were born in California and one in Cliina. From Illinois came 93.

170 HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY

Early this year came W. H. Watson who succeeded Mr. Wooiey as
a member of the board.

A superintendent and board of commissioners were elected in
April, 1856, and met on the 11th. It consisted of F. W. Hatch, re-
elected superintendent; Dr. C. Burrell, David Maddux, John F. Dre-
man, J. F. Thompson, A. Montgomery and C. H. Bradford. On May
12th the board apportioned $25 a month for the colored school, which
was to be taught by J. B. Anderson. This was the first aid the colored
school had received. In November J. B. Harmon succeeded Burrell.
The report of Superintendent Hatch showed studies pursued in the
various schools as follows : Grammar, 312 ; arithmetic, 612 ; reading,
821 ; spelling, 843 ; writing, 538 ; geography, 372 ; history, 103 ; algebra,
63; Latin, 28; chemistry, 39; geometry, 4; composition, 227; declama-
tion, 151.

A new board consisting of J. G. Lawton, superintendent; Samuel
Cross, R. A. Pearis, David Murray, H. J. Bidleman, P. W. S. Rayles
and J. G. Simmons, commissioners, took their places. In the latter
part of 1857 the building of the Franklin grammar school, at Sixth
and L streets, now known as the old Armory, was begun. December
22nd the corner stone was laid in the presence of a large assemblage,
under the auspices of the Masons. The lot cost $4,500 and the building
$7,500.

May 4, 1858, the school directors, composed of the board of educa-
tion appointed under the Consolidation Act, held their first meeting
and elected Samuel Cross president and Dr. Simmons secretary.
Daniel J. Thomas was appointed a director by the board of super-
\dsors in place of Dr. R. A. Pearis, but the board of education de-
clared the appointment illegal.

The board of education organized October 4, 1858, consisted of
G. J. Phelan, A. G. Richardson,"H. J. Bidleman, T. M. Morton, H. B.
Osborne, G. I. N. Monell, John Hatch and G. L. Simmons; Phelan,
president. Hatch did not qualify and the board of supervisors elected
David Meeker to fill his place. Dr. Simmons resigned in January,
1859, and was succeeded by C. A. Hill. Early in 1859 a school build-
ing was erected at a cost of $3,800, at Thirteenth and G streets and
named the Washington school house. Secretary Bidleman was re-
moved May 9th, and was succeeded by Monell.

A new board met October 3, 1859, consisting of Cyril Hawkins,
H. J. Bidleman, J. M. Frey, G. L. Simmons, J. J. Murphy, G. I.
N. Monell, D. J. Thomas and Henry McCreary. Dr. Frey was presi-
dent and Monell secretary. An unsuccessful attempt was made to
establish a Normal School, to be taught two days in the week. At the
close of the year there were one high, four grammar, two pri-
mary and intermediate, and six primary schools in the city. Scholars
enrolled, 1031, with an average attendance of 790. Fifteen teachers
were employed, one assistant and ten monitors, salaries amounting

HISTORY OP SACBAMENTO COUNTY 171

to $1,850 a month, the board believing the monitorial system less
expensive and giving more teachers.

The board of education for 1860 met December 3rd, with G.
Taylor, J. F. Crawford, H. Miller, J. M. Frey, J. M. Milliken, A. C.
Sweetzer, S. M. Mouser and J. Bithell members; Miller president and
Sweetzer secretary. It discharged all the teachers and monitors,
graded the schools, decided that male teachers should be employed
as principals of the high school and of the first grade of the grammar
school. J. W. Anderson was elected principal of the Franklin gram-
mar school and Miss Doyle his assistant. June 7, 1861, Anderson
was elected principal of the high school, and Mr. Templeton to fill
his place in the Franklin school.

January 6, 1862, the board organized was composed of J. P.
Dreman, D. J. Thomas, W. Bidwell, H. Miller, W. H. Hill, J. M.
Milliken, S. M. Mouser and Edward Collins ; Hill, president. In March
Mrs. Folger was elected teacher of the colored school, the board vot-
ing to pay her salary whenever the building and furniture should be
furnished by the parents interested. On the 3rd of March the schools,
which had been considerably" damaged by the flood, reopened, except
the one at Sixteenth and N streets, which was still surrounded by
water. Mouser resigned and his place was filled by J. T. Peck. The
schoolhouse at Tenth and P streets was erected, at a cost of $2,500.

The board elected in January, 1863, comjDrised Edward Collins,
John F. Dreman, W. H. Hill, H. H. Hartley, Paul Morrill, D. J.
Thomas, W. Bidwell and H. J. Bidleman. Hill was president. At the
close of the year 1093 pupils were enrolled, average attendance, 795.
The graduating class numbered 215. Pupils in the colored school, 32,
average attendance 27. A building for the colored school was erected
at Fifth and 0 streets, but was set on fire by an incendiary and con-
sumed with its contents. Total disbursements for the eleven schools,
$24,483.57.

In January, 1864, W. Bidwell, M. C. Briggs, J. H. Carroll, J. F.
Crawford, Henry H. Hartley, Paul Morrill, O. D. Lambard and II. J.
Bidleman composed the board, which elected Briggs president. When
the year closed the number of schools had increased to thirteen—-
six primary, three intermediate, one high, one grammar, one ungraded
and one colored, with 1202 pupils in attendance, 919 of whom were
born in the state. The intermediate school at Thirteenth and G streets
was opened, as also an ungraded one at Twenty-ninth and J streets.
The board, in compliance with a petition from the colored people,
placed their school on the same footing as the white schools, except
as to grade. The expenses for the vear were $28,660.08; receipts,
$27,276.86.

The board of 1865 organized in January, with M. C. Briggs,
W. E. Chamberlain, 0. D. Lambard, Eugene Soule, J. W. Avery,
J. li. Carroll, J. W. Crawford and Paul Morrill. Briggs was re-

172 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

elected president. The Union schoolhouse at Seventh and G streets
was completed and accepted February 7th. J. L. Fogg was chosen
principal of the gTammar school, Mr. Templeton being made prin-
cipal of the high school. The total number of pupils had increased to
1458, of which 870 were born in the state. The first story of the
Union high school was completed May 1st, and two schools moved in.
Cost, $15,786.56. Receipts, $31,489.35. Expenses, $34,459.68.

In January, 1866, the new board organized, with J. W. Avery,
W. E. Chamberlain, Paschal H. Coggins, John F. Dreman, G. R.
Moore, 0. D. Lambard, Paul Morrill and Eugene Soule, directors;
president, W. E. Chamberlain. The close of the year showed 1524
pupils enrolled, 1010 born in the state. There were now fourteen
schools in the city. H. H. Howe was elected principal of the grammar
school, Fogg having resigned. A schoolhouse for colored children
was erected costing $700, and a frame schoolhouse at Ninth and M
streets, costing $3946, and school was opened there Augl^st 1st. Re-
ceipts for the year, $34,443.31; expenditures, $32,136.43, receipts for
the first time exceeding expenses.

The board of 1867 was composed of the same members, Paul
Morrill being president. At the close of the year 1736 children were
on the rolls, 1227 born in California and 457 elsewhere. Early in
the year the Lincoln school building was erected, the cost being
$8049.69. In March $200 was set aside from the state apportion-
ment for a school library. About 250 volumes were purchased and
the number has increased yearly since. Lambard resigned and was
replaced by John F. Crawford, and Soule resigning, David S. Ross
was elected in his place. Receipts, $33,639 ; expenditures, $44,207.

In 1868 the board was: J. F. Crawford, Joseph Davis, J. W.
Avery, Henry Miller, D. S. Ross, F. A. Gibbs, Paschal H. Coggins
and Horace Adams. Miller was president. The year closed with
1727 names enrolled, — 920 boys and 807 girls, — with an average at-
tendance of 1142. Born in the state 1241. Receipts, $43,194.68; ex-
penses, $48,362.

In Februarv, 1869, the board was : J. F. Crawford, J. W. Avery,
P. B. Redding," Henry Miller, David S. Ross, F. A. Gibbs, W. L.
Campbell and Henry McCreary; Miller, president. The year closed
with 2200 pupils enrolled — 1128 boys and 1072 girls; average at-
tendance 1584. A wooden addition was made to the school building
at Thirteenth and G streets, but within a fortnight it was destroyed
by an incendiary fire, together with the old building, and the school
had to be continued in other quarters until the new two-story brick
building for the school could be completed. It cost $13,720 and was
known as the Washington school. A wooden addition was also made
to Franklin schoolhouse. In November 400 German citizens peti-
tioned the board to introduce the German language into the schools,
which was done. Arnold Dulon being elected teacher, with fifteen

HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY 173

pupils iu the high school and one hundred and ninety in the grammar
school. At the close of the year there were seventeen schools in the
city — one high, one grammar with four grades, four intermediate,
nine primaries, one ungraded and one colored. Recepits, $78,000.94;
expenditures, $77,840.44.

In 1870 the board was composed of John H. Dreman, J. W. Avery,
Henry Miller, David S. Eoss, F. A. Gibbs, Daniel Brown, J. F. Mont-
gomery and B. B. Redding, with Miller as president. H. H. Howe
resigned the principalship of the grammar school and A. H. Mc-
Donald was elected to the position, two new departments being added.
A two-story brick schoolhouse was erected at Sixteenth and N streets,
at a cost of $9,000, but a few days after its completion it was set on
fire and destroyed. The board immediately erected another, which
was completed the following year. The yearly roll showed 1219 boys
and 1137 girls; total, 2356. Eeceipts, $81,115.51. Expenditures. $80,-
770.47.

The next board organized January 26,1871, was composed of W.

C. Stratton, J. W. Avery, E. T. Taylor, D. S. Eoss, Henry Miller,
Daniel Brown, J. F. Montgomery and Henry C. Kirk, Montgomery
being president. The pupils increased in number to 2458 — 1249 boys
and i209 girls. There were now twenty schools in the city and receipts
for the year were $72,810 and expenses, $71,351.

In i872 the board was: Henry C. Kirk, W. C. Stratton, Henry
Miller, E. T. Taylor, E. I. Eobinson, John F. Dreman, C. H. Cum-
mings and H. K. Snow; Miller, president. Judge E. B. Crocker ac-
quired the ground on which the schoolhouse at Second and P streets
stood, and the school was removed to Fourth and Q streets. The
city donated the public square between I and J, Fifteenth and Six-
teenth streets, and the present commodious brick building, known as
the Sacramento granmiar school, was erected at a cost of $60,000, to
accommodate the other grammar schools. George Eowland was
elected a member of the board, vice Stratton, resigned. Underwood
resigned as principal of the grammar school and A. H. McDonald suc-
ceeded him. The board decided to open a night school in the two
lower rooms of the Franklin grammar school, at Sixth and K streets.

In 1873 the board consisted of C. H. Cummings, J. F. Dreman,
James I. Felter, E. I. Eobinson, H. K. Snow, George Eowland, Felix
Tracy and B. B. Eedding; Cummings presiding. The census showed
3389 children between five and fifteen years of age, with 3053 en-
rolled; average attendance, 1810. Receipts, $73,952; expenses, $67,300.

The board as organized in 1874 consisted of C. H. Cummings,

D. W. Welty, J. F. Dreman, J. I. Felter, George Eowland, Felix
Tracy, George Waite and W. F. Knox; Tracy presiding. A new
course of study gave two grades in the primary schools, instead of
three. Intermediate School No. 5 and Primary School No. 10 were
organized and an additional assistant was employed at the gram-

174 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

mar school. The high school opened with a new corps of teachers and
118 ]mpils. ■ A truant officer was employed in September with good
results. Mr. Straube resigned as German teacher and A. H. linger
was elected. The receipts were $95,041; disbursements, $122,249, and
the deficit of $27,208 was met with borrowed money.

January, 1875, the new board as organized consisted of C. H.
Cummings, J. F. Dreman, Albert Hart, W. F. Knox, T. M. Lindley,
J. F. Montgomery, Felix Tracy and George S. Waite; Tracy pre-
siding. Superintendent Hinkson reported the receipts as $68,946.05
and the expenditures, $57,579.72. Total number enrolled, 2633; av-
erage attendance, 2143; born in California, 2134. The cost for each
pupil was estimated at $21.86. The Union and Lincoln and other
schoolhouses were re]iaired during the year. The superintendent's
report showed the schools to compare favorably with those of the
other states, and the system of weekly and monthly examinations was
instituted with satisfactory results.

In 1876 the board was composed of John F. Dreman, Albert Hart,
F. M. Lindley, T. B. McFarland, J. F. Montgomery, A. T. Nelson,
J. F. Richardson, Felix Tracy, and Secretary Hiukson. School Cen-
sus Marshal's report showed an increase of 355 children during the
past year. Total number of children attending school, 2850; average
attendance, 1982; born in California, 1843: number enrolled for
the German class, 191. Expenses, $64,894.35. The superintendent
reported against any change in text books.

The board for 1877 organized with J. F. Dreman, J. I. Felter,
H. H. Linnell, T. B. McFarland, John Stevens and J. N. Young.
Felter presided. The superintendent's report showed that there were
in the city 4011 white and 71 colored children between five and seven-
teen years of age. Of these 2458 were attending public schools. There
were 55 public school classes in the city and the high school was
maintained for ten months during the year. There were in all, twelve
school buildings; boys enrolled, 1627; girls, 1496; average attendance,
ninety per cent. The high school erected this year was a fine struc-
ture with four class rooms, library room, laboratory, etc.

The board of 1878 organized with J. F. Dreman, J. I. Felter,
E. Greer, Matt F. Johnson, H. H. Linnell, John Stevens and J. N.
Young as directors; Felter presiding. Sixty-eight teachers were em-
ployed, including one of French and German. Several new school
rooms were rendered necessary this year by the accession of pupils.
The number of pupils enrolled was 3148. Current expenses were $69,-
872. The superintendent recommended that school books be fur-
nished to all children under restrictions that would prevent abuses.
Eight additional teachers were employed and two new classes estab-
lished in the grammar grades.

In 1879 the board organized with Director S. W. Butler, E.
Greer, Matt F. Johnson, J. F. Dreman, John T. Griffitts, F. A.

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 175

Hornblower, James McClatchy and T. B. McFarland. The latter pre-
sided. The superintendent reported the value of school property
at $198,000. Number of pupils enrolled, 3539. Receipts, $78,947.26;
expenditures, $74,082.94. He recommended the erection of an addi-
tional school building in the southern part of the city, the grading of
teacher's salaries, and free supply of books to the pupils; of the
sixty-three class rooms one had been abandoned on account of its
unhealthy location. Seventy-three teachers were employed, with an
average salary of $72.83. Prof. Albert H. linger, principal of the
German classes, died this year. The night school had one hundred
pupils enrolled, under Professor Brier, and was reported as in a
high condition of efficiency.

The board of 1880 organized with Directors S. W. Butler, J. T.
Griffitts, F. A. Hornblower, W. R. Knights, J. D. Lord, James Mc-
Clatchy, W. D. Stalker and K. F. Wiemeyer. Griffitts presided.

Knights resigned and Felix Tracy was elected to the vacancy.
F. L. Landes succeeded A. C. Hinkson as superintendent. The latter
reported receipts for the previous year as $82,380.32; disbursements,
$81,014.95 ; one new schoolhouse, a fine ten-class primary school on
Q street, between Ninth and Tenth, costing $9,413, and other build-
ings, amounting in all to $10,733 and furniture to the amount of
$1852 were among the items, giving ample accommodations for
pupils. The sale of the Franklin grammar school, at Sixth and L
streets, occupied only as a night school, was recommended. Total
number of pupils enrolled, 3489; teachers employed, 79, two of them
lieing in the evening school. The ]:)rineipal of the high school was
0. M. Adams; vice-principal. Kirk W. Brier, who afterwards became
principal. A. H. McDonald was principal of the Sacramento gram-
mar school and Joseph W. Johnson principal of the Capital gram-
mar; W. J. Hyde, principal of the night school.

Up to this time there had been four superintendents — W. H.
Hill, S. C. Denson, A. C. Hinkson and F. L. Landes.

Since 1880 the boards have been as follows:

1881— K. F. Wiemeyer, W. D. Stalker, J. D. Lord, L. K. Ham-
mer, S. W. Butler, Felix Tracy, Philip Herzog and W. S. Mesick.
Mesick resigned and C. H. Stevens was elected to succeed him.

1882— John F. Slater, Philip Herzog, C. H. Stevens, W. D.
Stalker, S. W. Butler, Felix Tracy, Mathew C. Cooke, L. K. Ham-
mer; G. H. Hancock succeeded Hammer, resigned.

1883— John F. Slater, C. H. Stevens, Mathew C. Cooke, W. D.
Stalker, 0. P. Goodhue, Felix Tracy, George W. Hancock and S.
W. Butler. Goodhue died and Elwood Bruner was elected to the
vacancy.

1884— John F. Slater, C. H. Stevens, Mathew C. Cooke, J. L.
Chadderdon, Richmond Davis, D. Johnson, Elwood Bruner, Frank
Avery.

176 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

1885— W. M. Petrie, John F. Slater, A. Conklin, J. L. Chadder-
don, Richmond Davis, Frank Avery, C. H. Stevens, E. K. Alsip.

1886— A. Conklin, C. H. Stevens, J. W. Todd, W. M. Petrie,
Richmond Davis, O. W. Erlewine, John F. Slater, E. K. Alsip.
Stevens resigned and B. F. Howard was elected to fill the vacancy.

1887— A. Conklin, W. M. Petrie, J. W. Todd, Richmond Davis,
John F. Slater, A. S. Hopkins, H. C. Chipman and 0. W. Erlewine.

1888— Richmond Davis, W. M. Petrie, E. M. Martin, A. Conk-
lin, J. W. Todd, A. S. Hopkins, H. C. Chipman, John Skelton.

1889— J. W. Todd, A. J. Senatz, E. I. Martin, Joseph Hopley,
R. Davis, A. C. Tufts, H. C. Chipman, John Skelton.

1890— H. C. Chipman, W. H. Sherburn, A. C. Tufts, A. J. Senatz,
Joseph Hopley, J. N. Pajme, 0. W. Erlewine, Win J. Davis.

1891—0. W. Erlewine, M. Gardner, W. H. Sherburn, C. M. Har-
rison, J. N. Payne, R. Davis, A. C. Tufts, H. C. Chipman.

1892— A. C". Tufts, W. H. Sherburn, C. M. Harrison, Eugene A.
Crouch, H. J. Davis, 0. W. Erlewine, H. C. Chipman, M. Gardner.

1893 — No election. Same board held office. Sherburn, president.

1894-95— Win J. Davis, W. H. Sherburn, E. A. Crouch, J. H.
Dolan, A. N. Buchanan, T. W. Huntington, D. D. Whitbeck, M. J.
Dillman, P. S. Driver.

1896-97— Win J. Davis, E. A. Crouch, J. H. Dolan, T. W. Hunt-
ington, D. D. Whitbeck, M. J. Dillman, P. S. Driver, W. H. Sher-
burn, A. N. Buchanan.

1898-99— P. S. Driver, W. H. Sherburn, George B. Stack, C. A.
Elliott, F. L. Atkinson, C. C. Perkins, H. K. Johnson, H. S. Ranson,

E. S. Panabaker.

1900-01— P. S. Driver, Ed. J. Kay, George B. Stack, J. A. Green,

F. L. Atkinson, Herman Mier, H. K. Johnson, H. S. Ranson, E. E.
Panabaker.

1902-03— P. S. Driver, Ed. J. Kay, J. A. Green, Herman Mier,
H. S. Ranson, Edward McEwen, W. M. Petrie, Howard K. Johnson,
Robert Martyr.

1904-05— Howard K. Johnson, B. M. Hodson, Daniel FhTin, J.
A. Green, W. M. Petrie, John T. Skelton, L. G. Shepard, Robert
Martvr, William Lampert.

1906-07— J. A. Green, B. M. Hodson, Daniel Flynn, W. M. Petrie,
William Lampert, J. M. Henderson, Jr., John T. Skelton, W. F.
Jackson, L. G. Shepard.

1908-09— W. J. Taylor, R. L. Wait, D. Flynn, J. A. Green, W.
M. Petrie, T. D. Littlefield, J. M. Henderson, W. F. Jackson, W.

G. McMiUin.

1910-11— J. A. Green, R. L. Wait, J. R. Garlick, W. M. Petrie,
T. D. Littlefield, S. A. Smith, W. J. Taylor, Thomas Coulter, W.
G. McMillin.

The superintendents since 1880 have been : Dr. J. R. Lane,

HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY 177

January, 1882, to January, 1886; M. R. Beard, 1886 to 1890; Albert
Hart, 1890 to 1894; 0. W. Erlewine, elected under the new charter,
February 3, 1894, was subsequently re-elected and served continuously
as superintendent under the commission until he resigned early this
year, being succeeded by C. C. Hughes.

Under the new charter adopted in 1911, changing the govern-
ment of the city to the commission form, the commissioners con-
stituted the city board of education, Mrs. Luella B. Johnston being
the commissioner of education for the ensuing year, and being suc-
ceeded this year by E. J. Carragher.

THE HIGH SCHOOL

The embryo of the high school was created May 22, 1855, when
it was proposed by Dr. F. W. Hatch that Willson's History, astron-
omy, bookkeeping, Latin, French and Spanish be added to the course
of study. An order to add these studies to the course was adopted
at that time, but was not put in force till the following year, when
the classes in these studies were taught in the schoolhouse on M
street, between Eighth and Ninth, by J. M. Howe. Eighteen girls and
twenty-one boys were enrolled the first year and the remarkably high
average attendance of 36.8 out of 39 was attained. May 8, 1857.
Howe declined to be examined in Greek and was succeeded by C.
A. Hill. Hill resigned in August following and was succeeded by
A. E. Jackson, and early in 1858 the school was removed to Fifth
and K streets and J. P. Carleton was elected to teach French and
Spanish.

May 20, 1858, Charles A. Swift was elected principal, with a
salary of $200 a month, and Professor Lefebre was chosen to teach
French and Spanish in place of Carleton. As soon as the Franklin
grammar school was completed, the high school was removed to it.
In June, 1859, Professor Lefebre left the state and was succeeded by
Professor Jofre. In November, 1859, the natural sciences were
added to the course by the board, and A. E. Jackson was elected to
teach them. The next October Swift showed evidences of insanity
and a vacancy in the principalship was declared and Jackson was
appointed to the position, but refused the following April to serve
longer as principal, declaring the salary insufficient, and J. W. An-
derson was appointed in his place. Anderson was succeeded Sejitem-
ber, 18, 1862, by E. K. Marriner and the latter resigned March 27,
1865, and was succeeded by J. L. Fogg, who served till April 29th fol-
lowing and was succeeded by Milo L. Templeton as principal.

The school was removed to Seventh and G streets July 25, 1865,
and in November Alexander Goddard was elected teacher of French
and in April, 1870, Jourdon W. Eoper was appointed principal. He
resigned in April, 1872, and was succeeded by H. H. Howe, and early
in the year Edward P. Howe was appointed to take his brother's

178 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

place. His successors to date have been Oliver M. Adams, who re-
signed in June, 1884; W. W. Anderson from that date until the close
of the school year in June, 1888, when James H. Pond was elected
principal. Pond resigned in 1901 to take the principalship in the
Oakland high school and was succeeded by Frank Tade, who con-
tinued as principal until the close of the school year in June, 1910.
when he resigned to take the principalship of the Night High School
and was succeeded by H. 0. Williams, the present principal.

The high school building at the corner of Ninth and M streets
was completed September 2, 1876, at a cost of $10,687, and the school
was opened in it January 1, 1877. An addition was made to it in
1904, nearly doubling its size, and in 1909 it was burned. In 1907-08
a new high school building was erected on the block between K and
L, Eighteenth and Nineteenth streets, which had been purchased for
the purpose by the board of education from the directors of the
Protestant Orphan Asylum. The building is a fine one, the lower
story being of cement, and .the remainder of brick. It is four stories
in height, with thirty-five class rooms, and cost in round numbers
a little over $254,500. It is strictly up to date, has ample apparatus
for the scientific classes, and a gynmasium for the boys in the lower
story. It was calculated to furnish accommodations for about eight
hundred pupils, and that it would be ample for all the needs of the
school for ten years, but the growth of the city since has been so
rapid that it is alreadj' overcrowded, the classes for the first semester
of 1912 showing that about one thousand pupils must be taken care
of. The bond issue of $800,000 for the schools sanctioned by the
people in 1911, has provided for an addition to the high school facili-
ties, and it is advocated by many that a new high school building be
erected in the suburlian district recently annexed by the city, al-
though an addition may be built to the present building.

COLORED PUPILS

In 1873 a colored pupil applied for admission to the night school
and two colored girls applied for admission to the grammar school.
The question arose as to whether under the statute prohibiting tlie
attendance of colored children at the white schools they could be
admitted without endangering the receipt of the state and county
monevs for the support of the schools. The board granted the re-
quests, pending the decision of the supreme court on the constitu-
tionality of the law.

January 7, 1874, Su])erintendent Hinkson served on Princijial
McDonald of the grammar school the following notice:

"You are hereby instructed to admit no children of African de-
scent or Indian children into your school, and if any make applica-
tion for arbrission, direct them to the superintendent, who will issue

HISTORY OP SACRAMENTO COUNTY 179

permits for their admission into the schools provided for them by
law."

The admission of colored children to white schools had been
made an issue in the election of December, 1873, and Ilinkson had
been elected superintendent, with W. F. Knox and George S. Wait,
Democrats. J. F. Dreman, Republican, had previously voted against
admitting colored children.

The notice called attention to the statute on the subject. The
])rincipal refused to obey the order and was suspended by the super-
intendent and a special meeting was called, the principal stating that
the orders of the superintendent were in conflict with the resolution
adopted by the board, and asked which he should obey.

Director Welty offered the following resolution: ''That the teach-
ers are instructed that the paramount source of power rests with
the board, in reference to the subject matter embraced in the com-
munication from the principal of the grammar school."

The resolution was adopted by a vote of five to three and the
principal reinstated. Director Dreman offered a resolution as fol-
lows, which was lost by a vote of three to five :

"That it is the duty of Superintendent Hinkson to redeem his
pledge to the people of Sacramento City by using all legal means to
prevent the admission of colored children into the wdiite schools."
Director Knox offered the following resolution:

"That the resolution of December 29, 1873, by the board of edu-
cation, admitting certain colored children into the white grammar
school, is a palpable violation of the statute of the state."

Director Welty offered this in addition:

"But is in strict harmony with the constitution and laws of the
United States."

The resolution as amended was adopted. The supreme court
soon after declared the statute constitutional and a plan was dis-
cussed for establishing separate schools, but was deemed impractic-
able and colored pupils were admitted to the grammar and high
schools.

OTHER MATTERS

In 1882 a resolution was adopted by the board that thereafter,
when high school exercises were held, a premium of $20 would be
offered to the young lady pupil who would attend in the least ex-
jiensive and most appropriate dress. It seems therefore, that the
evil of expensive dressing on such occasions was even then prevalent.

In 1881 the Fremont primary school at Twenty-fourth and X
streets was erected.

In 1882 a two-roojii frame building, the Marshall primary, was
erected at Twenty-seventh and J streets and afterwards enlarged.
It stood on one of the city blocks reserved for plazas by General

180 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

Sutter and when the city resolved to make a park there, the school
was removed and a new one erected on G street.

In 1884 it was proposed to purchase the Perry Seminary build-
ing for a high school and $9000 was offered for it, but Mrs. Perry
asked $10,000. It was finally purchased for $9620 and used for years
for the night school, but was converted last year into a manual train-
ing school. In February, 1890, the board of trustees asked that the
Perry Seminary property be deeded to the city, but the board of
education declined, saying it had no power to cede it. In 1891 a
similar request was made and again denied.

In 1904 the first Chinese school was opened in the Perry Sem-
inary building.

In 1885 the Harkness grammar school at Tenth and P streets
was erected at a cost of $14,992, and the building at Tenth and L
streets, erected in 1879, named the Capital grammar school and at first
used as a grammar school, was named the Capital primary school.
In 1889 the Sutter grammar school at Twenty-first and L streets
was erected, at a cost of $15,444. In that year, also, the business men
of the city presented twelve American flags to the board of educa-
tion, with the request that they be displayed on all legal holidays,
on the first day of each term and on other occasions as the board
might deem proper. Today Old Glory floats over every schoolhouse
in the city and county while the schools are in session.

In this connection it may be stated that the first flag raised over
a schoolhouse in the county outside of the city was in the Capital
school district, on the old schoolhouse that stood on the Upper Stock-
ton road at Swiss station, a short distance south of the county hospital,
W. L. Willis being the teacher, and the school children and trustees
contributing money for the flag and flagstaif. On the same day,
but several hours later, a flag was raised on the American river dis-
trict schoolhouse. Miss Agnes Burns, teacher. Neither district knew
that the other contemplated such action, and the raising of the first
two flags in the county was a remarkable coincidence. Both school-
houses have since been demolished, and more commodious ones built
on other sites to accommodate the growing needs of the districts.

Besides the high school, we have now three grammar schools, —
the Watson, Harkness and Sutter, the Newton Booth school, which
is mixed, and eight primary schools, — the McKinley, Lincoln, Capital,
Washington, Jefferson, Marshall, Fremont and Eugene Field pri-
maries,— within the old city limits. Since the suburbs were annexed
they have brought into the city school system the Oak Park grammar
and primary schools, the Highland Park, Franklin, East Sacramento,
Riverside and Palmetto Heights schools, the latter being the school
of the Protestant Orphan Asylum on the Lower Stockton road.
There is_ also a night high school, and a night school with twelve
teachers. In addition to this, the old Perry Seminary has been fitted

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 181

up as a manual training school, with foui- teachers. The schools also
liave a sui^ervisor of drawing, a supervisor and assistant supervisor of
music, a teacher and assistant teacher for the deaf and dumb, and
four teachers of domestic science and home economics. In addition
to these there are several kindergarten schools.

In the spring of 1911 the Capital primary school, on L street,
between Ninth and Tenth, was burned, the work, it is generally be-
lieved, of an incendiary. The Lincoln primary school, at Fourth
and Q streets, has been twice burned within the past ten years, both
fires being supposedly incendiary.

There are at present eig'hty school districts in Sacramento county,
as follows: Arcade, Alabama, Alder Creek, Andrus Island, A mo,
Brighton, Buckeye, Brown, Brannan, Courtland, Capital, Carroll,
Center-Joint, Carson Creek-Joint, Colon}', Davis, Dry Creek-Joint,
Elk Grove, Elk Grove Union High, East Sacramento, Elder
Creek, Enterprise, Excelsior, Freeport, Florin, Franklin Union, Fair
Oaks, Gait, Granite, Grand Island, Georgiana, Good Hope, Goldberg,
Highland, Highland Park, Howard, Hutson, Isleton, Jackson, Junc-
tion, Kinney, Lisbon, Lee, Lincoln, Laguna, Michigan Bar, Moke-
lumne, Ney, Natoma-Joint, Onisbo, Oak Grove, Orangevale, Oulton,
Prairie, Point Pleasant, Pleasant Grove, Pacific, Palmetto Heights,
Richland, Roberts, Reese, Rio Vista, Rhoads, Riverside, Sylvan,
Sutter, Stone House, Sacramento City, San Joaquin, San Juan,
Sherman Island, Union, Victory, Vorden, Wilson, Washington, Walnut
Grove and Waker. Two new ones have been made b}^ the board of
supervisors within the past few mouths — Twin Cities district taken
from' Gait and Arno districts, and one, not yet named, taken from
Brighton, Washington, Enterprise and Excelsior districts. The num-
ber of teachers in the city schools is 267, and in the schools oiatside
of the city ninety-one.

SACEAMENTO BUSINESS COLLEGE

Wlien Agesilaus, King of Sparta, gave utterance to the precept
"Teach your boys that which they will practice when they become
men," he sounded the keynote of practical education and stamped the
pattern for the commercial training of the present generation. This
terse and epigrammatic injunction is the motto of one of the oldest and
most firmly established educational institutions on the Pacific Coast.
Founded February 28th, 1873, by Edmund Clement Atkinson, one of
the pioneer business educators of the state, it has for nearly forty
years inculcated sound business principles into the minds of the young
men and young women of California, and maintained first rank among
the institutions of learning of the community.

For the first twenty years of its existence, the college occupied
the upper floor of the present city library building on I street, be-
tween Seventh and Eighth, after which the third floor of the Hale

182 HISTOEY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY

block at Ninth aud K streets, where it was for sixteen years one of
the prominent features of the city's life. In 1909 it was moved to
the present commodious and well-lighted building at the north-east
corner of Thirteenth and J streets, where it continues to expound the
sound principles of business, impressing them upon the receptive
minds of its students along the strongly characteristic lines laid down
by its eminent founder, and on completion of the course of instruction
installs its graduates in responsible positions in the commercial world.
In fidelity to its announcements it "puts thousands into business."

The college celebrated its twenty-fifth anniversary in 1898 by
incorporating imder the laws of California. Since the death of its
founder, and in fact for a short time previous thereto, it had been
under the direct control of its president and manager, William E.
Cogswell, for eighteen years connected with the institution in various
capacities.

CHAPTEE XXIV

EAILROADS

The inception of railroad building in the county of Sacramento,
as well as in the whole state, has made very interesting history. The
building of the Sacramento Valley Eailroad which ran from Sacra-
mento to Folsom, a distance of twenty- two miles, in 1855-56, (it being
the first railroad constructed in the state) was the direct cause of the
construction of the western half of the great transcontinental railroad
known as the Central Pacific.

As far back as 1846 the building of a railroad across the plains
and over the mountains had been agitated in Congress and out of it
by Asa Whitney, until 1850. He was supported in his effort by Sena-
tors Benton of Missouri and Breese of Illinois. Februarv 7, 1849,
Senator Benton introduced a bill in Congress for the building of a
Pacific railroad, this bill being really the first tangible effort made
in that direction. The formation of a company of citizens of Sacra-
mento, Nevada and Placer counties was the first effort made in Cali-
fornia for the building of an overland railroad. Articles of incor-
poration of the Sacramento, Auburn and Nevada Eailroad Company
were filed in the o.'lice of the secretary of state, August 17, 1852.
They contained the names of twenty-six subscribers of twenty-ei^ht
shares each, at a A^alue of $100 a share, with the names of the follow-
ing directors: S. W. Lovell, Placer county; F. O. Dunn, John E.
Coryell, Charles Marsh, Isaac Williamson and William IT. Lvons of
Nevada county; John A. Eead, J. B. Haggin and Lloyd Tevis of
Sacramento countv. A survey was made of a line from Sacramento
City, through Folsom, Auburn and Green Vallev, to Nevada City.
The line was sixtv-eiffht miles long, and the estimated cost of con-
struction was $2,000,000. The survey was continued from Nevada

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 183

City through the Henness Pass. But the enterprise assumed too
gigantic i^roportions for the means of the incorporators, and they were
forced, much against their will, to abandon the undertaking.

In March, 1853, congress passed an act providing for a survey,
by the topographical engineers of the army, of three routes of a trans-
continental railway — the northern, southern and middle routes. The
surveys were made as ordered, and the report submitted to congress
and published, with elaborate engravings of the scenery along the
routes, topographical maps and representations of the animals and
plants discovered. These reports were doubtless valuable, but they
did not demonstrate the fact that a railway route was practicable over
the Rocky and Sierra Nevada mountain ranges. The demonstration
of that fact was to be made later by Theodore D. Judah, who had
been the chief-engineer of the Sacramento Valley Railroad — the first
railroad built in California. Mr. Judah became convinced, while en-
gaged from 1854 to 1856 in building this road, that it was practicable
to build a road over the Sierra Nevada mountains, the only range
that had before been deemed impracticable. He made at his own
expense trial surveys over several of the supposed passes over the
Sierra Nevadas. While these were only barometrical surveys, they
were sulKciently accurate to convince him that there was a practicable
route, and that a road could be built.

Armed with the data he had thus obtained, Mr. Judah lost no
time in presenting his views and ideas at all times in order to awaken
interest and advance the project of a Pacific railroad. In 1856 he
succeeded, through a concurrent resolution of the California legisla-
ture, in having a railroad convention called, to meet in San Francisco,
September 20, 1859. Many prominent men of California composed
this convention, among them being Hon. J. A. McDougall, Hon. J. B.
Crocket, Major John Bidwell, Hon. J. B. Axtell, Hon. James T.
Farley, Sherman Day and others, of California, together with dele-
gates from Oregon and adjoining territories. The convention sent
Mr. Judah to Washington, D. C, to endeavor to procure legislation
favoring the building of a railroad, and he proceeded thither, arriving
in time to be present at the opening of the Thirty-sixth Congress. He
lost no time after arriving in Washington, in visiting the various de-
partments and collecting from each one all the information that was
likely to be of assistance to him in presenting plainly and clearly to
congress the importance and feasibility of the enterprise which he
desired them to take favorable action ujion. While this session was
unfortunately so fully occupied with political matters that he was
unable to gain an effective hearing, and therefore made but little
impression on congress as a body, a great deal of good was effected bv
him through iiersonal interviews and the presentation of his views and
aims, backed up by the data gathered, with the different members
and many prominent men. He had acquired such a thorough knowl-

184 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

edge of his subject that he rarely failed to convince his auditors
of the entire feasibility of the project he had espoused. In conjunction
with Hon. John C. Burch, then a member of congress from California,
he drew up a bill which contained nearly all the provisions of the
bill finally passed in 1862. It was printed at private expense and a
copy sent to each member of congress and senate.

In 1860 Mr. Judah returned to California and immediately set
about making a more thorough survey of the Sierra Nevadas for a
pass and the approach to it, than he had hitherto attempted. He was
accompanied on this work by Dr. D. W. Strong of Dutch Flat, who
contributed much from his private means toward pajonent of the ex-
penses incurred in prosecuting the survey, as well as aiding it by his
intimate knowledge of the mountains. When the Central Pacific
Railroad Company was incorporated Dr. Strong became one of its
first directors.

On completion of these surveys, which were made with a baro-
meter, Mr. Judah made a trip to San Francisco for the purpose of
laying his plans before a number of the capitalists of that city and
trying to induce them to form a company to finance the work and
carry it to completion. He was chagrined to find his ideas coldly re-
ceived, and at obtaining no financial support in that city. He returned
to his hotel one evening, after becoming convinced that it was futile
to make any further trial to obtain financial aid in San Francisco,
and remarked to a friend : ' ' The capitalists of San Francisco have
refused this night to make an investment, for which, in three years,
they shall have ami)le cause to blame their want of foresight. I shall
return to Sacramento tomorrow, to interest merchants and others of
that place in this great work, and this shall be my only other effort
on this side of the continent. ' '

Mr. Judah had previously placed his plans and estimates before
James Bailey, a Sacramento friend, who was struck by the force of
his arguments and calculations. By Mr. Bailey he was introduced to
Governor Stanford, Mark Hopkins, E. B. Crocker and Charles Crock-
er. He was already acquainted with C. P. Huntington. A meeting
of the business men of Sacramento was called. Mr. Judah laid his
plans and statistics before them and steps preliminary to the organ-
ization of a company were immediately taken. The organization was
perfected and the articles of incorporation filed with the secretary of
state June 28, 1861. The name chosen for the company was the
Central Pacific Railroad Company of California, and the officers elected
were as follows: Leland Stanford, president; C. P. Huntington, vice-
president; Mark Hopkins, treasurer; Theodore D. Judah, chief engi-
neer; Leland Stanford, C. P. Huntington, Mark Hopkins, Charles
Crocker, James Bailey, L. A. Booth, D. W. Strong, of Dutch Flat, and
Charles Marsh, of Nevada City, directors. The capital stock was

HISTORY OP SACRAMENTO COUNTY 185

$8,500,000 and $148,000 was subscribed, just enough to brin;>- tlieiii
within the limit as set by the laws of California.

That all but the last two named were citizens of Sacramento
demonstrates conclusively that to Sacramento and her citizens belongs
the honor of inaugurating and carrying to successful completion the
Pacific railroads ; for had not Judah spent his time and talents in col-
lecting data, making surveys and proving that such an undertaking
was possible, it is an open question if the Pacific railroads would be
in existence today. The country from the Mississippi river to the
Rocky mountains was generally known in those days and appeared on
the maps as "The Great American Desert." The lofty and inhospit-
able Rocky Mountain range was on its western border, di'ficult to
surmount. Beyond them was the valley and table land of Utah and
Nevada, bleak and uninviting, and still beyond that, the lofty and
rugged Sierra Nevadas to be surmounted. The prospect was not in-
viting to the eastern investor. The barren and unpromising country
to be traversed gave but little prospect of being settled for many a
j'ear and the prospect of financial profit from the construction of a
railroad across a scope of such country nearly two thousand miles
in extent was not a brilliant one, or one calculated to draw the dollars
from the pockets of capitalists. Had the railroad not been begun at
this end of the line, it is doubtful if the line would have been built,
even to this day. To the men then, who threw themselves into the
breach and periled their fortunes and those of their friends, accrues
the honor of being foremost in the work of developing — not only the
Pacific coast, but two-thirds of the width of the continent. Mr.
Judah 's engineering work in constructing the most difficult parts of
the road was regarded as the wonder of the age, for he was forced
to employ methods not before used in his profession.

His coadjutors in the work, who have all, or nearly all, passed
away, deserve full credit for their faith in the enterprise, their in-
domitable energy and their masterly manner of managing and over-
coming the financial difficulties that they encountered during the years
that elapsed between the organization of the company and the com-
pletion of the road, which was often sneeringly alluded to by the San
Franciscans as "Stanford's Dutch Flat Road." We cannot forget,
however, that Mr. Judah had spent all his time and money and energy
for three or four years previous to the organization of the company,
in collecting data, without which no prudent man would have felt
justified in investing a dollar in the undertaking that was so generally
regarded as chimerical and impracticable.

After the company was organized Mr. Judah was instructed to
make a thorough instrumental survey of the route across the Sierras,
which he did. The previous surveys or reconnoissances made had
covered three routes, one through Eldorado county via Georgetown,
another via Illinoistown and Dutch Flat, and a third via Nevada

186 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

and Henness Pass. The observations had demonstrated the existence
of a route across the Sierras bj' which the summit could be reached
by maximum grades of one hundred and five feet to the mile. The
instrumental survey, however, developed a route with lighter grades,
less distance and fewer obstacles than the previous observations had
shown. The first report of the chief engineer to the officers of the
company gave the following as topographical features of the Sierras,
which rendered railroad building and operating over them so for-
midable :

1. "The great elevation to be overcome in crossing its summit,
and the want of uniformity in its western slope. ' ' The average length
of the western slope of the Sierras is about seventy miles, and on
this distance the altitude increases seven thousand feet, making it
necessary to maintain an even gTade on the ascent to avoid creating
some sections with excessive grades.

2. "From the impracticability of the river crossings." These
rivers run through gorges in many places over one thousand feet
deep, with the banks of varying slopes from perpendicular to forty-
five degrees. A railroad line, therefore, must avoid crossing these
canyons. The line, as established by the surveys of 1861, pursued
its course along an unbroken ridge from the base to the summit of the
Sierras, the only river crossing in the mountains being that of Little
Bear, about three miles above Dutch Flat. Another prominent feature
of the location is the fact that it entirely avoids the second sununit
of the Sierras. The estimated cost per mile of the road from Sacra-
mento to the state line was $88,000 per mile.

October 1, 1861, the board of directors of the Central Pacific Rail-
road Company adopted a resolution as follows:

"Resolved, that Mr. T. D. Judah the chief engineer of this com-
pany, proceed to "Washington on the steamer of the 11th of October
instant, as the accredited agent of the Central Pacific Railroad Com-
pany of California for the purpose of procuring appropriations of land
and United States bonds from the government, to aid in the construc-
tion of this road." Mr. Judah proceeded to the east on his mission
and that he accomplished his pur])ose this time is shown by the bill
that was passed by congress in July, 1862. This bill granted a free
right of way to the roads of four hundred feet wide over all govern-
ment lands on their line. The government also agreed to extinguish
the Indian title to all the land donated to the company either for
right of way or to the granted land.

Tlie lands on either side of the road were to be withdrawn from
settlement, by pre-emption or otherwise, for a distance of fifteen
miles, until the final location of the road should be' made, and the
United States surveys had determined the location of the section lines.
This map of the route was made by Mr. Judah, filed in the office
of the secretary of the interior, and the lands withdrawn in accordance

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 187

with the terms of the bill. When the bill had passed, Mr. Judah
telegraphed to his associates in Sacramento: "We have drawn the
elephant. See if we can harness him up."

This bill also provided for the issue to the company of United
States thirty-year six per cent, bonds, to be issued to the company as
each forty mile section of the road was completed, at the rate of
$16,000 per mile for the line west of the western base of the Sierra
Nevadas, and at the rate or $48,000 per mile from the western base
east to the eastern base of the Sierras, the latter subsidy to be paid
on the completion of each twenty mile section.

To secure the government from loss, and insure the pajmient of
these bonds, they were made a first lien on the road. The state of
California also donated $10,000 per mile to the road, by an act ap-
proved April 25, 1863. The engineering difficulties were great, and
had been considered unsurmountable, but the financial difficulties also
were great, and undoubtedly required more labor and thought than
the engineering, though of a different kind. That all these difficulties
were surmounted, and the originators of the etfort still retained the
ownership and control of the road, and in addition to the original
line have built thousands of miles of road in California and Arizona
and elsewhere, proves the ability of the leaders in this movement.

These men were mei'chants in a city that could not be classed
among the large ones of the land, and were consequently not largely
known to the financial world; they had never been engaged in the
railroad business, and were supposedly ignorant of the magnitude of
the undertaking in Avhich they engaged. Aside from the natural dif-
ficulty of the situation, they encountered the opposition of the moneyed
men of San Francisco and other places, who gave their enterprise the
name of the "Dutch Flat Swindle." C. P. Huntington, vice-president
of the company, was next sent to the east, with full power-of-attorney
to do any acts he might think for the interest of the company. One
of the main objects of this trip was to see that the bill which was then
before congress should not oblige the company to pay interest on
the bonds received of the government for at least ten years from their
date of issue. After the passage of the bill, the books were opened
for stock subscriptions, to the amount of eight and one-half million
dollars. Of this amount, "six hundred thousand dollars were sub-
scribed at the first rush, but after that, for a long time, the sub-
scriptions came in very slowly.

When Huntington attempted to dispose of the bonds of the com-
pany in New York, he was informed that they had no mai'ketable value
until some part of the road was built. Before he could dispose of
them, therefore, he was obliged to give the personal guarantee of
himself and his four partners, Hopkins, Stanford and the Crockers,
for the money, until such time as they could lie exchanged for United
States bonds.

188 HISTORY OP SACRAMENTO COUNTY

After spending the summer of 1861 in making additional surveys
of the three routes under consideration, Judah had finally decided
on the Dutch Flat route, ascertaining that the maximum grade on
that line would be one hundred feet to the mile. He thought the
line could be kept free from snow by the use of snow plows and that
eighteen tunnels, aggregating 17,100 feet in length, would be suffi-
cient. "Lightning expresses" and "limited" trains did not enter
into his calculations. He outlined a schedule for trains going east
as follows:

Sacramento to Barrimore's, thirty-one miles, one hour. Stop at
Barrimore's, half hour.

Barrimore's to Summit, eiglity-one miles, four hours. Pour
stops en route, fifteen minutes eacli, one hour. Stop at Summit,
quarter-hour.

Summit to Truckee river, eleven miles, tliree-quarters of an
hour.

Total for one hundred and twenty-three miles, seven and one-
half hours, including stops aggregating an hour and three-quarters.

He estimated the cost of construction from Sacramento to the
state line, one hundred and forty miles, at $12,880,000, an average of
$88,248 a mile.

The bill as passed gave the company two years to comjilete the
first fifty miles, none of their land grant or government bonds being
available until they liad finished the first forty. This latter provir^iou
nearly doomed them to failure, as it turned out. The first fifty milos,
as rejiorted by the engineers were described as a line from "Sacra-
mento to Grider's (Roseville) eighteen miles; thence California Cen-
tral Railroad to the Auburn Railroad, opposite Polsom, nine miles;
thence Auburn Railroad to Auburn, fifteen miles; thence eight miles
to Clipper Gap." Evidently it was the intention to use the two
roads named, but that intenion was abandoned later.

Por the purpose of providing means for commencing the work,
the seven principal stockholders formed a partnership, each one con-
tributing $34,000 in gold; the amount thus received, $238,000, was
thought to be sufficient to build at least to Newcastle. Everything
being ready to begin they decided to have a celebration and it was
held at Front and K streets in this city January 8, 1863. The ground
was very muddy, and hay was scattered over it to make better foot-
ing. At 12 M. Charles Crocker introduced Governor Stanford, who
spoke briefly as to his gratification at being chosen to cast the first
dirt on what was to be to the west what the Erie canal was to the
eastern and central states, "the tie that bound." He assured those
assembled that the work would go on without cessation or interrup-
tion. Rev. J. A. Benton, at the close of Stanford's remarks, offered
a ]ietition that the Divine blessing might rest on the enterprise, and
that the road here inaugurated in His name, might go forward to

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 189

speedy completion and prove a highway for the people that would
niake the wildnerness and the solitary places blossom like a rose.
Then two wagons decorated with red, white and blue, and filled with
dirt were driven in front of the speakers' stand and Governor
Stanford shoveled their contents on the ground, while the "Sacra-
mento Union Brass band" played the national airs, and closed with
"Wait for the Wagon." Presiding officers of the legislature and
others made remarks, Mr. Crocker winding up with the statement
that even while he was speaking the contractor was hauling piles to
the American river, for the bridge across it; that the road was going
through, and that all he had was devoted to the section he had under-
taken to build.

The Central Pacific issued a statement that they had ordered eight
first-class locomotives from Norris & Co., of Philadelphia, two of
them being of the heaviest class used by the Baltimore and Ohio Rail-
road on its mountain grades, capable of hauling thirty loaded cars
or three hundred and sixty tons over the heaviest grades that would
be on the Central Pacific. Eight passenger coaches were also ordered,
four combined mail and baggage cars, thirty box cars, thirty platform
cars, and six hand cars, and that they were on their way round the
Horn. The freight on these cost it was stated $4,000 each, making
their cost set up in Sacramento, $32,000 each.

The shipment of these engines was delayed by an army officer
who appeared at the locomotive works when they were about ready
and took possession of them and of all others that were on' hand,
for use of the army, in the name of the government. Protest was
made Ijy the company and the authorities at Washington, when they
learned that the engines seized were for the use of the Central Pacific,
ordered them released, on the ground that no military necessity was
more important than the completion of the Pacific Railroad. They
were partially paid for by a fund of $1,250,000 raised by the directors,
five of them becoming responsible for the loan by endorsing the com-
])any's notes.

None of the government's subsidy aid had as yet been received.
Subscriptions by individuals for stock amounted to $600,000. Bonds
had been received from Sacramento county for $300,000 and from
Placer county for $250,000, railroad bonds being given in exchange
for them. The city of San Francisco had by a large majority voted
a $600,000 subsidy, but it was being held up temporarily by officials
hostile to the road. Engineer Judah reported that the company
would have to abandon the original plan of using the California
Central and Sacramento, Placer and Nevada roads, as they were
not laid with American iron, as specified in the bill, nor could any
existing roads count in aiding the Central Pacific, under the bill.
He reported also that the road was being laid on redwood ties,
68,000 of them being contracted for, and that 6,000 tons of iron bad

190 HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

been purchased. He estimated the cost of the first fifty miles at
$3,221,496.

In 1862 the company was granted the right of way into the city
of Sacramento and was also granted the Slough or Sutter lake. The
contract for building the road from Sacramento to Grider's on the
California Central Eailroad was let December 22, 1862, to C. Crocker
& Co., who sublet the contract to different parties. Twenty miles of
road each year were completed in 1863, 1864 and 1865, thirty miles
in 1866, forty-six miles in 1867, three hundred and sixty-four miles in
1868, one hundred and ninety and one-half miles in 1869 ; making six
hundred and ninety and one-half miles from Sacramento to Promon-
tory, where the roads met. May 10, 1869.

The difficulties were many and great. All of the materials except
the cross ties, including a large proportion of the men employed, were
brought from the east via Cape Horn. Toward the latter part of the
great enterprise several thousand Chinamen were put at work. Be-
sides this, it was war times, and marine insurance was very high ; iron
and railroad materials were held at tremendous figures and the price
of the subsidy bonds was very low. All of these conditions combined
to make the building of the road very costly.

. The state of California agreed to paj^ the interest on $1,500,000
of the bonds for thirty years, and in return the company gave to the
state a very valuable stone quarry. A number of the counties along
the road bonded themselves in exchange for stock. Sacramento county
gave her bonds to the amount of $300,000. These bonds were exchanged
for money and the work was pushed forward. Then there was delay
in obtaining the subsidy, and the money ran short. When Mr. Hunt-
ington returned from New York he found the treasury almost destitute
of coin, and it became evident that there was a necessity for raising
more funds or stopping the work. "Huntington and Hopkins can, out
of their own means, pay five hundred men for a year; how many can
each of you keep on the line," was the characteristic declaration with
which he met the emergency. Before the meeting adjourned these five
men had resolved that they would maintain eight hundred men on the
road during the year out of their own private resources.

Mr. Judah had sold out his interest in the company about this
time (1863) and gone east. On the way he was stricken with Panama
fever, dying from it shortly after his arrival in New York, in 1863, at
the age of only thirty-seven years. Dr. Strong of Dutch Flat, although
a sincere and earnest believer in the enterprise, was not able to furnish
what was considered his share of the expenses necessary to be ad-
vanced, and retired from the board of directors. Messrs. Bailey, Booth
and Marsh were compelled, like Judah, to sell out after the enterprise
was well under way, though it is known that they were all earnest
workers for its success at the commencement.

Mr. Judah was succeeded by S. S. Montague as chief engineer of

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 191

the road. The location surveys were made under his directions. The
road to Colfax, or Lower lUinoistown Gap, was located on the line run
by Mr. Judah in 1861; from Colfax to Long Ravine the line was
changed materially; from Long Ravine to Alta the line ran on Mr.
Judah 's survey and from Alta to the Summit on an entirely new line,
located by L. M. Clement, engineer in charge of the second division
from Colfax to the Summit. This final location gave better grade
line, and one more free from snow in the winter, two very desirable
objects. The value of these changes is plainly shown by the report
of George E. Gray, formerly chief engineer of the New York Central
Railroad. Mr. Gray was requested by Leland Stanford, in a letter
dated July 10, 1865, to inspect the line of road and surveys then made,
and report to the board of directors of the company his opinion as
to the quality of the work and the economical location of that portion
not then built. Mr. Gray, in his report, gave as his opinion that tlie
road already constructed would compare favorably with any road in
the United States. Of that portion of the road not constructed, he
reported that Mr. Judah's line had been altered materially, saving in
distance nearly five thousand feet and also reducing the aggregate
length of the tunnels nearly five thousand feet, a saving in cost of
construction of at least $400,000. Some very skillful engineering was
done on this Colfax division. The road bed ran around the promontory
at Cape Horn, over twelve hundred feet above the bottom of a nearly
perpendicular canyon, the banks of which were so steep that the
Chinamen during the work had to be let down in baskets over the
face of the cliff in order to construct the grade.

President Lincoln made a decision of great moment to the com-
pany during the summer of 1863, in regard to the mountain section.
By the terms of the bill, the company was to receive bonds to the
amount of $16,000 per mile for its line west of the Sierras, and $48,000
per mile for the section through the mountains. The trouble was to
decide where the two sections joined each other.

The Interior department showed a disposition to place the divid-
ing line at the end of the first section of fifty miles. The matter being
brought to the president's attention, he decided that it should be seven
and eighteen-hundredths miles east of Sacramento, saying that "this
was a case where Abraham's faith had moved mountains." This
meant a difference of over a million dollars to the com]iany. The
tracks reached Grider's, or Roseville, on April 26, 1864, and the
company commenced the operation of that much of the road.

Another factor was about to come to the aid of the financiers,
whose funds were exhausted, but whose courage was not daunted. The
Union Pacific Company had been unable to raise funds to prosecute
its construction, operating, as it did, under the same law as the
Central. It therefore made another appeal to congress, and an act
granting more liberal terms was passed in April, 1864. By its terms

192 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

the land grant was doubled, the government bonds were made a second
mortgage instead of the first, and the companies were authorized to
issue their own first mortgage bonds to the same amount as the gov-
ernment bonds. Two-thirds of these were made available when evi-
dence was presented to the secretary of the treasury that the neces-
sary grading for the road bed had been done. The sections on which
bonds were to be issued were also reduced from forty to twenty miles.
These provisions applied equally to the Central Pacific road. The
right of the road was also confirmed to lay track one hundred and fifty
miles east of the state boundary.

These things effected a great change in the financial status of the
company. Heretofore they had borrowed money in currency in the
east, and paid it out in gold in the west, at a heavy discount. Their
first mortgage bonds now sold almost at par and the government
bonds were available immediately on completing the grading. Their
credit was further aided by the operation of the road to Roseville,
which brought in $103,557 from April 26 to December 31, 1864— from
passengers $63,403; freight $38,667 and from express $1487. It gave
them a standing at home that they liad heretofore lacked.

The road progressed slowly at first, but along toward the last, it
progressed more rapidly, until, on the 10th day of May, 1869, the last
spike was down, completing the railroad connection between the At-
lantic and Pacific oceans. A large party gathered at Promontory Point
to witness the ceremony. Telegraph wires had been connected with
the large cities of the Union, so that the exact moment of driving the
last spike could lie made known to all at the same time. At the hour
designated, Leland Stanford, ])resident of the Central Pacific, and
other officers, came forward. T. C. Durant, president of the Union
Pacific, accompanied by General Dodge and others of the same
company, met them at the end of the rail, where they paused, while
Rev. Dr. Todd, of Massachusetts, made a short prayer. The last tie,
made of California laurel, with silver plates bearing suitable inscrip-
tions, was put in place, and the last connecting rails were laid by
persons from each company. The last spikes were made, one of gold
from California, one of silver from Nevada, and one of gold and
silver, from Arizona. President Stanford then took the hammer of
solid silver, to the handle of which was attached the telegraph wires,
by which, at the first tap on the head of the gold spike, at 12 M., the
news of the event was flashed all over the American continent.

Then a locomotive of the Central Pacific Railroad Company and
another of the Union Pacific Railroad Company approached from
each way, and rubbed their pilots together, while bottles of cham-
pagne were passed from one to the other.

During the building of this road the track laying force of the
Central Pacific laid ten miles and two hundred feet in one day, com-
pleting their work at seven p. m. The date when this herculean task

HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 193

was performed was the 20tli of April, 1869, when only fourteen miles
of track remained to be laid to connect with the Union Pacific.

By mutual agreement between the roads, Ogden was made the
terminus for each ; by this agreement the Union Pacific sold fifty-three
miles of its road to the Central Pacific, making the length of road
owned by the Central Pacific proper seven hundred and forty-three
miles and a half, from Sacramento to Ogden. Aug-ust 22, 1870, the
Western Pacific, San Joaquin Valley, California and Oregon, and San
Francisco, Oakland and Alameda Railroads, which had been built in
the meantime, were all consolidated under the name of the Central
Pacific Railroad.

The death of Mrs. Clara W. Prentice, September U, 1912, at the
age of eighty-eight years, recalled the interesting fact that the first
inception of the Central Pacific road took place at the home of Edwin
D. Prentice, her husband, on K street, between Ninth and Tenth. At
this meeting there were present, C. P. Huntington, Mark Hopkins, T.
D. Judah, W. H. Stoddard and Mr. Prentice. Mr. Prentice took part
in the early history of the road, but died in 1862.

WESTERN PACIFIC RAILROAD COMPANY

On December 13, 1862, the Western Pacific Railroad Company
was incorporated for the purpose of constructing a railroad from San
Jose, through the counties of Alameda and San Joacjuin, to the city
of Sacramento. Its capital stock was $5,400,000. The road was one
hundred and thirty-seven and one-half miles in length, and made the
wliole length of the Central Pacific eight hundred and eighty-one
miles. This road was not completed until 1870. The franchise is said
to have passed into the hands of the Central Pacific Railroad Com-
pany a year before the date of consolidation. The road did not enter
Sacramento City, as it connected with the Sacramento Valley Railroad
at Brighton Junction.

The San Joaquin Valley Railroad is now the property of the
Southern Pacific and forms a part of the second overland system.

The California and Oregon Railroad leaves the original Central
Pacific Railroad at Roseville and runs thence through Redding. It
was incorporated June 30, 1865, and consolidated with the Central
Pacific August 22, 1870.

The California Pacific Railroad Company was for some time a
very active competitor for the carrying trade of the state, and at
one time it was thought that its owners intended to construct a second
line of railroad to connect with the Union Pacific. It bought boats
and franchises of the California Steam Navigation Company, and for
some time really controlled the rates of freight between Sacramento
and San Francisco. The comjiany was incorporated January 10, 1865,
with a capital stock of $3,500,000, and work was begun in Vallejo in
1867. The road was finished to Washington, Yolo County, November
11, 1868, and to Marvsville in November, 1869. In June, 1869, the

194 HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

company purchased the Napa Valley Railroad, and the two roads were
consolidated in December, 1869, with a capital of $12,000,000.

In 1869 and 1870 the Central Pacific and California Pacific Rail-
roads were at war with each other. The California Pacific wished to
come into Sacramento, but the Central Pacific having its track on the
levee, it was impossible for the California Pacific to cross the river
and secure depot and switching facilities without crossing the Central
Pacific track. Various attempts were made by the California Pacific
to lay the track and form the crossing of the two lines, but they were
resisted and it looked for a time as if bloodshed would be the result.
Finally, however, the crossing was accomplished and passengers were
landed in Sacramento by the California Pacific, January 29, 1870.
A regular ovation awaited the train. Guns were fired, the fire depart-
ment turned out, and there was intense enthusiasm on all sides.

Commissioners were appointed to assess the damage to the Cen-
tral Pacific and reported in June, 1870, that the damages were as
follows: for about six acres of land, $40,680; damages for crossing
track, $70,000; for consequential damages, $250,000, making a total of
$360,680. The report was thrown out, however, by the court, on sev-
eral grounds, the principal one being that it was excessive. The war
between the companies continued until August, 1871, during which
time freight and passenger rates were very low, greatly curtailing the
profits of both companies. The roads were consolidated in August
of that year, since which time, with the exception of competition by
river, the Central Pacific and the Southern Pacific Company, its suc-
cessor, have had the monopoly of the carrying trade of Sacramento
until the coming of the new overland road, the Western Pacific, in
1910.

The California Pacific gave the Valle.io route to San Francisco.
The trip was made to Vallejo by rail and thence to San Francisco by
boat, making- a shorter and popular route which for many years
monopolized the majority of travel between Sacramento and San Fran-
cisco, until the building of the route to Benicia and the construction
of an immense ferry boat to carry the trains across Carquinez Straits
to Port Costa, whence they continued their journey to San Francisco
along the shore of San Pablo and San Francisco Bays to Oakland
Mole. The new road was opened December 28, 1879, and the Vallejo
line as a route to San Francisco was abandoned, although passengers
going that way are still transported across the bay to meet trains
on the Benicia route.

SACRAMENTO VALLEY KAILKOAD

This was the first railroad constructed in California, being organ-
ized Ausinst 4, 1852, when ten per cent of the stock was paid in,
amounting to $5,000. The company reorganized November 9, 1854.
and made immediate preparation for building the road. The first

HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 195

shovelful of dirt was thrown in February, 1855, the first tie came in
May, and the first vessel load of material and rolling stock arrived
from Boston in June. The first work done on a railroad car in Cali-
fornia was done on this road, July 4, 1855. The first rail was laid
August 9, 1855, and the first train was placed on the track August 14.
The road had some little trouble with its finances, but its progress
»vas not materially delayed.

On November 10, 1855, an excursion train was run to Patterson's,
ten miles from Sacramento, the fare being one dollar for the round
trip. By January 1, 1856, the road was completed to Alder creek, and
on February 22 was finished to Folsom, the length of the road being
twenty-two and a half miles. Its cost was $1,568,500. The capital
stock was $800,000, of which $792,000 was issued. The road was a
ver}^ profitable one from the time of its completion, its effect being
to move the terminus of the freight and stage lines running to the
northern mines from Sacramento to Folsom and building up quite a
town there. At one time twenty-one stage lines ran from Folsom to
other places; all leaving shortly after the arrival of the train from
Sacramento.

The Central Pacific Company purchased the Sacramento Valley
road in August, 1865, the purchase being made by George F. Bragg
(on behalf of himself and others) of the entire stock held by L. L.
Robinson and Pioche and Bayerque. The price paid for this stock was
$800,000. Soon after coming into possession Bragg transferred the
stock to the owners of the Central Pacific. The latter company had
been forced to do this in order to secure the whole of the Washoe
trade, which at this time was very great, amounting to several million
dollars per annum. The short line of the Sacramento Valley road
alone, declared an annual profit of nearly half a million dollars the
year previous to its purchase, most of which came from the freight
going to Washoe and other mining districts.

In the spring of 1857 a company was formed in Marysville to build
a railroad from that city to the terminus of the Sacramento Valley
Railroad at Folsom. Col. C. L. Wilson, who was one of the con-
tractors for the Sacramento Valley road, was sent east to procure
funds for building the road. He effected this and the construction
commenced immediately. The road, however, was never finished to
Marysville by the original company. By 1861 the track had been laid
as far as Lincoln. The original name, the California Central Railroad,
was subsequently changed to the California and Oregon Division of
the Southern Pacific. Shortly after the completion of the Central
Pacific Railroad to Roseville, that company purchased the California
Central Railroad; that portion of the road between Roseville and
Polsom was abandoned and the bridge across the American river at
Polsom was condemned and sold in 1868.

During 1862 the Sacramento, Placer and Nevada Railroad was

196 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

built from Folsom to a point near Newcastle. The road had been
organized in 1859 to build an extension of the Sacramento Valley
Railroad from Folsom via Auburn to Grass Valley and Nevada City.
The public-spirited citizens of Auburn furnished funds which enabled
it to be constructed from Folsom to Wildwood Station, a distance of
about eleven miles, and it stopped there. The Robinson Brothers, who
had built the Sacramento Valley Railroad, and were largely interested
in it, were the promoters of this road, which cost for the eleven miles
$278,000. It proved a losing venture, and was sold under foreclosure
in the spring of 1864; Robinson Brothers purchased some of the stock,
intending to use it as part of their road. When the purchasers under
foreclosure attempted to take up the rails and ties, they were bitterly
fought by the Central Pacific and the Auburn people who had con-
tributed to build it. The courts were appealed to and resort was also
made to force. On account of the violence engendered, the militia was
called out, but the Robinsons were successful, and the material was
removed and relaid on the road from Folsom to Latrobe. About a
hundred workmen who removed the rails, including Robinson, were
arrested for contempt of court, which was a poor satisfaction for the
Auburn people who subscribed toward building the road.

The Placerville and Sacramento Valley Railroad, commencing at
Folsom, was constructed as far as Latrobe in 1864 and 1865, and hung
fire there for several years, finally being carried on to Shingle Springs.
In 1887-88 the work was taken up again and the road completed to
Placerville, under the name of the Shingle Springs and Placerville
Railroad. The road as far as Latrobe was laid with the ties and rails
taken up from the Auburn road. It was through a rich country, where
the principal industry in former days was mining and stock-raising,
but at the present day the capability of the foothills for producing fine
fruit and grapes has been proved, and El Dorado county is fast be-
coming the home of the orchardist and vineyardist.

The Amador branch, running from Gait in this county, to lone in
Amador county, a distance of twenty-seven miles, was built by the
Central Pacific Company in 1876, in order to gain access to 'some
mines of lignite coal near lone.

The Freeport road originated in a plan to divert the northern and
eastern trade from Sacramento by building wharves, etc., at Freeport
and a railroad from there to some point on the Sacramento Valley
road. The road bed was graded for a distance of nine miles from
Freeport, and the track laid. It was intended as part of the Sacra-
mento Valley road, and was purchased with it by the Central Pacific
and the track taken up.

In the ensuing quarter of a century a number of roads were in-
corporated, some part of whose lines would touch the county of Sacra-
mento, but none of them proceeded to construction.

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 197

In 1909 and 1910 the Southern Pacific Company constructed the
Sacramento Southern Railroad, running down the Sacramento river,
with the intention of tapi)ing tlie rich fruit orchards and other lands
between the city of Sacramento and Isletou and the country lying back
of them, and developing a country rich in freight possibilities, and
also opening a short route to San Francisco. The work of con-
struction is still going on, trains being run daily as far as Wal-
nut Grove. The road will also develop the river section of Yolo
county. It was incorporated July 7, 1903, and will run down the river
to Antioch, to connect with the San Pablo railroad, which was con-
solidated with the Northern and afterwards taken over by the
Southern Pacific.

The Southern Pacific Railroad Company of California was incor-
l)orated in San Francisco, December 2, 1865, with a capital of
$50,000,000. The Southern Pacific Branch Company was incorporated
in Sacramento December 23, 1870, with a capital of $20,000,000, and
was consolidated with the Southern Pacific Railroad Company of Cali-
fornia Aug-ust 19, 1873.

The Northern Railway Company was incorporated in Sacramento
July 19, 1871. On May 15, 1888, it acquired by consolidation the Win-
ters and Ukiah, the Woodland, Capay and Clear Lake, the AVest Side
and Mendocino, the Vaca Valley and Clear Lake, the San Joaquin and
Sierra Nevada, the Sacramento and Placerville, the Shingle Springs
and Placerville, the Amador Branch and the Berkeley Branch rail-
roads. The stock was increased to $26,175,000. April 12, 1898, it
was consolidated with the Southern Pacific Railroad Company of
California.

The San Pablo and Tulare Railroad Company was incorporated
in Sacramento July 19, 1871, and was consolidated with the Southern
Pacific Railroad Company of California May 4, 1888.

The Southern Pacific Company of Kentucky was incorporated in
that state March 7, 1884. It immediately took over on a lease for
ninety-nine years all the roads mentioned, as an operating company, as
well as systems in other parts of the state.

On January 1, 1903, the Southern Pacific Company instituted a
system of pensions for its superannuated employes who had been in
its service continuously for twenty-five years or more. The eni]iloves
had previously had a system of insurance among themselves, to which
many belonged, and the various brotherhoods of employes also have a
life insurance feature in their orders. Under the pension svstem of
the company it has paid to the employes retired on account of age, up
to June 30, 1912, the sum of $1,049,250, and on that date there were
four hiuidred and ninety-one pensioners on the list.

SOUTHERN PACIFIC SHOPS

Many old residents who look on the railroad shops of the Southern

198 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

Pacific Company today can recall the memory of a far different aspect
which the site presented in 1860 and the earlier years of the city's
history. As far back as the early '70s, the Central Pacific Railroad
Company had made overtures to the city to the effect that if the city
would deed the site of Sutter's lake to it, the company would fill it in
as a site for a depot, shops, and for other uses. With prophetic vision
the founders of the first great overland railroad saw that its growth
would be rapid and sure, and that before long it would need a large
space for its shops, depot and yards. Sacramento was the birthplace
of the road. Its principal offices were here. What more logical place
could be found for the center of its activities on this coast? San
Francisco had spurned its opportunity and had fought in every way
in its power the sturdy group of men who had given their energies and
their fortunes to build the way across the cratinent. Why should they
place their shops and spend their money in a hostile city? And be-
sides, with the shops a hundred miles inland, the distance to haul dis-
abled cars and engines for repairs would be just that much less. There
were other good reasons besides, so the shops arose in this city.

But in the early days, Sutter slough, or China slough, as it be-
came later known, when Chinatown was located on its banks, covered
a much greater area than it did at the close of the last century.
Practically, it extended from the levee of the American river to I
street, and from Sixth street to the American river, at its old mouth.
It was not an ornamental place, and when the project of issuing fifty
year bonds for the purpose of filling it iip was broached, the citizens
who looked at its area and figured on filling in a depression that was
forty feet deep in places felt the cold shivers travel along their spines.
Then the railroad company stepped to the front with the proposition
to fill it, if the site was deeded to it. The offer was accepted tenta-
tively, and the company began its work, but it was not fully completed
until 1908, a contract having been definitely made between the city and
the Southern Pacific in 1904, by which the city reserved a certain site
on the north side of I street for a park.

The first beginning was in 1863, when a building, 16x2-!- feet, was
erected by the Central Pacific Railroad Company at the foot of I
street for the storage of tools and of sections of locomotives and cars
which had been sent around the Horn for the use of the infant rail-
road. The locomotives were set up just outside of this shop. In the
same year a rough building, 20x150 feet, was constructed at Sixth and
II streets and was used as a shop for overhauling cars that needed
repairs. Another shop was erected soon after, on the curve lending to
I street, and was used for overhauling the locomotives. It was 20x60
feet, and at one end of it was a single forge that constituted the entire
blacksn^ithing department of the company. In 1864. the car shop prov-
ing too narrow for convenience, another one, 34x130 feet, was erected
at Sixth and E streets, and just west of it a larger shop was erected

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 199

wliicli would hold three locomotives for repairs, and the blacksmithing
facilities were also increased. Soon the first boiler shop of the com-
pany, 40x50 feet, was erected, but this in turn became too small, and
was turned over to the foreman of the lumberyard as a dry-house for
seasoning timber.

Heretofore, all the rolling stock had been brought from the east,
but as the road grew the company concluded to build its own cars, and
in 1866 the first car construction shop was erected, 68x250 feet, and
business increased so rapidly that for many months it turned out a
dozen cars a day. Still the work expanded, immense amounts of lum-
ber being used, and the fine woodwork for the cars demanded atten-
tion. So in 1868, the planing mill, cabinet shop, the engine room and
the blacksmith shop were erected, also the roundhouse, with a capacity
of twenty-nine engines, was constructed. In the same year the larger
machine shop, 160x200 feet, was begun, and subsequently 315 feet were
added. In an L, the offices of the motive-power and machinery depart-
ment were located. In the same year the car shop was extended 230
feet, and a new blacksmith shop was constructed. As scrap iron ac-
cumulated, the experiment of setting up a set of rolls in the black-
smith shop was tried, and later, in 1881, the present rolling mill was
erected. The paint shop, having five L's, was built in 1872, but soon
proved too small, so in 1888 an addition to hold eight coaches was
built. The transfer table was also constructed in 1872, and in 1873 the
present car shop No. 5 was erected. In 1889 the present boiler shop
was constructed. Other buildings followed, of substantial brick and
iron, under the supervision of the master car builder, Benjamin Welch,
and the veterans of the shops call the plant "the city built by Uncle
Ben." From a small beginning the plant has increased imtil it is
the finest equipped railroad shop plant west of Chicago. Up to 1896
there had been expended for labor alone in the shops over $31,000,000,
this estimate being a very conservative one, while in the same time
over $50,000,000 was expended for material, and in the same time 7131
cars had been built in the shops, besides seventy-three engines.

As stated, the plant covers more than twenty acres, and is being
enlarged every year. It gives employment to from 2500 to 3000 men,
in busy seasons often exceeding the latter number. At present the
principal shops are: the machine shop, car repair shop, blacksmith
shop, boiler shop, spring shop, brass foundry, carpenter shop, round-
house, copper shop, locomotive shop, hammer shop, bolt shop, rolling
mill, upholstery shop and car machine shop, pianino- mill, cabinet shop,
car shop No. 5, paint shop, wheel foundry, general foundry, pipe shop,
shear shop, pattern shop, and a nuirber of smaller shops. These are
all equinne-l with the finest machiuerv, much of it of the latest pattern.
One who is interested in n^achinerv could spend several davs profitablv
in inspecting the wonders to be seen there. In each of the shops the

200 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

method of carrying on the work of construction is interesting to those
not familiar with it.

ELECTEIC KOADS

Sacramento is connected with other cities of the valle;y at present
by three electric roads — the Northern Electric, the Central California
Traction and the Sacramento and Woodland electric roads, and the
Vallejo and Northern, and Sacramento and Sierra are in course of
construction, with one, the Sacramento and Eastern, to run to Folsom
by way of Fair Oaks, and another, the Oakland, Antioch and Eastern,
to run to San Francisco, incorporated and will probably be under way
in a year or two. The West Side railroad is also incorporated, as
well as one to run to Folsom on the south side of the American River.

Of these the Northern Electric Railway is the oldest, having been
conceived by the late Henry A. Butters, who was impressed with the
need of transportation facilities between Chico and Oroville. He
associated with himself Messrs. Louis Sloss, N. D. Rideout, J. Downey
Harvey and E. R. Lilienthal, and the Northern Electric Company
was formed, with a capitalization of $3,000,000 wliich was later in-
creased to $6,000,000. The initial action was the acquisition of the
street railroads of Chico, and the road from Chico to Oroville was
comi^leted and the first train run over it April 25, 1906. The advisa-
bility of extending the road to Marysville being apparent, W. P. Ham-
mond and E. J. de Sabla joined in the undertaking, Mr. Rideout
retiring. On January 31, 1907, the road to Marysville was completed,
and the line was completed and the first train to Sacramento was
run on August 1st of that year. On December 2, 1907, the Northern
Electric Railway Company was organized, with an authorized bond
issue of $25,000,000, taking over the original company.

The Sacramento Terminal Company was formed in 1908, for the
purpose of building a belt line in this city from Eighteenth and C
streets to the water front, and was immediately leased by the North-
ern Electric. Later the Northern Electric entered into an arrange-
ment with the Vallejo Northern for full exchange of traffic, and the
joint construction of a bridge over the Sacramento river at M street,
the counties of Yolo and Sacramento bearing a proportion of the
cost. Later tlie Sacramento and Woodland Railroad Company joined
with them, and that road being finished, the first train was run over
it July 4, 1912. The Vallejo Northern is rapidly pushing its construc-
tion along and exjiects to have the road in ojieration by the beginning
of 1913.

The Central California Traction is operating from Sacramento to
Stockton, and is also working under a traffic agreement with the Santa
Fe railroad, which will probably absorb it in the course of time, thus
adding another transcontinental line to those running through this
citv and as it is announced that the Great Northern has a traffic agree-

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 20]

meut with the Northern Electric, there is a strong probabiHty that in
a few years Sacramento will have four transcontinental lines carrying
produce to the east.

CHAPTER XXV

NAVIGATION

At tlie door of Sacramento flows a magnificent river of the same
name, and which, in fact, gave its name to the city in its early his-
tory. Its influence on both city and county has been a most important
factor in tlieir development. For the city it was, prior to the con-
struction of the railroad lines, the sole medium of transportation that
provided the interior with supplies for the settler and miner, and as
an outlet for conveying the products of the interior to the bay city
and the east and foreign countries. Even when the railroads came,
they served as an outlet for only a small portion of the territory
drained by and contiguous to the river, and millions of bushels of
grain, hay and other products continued to be transported by the
river route, and even today an immense amount of traffic and pro-
ducts are carried on the steamers and barges, as well as by sailing
vessels. The amount of fruit carried to this city and the bay city
has for many years been enormous.

Any section of a country which has a waterway connecting it with
tidewater is fortunate indeed, and no section could be more fortunate
in that respect than the Sacramento valley. The Sacramento river
flows through the whole extent of the vallej^, from Shasta county on
the north, to Solano county on the south, a distance of about three
hundred miles. The twelve counties embraced in this area have a
combined acreage of 11,456,528 acres, and an aggregate population of
about a quarter of a million, the area of the valley being seventeen
thousand, eight hundred and fifteen square miles. The distance to
Red Bluff, the head of navigation, is two hundred and one miles from
Sacramento, and to the mouth of the river, near Collinsville, is al)out
sixty-five miles. The debris from hydraulic mining has filled the
river — which in the early days afforded plenty of water for ocean
going steamers and vessels to come to this city — so that navigation
became difficult for vessels drawing over about four feet of water,
during the late summer and fall, but the government, by the use of
a snagl>oat and the erection of wing dams, has deepened the channel
so that even the large steamers put on by the Southern Pacific Com-
pany during the past year or two very rarely have trouble, and
there is a prospect that in the near future, the channel will be deep-
ened by the government and state to nine feet, as far as this city.

Undoubtedly the Russians were the first to navigate the river, as
they had posts at Fort Ross and Bodega, and were engaged in trade
in tallow, hides, furs, etc., and were in this region prior to 1840, trading

202 HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY

in the interior up to the time they sold out to Captain Sutter. At
that time, also, there was in this section an agency of the Hudson
Bay Company. In 1841 the Russians sold out to Sutter, including
a small schooner of forty tons burden. The first record we have of
its appearance up the river was in August of that year, although
it had probably made voyages on the river prior to that. After the
purchase, by the terms of which Sutter was to furnish a certain
amount of grain each year to the Russian settlements, this schooner,
manned by Sutter's Indians, made regular trips. She was taken down
to San Francisco in 1848, to carry thither the news of the discovery
of gold, and continued to be the largest schooner on the river until
the trade to the mines began. At that time the voyage from New
Helvetia, as this city was then called, to San Francisco and back
took from two to four weeks.

In the spring of 1848 the rush for gold set in, and the San Fran-
cisco Star of May 20th sarcastically alluded to it as follows: "Fleet
of launches left this place on Sunday and Monday last, bound 'up the
Sacramento river,' closely stowed with human beings led by the love
of filthy lucre to the perennial-yielding gold mines of the north, where
'a man can find upward of two ounces a day' and 'two thousand men
can find their hands full'^of hard work." May 27th, the Star said:
"Launches have plied without cessation between this place and New
Helvetia, during this time (from the discovery of gold). The Sacra-
mento, a first-class craft, left here Thursday last, thronged with pas-
sengers for the gold mines — a motley assemblage, composed of law-
yers, merchants, grocers, carpenters, cartmen and cooks, all possessed
with the desire of becoming suddenly rich." At the same time it
stated that over three hundred men were engaged in washing out
gold, and parties from all over the country were constantly arriving.
On account of the departure of her principal citizens for the gold
mines, San Francisco soon assumed a desolate appearance. A quar-
ter of a million in gold was taken to that citv in the first eight weeks,-
and during the second eight weeks, $600,000 worth. By September
six thousand persons were at the diggings, and the editor of the Star
exclaimed: "An export at last, and it is gold."

In April, 1849, the schooner Providence, one hundred tons, Hinck-
ley, master, came up the river, and the Eliodora, purchased by Sam
Brannan and loaded with goods, started up the river. The Joven
Guipuzcoana, a Peruvian vessel, and other large sailing vessels of
first class dimensions followed. At that time there were about a
dozen stores and tenements here. On the success of the Joven Guip-
uzcoana were founded the plans of the first steam navie'ation com-
panies, and the McKim and the Senator soon followed. In May the
crowning success with sailing vessels came with the trip of the bark
Whiton, Gelston, master, in seventy-two hours from San Francisco.
She was of two hundred forty-one tons burden, and came with her

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 203

royal yards crossed, without any detention, although she drew nine
and one-half feet of water.

The first steamboat that plowed the waters of either the bay or
river was one that arrived in San E^rancisco, October 14, 1847, owned
by Captain Leidesdorff and packed on a Russian bark from Sitka.
Leidesdorff had for seven years carried on trade with the Russians,
and hearing that they had a small steamboat, he sent up and pur-
chased it for his hide and tallow commerce on the small streams run-
ning into the bay. It did not exceed forty tons burden, was put
together under the lee of Yerba Buena island, and was named the
Little Sitka. She was cranky, and the weight of a person on her
guards would throw one wheel out of order. Her second trip for
business was to Sacramento, where she remained for a month, her
proprietor insisting in answer to the jibes launched at him, that he
would soon make the smoke fly on the bay, and hand the name of his
first steamboat "down to dexterity" as he pronounced it. She was
swamped by a norther in San Francisco bay in February, 1848, was
raised and the engine taken out, and was transformed into a sailing
vessel. A steamer brought around the Horn and put together at
Benicia, made a trip to this city August 17, 1849, and another one
from Philadelphia began on August 25th, to ply on the river, accom-
modating about thirty passengers and steaming "about seven knots
an hour."

About the first boat advertising for regular runs on the river
appears to have been the Sacramento, in September, 1849, commanded
by Captain Van Pelt, and carrjdng one hundred passengers, besides
freight. She was built opposite the city, where Washington now
stands, and Van Pelt made regular trips down to "New York of the
Pacific," where passengers and freight had to be transferred. About
the same time a little steam dredge, brought out by the Yerba com-
pany, was set up on a scow, and started on a trip up the Feather
river, carrying a number of bricks, at one dollar apiece, for freight,
and lumber at $150 per thousand. Two months after her arrival she
was sold for $40,000 at auction. The next boat was the Mint, also
a small one, and really the first boat to make successful regular trips
with i^assengers and freight to and from San Francisco, beginning
in October, 1849.

A little steamer named the Washington was the first to ascend
the river as far as Vernon, at the month of the Feather river, and
she afterwards made regular tri]-)s to that point. In 1850 the Aetna,
another small steamer, ascended the American as far as Norristown,
the first time a steamer had ever reached that point. Mav 8, 1850,
the Jack Hays reached Redding, at the headwaters of the Sacra-
mento river, within forty-five miles of the Trinity Diggings. The
little steamboat Linde was among the first to take a place between
here and Yuba Citv, in the fall of 1849.

204 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

The steamer New AVorld was built iu New York in the fall of 1849
and spring of 1850, purposely for a trip to California. She was 320
feet long, and of 530 tons burden. William H. Brown was the pro-
prietor, and as he became financially embarrassed, he was forced to
take the sheriff into silent partnership. The latter placed deputies
on board to remain during the launching, and to make things sure,
went on board himself, being unknown to Ed Wakeman, the captain.
The vessel was held in the port of New York, the launching being
ostensibly for the purpose of getting the boat into the water only,
but steam was raised previous to the launching. When the sheriff
asked what it meant, he was informed that it was "to wear the rust
off the bearings and see that the engine worked well." But after
steaming around the harbor for awhile, the captain put to sea, against
the protests of the sheriff. As the captain and crew were more
numerous than the sheriff and his deputies, they put the latter on
shore in rowboats, and came to California around Cape Horn, making
a fine voyage, and arriving in San Francisco July 11, 1850. The
New World and the Senator made alternate trips to Sacramento for
a long time. Afterwards, the New World was employed in the coast-
ing and ocean trade and later was overhauled and put into service
at San Francisco as a magnificent ferryboat, and used as such for
many years. The Senator was an ocean steamer and arrived in Sac-
ramento November 6, 1849, with a load of passengers and freight.
She was 755 tons measurement, and drew nine and a half feet of
water. The steamer Miner brought passengers and freight in De-
cember, and afterwards continued her trips to Mecklenlierg, now
Marys\'ille, on the Feather river.

In 1850 there were twenty-eight steamers in operation on the
Sacramento and Feather rivers, and in the same year twenty-three
barks, nineteen brigs and twenty-one lirigantines arrived in Sacra-
mento.

The California Steam Navigation Company was organized in
March, 1854, with a capital stock of $2,500,000, and began operations
on the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers, with a large number of
steamboats. In 1850 the company launched the Chrysopolis, 1625 tons
measurement, and the largest steamer ever run on the river until the
Seminole and Navajo were placed on the route in 1911.

In 1867 the steamers operating on the river and its tributaries
were as follows: eleven steamers to San Francisco; three steamers
to Knight's Landing; two steamers to Red Bluff; one steamer to
Chico; one steamer to Colusa; one steamer to Princeton; one steamer
to Cache Creek, and three steamers to Marysville. In 1867 one hun-
dred and three steamers arrived in Sacramento.

In 1869, when the Central Pacific railroad was completed, that
company bought out the California Steam Navigation Company, and
for years the Southern Pacific Company has been operating the line

HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY 205

of steamers. The mail boats leaving for San Francisco in the morn-
ing are the Apache and Modoc. During the year 1911 two magnifi-
cent floating palaces, the Navajo and the Seminole, were put on,
leaving this city in the evening.

The Sacramento Wood Company was organized May 1, 1869, with
the late Captain Thomas Dwyer as president, and the late Captain
J. H. Eoberts as secretary. The company put on the steamer San
Joaquin No. 1, and several barges, and engaged in general freight
business between San Francisco and Butte City, one hundred and
eighteen miles above Sacramento. During the '70s the company added
three steamers to its fleet — the Varuna, San Joaquin No. l!, and San
Joaquin No. 3, and extended its route to Mcintosh's Landing, one
hundred and sixty miles above this city. It also operated seven
barges and had several traction engines of the Roberts-Doane pat-
tern, running from the foothills on both sides of the river, carrying
grain from these distant points to the river landings for shipment on
the comjDany's barges to tidewater. Each engine drew a train of from
fifteen to twenty wagons over the county roads, the capacity of each
wagon being about six tons.

The Sacramento Transportation Company was organized in 1882,
succeeding the Sacramento Wood Company, and under the same man-
agement. It is now operating seven steamers and twenty-three barges
in the grain-carrying trade between points on the Upper Sacramento
river and Port Costa and San Francisco, and also in freighting at the
various landings along the river as far as Red Bluff. In tlie low
water season the company's steamers and barges are only alile to
ascend as far as Chieo Landing, one hundred and forty-eight miles
above Sacramento.

In 1874 the firm of Miller and Eaton placed two steamers and
several barges on the Upper Sacramento in the grain-carrying busi-
ness. In the same year Messrs. D. E. Knight, N. D. Rideout and
W. T. Ellis, prominent Marysville citizens, established a weekly
freighting service between Marysville and San Francisco. They had
two steamers and several barges in service, and continued in the
business till 1889.

In 1875 the California Transportation Company was organized,
with Capt. A. Nelson as president and Capt. N. Anderson as secre-
tary. The two captains, as far back as 1856, had schooners on the
river, and in 1866 began to operate the steamer Reform. On its
organization the California Transportation Company put several
steamers in service between Clarksburg and San Francisco and also
on the lower tributaries, engaging heavily in the transportation of
fruits, vegetables and perishable products generally, which the river
lands below the city produce so bountifully. They also, in October,
1907, established a freight and passenger service between Sacramento
and San Francisco. The Chin-Du-Wan and S. M. Whipple were also

206 HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY

steamers in tlie river service in the '70s, and the calliope of the former
woke the echoes along the river for a number of years.

In 1901 the Farmers' Transportation Company was organized and
one steamer was put on the run between Colusa and San Francisco.
The Lauritzen brothers' Weitchpec; the Oriole and Sea Gull, L. M.
Brainard & Son, owners; the Sentinel, H. W. Crosbj^, owner; the
Gretta A. and Albatross, Liuggi Bros., owners ; the San Jose, Stand-
ard Oil Company, owner; the Neponset, No. 2, a trading boat, Ryan
& Cleary, owners, and a number of schooners, are operating on the
river, in addition to the boats of the organizations mentioned.

An immense amount of produce of all kinds is transported on
the river. Indeed, the statement has been made that the Sacramento
river carries as great an annual tonnage as the Mississippi. It is
an inspiring sight to see a steamer towing barges loaded with eight
hundred tons of wheat each, when the stage of the river will permit
loading to that amount, and gives the beholder a practical illustration
of the bounteous production of the valley uplands.

But the tale of the river is not all one of prosperity. Steamboat
explosions and other accidents were fretjuent in the early days, and
some of them were very disastrous. The machinery was often defect-
ive in those days. During the first few years subsequent to the dis-
covery of gold and the introduction of steam vessels into the state,
it was estimated that on San Francisco bay and its tributaries alone,
there were two or three explosions a week. Indeed, they became so
common that the newspapers ceased to give details unless they were
peculiarly disastrous.

The first explosion of which there is any account was that of the
steamer Fawn, which occurred August 18, 1850, and the Sagamore
suffered similarly in the following October, the Major Tompkins fol-
lowing, January' 23, 1851. During the early part of 1853, the Jack
Hays was overhauled and repaired expressly for the traffic between
Sacramento and Marysville, in opposition to the Governor Dana,
and was renamed R. K. Page. On her first trip up the river, March
23rd, she came alongside of her opponent and the crew and passengers
began cheering, each one hurrahing for his boat. They began racing,
and the engineer of the Page tossed in a barrel of oil. As they were
passing Nicolaus her boiler exploded, being driven forward. Daniel
Moore, the former captain of the boat, Thomas Kirbey and Lieut.
Harry Moore were standing on the hurricane deck, and were never
seen afterward.

The Jennie Lind, while on a trip to Alviso, on San Francisco bay.
suffered a terrible explosion April 11, 1853. Between forty and fifty
of her passengers, most of whom were at dinner at the time, were
killed or badly scalded.

On October 18, 1853, the boiler of the American Eagle exploded,
on the San Joaquin river, at a point known as the Three Sloughs.

HISTOEY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY 207

twenty-five miles below Stockton, rending the vessel to pieces, killing
one of the crew and three passengers. There were fifty-three pas-
sengers on board, and Hardiston was the captain. On the afternoon
of the same day the steamer Stockton, while passing New York land-
ing, burst its boiler, killing one person and scalding eight more. One
of the latter, Capt. J. B. Sharp, died the next day.

The Sanger's boiler exploded on January 8, 1854, on San Fran-
cisco bay, killing three and scalding severely five more, and wrecking
the vessel. On the 10th of the same month a boiler of the Helen
Hensley exploded at San Francisco, just as she was going to leave
for Benicia, and killed two men. One passenger was thrown upon a
bed, and, with it, clear over upon the wharf. He picked himself up
and coolly remarked that he guessed he would not go to Benicia that
day. The Secretary, Capt. E. W. Travis, exploded April 15, 1854,
when between the islands in San Francisco bay known as the "Broth-
ers and Sisters." She was racing with the Nevada, and the engineer
was seen to lay an oar across the lever of the safety valve, and that
was bending up just before the explosion took place. Of sixty per-
sons on board, sixteen were killed and thirty-one wounded. The
Nevada picked up the survivors.

The Pearl, of the Combination Line, burst a boiler January 27,
1855, just below the mouth of the American river, on her way from
Marysville, and while racing the Enterprise of the Citizens' Line.
There were ninety-three persons on board, and fifty-six were killed,
including the captain, E. T. Davis. Most of the passengers were on
the front part of the boat, as she approached the landing. James
Eobinson would have been drowned had not a large • bloodhound
jumped into the water and saved him. Of four ladies on board, none
were injured, but the vessel was a total wreck. The legislature, which
was in session, adjourned in consequence of the terrible event.

On February 5, 1856, the Belle, running between San Francisco
and Marysville, exploded her boiler, when about nine miles above this
city. The captain, Charles H. Houston, was killed, as well as between
twenty and thirty others. The steamer G-eneral Eedington, which
was coming down the river, picked up the survivors, and the vessel
sunk almost immediately.

On August 25, 1861, the boiler of the J. A. McClelland, Capt. C
Mills commanding, exploded when about six miles by water and two
by land from Knight's Landing. There were about thirty persons on
board, and fifteen were killed outright, several fatally injured and
all the rest but one were more or less injured. The whole forward
portion of the deck was torn away, and a large piece of the boiler
was rolled up like a piece of paper and thrown across the river, a
distance of two hundred or three hundred yards. Sheldon S. Bald-
win, the pilot, was blown into the air with the pilothouse and several
companions. He averred that he must have gone up at least two

208 HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY

Irandred feet, and came strais'lit down into the place where the l)oiler
had lieen, "not much hurt." The hnll, which sank immediately after-
wards, was raised, the vessel rebuilt, christened the Rainbow, ran for
a time as a strong opposition boat, and was finally bought off by the
Steam Navigation Company.

The Washoe exploded a boiler September 5, 1864, thirty-five
miles below this city, and ten miles above Rio Vista, with about one
hundred seventy-five people on board, killing about half of them and
severely injuring more than half of the remainder. Capt. Albert
Foster, with the steamer Antelope, picked up the survivors and
hastened toward Sacramento, but ran aground on a bar opposite R
street and was delayed there for some hours. Captain Foster tolled
the bell to notify the citizens of the disaster, and the levee was crowded
with anxious people, the fire bells having been tolled in response to
his notice.

The Yosemite, Capt. Poole, suffered an explosion of a boiler
on the first revolution of her wheels, as she left the wharf at Rio
Vista October 12, 18fi5, with about one hundred fifty people on board.
The cause of the explosion was defective iron, all the best iron having
been ke]it in the east during the war for military purposes. About
one hundred lives were lost, thirty-two of them being Chinamen.
The bulkheads were too strong to permit the steam to expand into
the hull, so it iiushed upward, making a great vacancy, into which
the iieoi^le fell. Ca])tain Fourat, who recently retired from the river,
pensioned by the Southern Pacific Company, was the pilot on that
occasion, and the steamer Chrysojiolis, upward bound, brought the
dead and wounded to this city.

The Julia exploded in San Francisco bay, nearly opposite Al-
catraz, in September, 1866, while rounding it on her return trip to
Stockton. Thirteen were killed, among them the engineer, Mr. Long.
Captain Fourat, being near with a boat, picked up some of the dead.
There have been a number of minor accidents, but conditions have
so improved in these days that serious ones seldom happen.

A river tragedy which occurred more than fifty years ago, bring-
ing death to thirty, the evidence of which the waters of the Sacra-
mento river have covered for years, was brought to mind again when
the buckets of the dredger Vulcan, working at the Monument ranch
eight miles up the river brought u]i the boxing of the shaft of the
steamboat Belle which was blown to ])ieces at that spot in the late
'50s by an explosion of the boilers.

Coated with quartz, rusted in i)laces but still in fair sha]ie con-
sidering its long immersion, the boxing is one of the few relics which
have ever been discovered from the remains of the Belle.

The steamer Belle, Capt. Charles H. Houston in command, left
tliis city Fel)ruary 5, 1856, for Red Bluff with sixty souls aboard.
When opposite the jiresent Monument ranch the boilers exploded with-

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 209

out auy warning. The Belle was shattered from stem to stern and all
but forty feet of the rear end of the boat sank immediately. The pas-
sengers, men, women and children, were blown into the water, many
frightfully mangled. Thirty-two were saved out of the total sail-
ing list.

There was some lively opposition in the river traffic in the early
days, it proving so profitable to the owners of vessels and steamers.
The steam propeller McKim, of 326 tons, came to Sacramento in Sep-
tember, 1849. On her arrival the citizens turned out as for a holiday,
and joined in an ovation to the first "big" steamer that had arrived
here. One of her trips, under Captain Maey, brought the owners
$16,000. The Senator, of 755 tons, arrived in this city on November
6 of the same year. The fare at that time was only $30; berths $5,
and meals for cabin passengers, $1.50. When trade opened in the
winter, lively opposition began, one set of agents on the wharf ex-
tolling the merits of the McKim above all the other boats, and
another saying that the McKim was a "scow" and a "junk," and
that the Senator and New World were the only boats for speed and
safety. The competition benefited travelers by reducing the fare, and
many other steamers coming on the river, in 1851 the fare had been
reduced to one dollar.

On September 18, 1851, the steamer Comanche was launched
on the l^olo side of the river. In 1855 the Defender came up and found
no place for her to land; she finally moored to the hulk Dimon. A
few minutes afterwards the steamer Pike, also tied to the Damon,
swung out into the river, and the Defender took her place. It was
found that the gangway had been boarded up, but the deckhands soon
o])ened a way with their axes, and the passengers and freight were
discliarged. When the time for the departure of the Defender ap-
])roaelied, a band began to discourse music, to entice passengers on
board. A few minutes afterward a small steamer in the stream
began to sound her shrill whistle, drowning the music of the band,
stoii]3ing when it stojiped and beginning again when it began to play.
The ])eo)ile on shore cursed the steamer, but soon a man and two boys
armed with Chinese gongs essayed to rival the band and the steamer.
The noise became so strenuous that Judge Morrison was obliged to
adjourn his court. Such scenes were not uncommon in the early days
of competition.

yOLO BEIDGES

Although a bridge over the Sacramento river is spoken of prior
to 1857, there is no record extant that we have found indicating when
or by whom it was built, or whether or not there was more than one.

By an act approved by the California legislature, however, April
3, 1857, the Sacramento and Yolo Bridge Company was incorporated,
consisting- of Johnson Price, V. E. Geiger and George Years, to erect

210 HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY

a toll bridge across the Sacramento river from Broad street, in Sac-
ramento county, to Ann street, in Washington, Yolo county. The
drawbridge was not to be less than sixty feet wide for the passage
of vessels, and the bridge must be completed within two years. At
12 M., September 18, 1857, the first pile for the bridge was driven.
The bridge was eight hundred feet long, was built on five piers, sup-
ported by six hundred piles, at least twelve inches in diameter and
driven thirty feet to the solid river bed. It was of Leonard's patent,
four spans of one hundred thirty-five feet each, the draw when opened
having two spaces of seventy-five feet each. It was completed and
opened for traffic June 27, 1858, and cost $60,000.

The California Pacific Company began the construction of a new
bridge on the Howe truss i^attern, October 2, 1869, in order to allow
its cars to cross the river and enter Sacramento. While the bridge
was being built the steamer Belle ran as a ferry boat. The draw to
this bridge was two hundred feet long, leaving an opening on each
side seventy feet clear. The bridge was completed January 15, 1870,
and on that day William Rowan, chief engineer, ran across on the
engine Sacramento. This bridge was rebuilt by the Central Pacific
railway in 1878, the draw being swung into place on December 5th
of that year, and the bridge opened for traffic the next day. These
bridges were of one story, the trains and wagon tracks occupying the
same level, and flagmen gaiarding each end in order to promote the
safety of those traveling in wagons. The railroad company had pur-
chased the bridge of the Sacramento and Yolo Bridge Company in
June, 1878.

In 1893 the Southern Pacific Company and the counties of Yolo
and Sacramento built a bridge jointly at the foot of H street. This
bridge differed from the others in having two stories, the lower one
on the street level, for the railroad trains, and the upper one for
foot passengers and wagon traffic, elevated above the railroad tracks
and with an inclined plane as an approach on the Sacramento side,
running from Second street to the top of the bridge, and a similar
approach on the Yolo side. A third approach ran from the top of
the bridge, joining the Sacramento approach at that point and run-
ning down to the Pioneer mill, thus enabling teams to get to the mill
without crossing the network of tracks in the railroad company's
yard. When the Pioneer mill went out of business this approach was
taken down. This bridge stood until 1912, but as it had outlived its
usefulness, a new bridge of steel was constructed by the Southern
Pacific Company. The bridge until lately in use was to have been
of steel, and the counties contributed to its cost with that understand-
ing. The fact of its being constructed of wood was the cause of a
Ions' controversy and litigation between the counties and the companv.
One-hnlf of the $30,000 which the county had agreed to pay was paid
at first, but the second half was refused, on the ground stated. The

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 211

supreme court, however, held that as the county had used the bridge,
it must pay for it, and the case was finally settled by payment in full.

This bridge was completed in December, 1895, the total cost being
$261,000, to which Sacramento covmty contributed, as stated, $30,000,
and Yolo county $10,000.

The new steel bridge constructed near the site of the one built
in 18G9 is said to be one of the finest pieces of construction of its kind.
Its cost is $786,000, which includes $161,671 for overhead construction
of a highway for communication between Sacramento and Yolo coun-
ties, and the structure and approach thereto. The width of the draw,
when opened, is one hundred seventy feet, and the total weight of
the bridge is 3389 tons.

During the year 1910 the Northern Electric and Vallejo Northern
electric roads combined to build a bridge across the' river. There was
much discussion in relation to the site, as the river transportation
companies claimed that if it were placed too close to the existing
bridge there would be great danger of wreck to the boats plying on
the river when it was at flood height. The board of supervisors de-
bated the question at considerable length, but the war department,
which controls the river, finally granted permission to the companies
to build the bridge at the foot of M street, instead of P street, as
desired by the transportation companies. The estimated cost of the
bridge, which is of steel construction, is $380,000, but will probably
amount to $400,000. The draw is one hundred seventy feet in width.
Of the cost, it was agreed that Sacramento county should pay $118,-
668, and Yolo county $33,333.33. Under a later agreement the Sac-
ramento and Woodland road pays a proportion and the Antioch road
will also probably do so, lessening the expense to the county.

CHAPTER XXVI

LOCAL JUDICIARY AND ATTORNEYS
By Judge W. A. Anderson

HOW OUR TRIBUNALS HAVE BEEX ORGANIZED, WHO HAVE ADMINISTERED
JUSTICE IN SACRAMENTO COUNTY, AND ADVOCATES AT THE BAR

There could be nothing more instructive and interesting than the
origin and development of the judicial system and the aids thereto
by the bar of Sacramento City. In fact the history of the bench and
bar of this' great state had its inception in Sacramento, where the
great legal minds were located in the early history of the state.

The southern part of the state was governed chiefly by the old
system of Mexico ; but in Sacramento the common law was at once
established, and common sense was at all times interwoven into the
decrees and .iudgments, in the start somewhat crude in their con-
struction, but very soon developed into a splendid system with the

212 HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

aid of the bright genius of the early members of the bar. In this
sketch it will be our endeavor to give a brief reference to many of
those brilliant men who have long since crossed the Dark Eiver, and
who in their time labored in the local field for the betterment of the
law and the administration of justice.

Under Mexican rule the government of California was conducted
under the laws of March 20th and May 23rd, 1837, and those laws
were observed on the acquisition of the country by the United States,
until the organization of the sta'te government. They provided for
the selection of alcaldes, whose duties were to care for good order
and public tranquility, to see that police regulations, laws and decrees
were enforced, to provide for the apprehension of criminals, and in
some cases to impose fines and imprisonment upon malefactors. There
were also justices of the peace, who served as municipal and judicial
officers. There was in the territory a superior tribunal, consisting
of four judges and an attorney-general, which had the general review
of cases tried before inferior courts. There were also courts of
"First Instance," in which cases both criminal and civil were orig-
inally brought.

The first legislature, by an act passed March 16, 1850, divided
the state into nine judicial districts and constituted the counties of
Sacramento and Eldorado the sixth judicial district. Afterwards the
counties of Sacramento and Y^olo composed that district, and it so
existed until the taking elTeet of the constitution of 1879, which abol-
ished that court.

The same legislature, by an act ]iassed April 13, 1850, created
a county court in each county, and by an act ap]iroved on the 11th day
of that month, the court of sessions was created, to be composed of
the county judge and two justices of the peace, who were to serve as
associate justices. The latter were chosen by the justices of the
peace of the county. That court had jurisdiction in cases of misde-
meanor, and also exercised functions now performed by the board of
supervisors, such as the supervision of claims against the county,
and management of roads, etc. Subsequently the court of sessions
was abolished and its jurisdiction vested in the county court. Its
legislative and supervisorial powers were transferred to the board of
supervisors. The present state constitution abolished all of these
courts and provided for the organization of a superior court in the
county, with two departments and two judges, with civil and criminal
jurisdiction.

In the latter part of August, 1849, General B. Eiley, acting mili-
tary governor of California, appointed James S. Thomas judge of
the court of first instance, with criminal jurisdiction. On the 2nd of
September, 1849, Thomas entered upon the duties of his office. A
suit was instituted for the recovery of inoney. A summons was made
returnable the same day at four o'clock, at which time judgment was

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 213

entered and execution ordered. This gives some idea of the rapidity
with which business, even of a judicial character, was transacted at
that early period of Sacramento's history. On the 3rd of September,
Judge Thomas appointed J. P. Rogers clerk of his court. The latter
gentleman served in that capacity until tlie 19th of November follow-
ing, and resigned, whereupon James R. Lawrence was appointed. He
(jontinued until the 27th of December, at which time Presley Dunlap
was appointed to the position.

Judge Shannon opened his court for criminal Inisiness in Sep-
tember, 1849. R. A. Wilson was appointed clerk, and S. C. Hastings,
afterwards chief justice of the supreme court of the state and subse-
quently attorney-general, also the founder of Hastings Law College,
acted as prosecuting attorney. D. B. Hanner, who had been elected
slieriff b.v the people in their primary capacity, attended both civil
and criminal courts. The first case before Judge Shannon was a
prosecution against a party for stealing a cow from Samuel Norris.
During the trial defendant's counsel objected to the proceedings
because they were not in conformity with the constitutional pro\'ision
guaranteeing to every party accused of high crime, that before he
could be put upon trial he must have been indicted by a grand jury.
The court held that inasmuch as the defendant had not raised the
question in the beginning of the case, he was deemed as waiving his
right, and that the trial must proceed. The defendant was found
guilty and fined two Irandred dollars and costs, which amounted to
five hundred fifteen dollars; rather costly beef!

About December 1, 1849, R. A. Wilson succeeded to the bench,
vice Shannon, deceased. On January 11, 1850, he appointed A. J.
MeCall clerk of his court for Sacramento, and on January 26th he
appointed Stephen J. Field clerk of his court, to reside at Marysville.
Mr. Field was afterwards supreme justice of the state of California,
and associate justice of the supreme court of the United States.
During the time Sacramento was flooded that winter, Wilson held his
court at Marysville. The two courts alluded to did the judicial busi-
ness of tlie district, both civil and criminal, until the organization of
the judiciary under the state constitution. May 30, 1850.

The first district judges were elected by the legislature March
30, 1850, and James S. Thomas was elected judge of the sixth judicial
district. He resigned November 9th following. Tod Robinson was
api^ointed by the governor to succeed Judge Thomas January 2, 1851,
and assumed office upon the eighth day of the same month. Ferris
Forman succeeded Robinson by appointment on Aug:ust 13, 1851; and
in September of the same year, Lewis Aldrich assumed the office.
He resigned November 19, 1852, and A. C. Monson was appointed
by Governor Bigler on November 26, 1852. Judge Monson took office
on the first of December of that year. Monson had been elected at
the general election on November 2, 1852. He resigned August 17,

214 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

1857, and Governor Johnson, on the 3rd of September, 1857, appointed
Charles T. Botts to succeed him. At the general election held Sep-
tember 1, 1858, John H. McKune was elected, and was re-elected
October 21, 1863. On October 20, 1869, Lewis Ramage was elected,
and on October 20, 1875, Samuel C. Denson was elected. Judge Den-
son served until the new constitution, abolishing the office, took effect.

Judge Thomas, after his resignation, returned to the east, and
died at St. Louis, in 1857 or '58. Robinson, who was a prominent
member of the bar and belonged to a family of distinguished lawj-ers,
died in San Mateo county, October 27, 1870. Forman was afterwards
secretary of state. Judge Aldrich died at San Francisco, May 18,
1885. Judge Monson moved east, and died there. Judge Botts was
a brother of John Minor Botts. He had been a member of the first
constitutional convention of the state and was afterwards state printer.
He died in San Francisco, October 4, 1884. . Judge Ramage removed
to Kansas City, and died there, February 14, 1879. Judge Denson
was afterwards elected superior judge of Sacramento county, resigned
that office, and is now engaged in the active practice of the law in
San Francisco.

As has been stated, the court of sessions was composed of the
county judge and two associates. The latter were elected by a con-
vention of the justices of the peace, held on the first Monday of
October of each year, except the first convention, which was held
May 20, 1850. C.C. Sackett and Charles H. Swift were then elected
associates. The associates held office for two years. On November
27, 1850, the county treasurer resigned, and Swift was appointed to
fill the vacancy. James Brown was elected associate in his stead, and
assumed the duties of his office February 7, 1851. On August 14th
following, D. D. Bullock succeeded Brown. The last meeting of the
court of sessions was held July 6, 1862. The following is a list of
the subsequent judges of the court from Octoliei', 1851, to October,
1862 :

1851— E. J. Willis, judge; George Wilson and James R. Gates,
associates.

1852-53 — E. J. Willis, judge; he resigned Novembei- 18th, and
John Heard was appointed. James R. Gates and J. T. Day were
associates.

1853-54 — John Heard, judge; H. Lockwood and B. D. Fry, asso-
ciates.

1855-56— John Heard, judge; S. N. Baker and C. C. Jenks, asso-
ciates.

1856-57 — Same.

1858-59 — Robert Robinson, judge; James (*oggins and W. B.
Whitesides, associates.

1859-60— Robert Robinson, judge; James Coggins and Hodgkins,
associates.

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 215

1860-61— Robert C. Clark, judge.

1861-62 — Robert C. Clark, judge; James Coggins and George
Cone, associates.

After the abolishment of the court of sessions Judge ('lark
continued county judge, was suecessiveh' elected to that ofifice and
occupied it until the abolishment of the county court by the operation
of the new constitution. The county court also exercised the func-
tions of a probate court.

Judge Willis left Sacramento and returned to the east in earl\'
days. Wilson died in one of the northern counties of this state a
number of years ago. Judges Day and Heard are dead. Judge Jenks
removed to Oakland and held public office there. Judge Coggins died
a number of years ago. Judge Cone was afterwards a member of the
state legislature from this county, and is now dead. Judge Clark has
been a senator and an assembljanan, and after the abolishment of the
county court was elected, with Judge Denson, a judge of the superior
court and held office until the time of his death.

At the first election held under the new constitution, September
3, 1879, Samuel C. Denson and Robert W. Clark were elected judges
of the superior court of the county of Sacramento. Judge Denson
resigned December 16, 1882, and on the 18th day of the same mouth.
Governor Perkins appointed Thomas B. McFarland to fill the vacancy.
The latter was elected by the people to succeed himself at the general
election held November 4, 1884; and at the general election held
November 2, 1886, Judge McFarland was elected one of the justices
of the state supreme court. He resigned the office of superior judge,
and Governor Stoneman, on December 31, 1886, appointed John W.
Armstrong to the office. At the general election held November 6,
1888, Armstrong was elected to succeed himself, and has been dead
for some years.

Judge Clark died January 27, 1883, and Governor Stoneman aj)-
pointed John W. Armstrong to succeed him. At the general election
held November 4, 1884, W. C. Van Fleet was elected for the full term.
In 1890 A. P. Catlin and W. C. Van Fleet became judges of the
superior court. Then came Catlin and Matt F. Johnson, Judge Van
Fleet having become a member of the supreme court. In 1895 a third
court was created by the legislature, and Governor James H. Rudd
appointed Add C. Hinkson as the judge thereof. Judge Hinkson died
in this city in July, 1911. At the next election, J. W. Hughes and
E. C. Hart, with Judge Matt F. Johnson, were elected. Judge John-
son died during his term, and Governor Budd appointed Peter J.
Shields in his place. The bench then consisted of Hughes, Hart and
Shields. Judge Hart became a member of the appellate court, third
district, and Governor Pardee appointed C. N. Post to the vacancy
thus created. At the succeeding election Judges Post, Shields and
Hughes were elected, and are now on the bench.

216 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

Courts in the early days were very crude affairs in their manner
of adjudicating the rights of litigants. Justice's courts are proverbial
at times for their quaint way of administering justice. It is before
one of these august tribunals that we recall a case that occurred at
Mormon Island in this county in 1851, in which A. P. Catlin perpe-
ti-ated a great trick upon S. W. Sanderson, a young attorney of
Coloma, Eldorado county. It seemed that Sanderson's clients were
working an old river bed, and constructing a dam for that purpose.
Catlin desired to stop this work, and conceived the idea of hoodwink-
ing the old justice of the peace to grant an injunction to stop the work.
Acting upon the thought, he gravely proceeded to secure an injunction
and had it served and enforced. Sanderson was sent for, and came
before the justice armed with books and authorities and tried to con-
vince him that he had no jurisdiction of such eases, and appealed to
Catlin not to impose on the court. Catlin looked wise and approvingly
of the court's procedure, which made the old justice obdurate, and he
stuck to his injunction. Sanderson left for the county seat in a tow-
ering rage to secure proper relief, but before he could secure the same
the object Catlin had in view had been accomplished by the justice's
injunction.

It may not be generally known, that in the early history of Cali-
fornia other crimes than murder were, by statute, made punishable
by death, but such is the fact. On the 14th day of April, 1852, George
Tanner was tried in the court of sessions of Yuba county for the
crime of grand larceny, in having stolen flour, potatoes, etc., of the
value of $400. The verdict of the jury was "guilty of grand larceny,
punishable with death." The defendant appealed to the supreme
court, which affirmed the judgment, and the prisoner was executed
July 13, 1852. Chief Justice Murray delivered the opinion of the
court and evidently did not concur with the principles of law, for
after setting forth the statute, he used the following language: "It
is not our purpose to discuss the policy of this law, although we regret
that our legislature has considered it necessary to thus retrograde,
and in the face of the wisdom and experience of the present day,
resort to a punishment for a less crime than murder, which is alike
disgusting and abhorrent to the common sense of every enlightened
people. ' '

In connection with the reference to Paschal H. Coggins, the fol-
lowing novel case is quoted : A remarkable case of mistaken identity
was recently related by attorney Paschal H. Coggins before the
Medical Juris]irudence Society in Philadelphia, as having come under
his personal observation. Two men — John A. Mason, of Boston, and
John A. Mason, of Illinois — left their respective homes and went to
California in search of health and wealth. They were both wagon-
makers. One left a wife and two sons in Boston, and the other a wife
and two daughters in Illinois. The Boston wife heard nothing of her

HISTORY OF SACRAMKNTO COUNTY 217

husband after three years' absence, and twenty years hiter lieard of
the death of John A. Mason, a wagon-maker. She brought suit for
his property, his photograph was identified by twenty witnesses, but
at the last moment the Illinois wife turned up and proved tliat the
man was her husband, and the later developments showed tliat the
Boston pioneer died alone and friendless. — N. Y. Graphic.

Upon this the Themis comments as follows: "The Coggins re-
ferred to was a resident of this city, and at one time a law partner
of Creed Haymond. He was also a justice of the peace here, married
a daughter of one of our pioneer citizens, and afterward removed to
Philadel])hia, where he has since resided. He is a son of Paschal
Coggins, at one time one of the editors of the Sacramento Union,
and who represented this county two terras in the assembly. Coggins
Sr., ran for congress against H. P. Page in 1872, on the Independent
ticket. The case referred to was that of Supervisor John A. Mason,
of this city. It was certainly one of the most remarkable cases that
ever came up in court, but the statement in the Graphic is not
strictly correct. The case was tried before the late Judge Clark. In
the contest Haymond and Coggins appeared for the lady contestant,
and the late George Cadwalader and W. A. Anderson for the will. It
was developed that there were two John A. Masons; that they fol-
lowed the same trade — carriage making; and that they came to Cali-
fornia about the same time; one, however, by steamer, and the other
overland. By a strange coincidence the Mr. Coggins referred to was
a passenger on the same steamer with the Mason who came by sea,
and he was referred to in the printed passenger list as an "infant."
It further developed that the two Masons worked at their trades in
the same block in Sacramento cit.v — Third street between I and J.
After the death of Supervisor Mason, his sons, grown men, applied
for letters on his estate; their issuance was contested by a lady and two
grown daughters, who claimed to be the wife and offspring of Mason.
There is no doubt that the contest was in good faith and that the lady
believed that the deceased was her husband. The testimony, however,
developed that there must have been two John A. Masons, and that
the husband of the lady contestant had, like many other of the Cali-
fornia argonauts, disappeared long years ago. It was strange that
the photographs of Supervisor Mason were identified by his mother
and other relatives in Massachusetts, and that the same jjictures
were identified by prominent citizens of Illinois as being the other
Mason. Judge Clark held against the contestants, but said that there
was no doubt of the good faith of their contest."

ATTORNEYS WHO HAVE CROSSED THE DARK RIVER

Gen. H. W. Halleck; A. C. Peachy; Billings; Hum-
phrey Griffith; E. B. Crocker; William S. Long; John Hereford;
Al. Hereford; E. J. C. Kewen; John H. Hardy; Hal Clayton; B. F.

218 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

Ankeny; James H. Ralston; F. S. Mumforcl; Col. E. D. Baker; Henry
Meredith; Judge Silas W. Sanderson; Col. J. C. Zabriskie; P. W. S.
Rayle; John R. McConnell; Daniel J. Thomas; Judge A. C. Monson;
Gregory Yale; John C. Burch; Judge Charles T. Botts; D. R.
Sample; Theron Reed; Judge Lewis Aldrich; George H. Cartter;
Tod Robinson; Robert Robinson; J. B. Harmon; R. H. Stanley;
William H. Weeks; Thomas Sunderland; Milton S. Latham; Frank
McConnell; Edward Sanders ; Judge W. C. Wallace; Judge W. T. Wal-
lace; Morris M. Estee; Judge Robert F. Morrison; Murray Morrison;
Col. L. Sanders; George W. Bowie; William I. Ferguson (killed in a
duel by George Pen Johnston) ; J. Neely Johnson (once Governor) ;
William Neely Johnson; John G. Hyer; Ferris Forman; Horace
Smith; Philip C. Edwards (a pioueer of 1836) ; Thomas C. Edwards;
Henry Hare Hartley; George E. Moore; D. W. Welty; Harris C.
Harrison; James E. Smith; Judge Lewis Ramage; Joseph S. Wallis;
F. H. Moore; Henry K. Snow; Henry C. McCreery; Judge Robert
C. Clark; Judge John Heard; M. C. Tilden; Henry Edgerton'j W. B. C.
Brown ; James C. Goods ; Presley Dunlap ; James W. Coffroth ; George
Cadwalader; J. G. Severance; George A. Blanchard; J. C. Tubbs;
Ed. F. Taylor; Joseph AV. Winans; Samuel Cross; Judge H. 0.
Beatty; G.'w. Spaulding; S. L. Rogers; N. Greene Curtis; W. T.
Hinkson; W. P. Harlow; W. B. G. Keller; Judge Matt F. Johnson;
Judge A. P. Catlin; Judge John H. McKune; James L. English;
Charles A. Waring; Peter J. Hopper; Judge C. G. W. French;
Thomas Conger; Thomas W. Gilmer; Peter Hanmm: I. S. Brown;
W. R. Cantwell; Thomas J. Clunie; Henry Stan-; Judge Add C.
Hinkson; George G. Davis; A. C. Freeman; Henry C. Ross; Jay R.
Brown; Judge Thomas B. McFarland; Albert M. Johnson; Edward
Dwyer; Alvin J. Bruner; Creed Ha>anond; A. L. Hart; L. S. Taylor;
F. D. Ryan; Jud C. Brusie; J. P. Counts; James B. Devine; Tsaao
Joseph; W. S. Mesick; Ed. M. Martin; Henry L. Buckley.

ATTORNEYS NOW PRACTICING IN SACRAMENTO

W. A. Anderson (ex-police judge) ; Eugene Aram; J. W. Adams;
Frank F. Atkinson; C. W. Baker; Charles M. Beckwith; J. J. Bauer;
C. H. S. Bidwell; Charles 0. Busick; Charles A. Bliss; Hugh B.
Bradford; J. W. S. Butler (Butler & Swisler) ; J. Frank Brown; Jolin
Q. Brown; W. J. Carragher; Thomas B. Christianson ; J. D. Cornell;
R. M. Clarken; Charles H. Crocker; H. C. Cline; S. W. Cross; J. S.
Daly; A. A. DeLigne (DeLigne & Jones) ; H. S. Derby; W. H. Devlin;
R. t. Devlin; Alfred Dalton, Jr.; S. W. Downey (Downey & Pullen) ;
P. S. Driver; B. F. Driver; C. H. Dunn; C. A. Elliott; W. F. George,
L. J. Hinsdale (George & Hinsdale); W. A. Gett; Green & Smith;
Charles B. Harris, John C. March (Harris & March) ; A. L. Hart, Jr.;
S. H. Hart; Joseph E. Pipher, J. V. Hart (Hart & Pipher) ; L. T. Hat-
field; Victor L. Hatfield; C. C. Holl, S. S. Holl (Holl & Holl) ; O. G.

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNl^Y 21!)

Hopkins; S. Luke Howe; W. S. Howe; W. B. Howard; Hume & Art;
J. R. Hughes, Hugh B. Bradford (Hughes & Bradford) ; J. M. Innum;
John B. Insh; H. E. Johnstone; J. ('harles Jones; P. H. Jolmson
(Johnson & Lemmon) ; John W. Johnston; Grove L. Johnson; C. T.
Jones; S. H. Jones; R. T. McKisick, W. E. Kleinsorge (Kleinsorge &
McKisick) ; W. A. Latta; T. B. Leeper; A. H. McCurdy; Meredith &
Landis; C. F. Metteer; W. T. Phipps; W. B. Pittman; R. Platnauer;
J. F. Pullen; J. 0. Prewett ; W. F. Renf ro ; A. B. Re^Tiolds ; A. M.
Seymour; Shelly, Hoag & Leeper; A. L. Shinn; C. Q. Shinn; C.
Simon; E. A. Sloss; Albert D. Smith; E. G. Soule; H. G. Soule; H. H.
Sydenham; C. E. Swezy; A. R. Tabor; C. W. Thomas, Jr.; J. C.
Thomas; M. S. Wahrhaftig; B. G. White; Clinton L. White, Artlinr E.
Miller, C. E. McLaughlin (White, Miller & McLaughlin) ; Arcliihald
Yell (Seymour & Yell); Martin I. Welch; Z. F. Wharton.

CHAPTER XXVII

MEIVIIBERS OF THE SACRAMENTO BAR

By Judge TV. A. Anderson

If we should eliminate from our history tlie lawyer and what he
lias done, we would rob it of the greater part of its glory. Remove
from our society today the lawyer, with the work tliat he does, and
you will leave that society as dry and shiftless as the sands that
sweep over Sahara. The lawyer is needed in the legislature, in con-
gress ; every business man needs him ; in fact he is a necessary adjunct
to every department of Iranian life. Sacramento City had its great
men in the past; great law>-ers, great public men, great politicians.
It makes very little difference whether a man's fame runs around the
earth, or only goes to the limits of his residence. The world soon
forgets even the most conspicuous fame. How many "immortals"
have been totally lost to the memory of man. Think of the great men
of the past of ancient Assyria, Babylon, Persia, Egypt, Judea, Greece,
Carthage, Rome, who were great in their day, and whose names have
not been written or spoken for two thousand years. It is the rare
and lucky man who arises from the flood of oblivion. The man who
seeks immortality strives against awful odds, but that is an instinct
in human nature which prom]its one to rebel against oblivion. In
the few references made in this review, it has been my endeavor to
rescue from oblivion some of the great geniuses who founded this
state.

While Newton Booth never engaged in the active practice of the
law, he was a member of the bar. He became governor of the state,
and United States senator. Milton S. Latham was governor and
United States senator. J. Neely Johnson was governor; T. B. Mc-
Farland was judge of the supreme court. Robert F. Morrison was

220 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

chief justice of the supreme court; H. 0. Beatty was judge of the
supreme court of Nevada. E. B. Crocker was supreme court justice,
and the founder of the Crocker Art Gallery, which was donated by
his widow to the city and is now one of the chief public attractions.
C. G. W. French was chief justice of the supreme court of Arizona.
Hiram W. Johnson removed his practice to San Francisco, and is now
governor of this state. Creed Haymond was code commissioner and
framed our present codes; also was state senator and afterward chief
counsel for the Southern Pacific Company, and died in San Francisco
many j^ears ago. He was one of the brilliant minds of the state.
W. H. Beatty is now chief justice of the supreme court of California.
W. C. Van Fleet is United States district judge at San Francisco.
Robert T. Devlin until recently was United States district attorney
and was at one time state senator from Sacramento. Cornelius Cole
was congressman and United States senator. C*ol. E. D. Baker was
United States senator from Oregon and was killed at Ball's Bluff
as brigadier-general during the Rebellion.

H. W. Halleck was during the Civil war the commander-in-chief
of the Union armies under President Lincoln.

Col. George W. Bowie, the law partner of A. P. Catlin, was,
during the Civil war, a brigadier-general of volunteers and served on
the border of Texas, Mexico and Arizona.

E. J. C. Kewen was one of the pioneer attorneys and an orator
of distinction. He was a southern man by birth, and had all the fire
and vim of that clime. Colonel Kewen was an intimate friend of
William Walker, who attempted to form a republic at Nicaragua and
was Walker's financial agent. He finally located at Los Angeles,
and died there, November 25, 1879.

J. C. Zabriskie was the first city attorney of this city. He arrived
in Sacramento in 1849 and later on was alcalde. In 1861 he removed
to San Francisco, where he died, July 10, 1883.

John T. Carey was district attorney of Sacramento county, and
was appointed United States district attorney by President Cleveland.
He is now practicing law in San Francisco.

E. H. Heacock is now a resident of San Francisco, and has been
for many years master in chancery of the United States courts.

S. W. Sanderson was judge of the supreme court and resigned
to accejit the position of cliief counsel for the Central Pacific Railway
Company.

Thomas J. Clunie was state senator and member of congress. He
removed to San Francisco and continued the practice of law until
the time of his death.

John K. Alexander was district attorney, and removed to Mon-
terey and was for many years superior judge of that county.

James C. Goods was district attorney for two terms, and was
considered one of the best criminal lawyers in the state.

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 22]

Judge Henry Hare Hartley was oue of the leading lawyers of
the .state, and a man of tlie most polished manners.

George A. Blanchard, district attorney, afterwards superior judge
of Colusa county, died on the threshold of a useful life; he was one
of the bright minds of the profession, and a scholar and a courteous
gentleman.

Frank D. Ryan, a native son and twice district attorney, also
one of the lioard of commissioners of jniblic works, also assemblyman,
was one of Sacramento's finest products. No man held a higher ])lace
in the estimation of the public. H seemed like the cruelty of Fate
to take him from earth at such an early time in his life, as he had
but reached his prime when he died, in 1908.

S. Solon Holl, who died in July, 1913, was considered the dean
of the Sacramento bar. His life was full of great incidents.

Grove L. Johnson, assembhnnan, senator and member of congress,
is among the active practitioners at the bar of the state, and has lost
nothing of his vigor and persistence, and is as ready for a forensic
encounter as he was wont to be in his younger days. No man has a
higher standing at the bar than Hon. Grove L. Johnson. Mr. Johnson
can be considered the Nestor of the bar.

Clinton L. White can also be recorded as one of the old leaders
at the bar. Once our mayor, and a good one at that, he prides him-
self upon his devotion to the practice of the honorable profession.
His firm. White, Miller & McLanghlin, stands foremost among the
liractitioners in this state.

Gen. A. L. Hart, at one time attorney-general of the state, was
considered one of the best nisi pritis lawyers on the coast. His un-
timely death was a shock to the profession. No man held a higher
place in the hearts of the members of the bar and the public.

Judge Add C. Hinkson, who for many years was city superin-
tendent of schools, and superior judge, in 1912 answered the final roll
call and crossed over the Dark River.

Tod Robinson, H. 0. Beatty and J. B. Haggin were law i)artner8
in 1853, in this city. This partnership lasted about three years.
Judge Beatty went to Nevada and was elected chief justice of the
state. J. B. Haggin, one of the owners of the Haggin grant, resided
in New York. Tod Robinson located at San Francisco.

George Cadwalader. a ]Honeer and in early days a mercliant,
in 1855 entered the law office of Col. Philip L. Edwards as a student of
law. Mr. Cadwalader had a splendid practice and never sought any
political office, although he took active part in party politics on some
occasions. He also wrote some elegant verses. He removed to San
Francisco in 1884, and lived but about one year thereafter. The
supreme court reports contain the name of George Cadwalader in a
multitude of actions. Robert T. Devlin and Clinton L. White were
students under Mr. Cadwalader. During his student career, Clinton

222 HISTORY OP SACRAMENTO COUNTY

L. White wrote one of the ablest briefs in the matter of the estate
of Tliurston, involving some of the most intricate questions of law.
The line of argument in the brief was adopted by the supreme court.
The writer, W. A. Anderson, was an associate of George Cadwalader
in the practice of the law for over thirteen years.

A. C. Freeman long enjoyed a national reputation as an author
of law books. His advent into the practice of law was as deputy
district attorney under James C. Goods. His first book was "A
Treatise on Judgments;" later, a work on "Executions." He was
the editor of the Bancroft- Whitney publications and editor of "Amer-
ican Decisions." The career of A. C. Freeman was a great success.
He located in San Francisco, and a few years ago crossed the "Great
Divide," full of honors.

J. N. Young practiced law in this city for many years and then
located in San Francisco, where he is now engaged in active jjractice.

Paschal H. Coggins commenced his career as an attorney at law
in this city, served one term as township justice, and then located in
Philadelphia, where he is now engaged in the practice of his profes-
sion.

D. A. Hamburger practiced in Sacramento for a few years after
his admission to the bar and then located in Los Angeles, where he
has abandoned the practice of the law and engaged in mercantile
business.

Frank Powers was admitted to the bar from the city of Sacra-
mento, but established his law practice later at San Francisco. He
was a member of the assembly from that city.

Charles T. Jones is still an active practitioner in this city. Twice
district attorney and once assemblyman, he has held an honored
position in this community. He has been on one side or the other
in most of the important criminal cases for many years and is looked
upon as one of the ablest criminal lawyers in the state.

Dan E. Alexander removed to San Francisco, where he is now
engaged in the practice of his profession. Charles H. Oatman is also
a practitioner in San Francisco. Elwood Bruner, ex-assemblyman and
ex-district attorney, is now located at Nome, Alaska, as is also his
brother, J. Allison Bruner.

W. B. Harlow practiced only a short time after his admission to
the bar, then went to Arizona and later to New York, where he died
a few years ago.

Judson C. Brusie was assembl>niian and secretary to the Califor-
nia railroad conmiission. He died a few years ago at Los Angeles.
He devoted his time chiefly to politics and dramatic writing.

Peter H. Burnett was a lawj^er, but never practiced in this city;
only acted as land agent for John A. Sutter. He was the first gov-
ernor of California. In 1857 he was appointed by Governor J. Neely

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 223

Jolinson a judge of the supreme court. He died in San Francisco,
May 17, 1895, at the age of eighty-seven years.

Judge S. C. Denson is now a resident of San Francisco. For
many years, in addition to his judicial career, he enjoyed a splendid
practice in this city. At various times a member of the firm of Beatty
& Denson, then Beatty, Denson & Beatty, and Beatty, Denson & Oat-
man, he always enjoyed a very lucrative business. It was during his
term as judge that the famous cases of Troy Dye and Edward Ander-
son for the murder of Aaron Tullis were tried and the two men con-
victed and hanged. Hon. Creed Ha^miond defended these men. When
Judge Denson removed to San Francisco, he formed a co-partnership
with Judge J. J. De Haven, which continvied until Judge De Haven
was appointed United States district judge.

Albert M. Johnson. — Nature is not lavisli with her choice gifts
of genius and talent, and rarely do we find these great attributes
combined. In Alliert M. Johnson both genius and talent were united
in one body, in one mind. His was an irrepressible genius, brighter
than the sword of the conqueror. His thoughts and ideas bore the
rays of immortality, which cast a living, lasting halo around his very
being. With him, genius was not a shadow — it was a substance, it
was light; it was matter that never dies. In all his legal existence
he seemed like a Theseus led by the golden thread of Ariadne. His
logic was like the touch of Ithuriel's spear, his reason like the swell
of the ocean. A master of language, which fiowed from his lips like
a splendid stream, again in torrents as moved by inspiration, at the
har and on the rostrum his flow of language was the most fluent and
logical. Its effect was magical, and carried inspiration with every
word and thought expressed. There is no armor against Fate. Albert
M. Johnson was never obsequious to wealth or power. The later years
of his life were devoted, in addition to his profession, to the solution
of social problems and to the betterment of the condition of the masses.
A truly great attorney, in his comparatively brief career he tasted
fortune more than did any other law^^er. He died in Oakland, in 1907,
at the age of forty-six years.

Judge A. P. Catlin was a pioneer lawyer, and had many parts
in the formation of the government for this state. In 1850 he and
John Currey (afterwards superior judge), formed a co-partnership in
the practice of the law. At that time the leaders of the bar were
Murray Johnson, E. J. C. Kewen, Col. J. C. Zabriskie, Joseph W.
Winans, L. Neely Johnson, John B. Weller, M. S. Latham, John H.
McKune, and Col. Philip L. Edwards. This partnership lasted only
a short time, and Mr. Catlin then returned to his former home at
Mormon island in this county, and engaged in mining. It was he who
was the author of the name "Natoma" for Natoma township in this
county. In 185.3-54 he was a member of the senate which met at
Benicia, and it was due to his efforts that Sacramento secured the

224 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

location of the State Capitol and was made the permanent seat of
state government. Judge Catlin was an eye witness to the great
tragedy of the Squatter riots on August 14, 1850, at which City
Assessor Woodland was killed, Mayor Biglow fatally wounded and
many others killed. Judge Catlin took part in every great political
battle of this state. In 1857 he was a member of the assembly and
a participant in the great Broderick-Gwin senatorial contest. In
March, 1872, he was appointed one of the state board of equalization.
During all the years he was engaged in active practice. In 1890 he
was elected judge of the superior court of the cotinty of Sacramento,
and served a full six-year term. He was a man of sound judgment
and untiring industry, one of the safest counsellors and faithful to
his clients; very slow to anger, but a lion when aroused. While he
seemed morose in his disposition, there was at times a vein of gen-
uine humor in his composition. No man had a greater knowledge of
the incidents of history of this state, and his "scrap books," if they
are still in existence, would be a revelation to the future historian.

John C. Catlin and Harry Catlin, the sons of Judge Catlin, were
admitted to tlie bar and are now residents of San Francisco, engaged
in the practice of the law.

J. W. Winans (firm Winans & Hyer) was for many years a
prominent attorney in this city. He was a member of the consti-
tutional convention. Mr. Winans devoted much time to literature, and
was an elegant writer. For many years he was a regent of the state
university. In 1861 he took up his practice in San Francisco and
continued until his death, March 3, 1887.

W. B. C. Brown, after having served as county clerk and state
controller, became a member of the bar and continued in the practice
of the law until his death, April 12, 1882.

W. S. Church was city attorney for one term, then went to San
Francisco. He is the author of "Church on Habeas Corpus," and
some other law works.

James B. Devine, a bright young lawyer, was called to his final
rest, just at the time the people began to recognize his abilities.

Judge J. W. Armstrong came to Sacramento from Amador
county in 1868. He was formerly the law partner of the late United
States Senator James T. Farley, of Amador county. He established
the law firm of Armstrong & Hinkson. Judge Armstrong was ap-
pointed judge of the superior coui-t of Sacramento county by Governor
Stoneman. At the succeeding election he was chosen for a full term
on the bench. Judge Armstrong was a man of great force of char-
acter, and soniewliat aggressive in his disposition, yet broad-minded,
tender-hearted aiid generous. He died March 21, 1896.

Judge Lewis Ramage was district jiidge of the old sixth judicial
district. It was during his term that the famous Tip McLaughlin case
was tried, McLaughlin being charged with the murder of Charles

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 225

Limdholm. At the first trial the jury disagreed, and "Tip" was
tried a second time, at which trial he was convicted of murder. By
some unaccountal)le oversight no order was made by the court to take
the defendant into custody, he being- at liberty under bonds. "Tip"
walked out of the court and never was captured. Judge Ramage
was a very kind-hearted man, and had a great reverence for the
decisions of the court of his native state, Missouri. It was often
remarked by attorneys, that if counsel could produce a decision from
Missouri, or something from "Smith's Leading Cases," his case would
be safe. Judge Ramage, after his term as district judge was com-
]ileted, returned to St. Louis, where he died a number of years ago.

John B. Weller, a pioneer lawyer, was governor and United States
senator. Governor Weller was a very eloquent orator and a man of
pleasing and polished manner.

Judge Robert C. Clark was state senator and afterwards county
and superior judge for twenty-four years, up to the time of his death,
January 27, 1883. Judge Clark was a model judge, and everybody
was his friend. No man held a higher place in the hearts of the
peo])le than Judge Clark. The pleasing incidents and anecdotes dur-
ing his career on the bench would fill a large volume.

D. Lee Donelly was corporation counsel under Mayor Hassett,
and at one time law partner of A. M. Se^^nour. He died about 1911
after a lingering sickness.

John Currey was one of the earliest pioneer lawyers of this cit}^
At one time the law partner of A. P. Catlin, Judge Currey performed
a prominent part in the history of this state. He was for many years
judge of the supreme court, and chief justice of that court. Judge
Currey was born in 1814, and died in 1912, at ninety-eight years of
age. He always was a man of great intellectual powers, and even in
his last years retained his remarkable memory and wrote some able
articles for the law journals upon great legal topics.

Judge E. W. McKinstry was in the law practice in this city in
1850. He was one of the first representatives in the legislature from
Sacramento county. In 1858 he went to Napa and was elected district
judge for Napa and adjoining counties. He then removed to San
Francisco and was elected county judge. Later he was chosen district
judge for the twelfth judicial district of San Francisco. Afterwards
he was elected justice of the supreme court of California. He resigned
from the supreme bench to become professor of municipal law in
the Hastings Law College. Judge McKinstry died at San Jose.
November 1, 1901.

Cornelius Cole was district attorney for Sacramento county, after-
wards congressman, and in 1865-66 was elected by the legislature
to the United States senate. At the close of his senatorial term he
located at Los Angeles, where he now resides, hale and hearty, though
advanced in vears.

226 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

Morris M. Estee was a member of the legislature from Sacra-
mento in the session of 1863-64, and in 1864 was elected district attor-
ney of Sacramento county. At the expiration of his term of office
he located in San Francisco in the pursuit of his profession and was
retained in many very important cases. Mr. Estee was a leading
member of the last constitutional convention which framed the present
state constitution. Mr. Estee was at all times a dignified and sincere
man. Under the annexation of tlie Hawaiian Islands, creating a
United States district judge for that jurisdiction, in 1900 he was
appointed to the office, which he held until his death, October 27, 1903.

Judge T. B. McFarland, prioi to locating at Sacramento, was dis-
trict judge of the fourteenth judicial district, comprising Nevada and
Placer counties. At the expiration of his term as judge he came to
Sacramento and formed a copartnership with Judge A. P. Catlin,
under the firm name of Catlin and McFarland. He was registrar of
the United States land office, and in 1882 was appointed by Governor
Perkins superior judge of this county. Prior to that he was also a
member of the last cou.stitutional convention. In 1884 Judge Mc-
Farland was elected superior judge for Sacramento county; in 1886
was elected justice of the supreme court, re-elected in 1898, and re-
mained on the supreme bench until the time of his death, a few years
ago. Judge McFarland was a man of fine literary attainments and
of most fascinating social qualities. To know him was ever after to
be his friend.

RECOLLECTIONS OF HENRY EDGERTON

Look in upon the state burial plot in the City Cemetery and
amid the lofty marble and granite shafts that mark the last resting
places of distinguished men, there will be found a poor little slab with
the inscription:

Henry E]dgerton

Died
November 4, 1887

The name of that brilliant orator, profound lawyer, classic scholar,
is now only a memory for the few. During life he thrilled audiences,
electrified senators, judges and conventions by the splendor of his
rhetoric, philosophy and the vividness of his imagery. As an eagle,
then he swooped, — then he soared, — the sculptor and painter in words,
— the ideal of logical realism.

"The two-edged tongue of mighty Zeno, who.
Say what we would, could argue it untrue,"
he liad the prose of Xenophon and the poetry and philosophy of Plato.
His font of oratorical genius never ran low. He fused reason, music,
passion, imagination, into electric and magnetic power which held his
auditors as if chained bv enchantment.

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 227

When Edgertou became aroused in debate and the occasion called
for it, he was a perfect master of invective, sarcasm and irony.
"Fierce as the midnight, moonlit
Nubian desert with all its lions up."

Yet he was possessed of the gentle impulses of a woman, court-
eous, chivalrous and with wit as sparkling as ice and as brilliant as
the sunshine. Henry Edgerton had the egotism of most men of
genius, and believed it was a great folly to be wise all alone. His
utter contempt for wealth was proverbial. Yet with all his great
genius and ability, with all his generous impulses and good will for
his fellow men, he learned, with Prentice, "that men are deserters
in adversity, when all is dark and even our very shadows refuse to
follow us." While his eloquence charmed the soul, he felt that Ambi-
tion was a gilded cheat, — that Fate was capricious.
"Ah, pensive Scholar, what is fame!
A fitful tongue of leaping flame,

A giddy whirlwind's fickle giist
That lifts a pinch of mortal dust."

With all his great genius and wonderful powers of oratory, Edger-
ton, like that other almost forgotten orator and statesman, James W.
Cotfroth, could never attain the goal of his ambition, — a seat in the
halls of congress.

The great Napoleon's star of destiny began to decline from the
day he divorced the Empress Josephine, and finally set with the sun
at Waterloo. Thus with Henry Edgerton, when the marital relations
ceased between himself and the brilliant Frances Edgerton, his star
of destiny waned and finally cast its pale light upon his almost for-
gotten grave.

Withal the public career of Henry Edgerton forms a potent part
of the history of this state. He came to California from Vermont in
1853, a young man, and located at Napa, where he was for a number
of years, up to 1860, the district attorney of that county. The famous
case of Ned McGowan, implicated in the murder of James King of
William, editor of the San Francisco Bulletw, during the time of the
vigilance committee, was transferred to Napa coimty, and prosecuted
liy Henry Edgerton. In 1860 he was elected state senator for Napa,
Solano and Yolo counties, and during the sessions occurred the mem-
orable deliate with Harry I. Thornton, which placed Edgerton as the
leader in oratory in this state. It was by such prompt, eloquent and
patriotic actions of Edgerton and several other prominent men that
a terrible chapter in California's history was averted, and this state
retained in the array of Union states during the Rebellion.

From this time Henry Edgertou held his place as the greatest
orator on this coast. He was a man of sjilendid ]ihysique, with a
bright, classic countenance, and one who at all times inspired admira-
tion. In the earlier davs of his career he was noted for the old

228 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

school style of bis costume. For many years be wore a blue broad-
clotb dress coat, with doulile row of brass buttons, and a buff vest,
making a marked contrast with other men's dress. But he prided
himself on these and would wear none other until the later years of
his life. In 1861 Edgerton and McKibben ran for congress on the
Union Democratic ticket, but were defeated by Timothy Guy Phelps
and A. A. Sargent. For a number of years Edgerton was one of the
trustees of the state library. In 1878-79 he was elected a member
at large of the constitutional convention, and the debates disclose
many gems of his power of oratory. One of Edgerton 's most beauti-
ful oratorical efforts occurred in 1879, upon the grand reception given
to Gen. U. S. Grant, who ^dsited this city upon his journey around the
world. In 1880 he was the only Republican presidential elector elected,
and he was selected as messenger to proceed to Washington to cast
the vote for president. At the presidential election in 1884 he was
again elected a presidential elector.

In 1882 Henry Edgerton and W. W. Morrow were Republican
candidates for congressman-at-large, but they were defeated by Charles
Sumner and J. R. Glasscock. During the congressional convention
of the second district at Benicia in 1884, Edgerton was evidently
deeply wounded at not receiving the nomination for congress. His
speech on that occasion was one of the most powerful efforts of his
life, and his picture of the ingratitude of his party was realized by
all the delegates present. It was at this convention that Hon. Joseph
McKenna received, on the thirtieth ballot, the nomination which gave
him his start upon the car of political fortune. Edgerton never recov-
ered from this defeat, and he felt that the party was ungrateful in
not recognizing him.

The oration delivered by Edgerton July 4, 1882, is a masterpiece
of patriotic oratory and is a model for young Americans. Such
oratory is not like that which is called oratory today, and which is
a mere empty flow of words. It is like the violet wreath compared
with the bunch of straw.

On the occasion of the nomination of Newton Booth for governor
in 1871, Henry Edgerton made one of his brilliant, characteristic ad-
dresses in placing Newton Booth in nomination. In 1873, during an
exciting anti-railroad contest, he was elected state senator for Sacra-
mento county. During the camijaign he made some of the most elo-
quent as well as invective speeches. On one occasion, while referring
to one of his detractors, he used this unique and most forcible lan-
guage: "He lies by day, he lies by night; he lies for the very lust
of lying."

In nearly every Republican campaig-n from 1868 until date of his
death Edgerton took part, and his eloquence was heard in every
important city on the coast. In no place in public or private did he
know how to be dull.

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 229

It is known that Henry Edgerton was methodical in his nature,
and kept a complete set of scrap books and records, but after his death
no one was able to discover where they were placed. It would be a
,<>reat addition to the oratorical history of the world if these records
could be found, and placed in the hands of some competent compiler
for ]ireservatiou to the literature of the world. Throughout life he
kept up his classical studies, and was a devotee of the drama and of
all kinds of art. As a conversationalist he was without a suiDerior.
A volume might be written of anecdotes of Edgerton. On one oc-
casion, during the session of 1861, while he was the lion of the day,
the legislature was compelled to move to San Francisco on account
of the flood. At that time the sensational drama, "The Octoroon,"
was being played and drew large houses. Edgerton, with a number
of the other senators, attended the play and showed his warm, im-
l)ulsive and chivalrous character, during the famous scene where Zoe,
the Octoroon, is put upon the slave block for sale. Dora Sunnysides
had such a warm affection that she desired to purchase Zoe to set
her free. The bidding began, when McCloskey, the villain of the play,
and Dora were bidding against each other. She reached her limit
when she bid $20,000. McCloskey, in his sneering manner, bid $25,000,
and looked upon Dora with a victorious smile. At this point the au-
dience was in a state of terrible excitement, when all at once some
one in the audience arose, threw his hat high in the air, and said :
"Damn the law! I bid $30,000." That was Henry Edgerton, and it
is needless to say that the entire audience was in uproarious ap-
plause for the last bidder.

When we think of the eventful life of Henry Edgerton, we are
constrained to the truth that it is best that Heaven from all creatures
hides the Book of Fate.

Edgerton was a devotee of poetry and art as well as a student
of the classics. In fact his very utterances were poetry. The follow-
ing lines, quaint in their character and an echo of his sentimental
moods, are attributed to him :

"The old days. Do you ever think of them
When sitting silent as the shadows meet?
When lying 1)road awake at dead of night.
To hear the rain that drops into the eaves ;
Do you remember how sweet was yoTir sleep.
In the old days?

"The old days, when you wanted to grow big,
Before you knew the sorrows it would bring;
When looking at the blue hills far away
And thinkino- of the world that lav bevond?

230 HISTORY OP^ SACRAMENTO COUNTY

Do yoii lemember liow you yearned for it,
In the days of old?

"The old days, they are furrowed o'er with graves,
The sweet-faced mother, tirst and dearest friend.
The old home faces you used to know,
Your playmates and your sweethearts, where are they?
Do you remember how you loved and lost,
In the days of old!

"The old days! How they brim the eyes with tears
And fill the heart with longing and regret!
Oh, there are tragedies in every life;
And there are songs as sweet as ever sung;
And there are memories that never die.
In the old days."

N. GREENE CURTIS

Tribute by Major W. J. Anderson, at the time of his death, July 12,
1897.

When Cato, the younger, sat with his drawn sword meditating
upon Plato's "Immortality of the Soul," he exclaimed: "Plato, thou
reasonest well. Why this longing for immortality?"

Each day, every hour, each minute, we are admonished of the un-
certainty of all earthly things.

"Eternity — thou pleasing, dreadful thought —
Through what vagaries of untried being, through wiiat new scenes and
changes must we pass?"

"The glories of birth and state are sliadows, not substantial
things. There is no armor against fate."

Death lays his icy hand on. the high and low alike. The highest
and lowest, richest and poorest, must yield to the inexorable laws of
Nature and of Fate. We are today but reminded of the end of all
that is mortal of man, and in paying this tribute to tlie memory of
our dei)arted brother, bring ourselves within the reflections of Cato
upon the immortality of the soul, and the ]jroofs of nature and na-
ture's laws that the soul of N. Greene Curtis has its enduring im-
mortality amid the Elysian fields, where he has gone to meet former
colleagues and adversaries of mant" forensic battles : George R.
Moore, H. H. Hartley, Phil Edwards, James ^Y. Coffroth, J. C.
Goods, Creed Havmond, Henrv Edgerton. George Cadwalader. R.
C. Clark. H. 0. Beatty, J. W. Winans, John G. Hyer, Milton S.
Latham, Col. L. Sanders, Tod Robinson, E. B. Crocker, Himiphrey
GriCiiths, J. W. Armstrong, W. I. Ferguson, Presley Dunlap, George
A. Blnnchard, and others.

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 231

N. Greene Curtis was born in Raleig-b, N. C, February 5, 1826.
In May, 1850, he came with the tide of gold-seekers to California from
Tennessee, to which state he moved in his early youth. By birth
and education he was fitted even in those youthful days to take his
place among the moving spirits of the country. Soon after his ar-
rival in Sacramento he was appointed deputy postmaster under Jona-
than Tittle, the presidential appointee. A short time after he as-
sumed his office his principal went east, leaving Curtis in full charge.
AVhile Tittle was absent, Richard Eads came out with a notification
from Washington that he had been appointed to the office. Curtis
declined to recog-nize Eads until he presented a commission and filed
a bond. He thus retained possession of the office for some months, it
taking about that time to procure the necessary credentials.

As a recognition of Curtis' ability, Eads retained him as the chief
officer until he was elected recorder in 1853. This office Judge Curtis
administered for three years with marked ability, establishing a record
which has become a precedent. In 1861, when the spirit of secession
was rife and at a time when Cahfornia was in the balance, being
largely populated by southern men, Judge Curtis, though of southern
blood, was firmest in counseling for the Union. At a great mass
meeting held in the old pavilion at Sixth and M streets, he made
one of the grandest, most patriotic speeches against secession and
for the Union, one and indivisible. He became a member of the Union
Party and that year, with Charles Crocker, Amos Adams and Dr.
Joseph Powell, was elected as a member of the assembly. Charles
Crocker, one of the great Central Pacific railroad quartet, crossed
the Dark River several years ago. Amos Adams recently died in
San Jose. Dr. Powell survived the term only a few years. During
the same session Judge R. C. Clark and E. II. Heacock served as
senators from this county. In 1861 Judge Curtis became a member
of the state senate with E. H. Heacock as his colleague. In 1869
Curtis and A. Comte served as our senators. In 1877 Judge Curtis
was again returned to the senate, having defeated Felix Tracy. His
colleague was Creed Haymond. He was a leader in his party and
counselled upon all matters pertaining to the welfare of the Demo-
cratic party of this state as well as the nation. He was at all times
modest, unassuming, unostentatious, yet possessing the rarest quali-
ties of conversational powers. As an orator he was magnetic, and
by his earnestness and force of character never failed to impress his
hearers with his own ideas and convictions. Herein laid his great
power and influence over jurors. The devoted friendship of Curtis
was jiroverbial. I have often heard my father say that it was a com-
mon, every-day sight to see Judge McKime and Greene Curtis frying
their bacon and boiling their coffee in front of their cabin, which was
situated at what is now the corner of Fifth and K streets. The cabin
was Iniilt among scrub oaks and bushes, and ser^■ed as the law o^'fice

232 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

of Judge McKune, Curtis uot being a praL-titioner at that time.
Curtis was endowed with the qualities of true friendship,
"Which is a Gordiau knot that angel hands had tied.
By heavenly skill its texture wrought, who shall its folds divide?
Death's all-triumphant sword may strive its links to sever,
But the union of its twisted cord in Heaven shall last forever."
Curtis belonged to the "old school" of chivalrous attorneys.
While there has been advancement in all matters of science and art,
there remains a charm around the courteous chivalry of the lawyer
of two generations ago. It seems that a grasping selfishness has
im]ilanted itself among modern members of the bar. That old-time
honor of the profession, when the greed for gold formed no part in
the lawyer's strife for honor and fame, has in a measure departed.
The lawyers of twenty-five years ago held honor above gold or price.
Today gold seems to be the moving power and glory, and honor but
an incident. Those were the days that the lawyer's part was to work
hard, live well and die poor. But honor was always the objective
point.

Judge Curtis was counsel in the famous Laura D. Fair case for
the murder of A. P. Crittenden, and finally acquitted her. He was
counsel for many defendants in murder cases in this state. Many
years ago the writer was present at Santa Cruz during an important
murder trial, where the defendant was represented by N. Greene
Curtis. We think that the management of this case was the mas-
terpiece of his life, and far surpasses his efforts in the famous Laura
D. Fair trial. The defendant was a young man with a beautiful ^\'ife
and child. The evidence against the defendant was of the most dam-
aging character, and it seemed that a conviction was inevitable. The
sentiment of the community was set against the defendant. But
Curtis had a way of snatching victory from defeat, and the result of
the trial disclosed the fact that he did so in this case. For weeks
before the trial he made research into the pedigree of each juror
summoned, until he had each man's history at his memory's com
mand. Then came the day of the trial and the defense marked out
was an alibi. The courtroom was each day crowded with ladies and
gentlemen. Curtis seemed to be inspired. He opened the case with
a degree of magnetism seldom witnessed. He ])aid a grand tribute
to the people, to the beautiful sea crest and beach, and to every-
thing pertaining to the community. He painted the crime as black
as Erebus, and was unsparing of anyone who would perpetrate such
an outrage and cowardly assassination. Then came his inspired ar-
gument to the jury. He touched the weak place in the composition
of every juror, and art)und and around he went, addressing each
jui'or separately. But he foimd that every time he came to a cer-
tain old puritanical fellow there was a break in his magnetic chain.
He tried again and again to cast the electric charm over the old

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 233

liard-sliell, for lie felt certain of the other jurors. Just at this
juncture a little tot got dowu from his mother's lap, and, being at-
tracted by Curtis' actions in speaking to the jury, ran up to him,
clasped one little arm al)out his knee, and with the other held up a
piece of candy some person had given him, for him to take. Curtis
stopped short, looked for an instant at tlie child, then at the audi-
ence, then at the jury, but never spoke a word. The effect was elec-
tric. There was not a dry eye in the courtroom ; the women gave out
uncontrollable sobs. That silent eloquence was grand — indescribablv
grand. Then he drew his own picture, and asked the jurors if they
were fathers, and could find it in their hearts to make that child an
orphan. With all this the old hard-shell remained obdurate, and
as unmoved as the hills. At length Curtis roused himself for one
more effort and with tears and emotion actually knelt down and
prayed long and fervently at the feet of the obdurate juror, when all
at once tears came trickling down his cheeks, and he, too, was en-
tangled in the electric chain. After the case was over, and the
young man acquitted, Curtis said to the writer: "Do you know that
it was a hard struggle to capture that puritanical old ass? Why,
I was actually comi)elled to pray, and ordinarily it would have been
ridiculous." And, said the Judge: "When I got him I thought of
an event in the life of the elder Booth, who had no equal in his per-
sonation of Richard III. Well, Mr. Booth was to play his favorite
character at Manchester, England, which was a great place for manu-
facturing buttons. On the opening night the house was crowded,
and Booth just let himself loose, but not a sig-n of applause fol-
lowed his efforts. The audience was as silent as a tomb. He tried
again and again, still no emotion or recognition. Driven to despair,
he made a most superhuman effort, and at this time caught the
entire audience at once. The applause was loud and continued. After
the tumult. Booth, in his eccentric way, stepped to the footlights
and said: 'What do you think of that, you damned button-makers?'
Then he left the stage and would not finish the play. Now," contin-
ued Curtis, "I felt like Booth in that act, and wanted to say, out
loud, after my fervent ]irayer: 'What do you think of that, you d — d
old hard-shell.' "

JAMES W. COFFEOTH

Only a few now remain who can recall the memories of that
eminent man whose magnetic powers stirred the hearts of the people,
whose magic eloquence so often resounded at the bar, in the forum,
and from the public platform. While the lips of James W. Coffroth
have been silenced and his body in the silent chambers of the dead for
thirty-six years, there are many "oldtimers" whose memories re-
vert to the past, and recall that he was one of the leading spirits of
this state and one who aided in making its early history. No lawyer

234 HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

ever exercised greater influence over a jury. His splendid stature,
clear and musical voice, and magnetic expression never failed to
enter the heart of those whom he addressed. His was a most lov-
able nature, generous and courteous to all, yet a lion when aroused.
His style of eloquence was different from that of the contemporane-
ous lawyers, and he easily stood the peer of any, although there
were orators and statesmen: Col. E. D. Baker, Henry Edgerton,
W. Li. L. Barnes, N. Greene Curtis, Jo Hamilton, Creed Haymond,
W. W. Pendergast, James Groods, and a number of other eloquent
orators and attorneys with whom he was confronted in litigation.
(And, by the way, how rarely do we hear any of those illustrious
names mentioned in this generation.)

"Jim" Coffroth, as he was called, was extremely popular when
lie came to Sacramento, as the senator from "Old Tuolumne," then
one of the leading counties in the state. He was paraded around
the city in a carriage drawn by six white horses, and with ban-
ners, "Hail Tuolumne's Favorite Son." The American party was
then in power in California. He could have been the candidate for
governor, which was equivalent to an election that year, but gener-
ously gave way to J. Neely Johnson, who was elected. For many
years thereafter "Jim" Coffroth was known as "Tuolumne's Favor-
ite Son."

Every young attorney, including myself, reverenced "Jim"
Coffroth for his generous treatment and assistance. Coffroth was
very fond of humorous episodes, and was a natural wit, as well as
a jiractical joker, usually shying his wit and satire against other
members of the profession. On one occasion he perpetrated a cruel
joke on Hon. James T. Farley, who had been chosen speaker of the
assembly. At the close of the session it was the ciistom for the
speaker to deliver a farewell address. Farley asked Coffroth to
give him some pointers for the address. Coffroth assented, and the
next day handed a copy of an address delivered by a former speaker.
Farley took it in good faith, never dreaming of any dece]5tion, and
delivered it verbatim. Next day the Sacramento Union contained a
very sarcastic reference to the similarity of the closing address with
that of the former speaker of the house. For a long time, Farley,
who was later elected United States senator, had an ax in store for
Coffroth for the imposition.

As I have already said, Mr. Coffroth was a very kind friend
of mine, and he had occasion to disclose that friendship in tlie trial
of the first important criminal case that I was retained to defend.
Just about this time a SATidicate of cattle dealers resolved to make
vigorous prosecutions in all cases of cattle stealing. It seems that
the dealers had lost quite a number of cattle from their droves,
which were slaughtered and sold by small Imtchers in the several
counties adjoining Sacramento, and including Sacramento cmmty.

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 235

For this purpose Hou. N. Greene Courtis was retained as special
counsel for the prosecutions. The first person to be apprehended
and charged with this offense was Henr)^ Lapley, a well-to-do butcher
of Folsom. Lapley was well known and bore a good reputation,
and the accusation was a surprise to his friends. Anyway the offi-
cers discovered the hide of a bovine in his slaughter-house which
bore the brand of an old Irish woman by the name of Mary Benin,
whom I had known from my early infancy, she being our nearest
neighbor when I was a very small boy. The circumstances were
very strong against the defendant. Upon his arrest Lapley sent
for me to defend him. I told him it was a dangerous case and that
I was only a young practitioner, and older and more experienced
counsel should be retained. Having been his counsel in other mat-
ters, Lapley insisted that he could trust and depend upon me. Well,
the case was called for trial, and when Hon. Robert Clark, then
judge, saw that I was alone in the case, and he being personally
friendly to Henry Lapley, called me to the bench and whispered to
me that it was somewhat risky for me to undertake such a case.
Just then, "Jim" Coffroth came into the courtroom, and, noting
the situation, called me aside and told me to go right along and he
would find means to prompt me in the details. This he also com-
municated to Judge Clark. Coffrotli had a double motive in this
support, one to aid me, as a young attorney, the other to get the best
of N. Greene Curtis, who was a rival in the criminal practice.
"Now," says Coffroth to me, "you make all manner of objections
to Curtis' questions to witnesses, no matter whether there is any
merit or not, and at each objection arise and argue some points of
your defense — do this until you get all your salient points before
the jury." I followed instructions, and although Judge Curtis in-
sisted upon his olijections, Judge Clark permitted my line of action.
Then Mr. Coffroth again prompted me to manage by some in-
direct question to arouse the ire of the prosecuting witness, whom
I have said was a quaint old Irish woman. This, in order to get her
to say something to divert the attention of the jury from the main
facts and create some humor. In this I succeeded admirably and
she answered the very first question I asked her, "It's the loikes
of a spal]ieen like yez, to ask me name, when I nursed ye as a baby,
gwan wid ye." Her cross-examination was a repetition of sharp
retorts, which edified the jury and served our purpose to the letter.
The trial was finally closed, and still Mr. Coffroth sat beside me.
The district attorney made the opening argument, leaving Judge
Curtis to flay me alive in the closing argument. xVfter the district
attorney concluded, Mr. Coffroth whispered to me, "Now submit
your case; rememl)er, you made your argument on objections during
the trial." At this I announced that I had no ar-;unient to make
and submitted the case.

236 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO OOTINTY

Judge Curtis arose to address tlie jury, but was stopped by
Judge Clark, who remarked, "There is nothing to reply to. Judge
Curtis; Mr. Anderson has submitted the case without formal argu
ment." Judge Curtis was furious, and turned to Coffroth, sajdng,
"Jim CoflProth, this is one of your sharp tricks." The jury, in
about five minutes, returned a verdict of not guilty, and I, through
the kindly offices of James AV. Coffroth, secured my first grent vic-
tory in the criminal practice.

The life of James W. Coffroth was full of such noble and gen-
erous acts towards young attorneys. He was a most accomplished
and skilled criminal lawyer, and defended more murder cases on
the coast to a successful termination, than any other attorney in
the state. He was also of a poetic nature and often in his leisure
liours would let his poetic fancy take shape.

About a year prior to the death of James AV. Coifroth, he was
retained by the wealthy relatives of a man accused of stage rob-
bery at Ukiah, Mendocino county. The retainer was $1000, and an
additional five hundred on acquittal. After a protracted trial he
succeeded in obtaining a verdict of not guilty. Upon the discharge
of the defendant, CoiTroth was paid the remainder of his fee and that
same evening started for home in a buggy, accompanied by a driver.
AVhen they had proceeded a few miles, and at a lonely point, they
were halted by a highwayman, who demanded their money. "Jim"
did not like the idea of giving up his fee, and said t9 the rol)ber,
"AVhy, my man, all the inoney I have is what I received from clear-
ing one of your kind." AVith that the robber took down his mask
and said, "Hello, Jim. is that you? It is dark and I did not know
you. H — 1, I don't want your money, I was waiting for another
party." It was the same man he had just acquitted, and he told
"Jim" to drive on quick as he expected the other party soon.

The life of James AV. Coffroth was one of eventful incidents,
which, recounted, would make a volume. He had an ambition to sit
in the halls of congress ; but, like another great man and orator,
Henry Edgerton, Pate was against him, and with all his ability and
popularity he could never reach the goal.

JOHN H. MC KUNE

"Kings have their dynasties, but not the mind;
Cffisars leave other Caesars to succeed;
But wisdom dying, leaves no heir behind."
Men, nations, emj^ires, pass like shadows of night that vanish
with the dawn, scarce missed as through all ages the world goes rolling
on. It was, indeed a wise man who admonished us to work as if
we were to live forever, and to live as if we were to die tomorrow.
Seneca said: "The sliortness of life is the coiiii)laint of botli fools
and philosophers."

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 237

Judge John H. McKuue was one of the potent factors in con-
structing the hiws and ethics of the Golden State — a part of the
history of this state, and without whom the chronicles of California
would be incomplete. Yes, we can pay respect in memory to him to
whom we can show no other gratitude. Judge McKune was a phil-
osopher, and a firm believer in the immortality of the soul. He
believed that no man was ever truly great unless he had rendered
some service to his fellowman — something more than individual
selfishness. AVhile life may be little less than an inconstant dream,
it devolves on the true man to do some good on earth. His life
was- one of constant labor and activity — ever doing something for
his fellowmen. The world soon forgets the honor and fame of her
truly great men. There are no Plutarchs, Homers or Virgils in
these days, to record their deeds and sing their praise. Thus the
memory of myriads of great men has been lost. A lawyer may
liave a brilliant career, may be heralded for his eloquence and his
learning; may have acquired great wealth (although the attributes
of a great lawyer is one who works hard, lives well, and dies poor),
hut when he passes to the dark unknown, there is an end of him —
he lias done nothing to make his fame remembered beyond a few days.

"What is Fame? A fancied life in others' breath,
A thing beyond us, e'en before our death."
Judge McKune belonged to the old school of chivalrous attor-
neys ; a race rapidly becoming extinct. The days of chivalrous law-
yers, those who placed honor above all price, who bent their ener-
gies for the honor and glory of the profession, instead of the o'er-
leaping struggle for the demon gold, are but a memory.
'Twas Anacreon who said:

"The light of gold can ne'er illume
The gloomy midnight of the tomb."

(A little digression from my thesis will not be out of place to
rap the modern lawyers.)

The honored profession of the law is so rapidly merging into
a plain, selfish commercialism, a matter of business, and the great
majority of the profession seek only the glittering sheen of gold.
Thus the dignity and independence of the learned and honorable
lawyer is sunk in the business and commercialism of the wealthy
litigants, and it is only on rare occasions that the truly great lawyer
leaps o'er the golden chasm and stands for the nobility of the pro-
fession. The wealthy seek only such lawyers as will serve them —
the question of honor or honesty is not considered. "My attorney
irmst serve me — it is a matter of business; no sentiment of right
enters this contract," says the powerful corporation. The honor-
able code of legal ethics is abjured, and the able lawyers are drawn

•238 HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

into the vortex of the vast coninierical and corporation interests of
the nation, whether right or wrong — there is no sentiment allowed.

May the time be again at hand when the old-time chivalry of
the bar shall be restored, and the examples of such men as John H.
McKune emulated. Then we would have more independent lawyers
— more independent and learned judges. Let all attorneys bear in
mind that the rich can only decay on the shrine of gold. Judge
McKune was not an orator, but was endowed with a clear, logical
mind, and could impress his auditors by his force and earnestness.
No detail of the facts or the law was too minute for his study and
analysis. In addition to his mental superiority, he was possessed
of a great physical courage — always cool, deliberate, and calculating
amid the greatest danger. Personal fear was not an ingTedient of
Judge McKune 's com]iosition. Though of slight stature, he feared
no man.

In 1852, on account of his positive and independent nature, he
incurred the enmity and hatred of certain elements of this com-
munity, and one man, George Wilson by name, stabbed Judge Mc-
Kune through the lungs with the blade of a sword cane. At the time
the wound was deemed fatal and while the judge could have slain
his assailant he spared him on account of his wife and family. Many
instances of his personal courage could be recounted, and of events
of the early and troublous times in the early '50s, and even later.

When Judge McKune first came to Sacramento in 1850 he
erected a little cabin on the southwest corner of Fifth and K streets,
which constituted his office and residence, and where he boiled his
coffee and fried his bacon in a primitive manner outside, there being
no room in the interior for his culinary offices. For a number of
mouths he and N. Greene Curtis, another noted man, occupied this
one-room castle jointly for an office and residence.

At the permanent organization of the city of Sacramento in
1850, Judge McKune was elected the first city and county attorney.
It was during some of his vigorous prosecutions that he incurred
the bitter enmities and animosities that often engendered personal
encounters, the great majorities, however, were always mth him. He
was always the friend of the early settler and opposed the whole-
sale encroachments of fraudulent Mexican land grants, which cursed
the country. His firm attitude in this matter prompted the presi-
dent of the United States, Franklin Pierce, in 1854, to appoint him
United States land commissioner, to investigate all the Mexican
land claims. During his incumbency as land commissioner he made
some valuable suggestions to the Washington authorities which were
never heeded and which resulted in some fraudulent land grants
being imposed upon the early settlers and pre-emption claimants.

About 1855 Judge McKune formed a copartnership in the prac-
tice of law witli F. B. Crocker, later of Central Pacific railroad fame.

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 239

in connection with Cliarles Crocker, Leland Stanford, Mark Hop-
kins and C. P. Ilnntington. In 1857 Judge McKune was a member
of the state legiskiture, with Hon. A. P. Catlin and Hon. R. C.
Clark in the senate.

He was, in 1858, elected district judge for the sixth judicial
district, comprising Sacramento and Yolo counties, which office he held
until December, 1869. During the latter part of his judicial term he
incurred the enmity of the management of the Central Pacific Rail-
road Company, who defeated him for renomination. Grovernor New-
ton Booth in 1871 appointed Judge McKune one of the code com-
missioners, to revise and codify the laws of this state. The other
members of the commission were Hon. Creed Haymond and Hon.
John C. Burch. The work of the commissioners bears the mark of
Judge McKune 's legal ability and genius, and will remain a monu-
ment to his superior legal attainments.

Judge McKune was not only learned in what lawyers call "black-
letter law," but his literary tastes were of the highest order. He
admired Rabelais for his splendid philosophy, and Rousseau for
the reason that the critics were always against him and the masses
with him. Macaulay's grand style and masterly force and eloquence
held a high place in his mind. Goethe, the great Grerman poet, was
one of his favorites, as was also Dante, the famous Florentine poet.
He was an extensive reader and student, even x;p to his last days on
earth. Several years before his death he commenced a history of
Sacramento from the earliest days. After writing about twenty chap-
ters they were iniblished in "Themis," a literary journal edited by
the late Win J. Davis and myself. The suspension of "Themis," in
1895, ended the continuation of the history of Sacramento. In fact,
the impress of his mind and genius can be found in all the early his-
tory- of the county and state — judicially, as a lawyer, and as a citizen.

Judge McKune belonged to that class of men who believed that
a kind heart, charitable brain, honesty, simplicity and truth are the
essentials of genuine culture. Among his intimate friends he did not
hesitate to discuss the approach of Nature's final call, and was firm
in his belief that the present life is not the end — that all nature,
all the traditions and history of the human race disclosed that there
is something beyond this life whicli only the dissolution of the earthly
frame would solve.

Only a few men of the type of Jolm II. McKune now remain.

NEWTON BOOTH

It is an attribute of refined nature to talk about those persons
and events that have given us pleasure, and the personal recollections
of Newton Booth are a source of such pleasure. There is an instinct
which prompts human nature to rebel against oblivion. Unless mem-
ory is invoked through the press the world soon forgets the most

240 JllSTORy OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

spacious and conspicuous fame. In the person of Newton Booth
were combined most remarkable qualities. There was dignity in ev-
erything he said and wrote. He was a scholar, writer, orator, phil-
osopher, statesman and withal a most successful merchant. His
orations, lectures and addresses will at all times have a place with
the best and most polished of the nation. He was possessed of the
attribute that endeared him to his fellow men. When such men pass
away we are prone to hear and learn all we can about them.

In addition to Newton Booth's brilliant public career, I now
recall many incidents of his social life and the distinguished per-
sons entertained by him at his commodious rooms over the store of
"Booth & Co.," on Front street, in this city. That classic pre-
cinct has been the scene of many great social events wherein states-
men, orators, actors, artists and authors have been his guests.

For more than a tliird of a century no great statesman, orator
or actor visited this city who did not become the welcome guest and
was entertained by that knightly and courteous gentleman. The most
brilliant epoch was, however, during his administration as governor
of this state. Brilliant receptions were the order, and all who en-
tered his sjilendid home, poor and rich alike, stood upon a level,
brains and numly worth being the only tickets of admission.

Long before the completion of the Central Pacific railroad, when
that greatest of .iournalists, Horace Greely, made his stagecoach trip
across the continent and was landed by Hank Monk at the depot of
the Sacramento Valley railroad at Folsom, upon his arrival at this
city he became the guest of Newton Booth.

That great orator and divine, Thomas Starr King, famous for
his clarion notes at the outset of the Civil War, in behalf of the
Union, was often the guest of Newton Booth.

Newton Booth was a native of Indiana, and when the great war
governor of that state, Oliver P. Morton, ^'isited California, he made
his home his residence, where he met some of the most distinguished
men of the state.

Gen. W. T. Sherman, ujion his tour over the country was the guest
of Newton Booth, and was accompanied by him to witness a noted
play at the Metropolitan theater, where upon their entrance a grand
ovation was given them l)y the large audience.

General Grant, upon his tour around the world, when he arrived
at Sacramento, spent a few hours with our distinguished fellow-
citizen.

President Hayes and President Harrison, upon their visits, re-
si)ectively partook of his hosjiitality. When Lord Russell, chief jus-
tice of the Queen's Bench of England, came to this state, he did not
depart without paying his respects to this prince of entertainers.

Newton Booth was an enthusiastic devotee of the drama. Every
distinguished actor or actress received his cordial hospitality. Edwin

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 241

Booth, before he became famous, as well as afterward, was a personal
friend of Newton Booth. About the last time Edwin Booth appeared
in this city, a ])riyate dinner was tendered him by Newton Booth,
and at the board there were seated the host. Creed Raymond, Henry
Edgerton, Samuel Seabough, Paul Morrill, Edwin Booth, the guest
of honor, and nivself. Some one of the party suggested that Edwin
Booth read the Lord's Prayer. I shall remember the emotion as long
as life lasts. Never did I hear the Lord's Prayer read before, and
never after, as it was then read. It was almost a divine inspiration.

John McCuUough was his frequent giiest. During the engage-
ment of John McCullough and Alice Kingsbury at the old Metro-
politan theater, they were entertained at his home.

When Katherine Rogers, a noted actress, held the boards in this
eit}', she received a royal welcome at the governor's home.

Old Joe Proctor, Walter Leman and Mrs. Judali were also the
recipients of his hospitality.

Governor Booth's administration was noted for its many elab-
orate and brilliant receptions. The Old Bohemian Cluli, which also
included the Sacramento Dramatic Association, of which the governor
was a member, was specially favored with a number of splendid re-
ceptions and entertainments. At these fetes the members of the
club, which was composed of many brilliant and scholarly men and
women, would reciprocate, giving original productions of the brain
in literature, art, nnisic and the drama. On one occasion the club
resolved to procure the famous Russian drama, "The Serf," and
Governor Booth was assigned the title role. Albert Hart, the noble-
hearted, generous, witty Albert Hart, was the manager. A rehearsal
was called, and while the "star" had his lines dead letter perfect,
he did not have the slightest conception of the art of acting, and
after a few attempts led Albert Hart to exclaim: "Ye gods, could
anything be worse!" "Well," said Hart, "you are a great orator.
bi;t I'm d — d if ever I saw such poor acting." This was his first
and last attempt at the histrionic art. While Newton Booth was
sedate and dignified in his manner, he was a superb conversationalist,
and mo.st social and democratic to his fellowmen. There was a vein
of unctuous humor in him, also sparkling and incisive wit — a wit
that did not leave any scars.

xVs an illustration of his dry humor, while he was United States
Senator he visited his native state, Indiana, and was entertained by
the distinguished men of that state. During one of these e^•ents some
of his hosts, in a humorous way. alluded to the great productions
of California, particularly the large strawberries, and remarked that
as Senator Booth was a truthful man, any information coming
from him could be relied upon. "Now," said one of his hosts, "Sen-
ator, how about your big strawberries?" "Well," said the Senator,
"since you have paid me such a pretty compliment for veracity, I

242 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

will say that we do raise some verj- large strawberries, and tbey
come at about ten cents a pound, but they are somewbat less if you
bu5' a wbole one."

It was my good fortune to be a close and intimate friend of Gov-
ernor Bootb and often was bis guest for a social as well as literary
converse. His library was his borne within which was an atmosphere
of the classics, a treasure-bouse of literature. Many evenings I spent
listening to him converse on deep sul),iects, as well as spurts of wit and
humor — interspersed with an occasional mint julep, compounded as a
"nectar fit for the gods." It was a custom of the tirm of "Bootb &
Co." each Christmas to load up wagons with groceries and distribute
the same to poor families. His partner, "Cy" Wheeler — grand, large-
souled old "Cy" — attended to the proper distribution, and never al-
lowed any publicity regarding who were the donors.

Newton Bootb was always the foe of tyranny of great corpora-
tions and the unjust interference of aggregated wealth in public af-
fairs. On one occasion his former friend, also a brilliant orator, John
A. Felton, charged him with being an "alarmist." This accusation
brought forth a caustic reply filled with powerful invective and irony,
which remains a masterpiece in its line. To show that Booth was
more of a projibet than an alarmist, I quote from one of his speeches :

"Would you behold the saddest spectacle of the age? See it in
the strong man seeking in vain for a place to earn bis daily bread
by daily toil.

' ' Would you disco\-er the danger that threatens social order ? Find
it in the boys of our cities growing up in voluntary or enforced idle-
ness, to graduate into prisoners or outlaws.

"Whoever will look open-eyed into the future will see that the
'labor question'; the question of directing the rising generation into
the channels of useful emplo^Tiient; the question of the equitable dis-
tribution of the burdens and reward of labor, so that the drones shall
not live ujion the workers, and honest industry may be certain of its
reward; the question of making labor able — not only honorable but
honored, is the social problem more important than political questions
to which our age shall address itself. It must be intelligently solved,
or, like the blind Samson, it will bring the temple down upon our
heads. ' '

Newton Booth was at all times patriotic, and took an active part
in politics. He was one of the first to raise his voice and devote his
abilities for the Union against rebellion. In later years he often took
an active part in the local primaries. I remember on one occasion
many years ago, he beaded a primary ticket in the first ward, com-
posed of such men as T. B. McFarland, John H. McKuue. E. B. Moll,
George W. Cbesley, W. A. Anderson, Jacob Bauer, C. K. Dougherty.

The first ward was then the leading ward in the city, and Frank
Rlioads bad only developed into a ward leader. Frank did not like

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 243

the personnel of the above ticket, and made up one of his own, com-
posed mostly of Confidence Engine Company No. 1 firemen. During
the progress of the election it became evident that the "boys' " ticket
was defeated, and Rhoads, just before the closing of the polls, ordered
a sham fight for the purpose of getting me out of the way, I having
been detailed to guard the ballot-box. Anyway, the fight began, and
before I could realize the purport, I was seized and thrown bodily out
of the window, sash and all. While this was going on, of course the
work of adding a few handfuls of tickets to the hoys changed the
result. When I got back into the room, full of fight and vengeance, no
one seemed to be in any fighting mood and merely laughed at me, say-
ing that there was no fight, and that I only fell out of the window.
Of course there was nothing further to do but grin and bear it. Booth
and Ehoads used often to laugh over the episode and the result. Per-
haps the saddest part is the fact that I am the only one left of that
historic crowd to tell the story.

WILLIAM ALEXANDER ANDERSON

By the late Winfield J. Davis

There are few men whose lives are crowned with the honor and
respect which is universally accorded to William Alexander Anderson,
but through more than half a century's connection with central Cali-
fornia's history his has been an unblemished character. With him
success in life has been reached by sterling qualities of mind and a
heart true to every manly principle. He has never deviated from what
his judgment indicated to be right and honorable between his fellow-
men and himself. He has never swerved from the path of duty, and
he has every reason to enjoy the consciousness of having gained for
himself by his honorable, straightforward career the conlidence and
respect of the entire communit)^ in which he lives. He has attained
a foremost position at the bar, and as a writer and dramatic critic is
also well known. The public career of but few other men of Sacra-
mento has extended over a longer period, and none have been more
faultless in honor, fearless in conduct and stainless in reputation.

Judge Anderson is a native of Wisconsin, his birth having oc-
curred at Mineral Point, in that state, February 25, 1846. He was a
son of Hartford and Susan Anderson, who became pioneer residents
of California, settling in this state at the period of its early mining
development. His paternal grandfather was a resident of Edinburgh,
Scotland, in early life, and his wife was born in the north of Ireland.
Having emigrated to America, he established his home in Pennsyl-
vania, where occurred the birth of his son Hartford. The mothei- of
our subject, Mrs. Susan (Atkins) Anderson, was a native of Kentucky.
For some time the parents of the Judge resided in Wisconsin, where
the father worked at the trade of carriage and wagon making. The
business opportunities of the west, however, attracted him, and hoping

244 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

that he might readily obtain a fortune in the mining districts of Cali-
fornia, he made his way across the plains, accompanied by his family.
They traveled over the stretches of hot sand, through the mountain
passes, till the days had lengihened into weeks, and the weeks into
months. At length they safely reached their destination. Mrs. Ander-
son, however, did not long survive her arrival on the Pacific coast, her
death occurring during the cholera epidemic of 1852. Hartford Ander-
son, well known as one of the pioneer residents of Sacramento, con-
tinued to make his home in the capital city until his demise, which
occurred in October, 1896. He took an active and interested part in
the early development of this portion of the state, and his sympathy
and support were always given to the measures and monuments which
contributed to the latter-day progress and improvement.

Judge Anderson was only three years old at the time of his
parents' removal to the west. He began his education in the public
schools, and supplemented his early mental training by study in Santa
Clara college, thus completing his literary course. His i^rofessional
training was received in the Benicia Law College. His earlier studies,
however, were directed in such a manner as to prepare him for the
profession of civil engineering, but at a later date he determined to
pursue the study of the law, and entered the institution mentioned,
completing there a thorough law course, after which he was graduated
with the class of 1865.

Throughout his entire business career Judge Anderson has de
voted his attention to the law, having been admitted to the bar of Cali-
fornia by the supreme court of the state in 1866, and to the United
States circuit court in 1880. Admitted to the bar, he at once entered
upon practice, and from the beginning has been unusualh" prosperous
in every respect. The success he has attained has been due to his own
efforts and merits. The possession of advantages is no guarantee
whatever of professional advancement, which comes not of itself, nor
can it be secured without integrity, ability and industry. These qual-
ities he possesses to an eminent degree, and he is faithful to every in-
terest committed to his charge. Throughout his whole life, whatever
his hand has found to do, whether in his profession or in his official
duties, or in any other sphere, he does with all his might and with a
deep sense of conscientious obligation. As a law>'er, he is sound,
clear-minded and well trained. He is at home in all departments of
the law, from the minutiae in practice to the greater topics involving
the consideration of the ethics and the ]ihilosophy of jurisprudence and
the higher concerns of ])ublic policy. His success, however, affords
the best evidence of his capabilities in this line. He is a strong advo-
cate with the jury, and concise in his appeals before the court. Much
of the success which has attended him in his professional career is
undoubtedly due to the fact that in no instance will he permit himself
to go into court with a case unless he has absolute confidence in the

HISTORY OP SACRAMENTO COUNTY 245

justice of his client's cause. Basing his efforts ou this principle, from
which there are far too many lapses in professional ranks, it naturally
follows that he seldom loses a case in whose support he is enlisted.

Judge Anderson was first chosen to public office before he had
attained his majority, being elected county auditor in 1866. His next
public service was that of assistant adjutant-general in the Fourth
Brigade of the California National Guard, from 1868 to 1879. In the
meantime he was elected city attorney in 1875, and was continued in
that ol'iice until 1886. In 1893 legislative honors were conferred upon
him, he being chosen to represent the eighteenth district of California
in the assembly, where he gave careful consideration to every question
that came up for settlement, and espoused with ardor or opposed with
equal earnestness the course which he believed would prove of benefit
to the commonwealth or check its best interests. His service in the
house won him the commendation of his constituents and the respect
of his political opponents. In 1898 he was chosen police judge of
Sacramento, and his decisions were characterized by the strictest im-
partiality and equity. He was serving an unexpired term as city
justice when the new charter went into effect.

Judge Anderson has always given his political allegiance to the
Republican party, and having made a close and earnest study of the
issues and questions of the day, he has become more strongly con-
firmed in his opinion that the party platform contains the best ele-
ments of good government. His campaign work has been effective
and far-reaching, for he has visited various portions of California,
advocating the doctrines of Republicanism, and expounding the basic
elements on which the political organization rests. He was one of
the first champions of Major McKinley in California, and became a
member of the executive committee during that campaign. He has
been a delegate to nearly every Republican county and state conven-
tion for nearly thirty years, and his opinions carry weight in the
counsels of his party. In 1898 he was a delegate to the National
Republican League convention, held in Omaha.

Judge Anderson has been twice married, and by the first union
had one son, Osmer "W. Anderson, who was born August 22, 1871, and
who was for two years a volunteer soldier in the Philippines. On the
8th of September. 1880, Judge Anderson married Miss Mary Cadwell.
Their 's is an attractive home, the center of many an entertaining
social fimction, and hospitality which is both gracious and generous
is the pervading atmosphere of the household. In his fraternal rela-
tions Judge Anderson is an Odd Fellow. He was reared in the
Episcopal faith, but is a man of broad and liberal ^dews in religious
matters, and is a communicant of no church organization at the
present time.

A man of scholarly attainments and literary tastes, possessing
broad general, as well as classical, information, he finds considerable

246 HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

enjoyment in giving his time to literary pursuits, and has been a fre-
quent contributor to the daily papers. He was one of the founders
of a literary journal called "Themis," which was noted for historical
merit and for its clear-cut and literary editorials. He is the author
of some dramatic works, and is well known as a dramatic critic and
lover of the drama. He has studied from the art standpoint many of
the most celebrated dramas of the world, and has had a personal
accjuaiutance with most of the great dramatists of a generation ago,
including Edwin Booth, John McCuUough, Lawrence Barrett and a
number of the actors and actresses. His writings are fluent and enter-
taining, eloquent and versatile, and for a third of a century he has
been known to the public as a lecturer whose addresses have created
widespread interest. His influence upon literary and aesthetic culture
of the state has been most potent, and at the same time he has given
a practical support to the measures intended to advance the material
interests of Sacramento. As a man and a citizen he is honored and
respected in every class of society. While undoubtedly he is not with-
out that honorable ambition which is so powerful and useful as an
incentive to activity in public affairs, he regards the pursuits of pri-
vate life as being in themselves abundantly worthy of his best efforts.
His is a character that subordinates personal ambition to public good
and seeks rather the benefit of others than the aggrandizement of self.
His is a conspicuously successful career. Endowed by nature with
high intellectual qualities, to which are added the discipline and em-
bellishments of culture, his is a most attractive personality. Well
versed in the learning of his profession, with a deep knowledge of
human nature and of the springs of human conduct, with great
shrewdness and sagacity, and extraordinary tact, he is in the courts
an advocate of great power and influence, and both judges and juries
hear him with deep interest.

CHAPTER XXVIII

FRATERNAL SOCIETIES

The history of Masonry in the state of California is so inextric-
ably interwoven with the history of Masonry in Sacramento, that we
may be pardoned if we give a somewhat extended mention of its in-
ception. The first meeting of lodges that resulted in the formation
of the Most Worshipful Grand Lodge of Free and Accepted Masons
of the State of California took place in the city of Sacramento. For
the early history of Masonry in the state we are indebted to the deep
and tireless research of old records by Edwin A. Sherman, 33°, Vener-
able Grand Secretary of the Masonic Veteran Association of the
Pacific Coast, as set forth in his "Fifty Years of Masonry in Cali-
fornia. ' '

Even with the first explorers of the wilds west of the Rocky

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 247

mountains, came Masons as trappers, hunters and traders. Few, if
any, such parties did not embrace within their ranks at least one or
more Masons, fearless, energetic men, who carried in their bosoms the
doctrines and secret ceremonies of the Mystic Tie, men of moral
courage as well as physical, of stern integrity and fidelity to their
Masonic obligations. Many a tale could be told of the devotion of
these daring spirits to their distressed or imperiled brethren, and also
to their comrades not bound to them by the ties of Masonry.

The first Masonic missionary, for he might well be classed as a
missionary, who came to California, and returned to Missouri to bring
from the Grand Lodge of that state the first charter for a Masonic
lodge, was Peter Lassen. Long before the discovery of gold, he came
here, brave, hardy and determined, and was untiring in his resolve
to foimd a Masonic lodge here, while the country was still under the
Mexican rule. Lassen was born in Copenhagen, Denmark, August 7,
1800, and there learned his trade of blacksmith. At twenty-nine years
of age he crossed the ocean to Boston, and a few years after removed
to Missouri. In 1839, with a party of others, he came to Oregon, and
after spending the winter there, sailed in an English ship to Fort
Bodega, then occupied by the Russians. The Mexican comandante
sent a party of soldiers to prevent their landing, but the Russian
governor ordered the Mexican soldiers to leave or be shot down, and
they retired. Lassen and his comrades were stranded and unable to
get away, and ajjpealed to the American consul at Monterey, stating
that they had been denied passports and were without funds, that they
wanted to proceed to the settlements or to obtain a pass to return to
their own country. The appeal wound up with the characteristic state-
ment : ' ' Should we receive no relief, we will take up our arms and
travel, consider ourselves in an enemy's country and defend ourselves
with our guns."

After remaining at Bodega fifteen days, however, they managed
to reach Yerba Buena and later Lassen went to San Jose, bought some
land in 1841 at Santa Cruz and set up a sawmill. In 184.3 John Bid-
well, Lassen and James Burheim pursued a party bound for Oregon as
far as Red Bluff and recovered some stolen animals. Bidwell made
a map of the valley and named the streams, and on his return Lassen
applied to Governor Micheltorena for a grant of land, based on Bid-
well's ma]). He received it and selected Deer creek, in Tehama county,
proceeding there the next spring and making the first settlement noi'th
of Cordua at Marysville. He laid out a town which he named Benton
City, where he proposed to start a Masonic lodge. He laid out the
Lassen road for immigTants and named Lassen Peak. This was before
the discovery of gold, and in 1847 he went back to Missouri to get a
charter for a lodge, several other Masons having joined him at Benton
City. He obtained a charter for Western Star Lodge No. 98, May 10,
1848, naming Saschel Woods, master; L. E. Stewart, senior warden,

248 HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

and Lasseu, junior warden. He returned with the charter and an im-
migrant train of twelve wagons, being joined at Pitt river by a party
of Oregoniaus who had heard of the discovery of gold, of which he had
not heard until they joined him. He did not learn that a Masonic
lodge had been instituted at Oregon City, September 11, 1848, under
authority of the grand lodge of Missouri, or that Joseph Hull, the
master, and several other Masons of that lodge were with the Oregon
train. Neither party learned till long afterwards that any of the
others were Masons, or that Lassen had a charter for a lodge. He
afterwards went to Plumas county, and in 1853 met his death at the
hands of the Piute Indians. His body was recovered by citizens and
buried at Honey lake on his ranch, and a stone monument erected to
his memory, while the county of Lassen was named after him.

November 9, 1848, Samuel York Atlee, William Van Voorhies and
Bedney F. McDonald received a charter for California Lodge No. 13,
from the District of Columbia, and located it at San Francisco. Con-
necticut Lodge No. 75 was granted a charter by the grand lodge of
Connecticut, January 31, 1849. Pacific Lodge, U. D., was granted a
traveling charter by the Grand Lodge of Louisiana, June 5, 1849, and
located at Benicia, subsequently becoming Benicia Lodge. The same
Grand Lodge also granted a dispensation to Davy Crockett Lodge at
San Francisco. Illinois granted a dispensation to a traveling lodge
which located at Marysville, and Wisconsin granted one to Lafayette
Lodge at Nevada City. The records of Western Star Lodge were de-
stroyed by fire, so that, although it was the oldest lodge in the state,
the records of California Lodge No. 13 are the oldest extant.

Connecticut Lodge No. 75, the first one in Sacramento, is now
known as Tehama Lodge No. 3, F. and A. M. Its inception, as re-
lated by R. H. McDonald and Past Grand Master John A. Tutt, the
only Mason living who assisted in the organization of the grand lodge
of California, we find some interesting data. In 1849 Dr. McDonald
opened an office on K street near Sixth, and a friend of his, who was
going to the mines, came to his office and said: "Doctor, when I was
coming across the plains and along the Humboldt valley in Nevada, I
saw piled up on the sand by the side of the road, a lot of books, and
on a card fastened on a stick, this notice : ' Help yourself. ' There were
a good many fine Ijooks in the heap, and among them this large red
morocco-covered Bible with gilt edges. As I could not pack more than
one book along with me, I took this Bible, and brought it through. As
I am going to the mines, and cannot take it with me, and as you are a
kind of religious cuss, I'll give it to you." Dr. McDonald accepted it.

Shortly after, in September, 1849, several written notices were
found posted up around the horse market, on the trees, calling a
meeting of all Master Masons in good standing, to meet in the upper
part of a building on the north side of K street. When the meeting
convened, the little garret was packed with brethren who were nearly

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY l>49

all strangers to one another. The meeting was called to order by John

A. Tutt, and someone made a motion that Dr. R. II. McDonald take
the chair. Dr. McDonald was surprised, as he did not know a single
person present, but he approached the box that was used as a chair,
and was confronted by a tall stranger, who also stepped forward to
take it. It was an amusing scene, as they stood looking each other in
the face. "Are you Dr. R. H. McDonald, and have you a monopoly of
the name of McDonald," asked R. li. "I am Dr. R. H. McDaniel,"
was the reply, "but am known as Dr. McDonald through a mistake in
calling my name." Mutual explanations followed, and as the stranger
proved to be the one nominated, he took the chair and opened the
meeting. When it became necessary to ascertain who were Masons,
it was discovered that there was no Bible present, and it could not be
dispensed with. "Wait a minute, and I will get one," said Dr. Mc-
Donald. He went out and brought in the pioneer Bible which his
friend had given him. An association was then and there formed for
the relief of the sick and distressed brethren who were constantly
arriving.

Soon afterwards the discovery was made that there was in ex-
istence a charter for a Masonic Lodge in the hands of one of the
brethren, issued to Connecticut Lodge No. 75. Upon this the associa-
tion was dissolved, and on January 8, 1850, it organized under the
name of Connecticut Lodge No. 75, and Dr. R. H. McDonald presented
liis Bible to the lodge. Today it belongs to Tehama Lodge No. 3,
the successor of Connecticut Lodge. The lodge secured the upper part
of the Red House, on the southeast corner of Fifth and J streets, which
was the building best suited to its purposes, at that time, but as the
owner shortly afterwards rented the lower story for immoral pur-
poses, the lodge removed with its furniture to the attic over the old
market house on M street near Second. Previous to this, however,
the Grand Lodge of California was organized in the building first
occupied, on April 19, 1850. Tehama Lodge No. 3 was chartered by
the Grand Loclge of California. The Bible used in organizing the
Grand Lodge of California was the same one Dr. McDonald pre-
sented to Connecticut Lodge.

The deputy grand master of New Jersey issued a dispensation
March 1, 1849, to open a lodge in the territory of California, which
seems to have been a sort of roving commission, with power for the
master and brethren to appoint his successors in office until the next
annual meeting of the Grand Lodge of New Jersey. It seemed to
exist continuously and to assume the functions and pri^aleges of an
independent chartered lodge. The dispensation from the Grand Lodge
of New Jersey authorized Thomas Youngs, Moses W. Personett, John

B. Clark and others to open the lodge, and named Youngs as master.
He conveyed authority to John E. Crockett and certified that fact on
the back of the dispensation. Crockett, so authorized, opened New

250 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

Jersey Lodge in this city December 4, 1849, and it was in active and
successful oi^eration by April 17, 1850, and chose its representatives
to the convention of that date. The delegates, however, could take no
part in the organization of the Grand Lodge, not being an independent
chartered lodge, but only a temporary creation of the Deputy Grand
Master of New Jersey. Immediately after the organization of the
Grand Lodg-e of California, this lodge applied and received a charter
as Berryman Lodge No. 3, which was changed shortly afterwards to
Jennings Lodge No. 4.

There are very few who are aware that there were two Grand
Lodges of California instituted for the government of the order, but
such was the fact. The records of the first Grand Lodge were un-
doubtedly destroyed. There was no opportimity to examine the
records of Connecticut Lodge and Western Star Lodge, which were
destroyed by fire, nor of New Jersey Lodge, U. D., which is extinct,
nor of Benicia Lodge, U. D., of Benicia, which presented no records
to the convention. California Lodge No. 13, of San Francisco, was a
regularly chartered lodge, but it was not notified of the action con-
templated for the organization of a Grand Lodge, and as the Masonic
law and custom provides that there must be present representatives
from three regularly chartered lodges, the organization of the first
Grand Lodge was irregular and illegal.

California Lodge No. 13, being notified of the action organizing
a Grand Lodge at Sacramento, appointed a committee to investigate,
and finding the state of affairs, notified the Sacramento brethren of
the irregularity of their action, suggesting that the matter be begun
over again. The brethren at Sacramento, finding their error, aban-
doned voluntarily their Grand Lodge, the officers of which are un-
known, and joined with California Lodge for the formation of a legally
constituted Grand Lodge. Notices were sent oiit to the regular lodges
of A. Y. Masons of the state, for a convention to be held at Sacra-
mento April 17, 1850, for the formation of a Grand Lodge.

The convention met on the 17th in this city, and Most Worshipful
Charles Gilman of San Francisco, Past Grand Master of Maryland,
was called to the chair, and Benjamin D. Hyam of Benicia, after-
wards Grand Master of California, was chosen secretary. Representa-
tives of the following lodges presented their credentials to W. N.
Doughty and John A. Tutt of Sacramento and John H. Gihon of San
Francisco, the Committee on Credentials: California Lodge No. 13,
San Francisco ; Connecticut Lodge No. 75, Sacramento ; Western Star
Lodge No. 98, Benton City; New Jersey Lodge, U. D., Sacramento;
Benicia Lodge, U. D., Benicia. The committee reported the first three
as regularly chartered, and New Jersey Lodge as regularly under dis-
pensation, but that Benicia Lodge had presented neither a charter nor
a dispensation. The three chartered lodges were pronounced by the
convention entitled to form a Grand Lodge. The constitution of the

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 251

Grand Lodge was adopted on April 19th, and the following Grand
Officers elected: Jonathan D. Stevenson, R. W. grand master; John
A. Tutt, R. W. deputy grand master; Caleb Fenner, R. W. senior
grand warden; Saschel Woods, R. W. junior grand warden; John H.
Gilion, R. W. grand secretary.

New Jersey Lodge was granted a charter, and at the first annual
meeting of the Grand Lodge in this city, May 7, 1850, Benicia Lodge
received its charter. A dispensation had been granted to Sutter Lodge
in Sacramento, and it was granted a charter. The lodges belonging to
the Grand Lodge were given numbers as follows: California Lodge,
No. 1; Western Star Lodge, No. 2; Tehama Lodge, No. 3; Berryman
Lodge (Sacramento), No. 4; Benicia Lodge, No. 5; Sutter Lodge
(Sacramento), No. 6. The name of Berryman Lodge was changed to
Jennings Lodge No. 4. By this formation of the Grand Lodge, Sacra-
mento secured in the election the deputy grand master, junior grand
warden, and eight of the appointive officers, to which she was en
titled, being the great distributing point for Masonic charity.

The semi-annual meeting of the Grand Lodge was held at Sacra-
mento in November, 1850, during the last days of the cholera epidemic,
and in its proceedings it developed that those attending taxed them-
selves voluntarily for charity, $17,010.70, an average of $205 each ; and
assumed a debt of $14,425.44, an average of $174, making a contribu-
tion of $379 for every Master Mason in Sacramento contributing to
the Masonic Hospital inside of ten months, besides answering other
demands for charity of all descriptions. Those were the days when
Masons' hearts and purses were opened wide at the call of distress.
Fortunately for Sacramento, she has never since been so strenuously
called on for relief, although even now her board of relief, composed
of the masters of the lodges, is called upon to contribute large sums
yearly. Never, j^erhaijs, in the history of the world has there been an
exhibition of such great sacrifice, such unselfish charity, and such de-
voted service to the cause of humanity as the records of the early
days of Sacramento show to have been carried out by the Masonic
pioneers of the city and state, in conjunction with the offspring of
Masonry — the Order of Odd Fellows — during the terrible seasons of
disease and e]iidemic in 1849-50.

In 1864 the initial steps were taken for the erection of a Masonic
Temple. The first meeting of the Masonic Hall Association was held
July 1, 1864. The board of directors chosen from the five lodges were
A. T. Nelson, Leonard Goss, W. F. Knox, H. T. Holmes, Richai-d
Dale, S. D. Smith, Thomas Ross, P. S. Lawson and John W. Rock,
all of whom have since passed away. The association incorpor-
ated on September 17, 1864, with a capital of $30,000, divided into
twelve thousand shares of twenty-five dollars each. November 1, 1864,
they bought of R. D. Ferguson the old "Horse Market" at the south-
west corner of Sixth and K streets, on the trees of which, in 1849,

252 HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY

the notices for the first meeting of Masons in Sacramento had been
posted. June 24, 1865, the cornerstone of the building was laid by
Grand Master William Caldwell Belcher. An excursion to Clipper
Gap, where an oration was delivered by A. A. Sargent, netted $18,000,
and the hall, which was added to and remodeled in 1875, at a cost of
many thousands, is one of the finest and most valuable Masonic prop-
erties in the state. A few years ago the directors of the association
purchased a site at Twelfth and J streets, on which it is proposed to
erect a new Masonic Temple, the plans of which have been accepted,
at a cost of $450,000. In the present temple the five lodges of Sacra-
mento meet, as well as the Chapter, E. A. M., the Council, Com-
mandery and the Scottish Eite bodies, as well as four Eastern Star
chapters. The Scottish Eite bodies are planning at present to erect a
building for that Masonic branch.

The early history of Tehama Lodge No. 3, which was first char-
tered as Connecticut Lodge No. 75, and recharterecl by the Grand
Lodge under its present name January 8, 1850, has been delineated in
this article. The charter was granted to Caleb Fenner, W. M. ; James
W. Goodrich, S. W., and Elizur Hubbell, J. W. John A. Tutt, one
of its charter members, was afterwards grand master. Two of Cali-
fornia's early governors, John Bigler and J. Neely Johnson, were
among its members on the first roll sent to the Grand Lodge in Novem-
ber, 1850; also Gen. A. M. Winn. After the lodge removed from the
Eed House it located in the hall over the market house at Second and
M streets, moving thence to the upper story of Stanford's building on
K street, and going, in 1854, to the third story of Bennett's building
on J street, between Front and Second. Since the erection of the Tem-
ple, it holds its meetings there. It is a prosperous lodge, its present
membership being two hundred and thirty. The officers for 1912:
Henry A. W. Lindgreen, W. M. ; Louis e". Plate, S. W.; Henry H.
MeCann, J. W. ; William 0. Girardy, treasurer ; Theodore J. Milliken,
secretarv; Charles E. Farrar, chaplain; Donald McClain, S. D. ; Tol-
bert T. Bray, S. D. ; Halleck H. Look, marshal ; Albert Greilich, S. S. ;
Chester W. Foster, J. S. ; E. 0. Cravens, tyler.

Jennings Lodge No. 4, acting under dispensation as New Jersey
Lodge, and chartered by the Grand Lodge of California May 7, 1850,
as Berryman Lodge No. 4, of which the name was changed the same
day to Jennings Lodge No. 4, resolved February 14, 185.3, to surrender
its charter to the Grand Lodge, and did so, passing out of existence.
Hon. H. C. Hastings, afterwards a justice of the supreme court of
California, E. J. C. Kewen, and other prominent men were members
of it.

Sutter Lodge No. 6 was granted a dispensation by Deputy Grand
Master Tutt April 19, 1850, with Edward J. Willis", W. M.'; C. E.
Thorn, S. D., and Addison Martin, J. D., as officers, and was granted
a charter by the Grand Lodge on May 7th following. The lodge, hav-

HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY 253

iug lost its furuitnre aud jewels b)' fire, surrendered its charter, and
was declared extinct by the Grand Lodge, May 6, 1853. E. J. Willis
was county judge of Sacramento, and E. W. McKiustry, another mem-
ber, was afterwards a justice of the supreme coui't of California.

Washington Lodge No. 20 was organized February 19, 1852,
granted a dispensation two days afterwards, with Charles Dunscombe,
W. M.; Jesse Morrill, S. W. ; J. L. Thompson, J. W., and a charter
was granted to it May 5, 1852. Its first master, N. Greene Curtis,
served four terms as grand master, and it has in its membership our
present governor, Hiram Warren Johnson, besides two governors who
afterwards received foreign appointments — John Bigler, United States
Minister to Chili, and Romualdo Pacheco, United States Minister to
Guatemala, and who was the second native Spanish Californian, as
far as is known, to receive the degree of Masonry. There were a num-
ber of other members who became prominent in the state's historj".
The officers for 1912 were: John Gibson Labadie, W. M. ; Clyde
Horace Brown, S. W. ; John Henry Lindenmeyer, J. W. ; Benjamin
Huntington Gallup, treasurer; John Scott, secretary; Frank Bock, S.
D. ; Mahlou E. Waldron, marshal ; George B. Herr, tyler.

Sacramento Lodge No. 40 was granted a dispensation July 20,
1853, and May 3, 1854, obtained its charter, when its officers were:
James Lawrence English, W. M. ; John A. Tutt, S. W. ; John H. Gass,
J. W. ; W. J. Kohlman, treasurer; W. G. Borneman, secretary; B. F.
Crouch, chaplain; W. W. Stovall, S. D.; H. Greenbaum, J. D. Edwin
Sherman, author of "Fifty Years of Masonry in California," was a
member of this lodge. John A. Tutt, William Lawrence English and
E. C. Atkinson were all grand masters. W. M. Petrie, for more than
thirty years treasurer of the lodge, W. L. English, Isaac Davis and
W. F. Knox have been grand high priests of the Grand Chapter, and
grand commanders of the Grand Commandery of California. Davis
and English were also grand masters of the Grand Council.

Union Lodge No. 58 was granted a dispensation June 5, 1854,
with James Ealston, W. M. ; Gabriel Haines, S. W. ; and Sol Kohl-
man, J. W., pro tern.; May 4, 1855, its charter was granted, with
the same master and senior warden, W. A. Walters as junior war-
den, taking Kohlman 's place. The only charter member now living
is Col. A. Andrews of San Francisco. Samuel C. Denson, a former
judge of the superior court, was a grand master from this lodge,
and George T. Bromley, known all over the coast for his amiable
and genial qualities, was a member. He was conductor of the
first train on the first railroad built in California. Benjamin Welch,
another member, was a thirtv-third degree member of the A. and
A. S. R.

Concord Lodge No. 117 never received a dispensation. Its peti-
tion for a charter was received by the Grand Lodge May 14, 1857, and
its charter was granted the next morning, naming John L. Thompson,

254 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

W. M. ; Thomas Johnson, S. W. ; and Charles S. White, J. W. William
H. Hevener, the oldest member and a past master of this lodge, was
given his degrees in 1859. He has been secretary of the lodge for
nearly thirty years. The late S. H. Gerrish, who died in Angnst, 1912,
for many years secretary of the Sacramento Free Library, was a
member of this lodge.

KOYAL ARCH MASONS

Sacramento Chapter No. 3, R. A. M., was instituted October 5,

1852, with the following officers and charter members : Isaac Davis,
H. P.; J. H. Bullard, K.; Joel Noah, S.; T. A. Thomas, C. of H. ;
Charles Duncombe, P. S. ; J. Ball, R. A. C. ; J. P. Gouch, M. Third V. ;
Q. Haines, M. Second V. ; J. Wilcoxson, M. First V. The other charter
members were: A. B. Hoy, T. W. Thayer, John L. Thompson, Jesse
Morrill, William Reynolds, I. N. Briceland, A. Hullub, Cyrus Rowe.
The chapter at present numbers over three hundred members.

Sacramento Council No. 1, Royal and Select Masters, was insti-
tuted April 10, 1858, with the following officers and charter members :
Isaac Davis, T. I. M. ; John A. Tutt, D. I. M. ; Geo. I. N. Monell, P. C.
of W. ; G. E. Montgomery, R. ; N. Greene Curtis, treasurer. Other
charter members were : Jesse Morrill, T. A. Thomas, G. Haines, H. H.
Hartley, O. H. Dibble, A. G. Richardson and J. Wilcoxson. It has at
present a very large membership.

Sacramento Commandery No. 2, K. T., was instituted July 5,

1853, with the following charter members and officers : Isaac Davis,
E. C; Jesse Morrill, G.; T. A. Thomas, C. G.; C. I. Hutchinson, A. B.
Hoy, John L. Thompson, Charles Duncombe, J. P. Gouch and James
M. Stockley. It numbers over two hundred and fifty members.

In 1869 the Scottish Rite branch of Masonry was introduced in
Sacramento, Jacques de Molay Council No. 2, Knights Kadosh, being
instituted on May 13th of that year. Palestine Lodge of Perfection
No. 3 and Alpha Chapter No. 1, Rose Croix, were also instituted about
the same time, but the interest in the Rite dying down, they were dis-
continued in 1873. It was revived again April 3, 1895, by the insti-
tution of Isaac Davis Lodge of Perfection No. 4 -and Palestine Chapter
Rose Croix No. 6, October 25, 1901, and Sacramento Council No. 5,
Knights Kadosh, instituted on the same date, followed. Sacramento
Consistory No. 7 was instituted March 17, 1905. The order is in a
most prosperous condition. It belongs to the southern jurisdiction of
the United States of America. In the late '80s, or early '90s, a
spurious order of Scottish Rite endeavored to obtain a foothold in
Sacramento, but was short lived.

There are at present two 33° Masons in Sacramento: William
M. Petrie and Edward C. H. Hopkins, Benjamin Welch and M. J.
Curtis having recently died.

Naomi Chapter No. 36, Order of the Eastern Star, was instituted

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 255

May 3, 1879, witbiu a few weeks the meiubership increasing to forty.
It is the senior chapter in the city, and boasts of the largest member-
ship. The officers and charter members were: Mrs. E. M. Frost, W.
M. ; J. N. Young, W. P. ; Mrs. M. J. Cravens, A. M. ; E. C. Atkinson,
secretary; W. H. Hevener, treasurer; Mrs. A. J. Atkinson, chaplain;
Miss H. A. Palmer, C. ; Miss M. A. Stanton, A. C; Mrs. A. Coghlan,
Adah ; Mrs. G. Van Voorheis, Ruth ; Mrs. M. E. Parsons, Esther ; Mrs.
E. M. Hartley, Martha; Mrs. C. P. Huntoon, Electa; Mrs. M. F. Mc-
Laughlin, W. ; J. T. Griffitts, sentinel.

Columbus Chapter No. 117, 0. E. S., was instituted August 8,
1892, with eighty-three charter members. Sacramento Chapter No.
190, 0. E. S., was instituted March 7, 1901, with seventy-one charter
members. Ada Chapter No. .301, 0. E. S., was instituted in 1911.

Jewel Court, U. D., of the Royal and Exalted Degree of Amar-
anth, was instituted August 27, 1910, the grand officers of the order
conducting the installation. The first ofiScers were: Royal matron,
Eliza Higgins ; royal patron, Frank Kleinsorge; associate royal ma-
tron, Lulu E. Adams; honored seci'etary, Estella Labadie; honored
treasurer, Frances Just ; honored conductress, Addie De Coe ; honored
associate conductress, Ellen Bowden; honored herald, Frankie Carlaw;
honored marshal in the east, Mary N. Martin; honored marshal in the
west, Alice E. Teal; honored prelate, James T. Martin; Lady Truth,
Bertha Peart; Lady Faith, Elsie Lindgreen; Lady Wisdom, Elsie
Kleinsorge ; Lady Charity, Margaret Z. Kelly ; honored warder, Agnes
Hummell; honored sentinel, Henry Lindgreen. The court received its
charter April 12, 1911.

The colored people have what they claim are lodges of Free-
masonry, working under charters obtained from other jurisdictions,
but not recognized by the white Masons as being regular.

Philomathean Lodge No. 2, F. and A. M. (Colored), worked under
a charter ol)tained from England. It was organized November 6, 1853,
and has qi;ite a large membership. St. John Chapter, R. A. M. (Col-
ored), was organized in 1873.

Adah Chapter No. 2, 0. E. S. (Colored), was instituted in 1871
with twenty-nine members. Dr. R. J. Fletcher was the leading spirit
in Colored Masonry among the colored people, and was instrumental
in establishing the Grand Chapter 0. E. S. (Colored), which was in-
stituted in this city December 27, 1882. The Chinese have a sign
stating that they have a lodge of Masons on Third street, and are said
to use some of the s^nnbols of the order, but whether they have any
of the esoteric work is not known. It is known, however, that there
are Masonic lodges in China.

General A. M. Winn has the credit of introducing Odd Fellowship
into Sacramento as early as August, 1849. There were a number of

256 HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

Odd Fellows in the city at that time, and General Winn effected an
informal organization among them for the purpose of affording
relief to the sick members of the order, as well as to others. Their
noble deeds should never be forgotten, for they spared neither time,
work, nor money in relieving the distress and sickness that were so
prevalent at that time. The Masons joined with them in the work
and erected a joint hospital. The complete organization of the first
Odd Fellows' lodge, however, did not take place until January 28, 1851,
when Sacramento Lodge No. 2, I. O. 0. F., was instituted, with Horatio
E. Roberts, N. G. ; G. H. Peterson, V. G. ; George G. Wright, Secretary,
and Lucius A. Booth, Treasurer. The other charter members were:
Samuel Deal, M. Kaliski, Robert Robinson, N. C. Cunningham, M. C.
Collins and William Childs. The meetings were held at first in the
rooms of the Freemasons. The lodge numbers between two hundred
and fifty and three hundred members.

Eureka Lodge No. 4, I. 0. 0. F., was organized January 7, 1852,
with the following officers and charter members : George I. N.
Monnell, N. G. ; Thomas Sunderland, V. G. ; A. P. Andrews, Secre-
tary; William Watson, Treasurer; John Turner, R. S. N. G.; R. Por-
ter, L. S. N. G. ; W. H. Tilley, R. S. V. G. ; W. H. Hall, L. S. V. G. ;
Thomas M. Davis, Warden; A. J. Lucas, Conductor; also David Hall
and Jesse Morrill.

El Dorado Lodge No. 8, I. 0. 0. F., was organized September 24,
1852, with officers and charter members as follows: J. F. Cloutman,
N. G. ; J. L. Polhemus. V. G. ; L. D. Kelly, R. S. ; George W. Chedie,
Treasurer ; A. B. Armstrong, L. Korn, James Levi, Thomas B. Moore,
Joseph S. Korn, James S. Scott and W. Prosser.

Capitol Lodge No. 87, I. 0. 0. F., was instituted June 10, 1859,
by District Deputy Grand Master, Samuel Cross, with the following
first officers and charter members; E. F. White, N. G. ; C. M. Mason,
V. G. ; John McClintock, Secretary, and Amos Woods, Treasurer; the
other charter members were: E. M. Heuston, G. A. Basler, C. B.
Steane, Lewis Shuck, Thomas B. Byrne, James Bowstead, M. M.
Estee and F. K. Krauth.

Schiller Lodge No. 105, I. 0. 0. F., was organized on June 26,
1862, with officers and charter members as follows: S. J. Nathan, N.
G. ; Joseph Schwab, V. G. ; Charles Schwartz, secretary, Charles
Dohn, P. S. ; L. C. Mendelson, treasurer; Lewis Korn, H. Theilbahr,
Anton Wagner, A. Meier, George Ochs, F. Gotthold, Jacob Klippell,
Louis Greenbaum, Peter Kunz and George Guth.

Industrial Lodge No. 157, T. 0. 0. F., was organized April 24,
1869. The officers and charter members were as follows : G. W.
Carroll, N. G. ; J. M. Ripley, V. G. ; J. A. Seamon, R. S. ; G. A. Stod-
dard, P. S. ; John Ri]-)pon, treasurer. Other charter members were:
G. B. Dean, T. P. Ford, I. C. Shaw, Charles Noyes, C. C. Ault, H. C.
Wolf, J. M. Anderson, M. Phelan, B. F. Huntlev, S. H. Gerrish, Roval

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 257

Preston, W. F. Emersou, R. McRae, J. L. Gerrisb, P. Bolger, G. F.
Pattison, W. D. Hammoud, J. S. Pbilbrick, George Landon, M. Fa-
vero, E. E. Masters, W. C. Gent, Joliu Thomas, Add Crandall, J. C.
Carroll and F. Woodward.

Pacific Encampment No. 2, I. O. 0. F., was organized July 29,
1853, with eight charter members: Matthew Parden, P. C. P.; C. C.
Hayden, P. C. P.; Thomas W. Davis, P. H. P.; W. H. Watson,
P. ii. P. ; John F. Morse, P. Robinson, A. J. Lucas and Walter Prosser.

Occidental Encampment No. 42, I. 0. 0. F., was organized No-
vember 14, 1871. S. S. Nixon, P. L. Hickman, J. F. Clark, F. H.
McCormick, R. Davis, Nelson Wilcox and W. M. Ruse were the
charter members ; nearly all have passed away.

Grand Canton Sacramento No. 1, Patriarchs Militant, I. 0. 0. F.
June 14, 1875, fifty Odd Fellows organized Sacramento Battalion
Company A. The first officers were: A. H. Powers, commander
H. A. Burnett, first lieutenant; A. Menke, second lieutenant; J. A
Hutchings, secretary; G. M. Mott, treasurer; F. Hogeboom, first ser
geant; James S. Scott, second sergeant; J. H. Miller, standard bearer
P. E. Piatt and J. H. Stebbins, color bearers.

The Sovereign Grand Lodge, at a regular session in September,
1882, made a provision for the uniformed bodies of Odd Fellows and
passed laws and regulations for them, to be known as Degree Camp
of Uniformed Patriarchs. January .30, 1883, Sacramento Degree
Camp No. 1, Uniformed Patriarchs, was organized with forty-three
members and elected the following officers : Ed. M. Martin, com-
mander; Frank Hogaboom, vice-commander; William A. Stephenson,
secretary; Nelson Wilcox, treasurer; H. A. Burnett, officer of the
guard; W. E. Piatt, picket; F. P. Lowell, banner; Charles Cooley,
guard of tent. The first two initiates in the state were W. F. Nor-
cross and J. Carlaw.

Tn September, 1885, the Sovereign Grand Lodge, I. 0. O. F., reor-
ganized the military branch and changed its name to "Cantons of
Patriarchs Militant, I. O. 0. F." It also adopted a complete set of
laws, with a complete list of military officers, to be under the Sovereign
Grand Lodge. In accordance with this change, March 8, 1886, Grand
Canton Sacramento, No. 1. Patriarchs Militant. I. O. 0. F., was organ-
ized by General C. W. Breyfogle, with eighty members. It elected
officers as follows: W. N. Sherburn, commander; Elwood Bruner,
lieutenant; S. A. Wolfe, ensign for Canton No. 18, both Cantons to
compose Grand Canton No. 1, which elected W. A. Stephenson clerk,
and Nelson Wilcox accountant.

Rising Star Lodge No. 8, Rebekah Degree, I. 0. O. F., was organ-
ized December 22, 1871, with seventv-one members. Its first officers
were: P. G. William S. Hunt, N.'G.; Mrs. Ellen Gilman, V. G.;
Martha A. Hunt, R. S. ; Mrs. W. Roth, P. S. ; Julia Patterson, T.

Germania Lodge No. 38, Rebekah Degree, I. O. O. F., was organ-

258 HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

ized April 27, 1876, with charter officers as follows: A. Heilbron
(P. G.), N. G.; Mrs. Anna C. Greisel, V. G.; Mrs. Julie Fisher, R. S.;
Mrs. Fredericke Newman, F. S. ; Mrs. Amilie Meckfessel, T. ; also,
C. F. G. Salle, P. G. ; F. Fisher, S. Morris, P. G. ; Mrs. Dora Morris,
John Bolze, P. G.

Capital City Rebekah Lodge No. 160, I. 0. 0. F., was instituted
September 3, 1890, by Grand Master John Glasson, with eighty char-
ter members, eighteen of whom still retain their membership. The
membership at present is two hundred seventy-five. The first officers
elected were: Delia Pettit, N. G. ; Alice Seadler, V. G. ; Mary Mur-
ray, recording secretary; Mary Moore, financial secretary; Annie
McCaw, treasurer. The present officers are: Mabel Gordon, N. G. ;
Emma Brady, V. G. ; Emma Gregory, recording secretary; Mary
Mills, financial secretary; Jennie Washburn, treasurer.

Sacramento Rebekah Lodge No. 232, I. 0. 0. F., was instituted
March 29, 1898, with twenty-six charter members, and the member-
ship at present is one hundred forty-two. The first officers elected
were: Laura Label, P. N. G. ; Rose E. Schmitt, N. G. ; Rose E.
Futterer, V. G. ; Lavinia Broughton, recording secretary; Emma E.
Reinersman, financial secretary; Katherine Futterer, treasurer. The
appointed officers were : Annie M. Schmidt, Ward. ; Carrie Gruhler,
Cond. ; Gustave Kortstein, 0. G. ; Josie Reinerman, I. G. ; Mary A.
Mayhen, R. S. N. G. ; Amelia Meckfessel, L. S. N. G. ; Carrie Popert,
R. S. V. G. ; Josephine Lakin, L. S. V. G. ; Ida A. Ohnstead, chaplain.

Oak Park Lodge No. 5, I. 0. 0. F., was instituted April 29, 1905,
by D. D. G. M. David F. Fox, with Weeden G. Conklin, P. G.; James
McDougal. P. G.; Frank L. McGrew, William H. Dymond, W. A.
Bird, William E. Cole, P. G. ; Alexander Orr and M. A. Jenkins,
charter members. The first officers elected were: James McDougal,
A. P. G.; William E. Cole, N. G.; William H. Dymond, V. G.;
W. G. Conklin, secretary; Alexander Orr, treasurer. Twenty-four
candidates were initiated on the night of its institution. The mem-
bership at present is one hundred.

Union Degree Lodge, No. 3, I. 0. 0. F., was organized October 7,
1853, with a number of members, but was discontinued some time
during the '80s.

The Veteran Odd Fellows Association of Sacramento was organ-
ized in 1873 by a call of several veteran Odd Fellows in this city.
In order to be eligilile for membership one must have been an Odd
Fellow for twenty years and be a member of some lodge, in good
standing. The Odd Fellows' General Relief Committee consists of
three members from each lodge, to attend to the wants of transient
members of the order who may be in need. The Odd Fellows' Temple
Association was preceded by the "Hall Association," incorporated
June 25, 1862, with a capital stock of $60,000, iafterwards increased
to $80,000, purchased the St. George hotel building at the corner of

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 259

Fourth and J streets and fitted it up and kept it for several years
as an Odd Fellows lodge and business block. July 26, 1869, the
trustees of the lodges and encampment met and organized the present
Temple Association and purchased a lot for the erection of a temple.
The result was the erection of the fine four-story building at Ninth
and K streets, which was at that time the finest structure in the city,
with the exception of the Capitol. The Association also owns a fine
plat in the City Cemetery, adjoining the Masonic Cemetery plat.

Sacramento Lodge No. 2189, G. U. 0. of O. F., (colored) was
organized on July 14, 1881, with thirty-one members. The first
officers were: F. T. Bowers, P. N. F. ; E. Brown, N. F.; D. A. John-
son, P. N. G.; B. A. Johnson, N. G.; R. J. Fletcher, V. G.; H. H.
Williams, E. S. ; R. H. Small, P. H. ; Q. H. Guinn, W. T. ; R. C. Fer-
gaison, W. C. The executive authority for this order was derived
from the national body, under a sub-committee of management lo-
cated at Philadelphia and acting in harmony with the order in Eng-
land.

KNIGHTS OF PYTHIAS

The Knights of Pythias erected a fine hall at the northwest corner
of Ninth and I streets, which was dedicated July 4, 1889. It is 40x90
feet, four stories high, and fitted up for the lodge, drill and lecture
rooms, and a banquet hall.

Sacramento Division No. 7, Uniform Rank, Knights of Pythias,
was instituted in October, 1882, with fifty-four charter members.
The first officers were: James A. Davis, commander; John W. Guth-
rie, lieutenant commander; Theodore Schumacher, herald; Frank H.
Kiefer, recorder; George H. Smith, treasurer; George B. Katzenstein,
sentinel; Joseph T. Keepers, guard; Charles E. Leonard, standard
bearer.

Sacramento Lodge No. 11, K. of P., was organized December 2.
1869, with a large membership, the following being the officers : G. W.
Wallace, C. C. ; J. H. Sullivan V. C; S. Pearl, Prelate; Frank W.
Marvin, K. of R. and S.; R. W. Jackson, M. of F.; J. E. Goods,
M. of E.

Columbia Lodge No. 42, K. of P., was organized April 21, 1877,
with J. W. Guthrie, P. C; A. J. Vermilva, "C. C; P. J. Spacher,
V. C. ; S. A. Wolfe, P. ; John McFetrish, K. of R. and S. ; 0. H. P.
Sheets, Jr., M. of F.; Robert Pettit, M. of E.; W. E. Lugg, L G.;
W. E. Oughton, 0. G. ; also, J. Stubbs, M. Odell, J. Goddard, William
Neidhart and W. Kay.

Confidence Lodge No. 78, K. of P. was organized August 28, 1882.
with officers as follows: J. F. Lucas, P. C; J. A. Baker, C. C;
A. V. Bovne, V. C; F. H. Kiefer, Prelate; A. J. Plant, M. at A.;
W. B. Rodgers, K. of R. and S. ; J. H. Smith, M. of E.

Three of the Sisters having heard that Mrs. C. L. C. Lawrence,

260 HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY

S. M. of E. and C, would pass through Sacramento on her way to
Los Angeles, where she was to institute the first Temple of Pythian
Sisters, conceived the idea that as long as Sacramento was the Capital
of the state, why not also have the first Temple of Pythian Sisters
there. A committee met Mrs. Lawrence at the train and persuaded
her to stop over and institute this Temple. This was on the morning
of December 17, 1889. On the evening of the same day, the first
Temple of Pythian Sisters in the state of California was instituted
in this city, in Castle Hall, corner of Ninth and I streets. California
Temple No. 1 had a charter membership of fifteen Sisters and eight
Knights. Georgia Guthrie, who died July 22, 1909, was the first
M. E. C. of the Temple and was also the first Grand Chief of the
order in this state. Of those who signed the charter at the institution
of the Temple the following are still members: Sallie Wolf, Delia
Pettit, Emma Schumacher, Mary Alvord Fitzgerald, J. J. C. Fitz-
gerald and J. W. Guthrie.

California Temple has the honor of having had five Sisters elected
to the highest office in the state, that of Grand Chief. They were as
follows: Georgia Guthrie, Sallie Wolf, Wessie Katzenstein, Mary
Alvord Fitzgerald and Maude Berry Sheehan.

I. o. R. M.

Cosimmes Tribe No. 14, I. 0. E. M., was organized October 19,
1867.

Eed Jacket Tribe No. 28, I. 0. R. M., was organized October 7,
1869, with officers as follows: S. Pearl, Sachem; M. T. Brum, S. Sag.;
P. Gushing, J. Sag.; W. T. Crowell, C. of E.; George A. Putnam,
K. of W.

Owosso Tribe No. 39, L 0. E. M., was organized March 25, 1871,
with sixty-six charter members. The first officers were: Matthew
E. Johnson, Sachem; Ed. M. Martin, Sen. Sag.; A. C. Freeman, Jun.
Sag. ; Will J. Beatty, C. of E. ; Daniel E. Alexander, K. of W. ; George
Y. Yount, financial secretary; George A. White, prophet.

Eed Cloud Tribe No. 41, I. 0. E. M., was instituted November
13 and 18, 1871, with over seventy names on the charter list. The
first officers were : Thomas Sullivan, sachem ; E. A. Eenwick, Sen.
Sag.; W. Harper, Jun. Sag.; J. J. Carter, C. of E. ; William Huller,
K. of W.; W. A. McNaughton, F. C.

Wenonah Council No. 2, Degree of Pocahontas, I. 0. E. M., was
organized in October, 1887, with forty-one members.

Juniata Council No. 5, Daughters of Pocahontas, I. 0. E. M., was
organized July 9, 1888, with twenty-nine members.

Sacramento Stamm No. 124 U. 0. E. M., was organized October
18, 1888, with charter members and officers as follows: K. F. Wie-
meyer, 0. Ch.; F. Engehardt, U. Ch.; C. Schmidt, B. Ch.; E. Nobeh

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 261

seci'etary; J. Suverkrupp, treasurer; George W. Derman, W. Kubnle,
Charles Sold, George Schmeiser, Charles Boettcher, and W. Braun.

A. o. u. w.

Union Lodge No. 21, A. O. U. W., was organized February 9, 1878,
with thirty-eight charter members, and the first officers were: M. T.
Brewer, P. M. W. ; C. B. Kellogg, M. W. ; T. W. Sheehan, F. ; George
T. Bush, 0. ; E. J. Gregory, R. ; Felix Tracy, receiver ; John F. Farns-
worth. Fin. ; Robert Frazer, guard. The lodge is a large and pros
perous one.

Sacramento Lodge, No. 80, A. 0. U. W., was instituted February
8, 1879, with a large list of charter members. The first officers were :
John F. Farnsworth, P. M. W. ; James M. Henderson, M. W. ; Edward
I. Robinson, 0. ; George B. Katzensteiu, R. ; M. R. Beard, Fin. ;
C. H. Stevens, receiver ; John W. Guthrie, G. ; W. H. H. Willev, I. W. ;
W. I. Wallace, 0. W.

Lily of the Valley Lodge No. 11, Degree of Honor, A. O. U. W.,
was organized in 1882, with thirty-three charter members.

Walhalla Grove No. 6, U. A. 0. D., was organized August 10,
1866, and incorporated June 13, 1874. The charter members and
officers were: Anton Menke, N. A.; C. H. Krebs, V. A.; Theodore
Even, secretary; Jacob Keeber, treasurer; C. C. Haydeu, M. Kestler
and J. Acker.

Union Grove No. 6, U. A. 0. D., was organized in 1885. Capi-
tal City Grove No. 66, U. A. 0. D., was organized April 14, 1887,
with thirty-six members. Fidelity Grove No. 31, U. A. 0. D., organ-
ized in 1878, was consolidated with Walhalla Grove, May 1, 1888.
Sacramento Druidic Circle No. 1, was a society for women, instituted
April 7, 1872, but was soon permitted to dissolve.

N. s. G. w.

The Native Sons of the Golden West is an order originated by
Gen. A. M. Winn in San Francisco in 1875. He had thought, while
acting as marshal of a procession July 4, 1869, that a company of
young Californians would make an interesting part of the procession.
The idea was in harmony with the times, as the rapid growth of the
order soon proved. It soon became an influential fraternal and bene-
ficial society. The designation of each local organization is "parlor,"
indicating its refined and social character. The order celebrates an-
nually the anniversary of California's admission into the Union. Its
founder was the first mayor of Sacramento, and his body was buried
in the Pioneers' plat in the City Cemetery, where a monument to his
memory was unveiled on Thanksgiving Day, 1887.

Sacramento Parlor No. 3, N. S. G. W., is one of the oldest Parlors

262 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

in the stcate, having been organized March 22, 1878, with the following
officers and charter members: Benjamin O'Neil, president; John C.
Luce, first vice-president; Edward B. Carson, second vice-president;
James P. McGinnis, third vice-president; Edward R. Knox, R. S. ;
William Rider, F. S. ; Clarence E. Parker, treasurer; Da^dd M. Mad-
dux, marshal; Henry Steinmiller, Thomas W. O'Neil, and Martin
Coffey, executive committee. Other charter members were: H. C.
Chipman. Joseph Maddux, George Steinmiller, Thomas O'Brien, Wil-
liam O'Brien, Joseph J. Maguire, Fred Kidder, George Adams and
John Feeney.

Sunset Parlor No. 26, N. S. G. W., was instituted January 21,
1884, with forty members. Both Sacramento and Sunset Parlors
are now large and prosperous. Calafia Parlor No. 22, N. D. G. W.,
was organized in November, 1887, with one hundred nine members
and now has a large membership. La Bandera Parlor No. 112 and
Sutter Parlor No. 117 were instituted in 1900.

OTHER OEDEES

California Lodge No. 1580, K. of H., was organized April 22,
1879, by Harmon Gregg, with forty charter members, the following
being the first officers elected : Grove L. Johnson, P. D. ; Edward F.
Aiken, D. ; Norman S. Nichols, V. D. ; John N. Larkin, A. D. ; Israel
Luce, C.

Unity Lodge No. 2088, K. of H., was instituted March 1, 1880,
with thirty-nine charter members.

Harmony Lodge No. .399, K. and L. of H. ; Equity Lodge, No.
1219, K. and L. of H., and Olive Branch Lodge, K. and L. of H.,
were organized later.

Pioneer Council No. 54, American Legion of Honor, the first coun-
cil in the state, was instituted December 18, 1879, with thirty-eight
charter members. J. M. Henderson was the first commander and Mrs.
N. S. Bntterfield, vice-commander.

Court Capital No. 6742, A. 0. F., was organized January 17, 1881,
with forty-three charter members, Henry Longton, C. V. Court Sac-
ramento No. 6861, A. 0. F., was organized Jime 30, 1882. Court
Sutter No. 7246. A. 0. F., was instituted later. The Foresters of Sac-
ramento were the first in the state to erect a building of their own.
It is located on I street between Seventh and Eighth.

Friendship Council No. 65, 0. C. F., was organized February 21,
1882, with twenty-five members. Sacramento Council No. 96, 0. C. F..
was organized September 4, 1884, with about fifty charter members.

Division No. 1, Ancient Order of Hibernians, was organized Jan-
nary 31, 1870, P. A. Murphy, priest. It was re-organized later. Di-
vision No. 2, Ancient Order of Hibernians, was organized in the '80s,
but soon discontinued.

The Young Men's Institute, Branch No. 11, one of the first to

HISTORY OP SACRAMENTO COUNTY 263

organize in the state, was started August 8, 1885, at old St. Rose's
ball, where the present postoffice building stands. There were fifty
charter members, which soon increased to one hundred. D. J. Long
was president, R. E. Murray first vice-president, Joseph McGuire
second vice-president, T. T. Wiseman recording secretary, Benjamin
Neary financial secretary and James O'Reilly treasurer. Branch No.
27, Young Men's Institute, was organized in their hall May 7, 1886,
with thirty-one charter members and T. W. O'Neil president. Young
Ladies' Institute No. 17 has a large membership.

Etham Lodge No. 37, I. 0. B. B., was organized June 23, 1859,
by Grand Lodge Deputy Jacob VogelsdorfT, with Joseph Davis presi-
dent.

The first organization of the Hebrew Benevolent Association was
in December of 1851 and the society was incorporated in February,
1854.

Governor Leland Stanford Camp No. 11, Sons of Veterans, was
organized July 11, 1887, with eighteen members. Among the first
officers were P. H. Dodge, captain, William Kellogg first lieutenant
and William H. Larkin second lieutenant.

The Veterans of the Mexican war were organized at the Orleans
house June 5, 1876. The first officers elected were as follows: John
Domingos, president; Fred Chamberlain, vice-president; Peter Mc-
Graw, treasurer ; and Joseph Sims, secretary. Joseph Sims is the only
one of the charter members now living, so far as the writer knows.

The Sacramento Turnverein was organized June 2, 1854, with
Theodore Steudeman, president; George Meyer, vice-president; J.
W. Lehmann, secretary; Phil Kitz, treasurer; H. Lux, first turn
leader ; J. Knauth, second turn leader ; R. Nobel, steward, and twenty-
three other members. In 1859 the society erected a brick building on
K street between Ninth and Tenth, costing $14,000 and known as
Turner Hall.

Benbow Lodge No. 229, Sons of St. George, organized in March,
1887, was designed to take the place of the British Mutual Benefit
and Social Society, which had been organized in 1877, but had gone
out of existence. The society admitted to membership Englishmen,
the sons and grandsons of Englishmen. It was discontinued, as was
Victoria Lodge No. 1, Daughters of St. George. They have been re-
]ilaced by Victoria Lodge, which is prosperous.

The Robert Burns Scottish Benevolent Association was organized
in November, 1871, to relieve natives of Scotland who might be in
need. It was succeeded by the Caledonian Society of Sacramento,
incorporated in November, 1888, and which admits as members Scotch-
men, sons and grandsons of Scotchmen.

The Independent Order of Good Templars found its way to Cali-
fornia in 1855, a lodge being organized in Santa Cruz on the 22nd
of February of that year. Sylvan Lodge No. 2 was instituted in Sac-

264 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

ramento September 16, 1856, and in 1860 a convention was called here
for the purpose of forming a Grand Lodge. It was instituted May
29, of that year. The order grew rapidly throughout the state and
for many years the headquarters of the Grand Lodge was in Sacra-
mento. The Rescue, the official paper of the order, was published
here. Sylvan Lodge is now the oldest lodge on the coast. Capitol
Lodge No. 51, I. 0. G. T., was organized December 12, 1861, became
extinct in 1876, but April 2, 1879, an entire new organization with
a new charter was formed, which assumed the same name and number.
The I. 0. G. T. Bands of Hope (juvenile organizations) were formed
in this city and known as Sacramento No. 56, Capitol No. 91 and
California No. 163. Several divisions of the Sons of Temperance and
a Father Mathew Total Abstinence Society also were organized here
and flourished for some years, but were finally absorbed by other
teniijerance organizations.

Sacramento Grange No. 12, Patrons of Husbandry, was organized
December 4, 1867, with the following officers and members : W. S.
Manlove, worthy master; I. N. Hoag, w. overseer; E. F. Aiken,
w. lecturer; J. Holland, steward; G. F. Rich, a. steward; R. William-
son, chaplain; A. S. Greenlaw, treasurer; William Haynie, secretary;
R. S. Lockett, g. k.; Mrs. W. S. Manlove, Ceres; Mrs. I. N. Hoag,
Pomona; Mrs. E. F. Aiken, Flora; Mrs. J. Holland, lady assistant
steward; the other charter members were Amos Adams and wife,
T. K. Stewart, William Kendall and A. P. Smith. Sacramento Po-
mona Grange was instituted about twenty-five years ago.

Almost every fraternal order and union are represented in Sac-
ramento and claim large memberships. All are in a prosperous con-
dition.

CHAPTER XXIX

CRIMINAL RECORDS

In the earliest days of the country's history, when there was prac-
tically no law to restrain the criminal element, and when the pioneer
environment and training of many of those coming here were such
as to make them value human life lightly, it was to be expected that
crimes would be committed. During the period when the community
was a law unto itself, it was naturally to be expected that crime would
become rampant. As a matter of fact, in spite of the lack of legal
restraint, the community at first was more free from crime than many
older ones that were under the protection of the law.

In 1850, however, when the rush to the land of gold had assumed
greater proportions, bringing with the other immigration a percentage
of the criminal element, robbery and murder became more frequent
and the operation of the law that had taken the place of self-govern-
ment was so slow that people became exasperated by its delays; they

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 265

arose to correct the existing evils and took the execution of justice
into their ovm hands.

The first victim of the aroused sentiment was a i^rofessional
gambler named Frederick J. Roe. A quarrel arose at a monte table
in the Mansion House, at the corner of Front and J streets, and he
engaged in a fight with an unknown man. They were separated sev-
eral times by the bystanders, but as often renewed the conflict. At
leng-th Charles Humphrey Myers, a i^eaceable and industrious man
and a partner in the blacksmithing establishment of Joseph Prader
& Co., again parted them and was fatally shot by Roe, the ball, which
entered his head, not killing him immediately. He was carried into
the shop, where the surgeons announced that his wound was neces-
sarily fatal. A crowd gathered and the excitement became intense.
Dr. Mackinzie, who was a member of the city council, mounted a
wagon and made a vehement address, sa;sT[ng that crime had run
ramjDant long enough and that the courts and officers did not seem
able to prevent it. It must be stopped somehow, or honest and re-
spectable people would have to leave the city; that the people had the
remedy in their own hands, and they owed it to society that they
should exercise it. David B. Milne and Ross and Taplin spoke to the
same effect. A meeting was organized and Ross was chosen president.
It was ascertained that Roe had been taken into custody and was in
the station house, corner of Second and J streets, and the meeting
determined to bring him out. A man named Everard addressed it,
saying that if they ever intended to rid the city of the scoundrels
infesting it, now was the time. He advocated the appointment of a
committee to determine what should be done, aiid James Queen
urged the selection of a jury to try the prisoner. The crowd fre-
quently interrupted them with cheers and shouts of "Hang him."

City Marshal N. C. Cunningham addressed the crowd, saying that
he had the prisoner in custody and that he could not escape, and asked
them in the name of God and of Sacramento to let him be tried by
the proper tribunal, the courts of the country. He was interi'upted
by the cries of "No, no; they have proved useless to prevent crime
and punish murder." "If he don't get justice in the courts," said
he, "I will help you to get it. I pledge my honor I'll resign my office
and help you; but I am an officer of the law and cannot let you have
him." His voice was drowned in cries of "Let the people have a
jury. ' ' Queen spoke again, saying that he was in favor of having laws
and supporting them, but they had proved inoperative. Let us have
a people's jury as San Francisco did.

C. A. Twfeed was called to the chair and said he believed the
prisoner was a great scoundrel and ought to be hanged, biit he wanted
it done according to law. He was hustled out of the chair and a man
named Scranton replaced him. Justice of the Peace Bullock pleaded
for law and order, but his voice was smothered by cries for a jury.

266 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

A jury was chosen and all accepted except F. C. Ewer, who said he
was a newspaper man and must report the proceedings impartially
and Dr. J. V. Spalding was appointed in his place. The jury retired
to the Orleans Hotel on Second street, and Levi Hermance was ap-
pointed foreman and George G. Wright secretary. A committee was
a])pointed to guard the prisoner and see that the officers did not re-
move him. The marshal and other officers pleaded, but it had no
effect.

The privilege of a lawyer for the prisoner was proposed and was
voted down. Committees were sent to the jury room to ask them to
hurry up, as they were too deliberate to suit the crowd of twenty-
five hundred people determined on lynching. The committee reported
that the jury was acting fairly, but needed the protection of the people
to keep the lawyers out, as they could elicit the testimony themselves.
The lawyers were ordered out — and stayed out.

Tweed undertook to make the point that Myers was not yet dead,
but the crowd would have none of it, and one man shouted that it
was a deliberate murder that had made a widow and four orphans.
"Blood for blood. He must die. All those in favor of hanging say
'aye'." He was answered by a storm of "ayes." Dr. Taylor wanted
men to go with him and take the prisoner, saying that if they had
him they would know where he was. A large number stepped for-
ward, but were stopped by a cry that the jury had agreed. The ver-
dict was read from the balcony of the Orleans and was listened to in
silence. It was as follows:

"We, the committee of investigation appointed by our fellow citi-
zens to investigate the circumstances of the unfortunate occurrence
that took place this afternoon, report that after a full and impartial
examination of the evidence we find that at about 2 o'clock P. M.
this day, Frederick J. Roe and some other person, whose name is un-
known, were engaged in an altercation which originated in the Man-
sion House, and that after said parties had proceeded to the street,
and where they were fighting, ' Charles H. Myers, who was passing
in the street, interfered with words requesting them to desist fighting
or show fair ]3lay; and that immediately thereupon the said Roe
called out, "What the devil have you to say?" and drew his pistol
and without further provocation shot said Myers through the head.

"John H. Scrautou, W. F. Prettyman, J.'b. Starr, H. H. Lang-
ley, George G. Wright, Harrison Olmstead, John T. Bailey, Edward
Cronan, D. 0. Mills, F. B. Cornwall, A. M. Winn, L. Hermance."

These signers composed the entire jiiry except Dr. SiJalding, who
participated for some time, but withdrew in consequence of what he
considered the undue influence of the people's committee sent to the
jury. As soon as the verdict was read, there was a stampede for the
station house. Dr. Taylor, who had from the first urged immediate
action, stated that he had conversed with the prisoner and found him

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 267

penitent; that he thonght the murder was without malice or delibera-
tion and he hoped a connnittee would be appointed to guard tlie pris-
oner till next day, when a course of action might be determined. He
was hooted down by the crowd. A. D. Rightmyer said the verdict had
been murder, and he considered it the duty of all good citizens to see
it carried out; he was ready, on his }>art. The assembly elected him
marshal by acclamation.

About 9 o'clock awning posts were pulled up and made into bat-
tering rams, under the blows from which the doors of the station
house soon gave way. Deputy Sheriff Harris stood in the doorway
with a small posse and by remonstrance and threats to tire kept the
mob at bay for a short time, but they soon crowded in and took him
and his posse prisoners. Roe was found chained in an inner cell and
it was found difficult to get his shackles off. As soon as that was
done he was informed that he was to be hanged forthwith on one
of the large oak trees that stood on Sixth street, between K and L
street. Arri-\dng at the spot where a staging had been placed for
the purpose, he was jjlaced on the stage, his hands and feet tied, and
Rev. M. C. Briggs was sent for. Through him Roe said that he had
shot Myers in a fit of ijassion and had nothing more to say in self-
defense, that he was an Englishman by birth, was twenty years old
and had a mother and sister living in England. After the minister
had concluded his duties, a noose was placed around the prisoner's
neck, the rojje being thrown over one of the big limbs of a tree, and
many strong hands drew him up to his fate in the presence of five
thousand jieople. Myers was not yet dead at the time of Roe's
execution.

Thus ended the only lynching in the history of Sacramento, ex-
cept one the following year, when a convicted prisoner was reprieved
by the governor. Only the presence of the military prevented the
hanging of Raten for the nmrder of Lansing, many years later.

July 9, 1851, William H. Robinson, James Gibson and Jolm
Thompson knocked down and robbed James Wilson in broad daylight,
on L street between Fourth and Fifth. More than a thousand people
assembled around the jail and violent speeches were made, but it was
finally decided, after a jury had been appointed and could not agree,
that the parties should be indicted ancl tried the following Monday,
when a special term of court would meet. They were tried and con-
victed and sentenced to death, the law at that time making robbery
and grand larceny punishable with death, at the discretion of the
jury. Judge Willis sentenced them to be hanged August 22, and
Gibson and Thompson were executed on that day on an old syca-
more tree at Sixth and 0 streets; but Robinson was first reprieved
by the governor and afterward hanged at the same place by the
people.

On the night of Februarv 20, 1853, John Carroll, alias "Boot-

268 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

jack, ' ' one of a gang of thieves, was killed on the levee near Tenth and
B streets by his associates, who suspected him of being a traitor. One
of the gang, William Durham, turned state's evidence when arrested
and Jack Thompson, Barney Ackerman and Charles Stewart were
sentenced to hang. A gallows was erected near Sutter's Fort on the
open plain, and April 29, 1853, they were hanged on it in presence of
a large concourse. Thompson was twenty-five years old, Stewart
twenty and Ackerman nineteen.

Ah Chung, a Chinaman, was hanged between J and K streets,
just below Sutter's Fort, May 9, 1856, for the murder of Ah Let, whom
he claimed was his wife, and unfaithful to him. His execution was
public and was witnessed by a large number.

Samuel L. Garrett was hung near Sutter's Fort, June 27, 1856,
for the murder of Amiel Brickell at the Golden Eagle Hotel, April
26, 1855. Brickell had a difificulty with Garrett, relative to the daugh-
ter of the former, whom he claimed Garrett had seduced. The quarrel
ended by Garrett's shooting Brickell. He was tried before Judge
Monson, convicted and sentenced to hang January 9, 1856, but took
an appeal to the supreme court, which affirmed the judgment and he
was again sentenced and executed. He was married to Miss Harriet
L. Brickell, the daughter of the murdered man, by Justice C. C.
Jenks, on the prison brig the Sunday before the execution, in the
presence of a large concourse. She attempted suicide by taking
poison a day of two before he was hanged.

William S. Kelly was executed at the same time for the nmrder
of Daniel C. Howe at Long Valley, Eldorado county. Mickey Free,
George Wilson and Kelly went to the cabin of Howe and Ruggles,
traders, on the night of July 10, 1855, for the purpose of robbery.
Free shot Howe dead and Wilson shot Ruggles with a rifle, but" did
not kill him. Ruggles turned his side to them after being shot and
asked them to kill him. Free said he would accommodate him, and
stabbed him several times with a bowie knife. After Ruggles was
dead, Wilson said Kelly must have a hand in the deed also, and com-
pelled him to cut the murdered man's throat. Free was executed at
Coloma, October 26, 1855, and in his confession corroborated Kelly's
statement. Wilson was the ])rincipal witness against Kelly and de-
clared that Kelly cut Ruggle's throat before he was dead. Kelly got
a change of venue in Novemljer, 1855, to this county, and was tried
and convicted befoi'e Judge Munson, December 20, 1855. He appealed
to the suprezne court, but the judgment was affirmed.

Peter Lundberg was executed April 30, 1860, at the waterworks
building, for the murder of John Peter Ritz. They worked for a
man named Palm and Ritz had a dispute over money with his em-
ployer. Lundberg confessed that he was induced to commit the mur-
der and Mrs. Palm was arrested and tried, but acquitted. One dark
night Ritz called on a friend above the old gas works, and when

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 269

returning, was shot dead. The police suspected that Pahn was the
murderer, and Officer Burke went to his house, finding Mrs. Pahn
alone there. Burke turned down the light and waited and in a short
time Lundberg appeared and the muddy condition of his clothes led
the officer to suspect him and he was arrested.

The case of William Wells, in 1860, is still talked of among old
timers, on account of the singular circumstances connected with it,
and the mystery connected with his fate. Some time during that year
an old man named Matthias Wetzel was murdered and robbed of a
large amount of jewelry and precious stones. Wells had been arrested
at Virginia City for the murder, some of the property being found
in his possession. He was on his way down from Virginia City to
Sacramento, in the custody of Deputy Sheriff Wharton of Sutter
coimty and George Armstrong, a mountaineer of Virginia City. They
left Marysville on July 25th, for this city. They reached Nicolaus
safely, but at that place Wharton went to the stage driver and told
him that Whitney, the driver of the up-stage, had informed him that
the morning stage from Marysville had been met on the Lisle bridge
by a party of men who looked like a rescuing mob. Whipple drove
into the town without his passengers and rejDorted to the officers, say-
ing that AVharton expected assistance and would wait until they came.
Officer Deal and Whipple returned to Nicolaus and there learned that
Wharton had engaged a wagon, and a man named W. C. Stoddard,
to go with them, and that they had left Nicolaus by the river road
to avoid the supposed mob. At about 1:30 a. m. the party arrived
at a point about half a mile from Swift's bridge over the American
river. Stoddard was driving, and Wharton sitting on the seat beside
him. Behind them, on the bottom of the wagon box, sat Wells, Arm-
strong being stretched out on the bottom of the wagon, fast aslee)i.
Stoddard said to Wharton, "We are near to Sacramento. You would
better wake Armstrong up." As Wharton turned. Wells shot him in
his right side, knocking him off his seat, upon the horses. Then Stod-
dard was shot and killed instantly, and a third shot disabled Arm-
strong. By this time Wharton had disentangled himself from the
horses and fired at Wells, who was escaping, and who returned
the fire, striking Wharton in the thigh. Wells appeared to have felt
perfectly safe, as he started towards Sacramento, then went down to
the river and took a row-boat, rowed back to the scene of the murder
and robbed Armstrong of the money and jewelry stolen from Wetzel.
He had evidently taken the key to his handcuffs from Armstrong's
pocket as he lay asleep, unlocked the handcuffs and then taken Arm-
strong's revolver from his belt and used it with such fatal effect.
Armstrong died that day, and Wharton the next.

For several years Wells was reported as ha\dng been seen, first
in one state, and then in another. In March, 1866, the officers brought
to Sacramento a man whom thev had arrested in Idaho under the

270 HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

idea that they had captured Wells. He i^roved to be Donald
McDonald, and was freed and later was presented with $600 by vote
of the legislature, to compensate him for loss of time and damage to
his reputation. The last heard of Wells was a letter received by the
Union from a man in Idaho, stating that Wells was killed in
Washington Territory in 1864, by one of a party with whom he was
traveling. The theory generally accepted among the officers of Sacra-
mento,, however, was that he did not free himself from the irons and
was drowned while attempting to cross the Sacramento river. He had
been known as a man of low character and a lounger at Wetzel's
saloon, and frequently had been arrested for petty larceny.

The next execution was that of Louis Kahl, at the waterworks
building, November 29, 1861, for the murder of Catherine Gerken.
The woman was found strangled in her room on L street, about mid-
night on January 4th, preceding, and the deed had evidently been
for the purpose of robbery. Officer Frank Hardy, assisted by a
convict called "Jinuney from town", arrested Kahl the following
afternoon at the Father Ehine house, on J street, opposite the
plaza, and the murdered woman's watch was found on his person.
He could give no satisfactory reason for having it, and was tried,
convicted and sentenced to hang. His case was appealed to the
supreme court and sent back to the district court with directions to
carry out the sentence. Kahl was a native of Germany, twenty-
three years of age.

May 20, 1864, William Williams was hung in the outskirts of
Washington, about a quarter of a mile from the river, for the murder
of A. Blanchard. He came to California from Wales in 1854,
settling in San Joaquin township, in partnership with Blanchard.
They had quarreled and dissolved partnership, but had ranched as
neighbors and could not agree. A dispute about a horse resulted in
Blanchard 's favor. A half-witted Englishman named Joe Blake
was in Williams' employ, and as Blanchard was returning home from
Sacramento on the night of August 3, 1860, Williams and Blake lay
in wait for him in a ditch, Williams having a pick handle and Blake a
wagon spoke. Blanchard was found dead next day, with his head
terribly mutilated. Williams was arrested and comdcted of the
murder.

B. F. Eussell was murdered near Benson's ferry on the niglit
of July 11, 1860, and George Nelson Symonds was hanged in the old
waterworks building on December 4, 1863, for the murder. Symonds
and Monroe Crozier had been arrested for robbery committed in Placer
county, immediately after the murder, but before it was known that
the murder had been committed. On July 12th they crossed the ferry
with four horses saddled and bridled and their clothing was wet and
their actions suspicious. When they were arrested for the robbery
they had a valise containing some bloody clothes, a stencil plate with

HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY 271

the name of B. F. Eussell on it and other articles belonging to the
murdered man. In October, 1860, Symonds turned state's evidence
in the robbery case, and shortly afterwards Grozier escaped.

In October two bodies were found in the slough near the ferry,
which had evidently been sunk there several months before, and were
discovered when the water dried up. They proved to be Eussell and
a man named Selizer, who had started early in the season for the
mines at Coso. Symonds was brought down from Placer when the
bodies were found, and tried before Judge McKune March 9, 1861,
convicted and sentenced to hang May 10th. The supreme court granted
him a new trial which was begun June 2, 1862, and on the 6th he
was sentenced to be executed July 25th. He again appealed to the
supreme court, which affirmed the judgment of the district court and
he was sentenced for the third time and executed.

Frank Hudson, a corporal in Company I, Second cavalry, was
executed at Camp Union Agricultural Park, June 16, 1865, for the
murder of Lieut. "Webster Levergood, at Camp Bidwell, Butte county,
on April 14th. Hudson had been ordered on the double quick by
Lieutenant Livergood for drunkenness on the afternoon, and in the
evening Livergood was shot and died in two days. He was certain that
Hudson shot him. and as the latter deserted at once there was a
strong case against him. He was captured, tried by court martial,
brought here and hanged.

The case of "Tip" McLaughlin, who shot and killed a man named
Charles Lundholm, a barkeeper in the Eailroad Exchange saloon, on
the evening of June 17, 1870, excited much attention and criticism. " It
was alleged that Lundholm had written some slanderous stories about
a relative of McLaughlin, which were published in a disreputable sheet
called the Mazeppa. McLaughlin was indicted for the murder, and
the regular venire of jurors being exhausted, a special venire was
summoned, which singularly was composed of the prisoner's friends.
The prosecution exhausted all their peremptory challenges and were
forced to go to trial. The jury disagreed after being out three days,
and the prisoner's counsel applied for bail, which Judge Ramage
refused. A writ of habeas corpus was issued by the supreme court,
fixing bail at $10,000, the court holding that the fact of the jury's dis-
agreement indicated a grave doubt as to the crime being murder in
the first degree. The second trial was held in October and the jury
brought in a verdict of murder in the first degree, and McLaughlin's
attorney gave notice of a motion for a new trial. The Judge ad-
journed court till next morning at 9 o'clock. McLaughlin was not
given into the custody of the sheriff and walked quietly out of the
court room. He was seen at various places around the city that night,
but when court commenced next morning he was nowhere to be found,
and a number of years ago he died in South America. Judge Eamage
held that the order of the supreme court admitted the prisoner to

272 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

bail and the bail bond provided for his appearance for judgment and
the execution thereof, and that by ordering him into the cvistody of
the sheriif he would have been placed in contemiDt of court.

Charles Mortimer was executed in the yard of the Sacramento
county jail, May 15, 1878, for the murder of Mary Gibson. His name
was Charles J. Flinn and his brother, William J. Flinn, came on from
Massachusetts to rescue him, and was killed by Deputy Sheriff Cross
on the night of April 16th, a month before Mortimer's execution. The
woman, who lived on "Jib-boom" street, was found murdered on the
morning of September 20, 1872. Her face was lacerated by a blow
from a broken glass, and strychnine was found in a glass of beer.
Police detectives Len Harris and Nick Dole went to investigate and
were accompanied by E. B. Willis, then a reporter. Willis noticed
some hairs from a man's whiskers grasped in the dead woman's hand
and called their attention to it. The officers suspected Mortimer and
when he was arrested it was found that he had shaved and that an
abrasion showed some of his whiskers had been torn out. Carrie
Spencer, his companion, was also arrested and in their room some
of Mrs. Gibson's property was found. A paper of strychnine was
also found in Mortimer's pocket. After his conviction he made a
confession, which was published, and stated that he had killed Caro-
line Prenell in San Francisco the May previous. As stated, his
brother tried to rescue him, ringing the bell of the jail about half
past one in the morning. The night jailer going out into the yard
was confronted by a masked man, with his coat turned wrong side out
and a revolver in his hand. He fired twice and killed the man, whom
Mortimer acknowledged to be his brother. Mortimer feigned insanity
during the trial, but was hanged in the presence of about one hundred
fifty persons.

John Cruse, a sailor, was murdered for his money on the night
of April 7, 1874, by Domingo Estrada and Klomena Cotta, and so
energetic was Chief of Police Karcher that the murderers were
arrested and confessed before dark next day. Their case was ap-
pealed and great efforts were made by prominent men to induce Gov-
ernor Booth to commute their sentence, but without avail, and they
were hanged February 19, 1875. At the time of the execution the
housetops and ti'ees in the vicinity of the jail were crowded with
spectators.

David Turley, a sheep herder, attended a horse race near Rose-
ville, April 1, 1875. He had been drinking and was on horseback. A
farm hand named W. H. Shaw, intoxicated and on foot, applied an
epithet to Turley, who drew a pistol and shot him dead. He then rode
to Roseville and surrendered himself and was brought to Sacramento
and tried. Creed Haymond defended him and took the ground that
Turley was so much intoxicated that he was not responsible. The

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 273

law, however, recognizes no such excuse, and Turley was convicted
and hanged, February 25, 1876.

A murder that for many years remained a mystery was that of
Joseph Scott, a policeman, who was shot on the night of December
7, 1878, about 8 o'clock in the evening, on Seventeenth street, between
I and J streets. A citizen heard the shot and saw four men running
from the sjiot, one of whom wore a long white coat. Several years
after, James Ivey, a convict in San Quentin, informed the authorities
that he had heard three men confined in the prison detail the par-
ticulars of the murder, and that they had committed it. They were
brought to Sacramento on the expiration of their terms and confessed
that they were ex-convicts and had stolen a ride from Marysville, in
company with another ex-convict named Edwards. Jumping off as
the train slowed up near Twentieth street, they started down town
with the purpose of robbing the first man they met. There had been
a fire at the Orphan Asylum at Nineteenth and L streets that evening
and Officer Scott had been detailed to watch the ruins. The men met
him on Seventeenth street, attemi^ted to rob him, and when he resisted,
Edwards shot him and they all ran away without searching him and
caught a train to Stockton. Three of them went to Sonoma county,
robbed the house of Judge W. C. Wallace and were apprehended and
convicted. When their terms expired, they were brought to Sacra-
mento and tried. They pleaded guilty, with the understanding that
their punishment should be life imprisonment. In the meantime
Edwards had gone east and was confined in a state prison there.

One of the most remarkable murders in the records of crime was
that of a rancher on Grand island named A. M. Tullis, who was
killed August 1, 1878, and was found dead in his orchard. He was a
bachelor living alone on his ranch, and no motive could be found for
the murder, as he was not known to have any enemies and no property
was taken. Some little time afterwards some pieces of lumber, evi-
dently part of a duck boat, were found in the tules on the opposite
side of the river. Further down and on one of them was a calcula-
tion of lumber surface. The board was taken to the various lumber
yards in this city and finally identified by a salesman as made by him-
self. The lumber had been purchased by a Swede named Edward
Anderson, who was curious about the method of figuring, and the
salesman had explained to him and repeated the figiares on one of
the boards purchased. The drayman who delivered the lumber stated
that he delivered it at the house of Troy Dye, at that time public
administrator. The neighbors stated that a boat was made in the
basement of the house and an expressman took the boat to the river.
Parties had seen two men passing down the river in an unpainted
boat, and described them. Dye and Anderson were arrested and eon-
fined in separate cells, and both confessed fully. Dye had agreed
with Anderson and a gambler named Tom Lawton to kill a number

274 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

of wealthy persons in the county who had no relatives in the state, in
order that he might make commissions by administering their estates,
and divide them with those who killed them. TuUis was selected as
the first victim, and Anderson and Lawton went to his ranch in the
diick boat. They met him in his orchard and while in conversation
with him, Anderson struck him with a sand bag and Lawton shot him.
They then rowed across the river and started up the road, where Dye
met them by appointment in a buggy, the agreed signal being that he
should whistle "The Sweet Bye and Bye." They returned to Sac-
ramento and on the same night Anderson returned to his work on
a threshing machine in Sutter county. It was agreed that in case
of danger a letter should be written to Mm, signed with a fictitious
name, underscored once or more, to indicate the degree of danger.

On August 8th a letter was sent to Anderson with the signature
double underscored, as follows:

John A. Parker, Esq. :

Your child is very sick. You must come home at once.
It would be well to come down in the night. It would be so
much cooler for you. Call at the Doctor's new house. I will
be there. Yours in haste,

Charles Parker.

Anderson came down and was arrested by the officers, who were
watching for him. Lawton got wind of danger and was never cap-
tured. Dye and Anderson were convicted and executed in the jail yard
March 28, 1879. The defense of Dye was on the ground that several
years before he had received an injury which had caused a lesion of
his brain and consequent insanity, and there was a division of opinion
among medical witnesses on the subject. After his conviction a
sheriff's jury declared him sane.

On the afternoon of April 10, 1882, a tragedy occurred that would
have caused a lynching if the militia had not been called out to pro-
tect the jail. Simon Raten, a Siberian, had been beaten in a quarrel
with a man and had applied for a warrant and been refused. He
procured a revolver and meeting the man on K street, near Fourth,
took a shot at him and ran away, followed by a number of people.
While ijassing up an alley between K and L, Third and Fourth
streets, James Lansing, proprietor of the International Hotel, ran out
and tried to stop him. ' Raten shot him in the stomach and he died
that evennig in great agony. Lansing had been sheriff and assessor,
and had a host of friends. Excitement ran high, and several thousand
people surrounded the city prison, threatening summary vengeance on
Raten. The mayor addressed the crowd, urging them to let the law
take its course, but to no avail. The militia were summoned and drove
the crowd away, and a gatling gun was placed in the prison door,

HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY 275

ready for action. Eaten was placed on trial a month later and con-
victed.

At the same time Joseph Hurtado shot and killed a man named
Estuardo at Front and I streets and was convicted and sentenced to
hang. The attorneys for Eaten and Hurtado appealed their cases
to the state supreme court, but to no avail. They then carried them
to the supreme court of the United States, on the ground that an
information filed by a district attorney under the provisions of the
state constitution was void, and that no man could be put on trial
for a felony imtil after he had been indicted by a grand jurj'. It was
further claimed that the state constitution contravened the federal
constitution, but the United States supreme court in an elaborate
opinion held the point was not well taken and the men were re-
sentenced to death. Eaten meanwhile gave indications of insanity
and was sent to Stockton. He was kept there in the asylum for a
number of years, but was discharged some years ago as cured. On
his way to Sacramento he met some Japanese and without provocation
killed one of them near Hicksville. He was tried and recommitted
to Stockton, where we believe he died. Hurtado died of consumption
in the county jail before the day set for his execution.

In March, 1888, John Lowell went from his ranch near Brighton
to his other ranch in Eldorado county, about seven miles from Folsom.
Not returning search was made for him and his body was found
buried under his Eldorado cabin on June 2nd. Three men, Jolm Henry
Myers, John Olson and William Drager, brought some horses, a buggj^
and harness of Lowell's to this city and sold them openly. They were
arrested, made a full confession that they had gone to Lowell's ranch
ostensibly to cut wood, and that while they were going out to look
at the wood, one of them had shot Lowell with a shotgun, their motive
being robbery. They were taken to Placerville, convicted and hung.
Lowell some years before had trouble with some parties near Brighton,
in which he shot and killed a man named Joseph Bowers, but was
tried and acquitted.

On the morning of December 30, 1894, the community was horrified
to learn that F. H. Weber, a grocer living on L street near Thir-
teenth, had been brutally murdered, together with his wife. They
lived over the grocery store and were found lying on the floor, their
skulls cloven with a sharp instrument, and a bloody hatchet near by
told the tale. Eobbery was evidently the object, as the house had
been ransacked. No clue was to be found by the officers, who worked
assiduously, but it bade fair to be one of those mj'sterious affairs
that are never solved. The theory was advanced by a man who had
traveled in Europe and Asia, that the method of murder indicated
it was probably done by a Eussian or a Finn, the ax being a favorite
weapon with those nationalities. But as time rolled on the mys-
tery did not clear up, and it began to be classed as one of the cases

276 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

that would always remain unsolved. The various clues that had been
followed up proved false. But the old saying that "murder will out"
was once more verified, although it was nearly sis months before the
discovery came through the drunken statement of the murderer. Ivan
Kovalev was one of ten Russian convicts who escaped from the Si-
berian penal colony at Saghalien and were picked up at sea in a pi-
tiable condition and brought to San Francisco by the whaling bark
Cape Horn Pigeon in the winter of 1893. They claimed to be Nihil-
ists and excited wide spread sympathy by a recital of their terrible
treatment. Later developments proved that some of them, at least,
were sent to Siberia for crimes committed. Kovalev 's companions
were Kharlampi Nitikin and Mathiew Stcherbakov. Kovalev was
arrested in San Francisco June 25, 1895, from information given to the
police by a carpenter named Zakrewski, who said that Kovalev, while
drunk, in the preceding February, had confessed to him a murder.
He said that Kovalev told him that he . and Stcherbakov had been
watching the Weber store for three days and went around to the back
of the store on the night of the murder and that he went up on the
back porch, where he found a hatchet and when Weber came out with
a candle in his hand, he (Kovalev) struck him on the head with the
hatchet. As he did so, Weber cried out, "I'm murdered! I'm killed!"
The two men then went into the house, found Mrs. Weber, demanded
money and then killed her. They took some money and jewelry and
left the city. Kovalev buried a little box about seven inches square,
three miles from Sacramento.

In March, 1895, Zakrewski accomiaanied Kovalev, Nitikin and
Stcherbakov to San Jose, and while there they tried to rob a little
grocer, but he wielded his pocketknife so effectively that one of the
i-obbers, supposed to be Stcherbakov, was found dead nearby the next
morning. When Kovalev was arrested he was identified by Mr.
Weber's son Frank, as a man he had seen loafing about the store just
])receding the murder. He identified the trousers Kovalev wore as
belonging to his father, and the suspenders Kovalev wore as made
by his sister for his father. The trial began December 5, 1895, and
lasted till the 21st, when the jury, after fifteen minutes absence from
the courtroom, brought in a verdict of guilty of murder in the first
degree. He had feigned insanity and had been tried for insanity by
a jury and declared sane, after the trial began. He was sentenced
on the 29th, just one year after the murder, to be hanged February
21, 1896, and the sentence was carried out at the state prison at
Folsom.

Chin Hane was hung at Folsom prison on December 13, 1895,
for the murder of Lee Gong in 1893. The murder was the result of
a tong war. At that time the street cars ran on Third street to I.
Lee Gong lived on the west side of the street, between I and J, and
the tong headquarters were on the opposite side of the street. Sud-

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 277

deuly a fusillade beguu from the toiig headquarters and Lee Gong was
shot down at his door. A street car containing- i^assengers was passing
at the time, and the shooting endangered the safety of the passengers.
Much excitement ensued, and there were threats of "cleaning out"
Chinatown, but as no white people were hurt, they soon calmed down.
While there have been a number of other executions at Folsom
since, most of them were of persons from other counties, and those
hung since the execution of Kovalev who were sentenced from this
county are: George Puttman, November 19, 1900; Kochichi Hidaka,
June 10, 1904 ; Charles Lawrence, October 7, 1904 ; Sing Yow, January

6, 1905, and three men who were condemned for participating in the
break at Folsom prison July 27, 1903. They were Joseph Murphy,
Harry Eldridge and W. M. Gray.

July 27, 1903, thirteen desperate convicts in Folsom prison as-
sailed the guards, captured the prison, armory and escaped, carrying
with them Warden Wilkinson and Capt. R. J. Murphy. They had
armed themselves with "file" knives and razors. Two of them turned
on W. A. Chalmers, the outer gatekeeper, and stabbed him in the arm,
while the others rushed into the captain's office, captured the warden,
captain and other officials and taking them as shields, demanded that
the armory be opened to them, or they would slaughter all the officials.
The armory was opened and they supplied themselves with rifles,
revolvers and ammunition and still holding their prisoners to shield
them, demanded that the main gate be opened, under the same threat,
and it was done.

To the honor of "two prisoners be it said, Joseph Casey, a life
termer, slammed the inner door, preventing a general escape. 0. C.
Clark, another convict, doing twenty years for forgery, dropped down
in the office and going to the warden's office, gave the alarm, which
was telephoned to Folsom, and the big siren was sounded. The war-
den and officers were released and returned to the prison, their cap-
tors having exchanged clothes with them. Chief Turnkey Joseph
Cochrane had been badly stabbed, and Guard William Cotter was dead
* and others wounded. At Pilot Hill the convicts were overtaken by
posses and J. J. Allison, a convict, was killed. On August 1st as a
militia company from Placerville was trailing the convicts on a hill
near that place, they were fired on from ambush and two of them,
Festus Rutherford and Charles Jones, were killed and William Gill
wounded. The convicts split into two bands, and posses hunted the
foothills and mountains for them. Roberts was captured in a grain
field near Davisville on August 5th by Deputy Sheriff John J. Hinters
of this county. Roberts and Howard had come to Sacramento and
passed the night at Agricultural Park, separating afterwards. Seavis,
the negro convict, was captured on August 6th, at Auburn, by Sheriff
Keene and Deputy Coan. Fahey had a battle on the night of August

7, with Detective Max Fisher and Deputy Sheriff Wittenbrock, but

278 HISTOBY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

got away in the dark. On August 23rd Murphy was captured by offi-
cers at Reno, and AVoods was captured in the same city the next day.
Ro}^ Fahey, "Red Shirt" Gordon and some of the others have never
been captured.

December 30, 1904, a desperate attempt was made by seven con-
victs engaged on the rock-crushing plant in the prison grounds, to
duplicate the break of 1903, but it was a disastrous failure. Warden
Yell, anticipating that such an attempt was contemplated, had given
strict oi-ders to the guards to fire on the convicts, no matter who might
be killed, if such an attempt be made. The convicts were aware of
the order, but did not believe it would be carried out. They stopped
the machinery by throwing a sledge hammer into the rock crusher,
and when Captain Murphy went to see what was the matter they
seized him and Charles Jolly, a guard, using them as shields. The
convicts had cached a number of knives made from pieces of steel,
with which they threatened to kill their prisoners. The convicts were
Charles Carson, W. J. Finley and F. Quijada, life-termers; and D.
Kelly, W. Morales, J. Quinlan and H. C. Hill. The guards began firing
and in less time than it takes to tell it. Morales, Quinlan and Hill were
lying dead, and the others badly wounded. Captain Murphy and
Jolly, whom they had used as shields, were both wounded by bullets.
Finley and Carson, being life-termers, were convicted after their
recovery from their wounds, and sentenced to hang, but by appeal to
the United States supreme court managed to delay their fate, but are
now under re-sentence.

Joseph Piraino was brutally murdered March 3, 1908, on the
Yolo side of the river a little above the town of Washington, his body
being almost severed and disemboweled, leaving only the backbone
and a strip of the abdomen to hold it together. He was then thrown
into the river by the murderers, but his innnense vitality enabled him
to reach the shore, where he was found. He told the officers that he
had befriended a fellow countryman, a Sicilian named Antonio Cip-
polo, who enticed him to go with him and two others to get some fish
from a fisherman opposite the second Barnum's slough; that they
attacked him in the brush, demanding the $120 he carried in his money
belt, and stabbed him repeatedly and flung him into the river. De-
tective Max P. Fisher searched untiringly for Cippolo until he cor-
nered him in the lodging house where he and Piraino had lived, and
the dying man identified him as the murderer. Part of the money was
found in his shoe, and Fisher so skillfully wove a web of evidence
around him that he was convicted and hung April 28, 1909, refusing
to the last to reveal the names of his accomplices.

HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 279

CHAPTER XXX
THE GREAT RAILROAD STRIKE

The great railroad strike of 1894, which as far as California was
concerned, was a purely sympathetic strike, was the cause of loss and
damage to this state, from which it took years to recover. Having
its inception in a dispute between the Pullman Car Company and it&
employees over a reduction in wages, it was far-reaching in its effects,
involving business of all kinds and parties who had nothing to do with
the dispute and became sufferers through events with which they were
not even remotely connected. The strike occurred at the time when
the heaviest shipments of fruit from California to the east were
being made, and in one day the business of the fruit growers was
paralyzed and hundreds of carloads of fruit were left to rot in the
boxes because they could not be forwarded on account of the strike.
The fruit was ripening fast during the hot weather, and the total stop-
page of traffic made the crops ripening at that time of year almost
a total loss to the growers. A large percentage of them were ruined,
and it was several j^ears before others recovered from the blow and
re-established themselves in their business. One singular thing in the
circumstances was that a number of them, and of others in other
branches of business who were also sufferers from the stagnation that
resulted, were in s>-mpathy with the strikers and aided them. Much
of this feeling was probably only the open expression of the hatred
many people bore for the Southern Pacific Company, engendered by
its connection with state politics, and by personal causes.

The province of the historian is to weigh carefully all the data
and e\'idence he is enabled to collect, and to state impartially the facts
in each case as well as he can ascertain them. The strike on this
coast created a great deal of bitterness which, at nearly twenty years'
distance, has not been entirely obliterated. The writer, however, feels
that at this date the consensus of opinion would be that the strike
should never have extended to this coast, as the cause of it had no
connection with the railroads doing business in this state. The strike
began at the town of Pullman near Chicago. The town was known
as a "model town," being owned solely by the company, which had
built it for use by the employees, with streets, sewers, etc., complete.
They were in no sense railroad men, being in reality members of the
cabinet makers' and kindred trades. But they had affiliated with the
American Railway Union, the aim and scope of which was intended
to embrace all crafts in connection with the railroad business. Al-
though not railroad men, the Pullman employees' union had affiliated
with it, and when they appealed to it for aid, the A. R. U. thereupon
declared that they were willing to handle the trains on the railroads
affected, providing the roads would refuse to handle or put into their
trains the Pullman cars. The railroads declining to do so, the mem-

280 HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

hers of the union refused to handle Pullman cars or trains of which
they were a part. The railroad companies operating in California
could not separate their interests from those of the Pullman company,
the Southern Pacific being a three-fourths owner of the Pullman cars
used in this state. The strike being declared, the Santa Fe railroad
was the tirst to feel it, all trains being stopped June 27, 1904. As
the Santa Fe road did not extend to Sacramento, this history is not
further concerned in it further than the mention of this fact.

On the following day, the 28th, however, Eugene V. Debs, the
president of the A. R. U., telegraphed from Chicago to the heads
of the local unions in this state to tie up the Southern Pacific com-
pany's roads completely, and the strike was on in full force. It imme-
diately assumed a threatening aspect in the main railroad centers and
Sacramento being the main center of the system in California, was
forced to bear the brunt of it. It was brought under control in Los
Angeles before it attained full headway, while in Oakland, which con-
tained many strikers, they managed to do considerable mischief. The
railroad company refused to yield, and the fight grew more bitter
daily. Besides the workers in the Sacramento shops, numbering about
three thousand, there were all the train crews, freight handlers, sec-
tion men and other out-door men of the system, numbering several
hundred more. Most of these had become members of the A. R. U.,
and they became daily more irritated and inclined to violence in order
to coerce the company to do their will. Passengers on the trains were
tied up at various points. Baggage and freight were daily piling up.
The crux of the situation, however, was the delayed mail, which accu-
mulated rapidly and which finally forced the United States govern-
ment to take a hand. It was evident that the dam must soon break.
The situation had grown beyond the power of the local authorities.
The local police could not cope with the trouble and it was generally
known that the sheriff of Sacramento county s^Tupathized with the
strikers, and that both in Sacramento and Yolo counties there were
many among the farmers and business men who were in s^Tiipathy
with them. California had hitherto been free from any experience
like this, but the eastern National Guard had been called out several
times, to combat strikers who had deteriorated into rioters, and it
was a foregone conclusion that as events were moving so fast toward
a critical point, the National Guard would be called out to protect
people and property. Governor Markham was marooned in Los An-
geles, where he had been when the strike was declared, and all orders
from him had to be received over the telegraph wires. The situation
had become serious.

r>nt Uncle Sam was ready to move, and on July 1st Attorney-
General Olney sent instructions to all United States marshals having
jurisdiction over the territory aifected by the strike, to execute the
process of the court, and prevent any further hindrance to the free

HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 281

movement of the mails. In accordance with this order, the United
States marshal of the southern district of California called on Gen-
eral Euger, commander of the western division of the regular army,
to furnish assistance at Los Angeles. Six companies, three hundred
and twenty men, imder the command of Colonel Shafter, were dis-
patched there on July 2nd, and left San Francisco that night.

Barry Baldwin, United States marshal of the northern district of
California, was at Sacramento with a large number of deputy mar-
shals, sworn in for the occasion, to co-operate with the regular troops.
The plan was to break, almost simultaneously, the blockade in Sac-
ramento and Los Angeles, the two real strategical points. At Los
Angeles the regulars experienced but little trouble, but the marshal
and his de^Duties found it very ditf erent at Sacramento. Here the
mob of strikers was larger and more desperate, and also better
organized than anywhere else in the state. Baldwin, on the afternoon
of July 3rd, attempted to open up the blockade. The strikers calmly
watched the operation of making up the trains, and everything seemed
to be progressing smoothly, when all at once, at a signal, the strikers
rushed forward and demolished in a few minutes what it had been
the work of hours to accomplish. Superintendent J. B. Wright and
T. W. Heintzelman, assistant superintendent of motive power, both of
whom were favorites with the men, when they attempted to throw
off the brakes and start the train, were lifted bodily from the plat-
forms by the strikers and carried to the ground. The brakes were dis-
abled and the train could not start. Marshal Baldwin was furious
and endeavored to force his way through the crowd, but was tlirown
to the ground several times. Regaining his feet, he drew a revolver
but was prevented from using it and the cooler heads in the mob had
difficulty in keeping him from being severely handled. Seeing the
hopelessness of trying to move the train, he left the depot in posses-
sion of the strikers. He called on Grovernor Markham immediately
for the assistance of the military to enable him to enforce his authority
and maintain free passage for the mails. The Governor responded
by ordering Major-General Diniond, of the National Guard, to furnish
the necessary assistance. The experience of the militia in eastern
strikes ha^^ng shown the salutary effect of a large display of force,
it was determined to call out a large number of troops. Accordingly
troops were ordered out as follows: of the Second Brigade, com-
manded by Brigadier-General Dickinson, the First Regiment of In-
fantry, Colonel Sullivan, the Third Regiment of Infantry, Colonel
Barry; one-half of the Sig-nal Corps under command of Captain
Hanks, and a section of the Light Battery, consisting of Lieutenant
Holcombe, twelve men and a gatling gun ; of the Third Brigade, Com-
panies A and B of the Sixth Regiment, iinder command of Captain
Nunan; of the Fourth Brigade, under command of Brigadier-General
Sheehan, Companies A, E and G of the Second Infantry Regiment,

282 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

commanded by Colonel Guthrie, the Signal Corps, and Light Battery
B; in all about one thousand men. The Fifth Regiment, Second Ar-
tillery Regiment and First Troop Cavalry were ordered to hold them-
selves in readiness. Companies A and B of Stockton, Colonel Nunan
commanding, were ordered to be ready to join the San Francisco
troops when they reached Stockton, and the Sacramento troops were
to join the main body on their arrival here.

The men arrived in Sacramento the next morning, ready for duty,
at 8 A. M. The officers had expected to disembark at the depot, but
found that orders had been given to stop the train at Twenty-first
street and the men were forced, after an all night ride, to march
thence to the armory at Sixth and L streets, arriving there weary and
hungry a little after nine o'clock. Here they were to breakfast. The
adjutant-general had given orders for the men to be supplied with
rations, but it had been overlooked, and they had none. They were
promised an ample breakfast at the armory, but after an hour's delay
it was found to consist merely of strong coffee and bread, and was the
last food that most of them received until night. While the troops
were being fed in relays, the Sixth Regiment stood in line on L street
in the hot sun. It may here be stated that July 4, 1894, was one of
the hottest days during the season, and the troops from San Fran-
cisco, being unused to the climate, suffered severely through the day,
and many succumbed to the heat, several officers among them. While
in line, a ])rivate of the Sixth attempted to load his gun, but it not
being in order, the cartridge exploded. The bullet passed through the
leg of a soldier in front of him and, striking a cobblestone, was shat-
tered into a number of fragments. Here was shed the first and only
blood of the day. The fragments of that bullet did deadly work, cost-
ing the life of an estimable citizen, 0. H. Wing, and wounding six
other persons.

After the troops had finished breakfast, they were marched to the
depot, reaching it about noon. General Dickinson's troops marched to
the west end of the depot. General Sheehan's being at the head of the
column. The description of the day's events at the depot is collated
and condensed from the testimony and report of the Court of Inquiry
held afterwards in an effort to ascertain where the blame lay for the
failure of the troops to take ])ossession of the depot and drive the
strikers out of it; and from the Record-Union report, part of which
the writer had helped to make.

Company A of the Second Infantry, one of the three Sacramento
companies, flatly refused to go to the depot, saying that they were
willing to do guard duty, at the armory, but would not fire on the
strikers if ordered to do so. The Board of Inquiry held afterwards
censored Major-General Dimond and Brigadier-Generals Sheehan and
Dickinson, but the governor and adjutant-general afterwards declared
that General Sheehan had received an undue degree of censure. It

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY -283

is certain that several blunders were made by various officers. The
San Francisco troops were not properly equipped, and had to ride all
night and stand on the streets most of the forenoon without any-
thing- to eat. Even when they had breakfast in the armory it con-
sisted only of coffee and bread, and. hardly enough of that for the
companies who breakfasted last. After this insufficient meal they had
notliing more until evening, when they were taken to a hotel for
supper. When to this was added their being compelled to stand in
tlie broiling sun for hours, on one of the hottest days in the season,
many of the San Francisco and Stockton troops succumbing to the
heat, while red tape delays prolonged their sufferings, it is not to be
wondered at that their enthusiasm was dam])ened.

It being the Fourth of July, the city was filled with people from
the country, and others seeking a holiday, and when the troops l)egan
to march to the depot, the sidewalks were filled with curious men,
women and children who accompanied them, unmindful of the fact that
any moment might precipitate a bloody conflict, in which they might
come to harm. When the dejiot was reached, too, they formed a crowd
of about two thousand in the west end of it, consisting of strikers and
their sympathizers, among whom were mingled hundreds of women
and children, many baby carriages even being present in the mob.
These were what the soldiers found to confront them, and it is not a
matter of wonder that the thought of firing into or charging with
bayonets upon such a crowd apjialled many of the troops, and tested
their loyalty to the state and to society. They were confronted with
men who were defying the law, but these men were not at the time
actively engaged in destrojdng property, nor did they, as a body, show
any intention, as is shown clearly, of attacking the troops. On the
contrary, they were good-humored and attempted to fraternize and
argue with the members of General Sheehan's command, who occu-
pied the head of the column, and among whom many of them had
relatives and friends. In justice to all, these circumstances must be
taken into account in passing judgment on the fiasco of the day.

General Sheehan, on being ordered by General Dimond to clear
the depot, found the west entrance blocked by the mob, who refused
to give way, and pressed up close to Company G. He addressed
them, telling them the troops did not wish to use force, if it could be
avoided, but were there to protect the United States marshal in the
discharge of his duties, and must use force if it became necessary. He
asked them to disperse and ]^ermit the troops to occupy the depot, as
they umst place the railroad company in possession of the government
mail trains, as ordered, and would have to do their duty. Major
Weinstock addressed the strikers in the same manner, but they said
they would die in their tracks rather than give up the fight. General
Sheehan convinced some of the leaders that they could not right any
wrongs by resisting the law, and the mob began to give way to the

284 HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY

troops, when some one cried out to liold on, and demanded that he
would promise not to allow any Pullman cars to be moved. He
answered that his troops would not help to move any cars, but if
called on, must do their duty and protect those moving them, and a
chorus answered, "Then you can never enter here unless you do so
over our dead bodies. ' '

Some time prior to this General Sheehan had discovered that the
east end of the depot was unguarded and unoccupied by the strikers,
and he suggested to General Dickinson, who was with the San Fran-
cisco troops in the rear of his command, that he occupy it. Major
Douglas, who was sent by him to General Dickinson with the sugges-
tion, forced his way through the crowd and delivered the message, and
General Dickinson referred him to General Dimond, who was in con-
sultation with Marshal Baldwin in the office of Superintendent Wright.
General Dimond, on Major Douglas' explanation of the situation, ap-
proved of the suggestion and calling Colonel Hooper, his chief of
staff, directed him in Major Douglas' presence to instruct General
Dickinson to carry out General Sheehan 's suggestion, and detail a
body of his men to pass around the depot and occupy it from the
other end. Meanwhile General Sheehan endeavored for more than an
hour to induce the strikers to give way, but they still refused, baring
their breasts and inviting the soldiers to use their bayonets. "You
wouldn't put that steel through me, would you, Bill?" said one striker
to his brother, who was in uniform, and whose bayonet was within a
few inches of the striker's breast. "Then, for God's sake, step
aside, Jim, ' ' said the soldier, pale and quivering with excitement. ' ' Go
ahead, Jack ; jab your bayonet throiigh me, and make your sister a
widow, ' ' said another. ' ' Go ahead, boys, and run us through ; we
might as well die here as to starve," said others.

Seeing the situation was hopeless unless force was used, and that
General Dickinson had not taken any action towards occupying the
east end of the depot, and that his order to the troops to "charge
bayonets" had produced no effect on the mob. General Sheehan went
to Marshal Baldwin and told him of the situation, and that nothing
but force would dislodge the mob; that if it was the marshal's desire
to use force, he must decline to use it unless he received the written
order of the marshal to do so. The marshal took the position that the
troops were under the orders of General Dimond, to whom he referred
General Sheehan. General Dimond was present, and thereupon exer-
cised his privilege of turning over the command of the troops to the
marshal. Finding that the responsibility now rested on him. Marshal
Baldwin told General Dimond that if he must take charge his first
order would be that the Sacramento and American river bridges must
be immediately guarded and protected by troops. General Dimond
thereupon turned to General Sheehan and directed him to detail two
of his companies and a light battery to take position on the bridges

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 285

named. All of this time the strikers were endeavoring to persuade
the men of Companies E and Gr to lay down their arms, but they re-
membered their duty, and refused. The men were suffering terribly
from the heat and many fell exhausted, and had to be removed and
cared for. An injunction issued by Chief Justice Fuller of the United
States supreme court had been served on Harry Knox, chairman of
the strikers, restraining him from interfering with any and all trains,
but he paid no attention to it, and the wreck of the first train out
occurring a few days later, so far as known no punishment was ever
meted out to him for his contempt of the court's order. He refused
the request of the committee of the board of city trustees that he
would consult with the officials of the railroad company. That after-
noon Major Steinman issued a proclamation requesting all citizens to
abstain from visiting the depot or grounds or helping to swell the
mob.

Marshal Baldwin ascended a locomotive cab and harangued the
strikers to no avail and finally suggested that they call together their
calmest and ablest leaders and see if they would not agree that it
would be best to leave him in peaceable possession of the depot. After
some opposition this was agreed to, and a truce was declared till
three o'clock, and afterwards extended to 6 P. M. The troops were
dismissed and left the grounds. During the afternoon armistice a
crowd of strikers went to Smith's hall on Seventh street, where the
Bersaglieri Guard, an independent Italian organization, kept their
arms, and took possession of the entire outfit of guns and accoutre-
ments, it is understood, without much opposition.

The order of Marshal Baldwin withdrawing two companies of
General Sheehan's command for the purpose of guarding the bridges
over the American and Sacramento rivers was an unfortimate one,
?ind being misunderstood, had the effect of encouraging the strikers.
On receiving the order. General Sheehan requested the crowd to fall
back about five feet in order that he might not be compelled to use
force on them. His request was complied with, and on the command
"Fours right! Column right! March!" the two companies of Sacra-
mento troops that had faced the crowd marched off the ground and
proceeded to the bridges as ordered. No sooner did the crowd see
the troops marching away than they began to cheer, and the report
soon spread that the troops had refused to fire on the people when
ordered to do so. The Sacramento troops having departed, and no
orders having come to take further action. Colonel Nunan, command-
ing the Stockton troops, took upon himself the responsibility of order-
ing his men, who were weakened and almost prostrated by the heat,
to break ranks and seek the shade. Again the crowd cheered, and
again the false report spread that the Stockton troops had been
ordered to fire, and had refused. This left only the two regiments of
the Second Brigade, under General Dickinson's command, who still

286 HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

stood in line. Many of these had fallen out of the lines and were
being cared for by the surgeons. After the truce between Marshal
Baldwin and the strikers was declared, the troops were allowed to
seek the shade, and at 6:30 P. M. they were ordered to fall in for
supper, and were marched to the hotels.

On July 5th the troops were ordered to put up tents and make
their camp in Capitol Park, which was done, and the camp was main-
tained there until the order to dismiss them was given.

Excitement over the occurrences on the Fourth quieted down
next day and the troops took up the routine of camp duty. On the
11th, however, there came a terrible change that caused a revulsion
of the tolerant feeling with which the strikers had been regarded, and
which cost five lives. On the morning of the 11th, nearly eight hun-
dred United States troops arrived on the steamer Alameda and
the steam barge Acme, consisting of two troops of cavalry, tive bat-
teries of light artillery with several gatling guns and two Hotchkiss
rapid-fire cannon, six companies of marines and one company of
infantry. There was also a full corps of surgeons and hospital stew-
ards, army wagons with supplies, etc. They were under the command
of Colonel Graham, commandant at the Presidio, in San Francisco.
The whole river frontage was at the time occupied by the National
Guard, eight hundred strong, under the command of Brigadier-General
Sheehan. The boats landed at the foot of Y street and the troops
debarked, being covered from interference by the militia. The cavalry
deployed and took possession of the cross streets, to guard the march
of the infantry and the guns, and lining up the spectators driven
from the streets, in the rear of the cavalry. The command took pos-
session of the depot grounds, without resistance, the strikers realiz-
ing that here was a force it would not do to trifle with. Guard lines
were thrown out rapidly and the batteries planted, and in a short time
the whole railroad property was enclosed in a line of sentinels. While
the guards were clearing the grounds, the switch engines, under the
guard of a heavy body of soldiers, began to clear away the congestion
of cars and locomotives. The gatling guns were cleared ready for
service and a detail was sent to guard the supply train, which soon
arrived. The hospital tent was set up near the baggage room, and
the surgeons put their instruments in order. Meanwhile, a detach-
ment of marines had taken possession of the Yolo bridge, cleared it
and had taken up its position at the Yolo end, having been preceded
bj^ a cavalry company which took an advantageous station.

Meanwhile the militia had been under fire and had returned it.
About 8:30 A. M., opposite the foot of 0 street, five shots were heard,
and the bullets came whizzing overhead. About fifty shots were sent
back, and one man was seen to fall from a tree, while others were
seen behind a sand bank on the Yolo shore, deliberately aiming at the
troops. One shot from the troops entered Reed's cannery, wounding

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 287

a Jai^anese. A boat with a white flag was sent across, and several
men were found behind the levee, who were unarmed and claimed that
they had been sent over by the strikers to patrol the levee and see
that no more shots were fired, but they were not believed. However,
there was no proof against them, and they were not arrested.

Heretofore there had been no bloodshed, but it seemed as if the
arrival of the reg-ular troops, although it had served to clear the depot
and give possession of it to the railroad company, had served to make
the strikers desperate. It developed afterwards that Worden and
others had planned to use dynamite to destroy the regulars when
they arrived and disembarked. Prol)ably nothing but the fact that
the militia had occupied and guarded the river bank prevented the
murderous scheme from being carried out. The strikers' leaders,
angered by their temporary defeat, had resolved on desperate meas-
ures. Members of the Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers stated
that they had been threatened by members of the American Railway
Union, and that they had been told that they would never live to haul
a Pullman car ten miles. In view of the events of this day, and the
testimony adduced at the trial of the strike leaders, Harry Knox,
Thomas Compton and James Mullen, later on, there remains no reason
to doubt that they liad determined to prevent the moving of trains by
all means in their power, however desperate. The body of the strikers
were not admitted to the councils of the leaders, and it is certain
that the large majority of them would never have sanctioned the
means employed. Indeed, a large number of the strikers not only
took no part in the unlawful acts, but even stayed at their homes, not
coming to the vicinity of the shops at all.

After the regulars had comjileted their investment of the depot,
their attention was turned to the making up of a train for move-
ment. The cars belonging to overland train No. 4, which had been
"killed" by the strikers two weeks before, were assembled and prepar-
ations made to start the train for San Francisco. The train was com-
posed of a locomotive, two mail and three express cars, one baggage
car, three day coaches, and the three Pullman coaches and the Pull-
man diner that came in with the train originally. The locomotive was
handled by Samuel B. Clark, one of the oldest and most popular
engineers in the employ of the company, with J. S. Denekamp as fire-
man, and conductor Samuel Reynolds. The train was giiarded by
twenty-one men of Battery L, Fifth United States Artillery, under the
command of Lieutenant Skerret, as it was thought that the strikers
or their s^^npathizers might fire on it or assault it. How many strik-
ers had knowledge of the plans to wreck it will never be known, but
it is certain that many of them freely prophesied that the train would
not go far and it is certain that many of the strikers knew of the
wrecked train before the messengers bearing the news arrived at the
depot. It is known that the strikers applied to Father Grace for

288 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

permission to use the Cathedral tower as a signal station, but that
he refused. It also developed afterwards that several of the strikers
were in the Capitol dome watching the train with field glasses and
that they signalled to persons in the street below.

The train steamed out of the depot with its guards, the crowd
that had assembled outside of the sentry-line looking sullenly on and
casting an occasional jeer at the trainmen and soldiers. It passed on
out of sight, six of the soldiers perched on the locomotive and the
rest scattered along on the car platforms, with rifles ready to repel
attack. "The blockade is broken at last," said some of the railroad
ofificials, not dreaming of the terrible fate impending over the occu-
pants of the train. It was nearly an hour after its departure, and the
railway officials were awaiting news of its arrival at Davisville, when
a colored Pullman porter came running into the depot and proceeded
to Superintendent Wright's ofiSce with a message from Conductor
Reynolds, stating that the train had been wrecked at the long trestle,
two miles from the city, and Engineer Clark and several United
States soldiers were killed. In a few minutes the wrecking train was
prepared and sent, with a couple of coaches, to the rescue, carrying
several surgeons and men with stretchers, as well as a number of
armed soldiers. As the wreck had occurred on the trestle, it was
difficult to get on the farther side of it, and there was some delay before
the wrecking train returned with the wounded men, who were im-
mediately cared for.

Conductor Reynolds stated that the train was running about
twelve miles an hour when it came to the trestle. As soon as it struck
the trestle there came a crash, and he evacuated the mallear in which
he was, as quickly as possible; the engine had gone over and lay in
about six feet of water and deep in the mud, with two express cars
piled on top of it. Engineer Clark and three soldiers lay buried under
the engine, and others were floundering in the water, one soldier
named Dugan having his arm cut off, being caught between the engine
and a trestle beam. Denekamp, the fireman, saved his life by jump-
ing when he felt the engine topple. Besides Engineer Clark, Privates
Clark, Byrne, Lubberdon and Dugan were killed, the latter dying that
evening. An inspection of the track told that the wreckers had done
their work well. The spikes and fishplates of a rail had been pried
up and taken away, leaving the rail in place, with nothing to show
that it was loose, and decei^'ing the engineer. As it was reported that
several men were lurking in the brush on the other side of the river
along the track, a squad of cavalry was sent to scour the ground.
Such was the revulsion of feeling in the crowd over the horrible plot,
that the crowd cheered them as they swept by. The Southern Pacific
immediately offered $5000 reward for information that would lead to
the arrest and conviction of one or all of the murderers, and the
United States district attorney offered $2000 more.

HISTOKY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 289

During the afteruoou four men were arrested and lodged in the
county jail. Thej' were Salter D. AVorden, A. G. Greenlaw, William
Burt and H. E. Rodmer, the first being charged with wrecking the
train, and the others with conspiraej' and obstructing the marshal.
Detectives who had been investigating found that Worden had hired
a team and wagon and taken a party of four or five into Yolo county,
the team being returned without them. It was also learned that
Worden stopped a lineman of the Western Union Telegraph Company
and took his tools from him. Worden presented himself at the stable
later in the day, and was arrested, and some dynamite and fuse was
found to have been left in the wagon by the wreckers when it was
returned.

The wrecking of the train caused a revulsion of feeling in the
community. A great number of citizens who had sympathized with
the strikers suddenly awoke to the fact that murder and violence like
this could not be condoned, and that it had placed the leaders beyond
the pale of sympathy. They realized that the talk of peaceful resist-
ance to the law was only a hollow pretense, and that the men most
active in the strike were prepared to go to any length in order to
carry out their purpose. The naked fact stood out in bold relief in
all its hideousness and could no longer be ignored. Men whose heated
imagination had placed the strikers and their leaders on the pedestal
of martyrdom realized that they had been deluded and their ardor of
sympathy suddenly cooled. The press of the state, which had largely
expressed itself as on the side of the strikers, changed its tune and
voiced the general horror and indigiiation at the cowardly act. An
attempt by a number of men on the morning of the 24th to wreck
a Southern Pacific train by taking up the rails on the track near
Arcade station, on the grant, and who fought a pitched battle with
the soldiers who discovered them, augmented the revolution in the
minds of the people. It is probable, also, that many strikers, whose
passions had been excited to a high pitch by the organizers and
leaders, begaii to realize whither their zeal was leading them. An
attempt was also made at Dutch Flat on the 18th to wreck a train by
piling obstructions on the track. Fortunately it was discovered in
time to save the train, which had on board a large number of women
and children. In consequence. Colonel Graham ordered that anyone
found tampering with the rails should be shot first and allowed to
explain afterwards. The strikers began to fall away from the organ-
ization, and when the notice was given on the 17th by the company,
that those who had not resorted to violence or destruction of property
could return to work when the whistle blew on the morning of the
18th, several hundred men gladly availed themselves of the oppor-
tunity, and in a few days all the men that were needed were once
more at work, only a couple of himdred of the violent strikers being
barred out. Some of these began to threaten the men who returned

290 HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

to work, but Colonel Grraham quickly put his soldiers on patrol duty
to protect the workers, and the recalcitrant strikers soon decided to
let them alone.

The reg-ular soldiers were not at all backward in obeying orders
regarding the strikers. They had been deeply angered by the
dastardly slaughter of their comrades in the wreck at the long trestle,
and were eager to avenge their death if the strikers gave them prov-
ocation to do so. The militia sliared this feeling, for they also had
been abused and threatened. A number of strikers and sympathizers
had been arrested for insulting soldiers, but a much sterner lesson
was necessary, and on the 13th it was given. A number of soldiers
had been detailed to ride on the flat cars and protect the railroad
employees in their work in the yards, there being many cars of valu-
able freight that should be moved to more secure quarters. Captain
Roberts and Lieutenant Skerret, with men of Battery L, Fifth Regi-
ment, U. S. Artillery, some marines, and Company F of the Third
Infantry, N. Q. C, were overseeing the switching, when they were
abused and stoned by a group of men in the rear of the sheds, and
some shots were fired at them from the sheds. The soldiers made a
rush for them, when most of them threw up their hands, but some
ran away. They were called on to halt, but not heeding the warn-
ing, the troops fired, wounding two, one of whom, named Stewart, died
that night. A number of prisoners were also gathered in, and held
to answer before the federal court.

On the 19th Debs telegraphed to the Oakland strikers' executive
committee to effect a settlement with the company, allowing the men
to go back to work, and on the 22nd tlie local union declared the
strike off.

In the meantime Knox, Compton and Mullen, who had been ar-
rested, were charged with the murder of Engineer Clark and the
soldiers. Their preliminary examination began at Woodland on the
18th, before the justice of the peace. The case against Worden was
postponed for a time. A number of telegrams sent by Knox were
produced in court, among them one to a person living in Willows,
which read : ' ' Sacramento, July 7, 1904 — To Lizzie McMillan Sehorn.
Willows, Glenn Co., Cal. : We need financial assistance, but armed
assistance would be more acceptable. John Buchanan, by H. Knox."

These dispatches were offered in corroboration of the charge of
conspiracy against the defendants, and the manager of the Postal
Telegraph company testified that they were sent through his o.ffice.
Arthur J. Wilson, owner of the stable, stated at the preliminary exam-
ination of Knox, Compton and Mullen, at Woodland, that Worden
asked for a wagon that would hold nine people, but that he could
furnish one that would hold six only. Worden presented an order
which read: "Give bearer a rig to go to Brighton. H. A. Knox."

The trial of the defendants was long drawn out. There was

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 291

difficulty in getting a jury, as public sentiment ran high on both sides ;
also many were afraid to serve on the jury, as threats and intimida-
tion were charged to have been made against jurymen and witnesses.
The result of the trial was generally looked upon by unprejudiced
people as a miscarriage of justice, the evidence clearly pointing to
the guilt of the defendants. Worden, who was an impulsive, erratic
man, and was regarded largely as the tool of the three conspirators,
was the only one to suffer, and was found guilty and sentenced to
hang. His sentence, however, through influential intervention, was
commuted to imprisonment for life. At this writing (1912), he has
presented an application for parole. It was found impossible to con-
vict Knox, Mullen and Compton, and they escaped punishment.

The strike cost California many millions of dollars, ruined a
large number of fruit growers through the loss of their crops, par-
alyzed business for several months, and accomplished nothing of the
purpose for which it was inaugurated. It is to be hoped that another
one like it will never visit this coast.

September 30, 1911, the employes belonging to an association
similar to the American Railway Union of 1894, which attempted to
consolidate the various railway unions into one, with a managing
board to make all agreements with the various railroads of the United
States, and to claim recognition of the consolidated unions and the
concession of certain demands, went on a strike, which is still pend-
ing. Quite a few employes forfeited their chance for pensions in the
near future by joining the strike, while a number of others refused
to go out.

CHAPTER XXXI
THE CHURCHES

The iirst church organization in Sacramento was Grace Protestant
Episcopal church, of which the present St. Paul's church is the suc-
cessor. During the first rush of the gold seekers to the coast the
worship of Mammon was predominant. It seemed as if the lust for
the yellow metal had taken precedence of all the early training of the
men who had joined in the mad scramble for wealth. Church-goers
and members, deacons, and even in some case ministers, turned aside
from the straight path and threw off all the restraints that religion
had imposed on them. It is recorded by Dr. Morse that one preacher
descended to dealing monte in one of the early gambling tents, and
another to playing faro. But many still remained faithful to their
early training, and needed only the opportunity to avow their allegi-
ance to the religion of Christ. The opportunity came about the mid-
dle of August, 1849, when Rev. Flavel S. Mines, of San Francisco,
visited Sacramento, and for the first time a church gathering was had,
and the beautiful service of the Protestant Episcopal church was

292 HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

heard in the citj'. The place iu which this and others of the earliest
religious services were held, and which acquired thereby a historical
reputation, was the blacksmith shop between J and K, on Third street.

On the day following the parish was organized under the name of
"Grace Church, Sacramento," at the store of Eugene F. Gillespie, by
the election of officers as follows: A. M. Winn, senior warden (Mr.
Winn was at the time mayor of the city and presided at the meeting) ;
F. W. Moore, junior warden; Eugene F. Gillespie, Henry E. Robin-
son, E. J. Barren, P. B. Cornwall, J. M. McKenzie, William Prettiman
and J. F. Morse, vestrymen. In the early part of September, Rev. R.
F. Buruham of New Jersey, visited the city, and preached, and was
called to the rectorship of the parish. His health, however, became
impaired, and he died in April, 1850. Rev. Samuel P. Morehouse was
then placed in charge of the parish, and held occasional services until
about the 1st of October, 1850, when Rev. Orlando Harriman of New
York, became the rector, but as he was attacked by typhoid fever
shortly after and was left in a debilitated condition, he was able to
officiate a few times only. During his sickness Rev. Mr. Pinnell and
Rev. Augustus Fitch of New York, officiated several times. Mr. Har-
riman left the citj' and returned to his home in the east in March,
1851, and an interregnum followed lasting until 1854, during which
Rev. Orange Clark, Rev. John Reynolds, Chaplain, U. S. A., and Rev.
John Gungan officiated occasionally, the causes being the great fire
of 1852, which destroyed the church records, and later the flood which
inundated the city for several months.

In February, 1854, however. Right Rev. Bishop William Ingra-
ham Kipp paid his first visit to Sacramento. He preached in the
edifice of the Methodist Church South, and confirmed six persons. This
infused new energy into the parish. July 29, 1854, the parish was
legally incorporated under the name of "Grace Protestant Episcopal
Church of Sacramento." A call was sent to Rev. H. L. E. Pratt, of
Perth Aniboy, N. J., who accepted it at a salary of $250 a month, and
held services for the first time on Monday, the 19th day of November.
Bishop Kipp preached again in the same Methodist church on the
morning and evening of September 24, 1854, and administered the
Holy Communion to twenty-one communicants, it being the second
time that sacrament had ever been administered by him in this city.
Just previous to Rev. Pratt's coming, Hamilton hall, on K street,
between Fourth and Fifth, had been rented by the vestry and fur-
nished as a temporary place of worship. Services were held in this
place for about a year, when a change was made to Pioneer hall, on J
street, between Front and Second, and while still using that place, Mr.
Pratt resigned, in the spring of 1856. Rev. W. H. Hill, at that time
rector at Nevada City, Cal., accepted the call to succeed him. His
connection with the parish began in May, 1856, and continued until
June 1, 1870.

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 293

A brick structure was erected on the lot on the corner of Eiglith
and I streets during the summer of 1856. It was capable of seating
three hundred people and cost about $15,000. Rev. Mr. Hill preached
the opening services September 7, 1856. Mr. Hill tendered his
resignation in 1870, and in May Rev. J. H. C. Bonte accepted the
call. The walls of the church built in 1856 having settled, the build-
ing was abandoned after the first Sunday in March, 1871, and April
18, 1871, Bishop Kipp laid the cornerstone of a new church on Eighth
street between I and J. A mortgage to aid in building the New Grace
church was placed on the property at the time of its erection. The
church cost $26,000, exclusive of the lot, and was mortgaged to the
Odd Fellows' bank for a loan of $10,000. For several years the in-
terest on the loan was paid regularly, and during that time $1000 of
the principal was also paid. In 1874, however, owing to the removal
from the city of some of the wealthiest parishioners, the closing of
the church for several months on account of the absence of the rector,
the revenues of the church were lessened. The interest being unpaid,
the debt began to increase, and in 1877 the parish had become bank-
rupt. The mortgage was foreclosed, and all of the property of the
church was sold to satisfy creditors, and the name of the church and
its organization were extinguished.

Realizing the crisis that had arisen, a number of the i^rominent
laymen collected enough money to purchase the church from the bank,
and the new iiarish of St. Paul's was organized March 23, 1877, and
in May following Rev. E. H. Ward, of Marysville, was invited to take
charge. He was succeeded January 1, 1882, by Rev. Carroll M. Davis, <
and he in turn was followed by Rev. John F. von Herrlich. Under his
charge improvements amounting to over $2000 were made, and later
two fine stained glass memorial windows of beautiful design were
placed in the church. The one in the chancel was the gift of Mrs.
Charles Crocker, in memory of Mrs. Col. Fred Crocker, and a large
side window was put in as a memorial for Mrs. Creed Haymond.
These windows cost over $1000 each. Later Grovernor and Mrs. Stan-
ford placed a memorial window for their son, Leland Stanford, Jr.,
who died in Rome during their visit in that city.'

Rev. G. A. Ottman succeeded Mr. von Herrlich, and was in turn
succeeded by Rev. C. L. Miel. Mr. Miel was very energetic and ag-
gressive, and the work was extended under his rectorship. The church
on Eighth street having been racked by a severe storm, was con-
demned. The lot was sold, and a lot purchased at Fifteenth and J
streets, on which a parish house was erected for temporary use. Later
a stone church was erected on the corner of J street, of which the
present rector is Rev. Charles E. Farrar. It is one of the few stone
churches in the state, and one of the finest ecclesiastical edifices in the
northern part of California. In March, 1897, Mr. Miel started a mis-
sion church at Twentv-third and K streets, which was known as St.

294 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

Andrew 'y, aud a few mouths later Rev. Mr. Johnson was put in
charge by Bishop Graves. Later Bishop Morel and purchased a lot
on M street, and St. Andrew's was moved Upon it and it became
known as Trinity, Rev. George Swan being placed in charge. In
1909 Trinity pro-cathedral, a fine stone edifice, was erected on the rear
of the lot by Bishop Moreland. The Good Samaritan Mission, on
Seventh street, between N aud 0, was opened, but was closed about a
year afterwards. St. Paul's Japanese Mission was established at No.
502 M street and was afterwards moved to Fifth street, Bishop More-
land having purchased property there for it.

Christ Church, Episcopal, of Oak Park, is the third church for
Sacramento of the jurisdiction of Bishop Moreland. Early in Febru-
ary, 1908, Rev. Harry Perks, the present rector, conducted tlie first
service of the church in Red Men's hall. Magnolia avenue. Interest
continued, and in May of the same year the church was organized as
"Christ Church, Episcopal." In September the new congregation was
accepted by the Diocese of Sacramento. In July, 1910, the fovmdation
was laid for the new church. The building has a Packard organ and
is furnished with modern pews and kneelers. It was opened for wor-
ship September 4, 1910. It is part of a plan which, when complete,
will include a larger church, parish house, social hall and rectory.

St. Rose's Church: Rev. Augustine P. Anderson, 0. S. D., a
native of New Jersey, arrived in this city August 7, 1850. He at
once began the organization of the Roman Catholics, procuring a
building on L street, between Fifth and Sixth, which answered as a
temporary cha]3el until the church could be erected at the corner of
Seventh and K streets. October 28, 1850, ex-Governor Peter H.
Burnett executed a deed to Anthony Langlois, in trust for the Roman
Catholic Bishop of California, for lot 8, in the block between Seventh
and Eighth, and J aud K streets, and Augiist 17, 1867, Governor
Burnett deeded lot 7 in the same block to Bisho]) Alemany. During
the terrible epidemic of cholera Father Anderson labored unceasingly,
visiting the cholera hospital several times daily and seeking out the
poor and afflicted in their tents and administering all the consolation
and aid in his power and procuring medical assistance for those un-
able to pay for it. His unceasing ardor in his work weakened his
system and in his exhausted condition, having contracted ty]ihoid
fever, he succumbed to it, a victim to his self-sacrificing zeal, dying
November 26, 1850. By this time the frame of the new church had
been erected and the roof i)artially completed, but a severe gale aris-
ing, the building was blown down and many of the timbers shattered.
Rev. Anderson was succeeded by Rev. John Ingoldsby, who comjileted
the church, but it was destroyed in the great fire of November 2, 1852,
after which a frame building on Seventh street and Oak avenue was
used for a church until the completion of tlie brick basement story of

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 21)5

the iK'W L-hiu'cli. Rev. John Quinu wueeeeded Rev. lii^oldsby in
April, 1853.

Oetober 18, 1854, the cornerstone of the brick church was hiid \)y
Archbishop Aleniany, and service was held in the basement on Christ-
mas following. The church was sixty by one hundred feet; the base-
ment, nine and one-half feet in the clear, cost $10,500, and the church,
which was completed in 1861, cost nearly $50,000. The bell, which was
placed in the tower, arrived on July 13, 1859, and weighed 2079
pounds. The earthquake which shook the state in the winter of 1871-
7'2 rocked the tower so that the great bell rang. It is now in the
tower of St. Francis' church. In 1861 Rev. Eugene O'Connell was
placed in charge of the northern part of the state. He resided in
Marysville, as Sacramento was in the San Francisco bishop's juris-
diction.

During the charge of Rev. James S. Cotter in 1866, some im-
provements were made to the building, amounting to over $15,000.
He was assisted first by Rev. M. McGratb and afterwards, in 1868,
by Rev. Patrick Scanlan. Father Cotter, who was a great favorite
with all classes, died in this city Jime 18, 1868. Rev. Thomas Crim-
min, another priest here, died also in this city January 20, 1867, a
few hours after being stricken with paralysis. Rev. James Cassm
was pastor in 1861-62, assisted by Rev. N. Gallagher. Rev. Thomas
Gibney was pastor in 1868-70. After that time Rev. Patrick Scanlan
was rector, assisted by Rev. J. McSweeney, until July, 1881, when
he went to San Francisco, being succeeded by Rev. Thomas Grace
from Marysville, who was assisted by Rev. William Walsbe until
1886, and afterwards by Father Leonard Haupts. Father Grace in
1886 was appointed rector of St. Rose's pro-cathedral by Bishop
Patrick Manogue, the seat of the diocese having in that year been
transferred from Marysville to Sacramento. When Bishop Manogue
<'ame to build the splendid cathedral of the Blessed Sacrament in this
city, he found that Father Grace had, during his ministry, made a host
of friends who became zealous assistants in the work.

The Cathedral, begun in 1886 and dedicated in 1889, is a stately
and imposing structure in the later Italian style of architecture. Its
dome rising to a height of one hundred and seventy-five feet, its
arches, and arched ceiling set in frames of varied frescoes, the har-
niony of due proportion in dimensions, the storied windows, rare
paintings, and the statues it contains, endear both the structure and
its venerable builder to Sacramento citizens of all classes. Its delicate
spire, surmounted by a golden cross, that rises to a height of two
hundred and sixteen feet, meets one's eye for miles outside the city.
Its tower clock and massive dials, with its sonorous chimes, mark the
hours as they pass. The building is cruciform, and is two Inmdred and
eight feet in length by one hundred and fourteen feet in width, being
l)y far the most spacious church in California, as well as the most

296 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

elaborate and ornate in design. Bishop Manogiae had the consolation
of seeing it and his residence completed and financed before he passed
away. A year after his death he was succeeded by Father Grace, who
was consecrated bishop of this diocese and still fills that office. Bishop
Grace was born in Wexford, Ireland, in 1841, and is of Norman
lineage, being a descendant of Raymond le Gros, of the twelfth
century.

Opposite the Episcopal residence at Twelfth and K street is the
Christian Brothers' College. The brothers were induced to locate the
school here by Father Scanlan in 1876, and many thousands of boys
have since passed through their school. Father Scanlan, who re-
cently died in San Francisco, was in charge here for many years and
had a host of friends in this city.

St. Joseph's Academy, on G street, conducted by the Sisters of
Mercy, was established first in 1857, in a building connected with St.
Rose's Church. There is an interesting incident connected with the
coming of the little band of seven sisters, who came to San Francisco
in 1854, with Mother Mary Baptist Russell as Superior, at the in-
vitation of Archbishop Alemany. They had made arrangements to
come on the ill-fated steamer Arctic of the Collins line, but on their
arrival in Liverpool they found, to their great disappointment, that
there was no room for them, and they were forced to wait for two
weeks. Their disappointment was turned to rejoicing, later, when the
news arrived of the loss of the Arctic, that they were not on board. They
taught school in this city, visited the sick and prisoners, and when
the cholera broke out, they nursed the sick fearlessly and lovingly.
They hold a warm place in the hearts of the pioneers for their gentle
ministrations, and their deeds should never be forgotten. The convent
and school was soon moved from Seventh and K streets to its
present location, the whole block being purchased. The orphanage
carried on for several years by the Sisters was moved to Grass Valley
in 1870, and the large and commodious school as carried on at present
was erected and incorporated as St. Joseph's Academy in 1875, gradu-
ates of which are living all over the state, and the reputation of which
ranks high among educational institutions.

Under the guidance of the Sisters of Mercy the church took up
the care of homeless children in 1904, at the Stanford mansion on N
and Eighth streets, which was a gift for that purpose by the late
Mrs. Jane Stanford. A school for the inmates is carried on in con-
nection with the home. In all, there are five Catholic schools now in
this city, the Sisters of St. Francis carrying on the work of teaching
in some of them.

When Bishop Manogue was in charge of the diocese he extended
an invitation to the Pro\dneial Council of the Sacred Heart Province
of St. Louis to establish a parish of the Order of St. Francis of Assisi
in this city. Accordingly, Rev. Augustine McGlory, 0. F. M., was sent

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 297

here to establish the parish and arrived in Sacramento October 16,
1894. By agreement the new parish was to accommodate both the
Englisli and German speaking members by preaching in both lan-
guages. The northern ha]f-bloel<: between K and L, Twenty- fifth and
Twenty-sixth streets was acquired as a site for the several buildings
of the new parish, and a small cottage was remodeled for the Fathers.
The first services were held in Union hall. Twentieth and O streets,
and February 7, 1895, the work on the present church, school and
monastary was begun.

On Palm Sunday, April 7, 1895, the first services were held in the
new St. Francis church, and in the autumn of the same year, on
November 5th, the St. Francis parochial school was opened by the
Sisters of Mercy. The cornerstone of the present church of St. Fran-
cis of Assisi was laid by Right Reverend Bisho]i Grace October 17,
1908. The church, which is a very handsome specimen of the Cali-
fornia mission style, was dedicated on Sunday, October 23, 1910, by
Bishop Grace. It has a seating capacity of nine hundred, and con-
tains forty-six stained glass art windows from Innsbruck, Austria.
Rev. Godfrey Hoelters, O. F. M., is the present rector.

The First Church of Christ in Sacramento (Congregational) was
organized in 1849, the first preliminary meeting being held on Septem-
ber 16 of that year in the original schoolhouse which stood near the
northeast corner of Third and I streets. The chairman was Rev. J.
A. Benton, and Rev. S. V. Blakeslee was secretary. A number of
those present at the meeting were Presbyterians, which fact gave rise
to a discussion. The question of organizing a Presbyterian church
was raised, but Mr. Benton announced that as he was not a Presby-
terian, he had no authority to organize a church of that denomina-
tion. They therefore organized a church under the title of the First
Christian Chiirch of Sacramento, omitting purposely the word "Con-
gregational" in order to preserve harmony and co-operation. As this
absorbed about all the Presbyterian membership in the city, the Pres-
byterians did not organize a church until 1856.

A confession of faith and a covenant were adoiited September 23,
1849, and temporary officers were elected. A manual was adopted
early in the following year, and January 6, 1851, the i^ermanent
officers of the church were chosen as follows: Rev. J. A. Benton,
pastor ; James Gallup, J. W. Hinks, John McKee, Z. W. Davidson, A.
C. Sweetser, deacons; W. C. Waters, treasurer; J. C. Zabriskie, clerk.
May 5, 1850, an "ecclesiastical society" was formed in connection with
the church, when they became able to build a church on the west
side of Sixth street, between I and J. A fraine building was erected
there and was dedicated on the 6th of October following. It is
claimed that the laying of the cornerstone, on September 4th. was the
first public ceremonial of the kind ever held in the state. But the
structure erected then was swept away in the great fire of July 13,

298 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

1854. The cougregation sold the lot for $1300, and the society pro-
ceeded to erect the present brick church directly opposite. The church
and society were so popular that they received very substantial aid
from the public, both in building the structure and caring for it after-
wards. The property was sold for a good price recently, and Mrs.
Cornelia Fratt, relict of C. E. Fratt, donated to the church a valuable
lot, 80x80, on the northeast corner of Fifteenth and P streets, where
a fine church will be erected.

It is a fact worthy of mention that from the. organization of this
chuvch until 1890, only three pastors were in its service — Revs. J. A.
Benton, I. E. Dwinell and W. C. Merrill, the latter assuming the
pastorate. Since that time the pastors have been: J. B. Silcox,
1890-92; J. B. Koehne, 1892-94; Henry N. Hoyt, 1894-98; J. B. Silcox,
1898-1900; C. A. Dickinson, 1900-02; J. A. Chamberlain, 1903-04;
Henry K. Booth, 1904-07; William H. G. Temple, 1907-10; Arthur B.
Patton, 1910. The Sunday school of the church was organized August
26, 1849, thus being the first Sunday school established in this city.
The Golden Jubilee of the church was celebrated with impressive serv-
ices on the 22nd and 23rd of September, 1899. A resolution to incor-
porate having been adopted, the church was incorporated on June 20,
1899, under the name of the First Congregational Church of the city
of Sacramento, with William Geary, S. E. Carrington, L. Tozer, C.
T. Noyes, D. W. Carmichael, P. R. Watts and A. H. Hawley, trustees.
At present the trustees are: W. L. With.erliee, C. T. Noyes, 0. G.
Hopkins, S. S. Finney, C. L. White, Dr. E. H. Pitts and W. A. Friend.
Deacons : C. T. Noyes, J. H. Stebbins, W. L. Witherbee, A. J. McKay,
AV. A. Friend. Deaconesses: Mrs. G. A. Stoddard, Mrs. M. E. Gal-
lup, Mrs. C. L. White. Clerk, George A. Ca]ien.

Westminster Presbyterian Church : The Presljyterians were the
first to hold religious worship in Sacramento, Revs. J. AV. Douglas,
A. AVilliams and S. AA'oodliridge having preached here as early as
March and April, 1849. The Presbyterians united at first with the
Congregationalists, and no Presbyterian church was organized until
1856. The organization was named the First Presbyterian Church of
Sacramento. The church failed to raise the necessary funds for the
])urchase of Philharmonic hall for a place of worship, during the years
from 1860 to 1863, and disbanded. The Sunday school, however, was
kept alive by the zealous and energetic efforts of AA^. S. Hunt. The
]5reseut church was organized January 21, 1866, under the name AA^'est-
minster Presbyterian Church, and has since that time enjoyed a ])eriod
of steady growth. It has a large Sunday school, a Chinese mission
school, young people's society and other organizations.

Since its organization the pastors have been: Revs. AVilliam E.
Baker, P. A^ A^eder, A. Fairbairn, N. B. Clink, Joshua Phelps, J. S.
McDonald, 1866-69 ; Frank L. Nash, 1869-72 ; Charles Schieling, 1872-
74; James S. McKay, 1874-75; Henry H. Rice, 1875-86; J. E. Wheeler,

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 299

1886-90; R. M. Steveusou, 1890-97; R. J. Jolmstou, 1897-1901; H. C.
Shoemaker, 1901-04; Rev. J. T. Wills, D. D., succeeded Mr. Shoe-
maker, January 4, 1904. For many years the cliurch edifice was at
Sixth and L streets, Ijein^' huilt in 1866 at a cost of $18,000, and dedi-
cated March 24, 1867. The building was sold a few years ago to the
Roman Catholic denomination and is now known as Serra hall. A
new edifice was erected at Fourteenth and K streets.

During the various pastorates since 1886, in addition to the Sun-
day school, various organizations have been added to the church, as
follows: Chinese Sunday school. Ladies' Missionary Society, Gleaners,
Ladies' Mite Society, Christian Endeavor Society, Boys' Brigade,
Junior Christian Endeavor, Bethel Mission Sunday school. Young
Men's Conservatory, Loyal Sons, Loyal Daughters, and Home De-
]iartmeut. In 1911 Charles M. Camp])ell, who had loyally given his
services as Sunday school superintendent for twenty-three years, re-
moved from the city, and was succeeded by John Stein. Tlie churcli
Tuembership is about four hundred and fifty.

Fremont Park Presbyterian Church: The Westminster Church or-
ganized a Sunday school in July, 1868, and maintained it under the
name of the Bethel Sunday school. It was on Fourteenth street, be-
tween 0 and P, and in March, 1882, it grew into a church, becoming
self-sustaining and free from debt in a few years. The church was
instituted by Rev. Dr. Thomas Fraser of San Francisco, assisted by
Revs. H. H. Rice and Nelson Slater, and Andrew Aitken of Sacra-
mento. Rev. A. H. Croco acted as pastor imtil July, 1883, when he
resigned, and Rev. George R. Bird was called. Mr. Bird had been
pastor of the Hamilton Square Presbyterian church in San Fran-
cisco, having previous to that had charge of the First Presbyterian
church in Seattle, Wash._ Until the past three years the church was
known as the Fourteenth Street Presbyterian church, as it was located
on that street. Two years ago a new church edifice was erected at
Fifteenth and 0 streets, and it is now known as the Fremont Park
Presbyterian church.

The First Methodist Episcopal Churcli: This church is familiarly
known as the "Sixth Street Methodist church." It was first organ-
ized under another local name October 28, 1848, at Dr. Miller's store,
by Rev. Isaac Owen, and seventy-two persons enrolled their names.
Mr. Owen was familiarly known as "Father Owen," and was the first
missionary sent by .his church to California. He and his wife and
baby suffered many hardshi]>s in crossing the plains, and he was
nearly drowned by the carelessness of a drunken crew in capsizing a
schooner in Suisun bay. He managed to escape with the clothes he
wore, which were rusty from crossing the ]^lains, and came to Sacra-
mento, preaching here October 23, 1849, under an oak at the corner
of Third and L streets, and organized a church. A man of great
energy, he had great plans for upbuilding the chi;rch in the state.

300 HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

One of his dreams was a university, and it was largely through his
aid and energy that the University of the Pacific was afterwards
built, being the first of its kind chartered in California. As material
for a church 24x36 feet in size had been shipped for him from Balti-
more by the conference, and had come by way of the Horn, it was
soon put up, and the church was finished ready for use. It was plain,
but as it was the first church building erected in this city, it was
looked on as an elegant house of worship. Erected on a fine lot
presented by General Sutter, at the southeast co:«ier of Seventh and
L streets, fronting on Seventh street, it was known as the Seventh
Street Methodist church, and the society took the same name. Mr.
Owen soon had a comfortable parsonage. In the flood of 1850 his
church was carried from its foundations, and his house rendered
untenantable, so he removed to San Francisco.

Later in the year he was succeeded by Rev. M. C. Briggs, who en-
larged the church to accommodate the rapidly growing congregation.
It was known as the Baltimore California chapel. Mr. Briggs served
this church three terms, being the only pastor who did so.

The cornerstone of a new brick edifice, 50x80, which cost $18,000,
was laid June 22, 1852, Rev. S. D. Simonds making the address. Revs.
J. A. Benton, Congregationalist ; 0. C. Wheeler, Baptist, and W. R.
Gober, M. E. Church South, participated. It was to have been dedi-
cated on Sunday, November 3rd, but a terrible fire broke out in the
city on Saturday, destroying .$5,000,000 worth of property, and the
new church was swept away with the rest. The society was un-
daunted, however, and hurriedly erected a cheap building, in which
they worshiped until they could erect a frame church on the site of
the Baltimore House. This was sold to the Jewish congregation in
January, 1859, for aliout $3500. The society worshiped for a while
in the hall over the old postoffice until they erected the present church
on Sixth street. It is 52x100 feet and cost about $25,000. It was
finished in 1874, when it was raised to a higher grade, and the tower
and steeple built, at a cost of about $15,000.

The pastors of this church were: Isaac Owen, 1849-50; Royal B.
Stratton, 1851-53; Warren Oliver and Elijah Merchant, 1853-55; N.
P. Heath, 1855; George S. Phillips, 1855-57; J. W. Ross, 1857-59; J.
D. Blain, 1859-61 ; Jesse T. Peck, 1861-63 ; M. C. Briggs, 1863-65 ; J. W.
Ross, 1865-68; J. H. Wvthe, 1868-70; H. B. Heacock, 1870-73; A. M.
Hough, 1873-75; M. C. Briggs, 1875-78; R. Bentley, 1878-81; T. S.
Dunn, 1881-84; E. R. Dille, 1884-87; Arnold T. Needham, 1887-91; T.
C. George, 1891-93; C. Y. Anthonv, ]894; M. D. Buck, 1894-97; J. S.
Carroll, 1897-1901; W. K. Beans, 1901-03; W. W. Case, 1903-06; J. H.
N. Williams, 1906-07 ; Frank Kline Baker, 1907 imtil the present time.
Mrs. Helen R. Peck is the deaconess. The church is prosperous, has
a large membership and a number of societies that are doing effective
work.

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 301

Central Methodist Episcopal Church: This society was organized
with seven members as the H Street Methodist Episcopal church,
December 9, 1855, by Rev. N. R. Peck, Rev. N. P. Heath, Presiding
Elder, Martin Grier; J. L. Thompson, A. Fowler, H. Kronkite, L.
Pelton and B. Ward composed the first official board. A church edi-
fice was erected and paid for during the first year of its existence, at
a cost of $2000. It was dedicated Jime 29, 1856, by Bishop Kavanaugh
of the Methodist Episcopal Church South. Rev. N. R. Peck was the
pastor until 1857, being succeeded by Rev. David Deal, who was
])astor for two years, and afterwards served a second term. During
his ]iastorate a parsonage costing $1500 was erected, and prosperity
attended the church. Rev. H. Baker succeeded Mr. Deal and was in
turn succeeded by Rev. W. S. Urmy. During the pastorate of the
latter the great floods of 1861-62 occurred, and the water rose eighteen
inches above the pews of the church, and Mr. Urmy and his family
were rescued from the parsonage in boats. No service could be held
for several weeks until the water subsided. The church suffered at
this time from the business depression following the flood, and the
exodus of many people from the city.

At the conference of 1863 the jiroposition was made to unite the
two congregations, but it was not approved, and Rev. N. R. Peck
was returned as pastor, and reported an increase of eighteen mem-
bers during the following year. Rev. J. A. Bruner was appointed to
the charge next, ancL served one year. During the years 1865 and
1866, both the H street and Sixth street churches were under one
liastorate. Rev. J. W. Ross being the pastor. This arrangement was
disastrous to the H street church, nearly destroying its identity and
decimating its membership, but in 1867 the old status was restored.
Rev. J. M. Hinman being appointed pastor, and the church took on
renewed jjrosperity. May 12, 1869, some miscreant attempted to burn
tlie church by setting a fire in the bookcase and in the pulpit.

Rev. George Newton was appointed in 1869 to this charge, and
kept it for three years, during which time some radical changes took
place. Early in his pastorate a success was realized that seemed to
justify a change, and the old church lot on H street was sold, as well
as the parsonage. The old church building was moved to a lot on the
corner of Eleventh and I streets, the present church site being a part
of the lot. The building was cut in two and fitted up for dwellings.
An old building which stood on the lot was fitted up for a parsonage,
and iilans were made for the erection of a large church building, to
be a "memorial church" for Bishop Kingsley, who had died during
the year at Beyrout in Syria. The plans included the erection of a
chapel first, and this was done and was called "King.sley Chapel."
But the church had been too ambitious. By the close of Mr. Newton's
pastorate the debt had amounted to about $8500, and the property

302 HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

had become so mnoli involved that further prosecution of the plans
was impossible.

The years that followed were of various success and depression,
and their record tells a tale of heroic sacrifices on the part of the
members in striving to uphold the cliurch and liquidate the indebted-
ness. It was discouraging work, but they persevered in spite of tlie
increasing indebtedness and a decreasing membership. A revival
under Mrs. Van Cott encouraged them by increasing the membership
during the pastorate of Eev. J. L. Trefren, but most of these after-
wards went to other churches. Rev. A. J. Wells, J. E. Wickes and
Deal succeeded to the pastorate in turn, and during the dark hours
of the society they labored devotedly and made great sacrifices. At
length, in 1882, Rev. McKelvey was appointed jiastor. By his in-
domitalile energy during his pastorate he succeeded in wiping out debt,
by the sacrifice of all the property excejit the church and the lot it
stands on. He also remodeled and imjiroved the church building at a
cost of .$3500, most of which was raised by Mrs. McKelvey outside of
the membership, and the name was changed from Kingsley Chapel to
the Central Methodist church. Thus when it was reopened by Bishop
Fowler the congregation had a neat church, free from debt. Rev. Mr.
McKelvey was removed by limitation before an opportunity was of-
forded him of enjoying the fruits of his labor, and was succeeded by
Rev. Thomas Filben. After four years' service Mr. Filben was suc-
ceeded by Rev. C. H. Beechgood, who gave way in 1892 to Rev. E. E.
Dodge. In 1894 Rev. J. L. Trefren was returned to his former cliarge
for three years, and then Rev. J. B. Chynoweth came, and remained
for six years, the time limit having been removed. Rev. Richard
Rodda succeeded him and is the present pastor.

A German Methodist church was organized in this city in 185(i,
but debts finally accumulated until in 186fi-67 the luirden became so
heavy that the church was broken up.

St. Andrew's Church, African Methodist Episco]>a]. was organ-
ized in 1850 by Rev. Isaac Owen, at the house of "Uncle Daniel Blue,"
on I street, between Fourth and Fifth. A church building was erected
on the site on Seventh street, between G and H, where the present
brick church now stands. The first pastor was James Fitzgerald, who
served in 1851-52.

The Methodist E]iisco])al Cliurch South was organized in A])ril,
1850, by Rev. W. D. Pollock, who was also the princi]ial factor in the
building of a frame church on the site of the brick church wliich suc-
ceeded it, on Seventli street between J and K. The latter edifice was
dedicated by Bishop Pierce July 10, 1859. Tlie first building was
burned in the fire of November 2, 1852, and the second cost $4000.
Mr. Pollock was forced by ill healtli in the fall of 1850 to return to
Alabama, where he died the following year. He was succeeded by
Rev. Mr. Penman, who shortlv afterwards abandoned the ministrv and

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 303

engag-ed in other pursuits. Since that time the pastors have been as
follows : W. R. Gober, 1851-52 ; John Matthews, from August, 1852, to
April, 1853; B. F. Crouch, appointed by Bishop Soule, 1853, to April,
1855; A. Graham. 1855-56; W. R. Gober, 1856-58; Morris Evans, 1858-
60; J. C. Simmons, 1861-62; S. Brown, 1862-63; George Sim, 1863-65;

E. K. Miller, 1865-66 ; T. H. B. Anderson, 1866-68 ; George Sim, 1868-
69 ; W. R. Gober, 1869-72 ; T. L. Moody, 1872-73 ; C. Chamberlain, 1873-
75; B. F. Page, 1875, to fill out Mr. Chamberlain's time; R. Pratt,
1875-76; M. C. Fields, 1876-78; C. Y. Rankin, 1878-79; T. H. B. And-
son, 1879-82; F. Walter Featherstone, 1882-83; H. C. Christian, 1883-
87; George B. Winton, 1887-88; A. C. Bane, 1888-90; H. Singleton,
1891-93; T. A. Atkinson, 1893-97; W. E. Vaughn, 1897-1901; P. T.
Ramsey, 1901-04; C. C. Thompson, 1904-05; W! A. Oft, 1905-06; C. T.
Clark, 1906-10; L. S. Jones, 1910-14. Mr. Jones, the present iiastor,
is bringing the church to a prosperous jieriod.

German Evangelical Lutheran Church : In 1865-67, Rev. Mr.
Buehler, of San Francisco, and Rev. Mr. Elbert ]3reached in this city
a few times and endeavored to organize a church, but without success.
Rev. Matthias Goethe, formerly of Australia, later began work in
Sacramento, organized the church December 1, 1867, with twenty-
three charter members, and purchased the old German Methodist
church on the corner of Ninth and K street (now Hale's) for $2400.

F. Klotz, H. Winters, H. W. Schacht, F. Hopie and A. Grafrailler were
elected trustees. The building was afterwards sold and the later
church on the corner of Twelfth and K streets was erected in 1872 at
a cost, including the three bells, of about $15,000. This property was
sold in 1911 and another church edifice is lieing constructed at Seven-
teenth and L streets.

Mr. Goethe was succeeded in 1875 by Rev. T. Langebecker ; Dr. C.
Taubner, 1877-1888, and Adolf Jatho, 1887-1890. In 1890 Rev. Cliarles
P. Oehler succeeded to the pastorate, and has continued in it with
s]ilendid success, building up the church to a large and prosperous
membership. Soon after his arrival the debts were ]iaid off and a
parsonage erected. A new pipe organ was installed and many mem-
bers added to the church and Sunday school. Services were held in
German and English. About six years and a half ago Mr. Oehler con-
ceived the idea of establishing a building fimd, to be used when the
time arrived for the erection of a larger and more beautiful edifice.
The fund was started by an Easter offering in 1905, Mr. Oehler hav-
ing sent out a letter asking for an offering of $1000 and receiving
$600. Since then the pastor, trustees, and women and other members
of the church have labored faithfully and increased it to $16,000. and
in 1911 a fine lot, 120x160, was purchased on the corner of Seven-
teenth and L streets, the sale of the old church property at Twelfth
and K streets netting a large sum, and the new edifice is in course of
construction. The style of the church is German Gothic and the
material a fine white artificial stone. Four of the large windows will

304 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

be memorial windows, and the church will seat more than five hundred
people, and will have galleries in the rear and the transept. The
cornerstone was laid December 10, 1911, Mayor Beard, the local Luth-
eran clergy and several visiting ministers participating. The Grerman
Evangelical Lutheran church is the second oldest Lutheran church in
the state of California, Rev. J. M. Buchler having begun as early as
1864 to make preparations for establishing it, but it was not organ-
ized until 1867 by Rev. Matthias Goethe.

First Church of Christ, Scientist: The first public Christian
Science services held in Sacramento were in Granger's building. Tenth
and K streets, in 1890. The First Church of Christ, Scientist, here
was organized in 1899, and granted a state charter in 1901. The his-
toric church building on Fourteenth and K, known as the United
Brethren church, was purchased in 1904. Later this property was sold
and a lot purchased on Twenty-third street, between K and L.

The beautiful structure erected there was finished in 1910, at a
cost, including the site, of about $35,000. The exterior is of Medusa
cement, with mahogany interior finish. The four-square domed audi-
torium is seated with opera chairs on a sloping floor. Three large
art windows and a fine crystal electrolier make it one of the best
lighted auditoriums in the United States. This was the tenth church
of the denomination in California.

Christian Church, or Disciples of Christ : October 13, 1855, Elders
J. N. Pendegast and Thomas Thompson conducted the first services
held by this denomination in Sacramento. They met in the Methodist
brick church which until a few years ago stood on Seventh street,
between J and K. John 0. Garrett and R. B. Ellis were appointed
elders, and Rufus Rigdon and A. M. C. Depue, deacons. A nice chapel
was erected on Eighth street, between N and 0, in 1877, the cost, in-
cluding the lot, being $4500, and the church was very largely indebted
to the enterprise of Elder J. N. Pendegast for the building. In 1896
a new church was erected on the corner of Sixteenth and L streets,
which was destroyed by fire on the night of July 4, 1910.

The pastors have been Revs. John G. Parrish ; Stev-
enson, who published a ]5aper in this city; J. N. Pendegast, who pub-
lished the same paper; Peter Burnett; McKorkle; Alexander

Johnson; E. B. Ware; R. L. McHatton; L. N. Early; A. M. Growden;

A. M. Elston ; Hand ; B. B. Burton ; J. E. Denton ; Henry

Shadle; W. F. Reagor, and J. J. Evans, the latter succeeding Mr.
Reagor in 1909, and being the present pastor.

In 1896, during the pastorate of Rev. J. E. Denton, the old church
became too small, and was removed to the corner of Sixteenth and
L streets, and made the basis for the erection of a new edifice, the
enlargement and finishing costing about $6000, a debt being incurred
that has since been wiped out. On the evening of July 4, 1910, the
church took fire, supposedly from a rocket which fell on the roof

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 305

during the eelebratiou, aud the building was burned and almost tlie
entire contents were destroyed. A new site at Twenty-seventh and N
streets was selected, and a new edifice was erected, containing two
auditoriums with a combined seating capacity of nearly nine hundred.
Eev. H. 0. Breedon conducted the dedication services December 17,
1911. The structure also contains eighteen rooms for classes and
departments.

Calvary Baptist church was first organized October 17, 1869, by
Rev. Frederick Charlton, pastor of the First Church. The organiza-
tion took the form of a mission Sunday-school superintended by R. H.
Withington and held in a schoolhouse situated on Thirteenth and G
streets. When it became necessary to have more suitable accommoda-
tions a building, 40x160 feet, costing $1,000, was erected on I street
between Twelfth and Thirteenth. Another building, 38x65 feet, was
erected in 1870 at a cost of $2,000. In 1871 a new church was organ-
ized to accommodate members of the parent church living in that
part of the city. The first deacons of this church were W. R. Strong,
A. J. Barnes and R. H. Withington. The clerk was A. A. Bynon.
The pastors have been as follows : J. P. Ludlow, R. F. Parshall,
William Hildreth, C. F. Forbes, H. W. Read, George L. Lewis, S. B.
Gregory, J. Q. A. Henry, 1881-84; S. A. McKay, 1884; A. C. Herrick,
December, 1884, to 1891; J. H. Reider, 1892 to 1896; F. M. Mitchell,
1896-99; S. G. Adams, 1899-1904; D. M. McPhail. During the latter 's
pastorate the edifice was destroyed by fire. A new lot was then pur-
chased at the northwest corner of Sixteenth and I streets, where the
present building was erected, at a cost of about $13,000. Soon after
the retirement of Mr. McPhail, who was with the congregation about
six years, the proposition of consolidating with Emanuel Baptist
Church was taken up, with Rev. A. J. Sturtevant to act as pastor of
both churches. The proposed union did not materialize and in 1911
Rev. C. H. Hobart, the present pastor, took charge of the work,
which has prospered under his leadership.

.The First Baptist Church was the pioneer Baptist organization
in Sacramento. As early as 1849 Rev. J. Cook, wlio kept a boarding
house on I street, preached a number of times in the grove. Rev. 0.
C. Wheeler came up from San Francisco September 9, 1850, and while
the state was being admitted to the Union he was busy organizing
the First Baptist Church at the residence of Judge E. J. Willis on
H street between Sixth and Seventh. He was probably assisted in
the work by Mr. Cook. Judge Willis and John A. Wadsworth were
elected deacons ; Madison Walthall, treasurer ; Leonard Loomis, clerk ;
and Rev. J. W. Capen, pastor. The first public services were held
the following day in the courthouse on I street. A church costing
$4,000 was built in the spring of 1851 on the corner of Seventh and
L streets and was consumed in the fire of November 2, 1852. What
was claimed to be the finest church building in the state was erected

306 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

in 1854 on the west side of Fourth street between K and L. While
costing only $8,000, it was a very fine edifice for the price and had a
main auditorium 35x85 feet, with a vestr}^ 15x32 in the rear. In the
great fire of July 12, 1854, it was only saved from destruction by the
most strenuous exertions of the citizens. During 1877 it was sold for
$3,000 and was afterwards removed to the corner of Fourteenth and
K streets, where it was used for a number of years by the United
Brethren in Christ. The present building on Ninth street between
L and M was erected in 1877-78 at a cost, including the lot, of $18,-
230.48. The corner stone of the edifice was laid with Masonic cere-
monies August 20, 1877, and opening services were held March 10,
1878. Ah Mooey, a Chinaman, was admitted into the church Septem-
ber 2, 1855, and subsequently was licensed to preach, his baptism
being supposed to have been the first of one of that nationality in
California. His conversion occurred during the pastorate of Rev. J.
L. Shuck, who was then an accredited missionary to the Chinese of
Sacramento and later went to South Carolina, where he died in 1863.

The Siloam Baptist Church (colored) was organized in 1856 and
existed until late in the '80s.

The Seventh Day Adventist Church of Sacramento was organized
February 6, 1885, with ten members, by Elder E. A. Briggs, then a
resident of Oakland. The congregation had been first established at
Pleasant Grove, Sutter County, and had borne the name of that
town, but in October of 1887 the name was changed to Sacramento.
The members of this denomination observe Saturday as the Sabbatli.

In March of 1872 an Advent Church was organized in Sacramento
by Elder Miles Grant with about thirty members, but the organiza-
tion existed only about four years. That congregation observed Satur-
day as the Sabbath.

The Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints
was established in Sacramento in 1865 and met at first in the Chinese
chapel on Sixth street between H and I, next in Graham's hall, later
in the lower hall of the Masonic building and finally in 1884 erected
a frame l)uilding, 34x44, on the corner of Twenty-fourth and K streets,
costing $2100. This society has worked faithfully for the wiping
out of polvgamv. Among the elders who have served in the church
are E. IT. Webb, G. W. Harlow and J. H. Parr.

A small society of Brighamite (polygamous) Mormons were in
existence in Sacramento in 1872, and a few years afterwards.

The first Unitarian sermon yireached in Sacramento was ))y Rca-.
Mr. Brown December 29, 1867, in the Metropolitan theatre. During
the spring of the following year the First Unitarian Church of Sacra-
mento was organized and the congregation increased rapidly for a
time, but went down in 1873, was revived in 1887 and worshiped in
Pioneer hall. A lot on Sixteenth street between K and L was pur-

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 3U7

chased, ou which to erect an edifice. For some years Rev. C. P.
Massey (now deceased) preached occasionally, i'or nearly seven-
teen years, with the exception of the occasional sermons of Mr.
Massey, the church was without a pastor and then in 1911 Rev. Frank-
lin Baker assumed the pastorate.

Congregation B'nai Israel was formed in 1852. Previous to that
there had been another organization, which met at the residence of
M. Hyman, a jeweler on Front street. Rev. Mr. Wolf officiated.
The lirst synagogue owned by the society in this city was a small
frame building on Fifth street between N and 0. This was sold
afterward to the colored Baptists, who worshiped there until the
l)uilding was destroyed by fire in 1861. The frame house on Seventh
street near L was purchased from the Methodist Episcopal Church
for $3,500 and was converted into a synagogue. This building also
was destroyed by fire in October, 1861, and in the early part of
1864 the congregation purchased the building on Sixth street between
J and K, previously used by the First Presbyterian Church. The
building was remodeled and then used for some time, but eventually
sold. The congregation now worships in a fine synagogue which they
erected on Fifteenth street between N and 0. The rabbis have been
as follows: Rev. Mr. Wolf; Z. Neustadter, 1857-59; R. Rosenthal,
1859-60; S. Peck, 1860-61; R. M. Cohen, 1861-62; M. Silverstein,

1862-65; Stamfer, 1865-68; H. P. Lowenthal, 1868-79; S. Gerst-

man (who led in changing the society from orthodox to reformed),
1879-81 ; J. Bloch, 1882-83 ; G. Taubenhaus, 1884-88.

Ebenezer Church, Evangelical Association, (German) was organ-
ized in 1881 and the following year the present edifice was erected.
It stands on Tenth street between 0 and P. The old building, which
was owned by Trinity Church, Evangelical Association, was sold in
1887 and that society disbanded many years ago.

United Brethren in Christ have been represented in Sacramento
for many years. During 1875-76 Rev. Alexander Musselman took
the first stei)S toward organizing a church of this denomination here.
A series of meetings were held in the Calvary Baptist Church in
1876 by Rev. J. H. Becker and Rev. J. L. Field. In the fall of that
year the present organization was formed. The old building known
as the Fourth Street Baptist Church was purchased for $3,000. The
closing of the sale was delayed for some reason and the society did
not obtain possession of the building until November, 1877. In
September, 1878, they removed it to the corner of Fourteenth and
K streets, raised the building six feet, and repaired, repainted and
refurnished it, the total cost of the work being $2,800. In 1884 a
parsonage was erected on the lot adjoining on the west. The pastors
iiave been as follows : J. H. Becker, 1877-78 ; D. D. Hart, who became
l^astor in 1878 and died in the pulpit in 1881 ; J. H. Becker, for various
periods; Revs. Field and Demondrum to 1883; Francis Fisher. two_

308 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

years; T. J. Bander, to September, 1888; J. W. Bauiugardner, 1888-
90; M. S. Bovez, 1890-92; Harvey Bell, 1892-94; Olin Lowe, 1894-95;
Daniel Shuck, 1895-99; T. J. Bander, 1899-1900; William Thompson,
1900-03; Homer Gallaher, 1903-06; T. J. Bander, 1906-07; L. Harter,
1907-12; and H. G. Smith, who in 1912 assumed the pastorage that
he now fills.

Almost every denomination is represented in Sacramento.

CHAPTER XXXII
REMINISCENCES

Some interesting reminiscences in relation to the early railroads
were related to the writer by James G. Patterson, a pioneer of 1852
and the son of A. D. Patterson, a pioneer of 1849. Mr. Patterson
had a great fund of recollections to draw on, concerning both him-
self and others, and gives one many an insight into the methods and
incidents of the early days. Speaking of the Preeport road, he said:

"It was projected by stockholders and bondholders of the Sacra-
mento Valley railroad, John H. Carroll and George Mowe, who bought
land and incorporated in 1863- '64. I was ordered down from the
Auburn railroad in March to commence grading. I graded the track
into Preeport and went back to work on the Auburn road. I came
back in July and laid the rails, and finished in October, about the
lOtb, I think, and as soon as I got the side track in, they built a
wharf for steamboats and leased it to the Sacramento Valley rail-
road for two years. They sounded the river at midnight and found
thirty-five feet of water, and no one knew of the survey. Carroll
was a stockholder in the Valley road, but they bought the ranch in
their own names so that no one would know it was for the Valley
road. There was a bar up the river near the Edwards place, where
the steamboats often got aground at low water, and frequently they
would not reach Sacramento until noon or later the next day. The
steamboat from San Francisco used to arrive at Preeport at 11 P. M.
and the train would start as soon as the passengers got aboard with
their baggage. The stages connected with the trains at Latrobe, and
passengers ate breakfast at Placerville and went on over the moun-
tains by daylight and landed in Virginia City at 3 P. M., twenty-
three hours from San Francisco. The road was built to sell to the
Central Pacific, which was done. The Central Pacific bought the
Sacramento Valley road October 13, 1865 — the last day I worked for
them.

"All the ties and rails for the Freeport road came iip on vessels,
and when I began to lay the road old Captain Kidder brought me up one
and a quarter miles of rails and only one car of ties, and only four ties
to a pair of rails. I told him that I couldn't lay them that way, as I had
onlv five men and thev could not handle the iron and carrv it so far.

HISTORY OP^ SACRAMENTO COUNTY ;^09

The engine was a light one, but it was a greyhound to run, and I asked
the engineer if four ties at the ends and middle of the rails would carry
the engine. He said it would, so I put down a tie every ,six feet. The
next day he gave us plenty of ties, and two of my men on the car un-
loaded them. I walked along ahead and held up my hand as a signal to
throw them down. They unloaded a whole train and then pulled the
train out of the way. Then we shoved the ties in under the rails.

"When the Central Pacific was laying its track near Gold Run,
Strowbridge was superintendent of construction, and Maker was fore-
man of the track-layers. They were experiencing the same trouble in
regard to rails and ties that I had, and the work was proceeding slowly.
There was an Irishman, Ned Hussey, working for Maker, and he became
impatient at the way the work was going on. ' Av ye had Jim Patterson
here, he'd show yez how to get this thrack down,' said he to Maker.
'What do you know of Jim Patterson and what he would do?' asked

Maker. 'H to your sowl, didn't I work undher hiin in laying the

thrack an the Freeport road and the Valley road?' was the retort.
'Well, what did he do?' asked Maker. Hussey explained to him, and
he asked the engineer if the track would hold u]) the engine in case he
laid fewer ties and had them put under the rails afterwards. The
engineer said it would, and Maker hustled down to Strowbridge and told
him al)Out it ; Strowbridge told him to go ahead. Maker had a big gang
of Chinamen and he put them at work. The consequence was that l>e
laid six miles of track the next day, and when additional ties came, the
Chinamen slid them under the rails and S]>iked them down. They hus-
tled the track laying from that time on, till the road got to Promontory
and met the Union Pacific gang.

"This was the only road built in California where the people did
not know anything about it. I kept the engine out on the old Jackson
road, and used to sneak in in the morning with the engineer and fireman
and again at night to bring them back, the men boarding on the road,
so no one knew anything about it. I built the first movable cook-house
in this part of the country for the men to board in, and bought ])ro-
visious from the ranchers, who let the men sleeji in their barns and out-
buildings. My men were stevedores, who knew nothing but how to
work, and I pushed things lively. Engineer Pope was running the
engine, and was sparking Sam Rich's adopted daughter. Some days
we laid a half mile and some days a mile of track, as we could get
material. Old Page was owner of the Lake House then and would not
let us grade across his land, so we had to lay the rails on the ground
after the matter was fixed, and then haul dirt in for a roadbed. The
trouble was adjusted afterwards. When the track was all finished I
ran an excursion train over the road to Freeport. I stopped along the
road and invited the farmers' families to get aboard. Then a re-
porter got hold of it and published an account of the road, so the i^eople
found out what I had been doing.

310 HISTORY OP SACEAMENTO COUNTY

"People nowadays do not realize the conditions that prevailed in
early days. At the time of the '62 flood I went to Elk Grove, sick.
The water was all over the countr.y and tliej" had to run a steamboat
to Eoutier's to bring supplies for the people. There was only one
sack of flour at Elk Grove, and George Bates had that and divided
it with his neighbors. That was what is known as old Elk Grove
now; the present Elk Grove was not in existence until after the
railroad was built. You can judge how the water covered the country
when they built a barge at Buckner's at old Elk Grove, right on the
upjjer Stockton road, to go to Stockton for supplies.

"Kobinson asked me if I could work, and I told him yes. There
was very little, hay in the country for the horses and it was hard to
get at that. I went over to Deterding's and paid $40 a ton for some
old, rotten hay. The roads were awful, and teams were stalled every-
where. I went over to Salisbury's and engaged some hay at $40, to
be delivered to me the next morning, and when I went after it the
fellow told me he had sold it for $45, so I had my trouble for my
l)aius. I could not get to Florin or Perkins, as the water was too high.

"The high water washed away a part of the Sacramento Valley
railroad tracks, and the ties and rails were scattered all over the
country. I began gathering them up, and it was a job to get them
out of the mud with the teams. Where Agricultural Park is, was
covered with railroad iron, and iron was iron in those days, when
it had to come 'round the Horn.' Robinson came to my camp where
the Buffalo brewery stands and asked me, 'how much iron have you
got?' 'All there is here,' I answered. 'That is not enough,' says he.
I keyit on gathering it up, and was going along by Gerber's, near the
hospital, and saw some railroad iron in the mud. They had held a
fair out at Buck Harrigan's that year. So I hauled it out with the
teams, and it was hard work. I found a good deal had floated down
there on the slough that runs through the county hospital grounds.
Still we were short of iron. 'Tear up the sidetrack at Brighton,' said
Robinson. 'I won't do it,' said I. 'There are a lot of rails at Buck
Harrigan's that I will get.' 'Go to it,' said he. A good many bosses
would have discharged me for answering that way, but I never
worked under a better boss than Robinson.

"When they built the S street sewer a few years ago, they found
some rails under ground, and one of the men said there must have
been a track there in the early days, but I told him the rails came
there during the flood. Romeo Carroll built a corral out that way by
splitting ties and driving them into the ground endways. I asked him
where he got them and where I could find the rails, but he only
laughed, and would not tell me. There are lots of rails today buried
in the slough that runs through the William Curtis place.

"It was tough on tlie people when everythiug was flooded so. All
the box cars were full of families, and the water stood all about them.

HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 311

You couldn't see the wheels or the trucks. I was afraid they would go
down and be washed away, so I got the two engines; the Garrison
was in front and the Robinson behind. We cut the train in two parts
and ran half of it out across the break between Eleventh and Twelfth
streets. The water was running through fast, and I got stringers
across and anchored them with anchors from the vessels on the river.
Then I dumped in two carloads of cobbles that were to have been
shipped to San Francisco for paving streets. When that was done,
we had connection made from Sixteenth to Twenty-first street so that
we could transfer our Folsom passengers. I was afraid the other part
would go before we could get it out, but we saved it.

"I worked for Colonel Wilson in '59 and '60 on the Marysville
road; Montague was the engineer. The road onlj^ got to Lincoln, and
was sold to the Central Pacific, which road had hard times, and there
is more than one little bit of interesting history concerning it that
but very few know. Before it got to Newcastle it was out of money,
and C. P. Huntington was sent to Boston to try to make a raise. On
the steamer, going to Boston, was Judge Slauson, a Boston attorney,
and as Huntington had also come from Boston, they became good
friends. Some of Slauson 's clients, moneyed men of that city, had
become involved in a deal whereby thej^ stood to lose $7,000,000, or
thereabouts, and he had been sent for to go east and help them out.
Huntington confided to Slauson the financial difficulties of the road
and asked him to get his clients to buy out the promoters. 'They
have money,' said he, 'and can carry it on and win out and make
money. We will sell out the road to them, rolling stock and all, for
$1,500,000.' Slauson told his clients, but they said they knew nothing
about railroading, and they stood to lose $7,000,000 already. Slauson
bundled them off to Europe, where papers could not be served on
them, and saved them $4,500,000. Then he got busy among his friends
and raised $250,000 for Mr. Huntington on second mortgage bonds.
As soon as he received the money the company began to work again
and built the road to Clipper Gap. Then the change came and the
mountains were brought down to Roseville and they got their $48,000
a mile. The first thing they did after they got money was to buy Sam
Brannan's mortgage and foreclose on the California Central. Charles
Crocker bought one share of the stock for the purpose and served an
injunction on Robinson to prevent his taking the rails on the Auburn
road. My father and Stanford were very friendly, and they held
three meetings in my father's house at Folsom with the Sacramento
Valley railroad people before the California Pacific started from Sac-
ramento. Robinson wanted to have one director on the board if they
bought the road, but they would not consent. Finally the purchase
was made. My father paid the Valley road the first money it ever
received for freight, when it brought him up a ton of seed wheat for
$1.50, the regular rate being established at $3.

312 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

"Tlie other day Tom McCoimell, of McConnell station, was in
here to see me, and we had a chat about the old days. McConnell
settled at Garden Valley, on the Georgetown road near Greenwood
and Johntown. He started a store there and cultivated a garden,
from which the i^lace took its name. He raised potatoes and sold
them to the miners for thirty cents a pound. Such things were high in
those days. He came down to Sacramento one day and stepped into
a store where Charlie Grimm was having an auction. A lot of cotton
shirts were being sold and he bought the whole lot for five cents
apiece and took them home; It cost two bits, in those days to get a
shirt washed. He told the miners he would sell them the shirts for
two bits, and they concluded it was better to wear a shirt a couple of
weeks and throw it away than to pay for having it washed, so be sold
all his shirts and got the reputation of being the cheapest storekeeper
to buy of in that country.

"In the winter of '52-53, the rains were very heavy and the bot-
tom dropped out of the roads, and a great many teams were laid up
along the road. Flour was selling at fifty cents a pound. Some
freighters got within three miles of Garden Valley and got stalled.
McConnell went down and bought their flour for thirty cents and sold
it to the miners for forty cents. 'I was lucky,' said he; 'I just got
rid of it when it came down to twenty- five cents.' For a time the
price of all kinds of merchandise was low except picks and shovels,
and McConnell said he never got more than $5 apiece for picks and
$10 for shovels."

THE FIRST BALL

The following tale of a historic event by "Forty-Niner" relates
the incidents surrounding the first ball given in the county and was
published in the '70s in the Record-Union, and will prove of interest
as depicting the shifts to which those inclined to shine in "sassiety"
in those days were reduced in order to make items for the social
column. The narrator says :

"In my brief history of tliis phice (Mormon Island) as a])peared
in your issue of the 12th, I neglected to give you a statement of the
manner we enjoyed ourselves in those good and jolly old days of '49.
We had our social gathering once each month, after 'the ball,' how-
ever. The first ball ever given in Sacramento county was given here,
and was the most difficult to make a success and the most amusing.
It will be well remembered by two of the residents of your city, and
two of San Francisco, when they refresh their memory. A full and
true insight as to the management of such affairs at that early time
will be a treat to your readers, especially to those who are 'high-
toned' this present day, if tliey had been present as spectators to
witness those hale and buxom maidens with short dresses, gray woolen
stockings, and brogans, soles one-half inch thick. How they did laugh

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 31:5

and sing and grow fat under such innocent and moral enjoyment.

"The second day after my arrival at the Blue Drilling hotel, I
borrowed a yeast powder can, holding abov;t half a gill. I started,
after my morning meal, for the bank of the river. The sand was liter-
ally mixed with gold, as I supposed. I sat me down, exposed to the
boiling sun, the thermometer claiming one hundred and seventeen de-
grees, and spent the entire day gathering with the point of my knife
the scale gold, as I thought, and depositing the same in my miniature
tin safe. At sundown it was full, and I thought that a few days of such
work would be all I cared for, and return home. I took the result
of my day's work to Markham's store to have it weighed and get the
coin for the same, but to my astonishment it was nothing more or less
than mica. Feeling discouraged, I thought that gold is only sought as
a means toward this end. Happiness is the concentration of all riches,
and the most perfect happiness of this world is simply to be content.

"My cash account growing short, I had to resort to some strategy
to make a raise, so I suggested to the landlord that as winter was fast
approaching he ought to have a canvas roof on his building, to pro-
tect the health of his patrons. The roof that was on his house would
leak when it rained, and the interior of the hotel was dry when it did
not rain. Upon my suggestion, he concluded to make the necessary
repairs, and I to do the sewing at fifty cents a yard, and when the
work was done a grand ball was to be given to pay such an extrav-
agant expense. Two gentlemen, then residents of this town (now one
is a captain of one of the Sacramento and San Francisco boats, and
the other a wealthy and prominent member of the board of brokers
of San Francisco), were called upon, and the promised treat was dis-
cussed in all its parts. One of these gentlemen suggested that a
floor should be laid so that it would be more j^leasant for the dancers.
I and the landlord objected, he on the ground of unnecessary expense,
and I for the reason that the cost would overbalance the receipts; the
house would be bankrupt, and I would whistle for my pay. I gained
my point by arguing that the ladies' brogans would last longer on a
dirt floor than on wood.

"Next in order was discussion as to the proper arrangements to
be made on such an important occasion. Our friend, 'now on the
river,' suggested the programme, which was concurred in by the com-
mittee. Large posters written upon brown wrapping paper, with a
blue pencil, were posted in every direction — 'Tickets, twenty dollars,'
and the 25th of December, 1849 — for the first ball ever held in the
county of Sacramento.

"A few days before, quite a large immigration from the western
states arrived, and it was suggested and proposed that the committee
should wait on the female portion and solicit their aid and services in
preparing food for the supper, 'as the cook at the hotel could not be
trusted, for he was one of those Yankee fellows, and his extravagance

314 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

in preparing the food would surely bust the boss.' We waited upon
the ladies, and their excuse was that having just arrived, their whole
time would be occui^ied in the wash tub, bath tub, and the preparation
of their outer garments. Our only hope was to solicit the aid of the
miners for our supper, and we offered to pay them for their food and
premiums for the best meats, bread, cakes and pies; and your cor-
respondent was appointed a committee of one to make the award —
which was half-price to the dance. That was a smart trick of the
landlord, for he knew I would find some excuse for refusing any
premiums, as he had an eye for profit, and I for my pay.

"Well, the 25th arrived; the miners brought in their several
meats, cakes, i^ies, etc., each one doing his best to excel the other.
At 2 P. M. everything needed for the supper was exhibited for in-
spection and awards in the cabin of W. Jones. The first examination
was of two fine appearing hams. Premiums were refused in both
cases — first, that the hams had not been washed before boiling, and
the skin had not been taken off after boiling. The other was a
shoulder, but by a neat contrivance about four inches of the leg of a
ham had been carefully sawed off and with a wooden peg neatly
placed in the shoulder, having the appearance of a genuine ham. Each
was paid for his ham at $1 per pound, and they paid for their tickets
$20 each. The next examination was the corn beef, which proved to
be a chunk of 'salt horse' brought there some two weeks before by a
sailor. He was paid for his salt horse and he paid for his ticket, as
no premiiam was awarded him.

"The bread was examined, and it was the unanimous opinion of
the committee, at my suggestion, that it was dark. A person could
not tell whether he was eating bread or leather. This report soon
spread through the town, and an old and venerable Jack Tar had his
trunk half full of ship biscuit, which he offered as a substitute, and
was accepted. The bread-makers' premium was withheld, and the
donor of the biscuits received a pass to the dance at half-price.

"Sausage meat came next, but as it had been made of nothing
but beef and tallow, it could not he put on the table, as fishballs
are prepared for use, so the whole bunch was boiled and served up
cold, and a complimentary ticket given him. The cakes were in fine
order, sufficient grease having been used to make them palatable.
They were accepted, and another $20 was lost. Something had to be
done to avoid an^' further issue of free tickets for the ball, so the
committee, taking a wink from me, agreed that the balance of the
food should be averaged with that that had been examined except the
pies, and they should be passed upon at the table, during supper, when
pie was called for. The time did arrive. The first one cut proved to
contain dried apples, brought from Boston, thoroughly eaten up with
worms, and the black seeds still sticking in them. The crust was fair;
he was paid for his pies, but received no pass.

HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 315

"The second pie cut had the appearance of being 0. K. of the
dried peach order. A strong demand was made for peach pie. The
first person that took a bite happened to have a false tooth in his
head; instantly it fell from his mouth. An inquiry was at once made
as to the cause of all this confusion, and the fault lay in the crust
of the iiie. It was carefully examined by those of the committee who
had sound teeth and found to excel India rubl^er in toughness. The
competitor was at once assessed for the damage done, which was set-
tled by paying for the unfortunate gentleman's ticket.

"Our work being done, the question arose as to who should have
the honor of presiding over the floor at the dance. My old friend,
now of San Francisco, was appointed as boss owing to his having a
neat, white, fried shirt to give tone to the occasion. Myself and my
Sacramento river friend were appointed as jigger bosses, he having a
swallow-tailed coat with brass buttons, and I having a neat and clean
collar over my. woolen shirt, and a neat pair of boots, well greased,
which made a good appearance.

"The appearance of the ballroom was all that could be desired
except that the managers were guilty of the grave oversight of neglect-
ing to provide benches around it for the company. Wheeling planks
were soon on hand, and, supported by drygoods boxes, made all satis-
fied, and for the better accommodation and comfort of the ladies the
landlord kindly allowed his two pairs of blankets to lie used to give
them the appearance of stuffed benches. The music stand was a shoe
liox and a three-legged stool on top. The hall was handsomely illum-
inated by twelve candles stuck in porter bottles, and secured to the
walls of the building with wires and handsomely decorated by the
rough but tasteful hands of the miners with miniature flags and ever-
greens. All was now ready; the proprietor looked up and down the
streets for the coming of the dancers. One fellow told the landlord
that in California the people never go to balls until tlie next day ; that
joke cost the landlord a cocktail and a steerage cigar. The company
began to appear, however, at rather a late hour. Everybody had
heard of the grand ball, and everybody wanted to see the crowd in
attendance. It was a most singular miscellany, and in some cases
the wonder was how the requisite $20 for a ticket was raised.

"If it were desirable, I could ciitisize the ball pretty freely with-
out being untruthful, but I should lavish ink and exhaust rhetoric in
the vain effort to describe the entire success of this first entertain-
ment. I dare not do it in print for the sake of my reputation for
veracity nor undertake to say how many sighs were lavished upon the
managers, the languishing glances that were leveled at them across
the hall, what eloquent rhymes were coined to their praise, and how
many gallant men risked the perils of a duel for the honor of first
attempting to solicit the hand of the fair maidens for a dance. Even
the furniture — wheeling planks appeared to hold high carnival, the

316 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

sofas displaying their elasticity, the candles winking, and the fiddlers
sometimes bursting out into such uproarious hilarity that the very
strings appeared as if they were struggling to get out of their places.

"12 M. supper was called. Boards in the center of the hall
were placed in their proper position, the old blue drilling roof was
used for a table cloth, tin plates and knives and forks were in plenty,
and soon the crowd took their standing positions. Be it known that
the table was made high enough to compel the hungry crowd to
stand, for by such an arrangement they soon got tired and woiild
leave the table with their bunch of fives full of grub, to make room
for the steerage patrons. Shortly after eating commenced a colored
miner, who had been cook of a whaling ship, entered and graciously
donated a plum duff, tapering regularly to a point from a circular
base. The handsome donation was thankfully received, but the out-
side of the duff had the smell of something very much like perspira-
tion, and from its appearance must have been boiled in the sleeve
of a shirt. However, the outside was carefully scraped, and not a
speck was left for the second table. Supper over, the tables were
kicked out doors and dancing renewed. A young maiden was present,
named 'The Infant,' fourteen years of age, weight one hundred and
eighty-nine pounds. I asked for the honor of her hand for a polka;
her answer was 'you bet.' The first turn I made, flop I went on the
dirt floor ; a clothes Iirush was in demand, but as none could be found,
she took a long-handled broom and swept me otf. After this was
done, she called aloud, 'Here, Jim, finish this dance with me; this
fellow can't swing under my weight.' I surrendered, but before they
got well started a string on the fiddle broke. The fiddler declared
that he could not play any fancy dances without four strings. The
polka had to be abandoned, at which I felt a calm satisfaction.

"Well, the ball ran until four o'clock, and only the bass string-
left. Thus ended the first ball ever given in Sacramento county. I
got my pay for my work, and my name is yet Forty-Niuer."

In the previous article. alluded to "Forty-Niner" told of customs
at tlie "Blue Drilling" hotel. He says: "I took up my quarters at
the hotel made of blue drilling; the polite landlord, at present a resi-
dent of your city, bowed me into my room, which consisted of ninety
pine i)oles covered with canvas, and would accommodate forty ])er-
sons, but contained only two pairs of l)lankets. As soon as one fell
asleep, the accommodating landlord would remove the blankets from
him for the next customer, and if they were slow to. retire, a glass of
'49 Bourbon soon compelled them to. After all were asleep, the land-
lord took the blankets from his last patron and went to bed himself,
to dream of the many two dollars coming in the next morning for
lodging. Many incjuiries were made for the bedclothing, but the

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 317

gentlemanly proprietor settled the muss by another cocktail and a
steerage cigar (cabin cigars at that time sold for fifty cents each),
and all was peace."

CHAPTER XXXni
TOWNSHIP HISTORY

ALABAMA TOWNSHIP

Alabama township was established October 20, 1856, a jn-ior divi-
sion of the county having been made February 24, 1851, by the court
of sessions, by which eight townships (known as Sacramento, Sutter,
San Joaquin, Cosumnes, Brighton, Center, Mississippi and Natoma)
were established. It is bounded on the north by Lee and Cosumnes
townships, on the west by Dry Creek township and on the south and
east by the county line. It was originally part of Cosumnes towm-
ship and includes township six north, ranges seven and eight east,
which lie north of Dry Creek, and also a strip from the west side of
townships five and six north, range nine east, nearly a mile wide, in
this county.

John Southerland came into this townshiy) in 1850 and engaged
in stock raising, and Roberts and Chaplin, who were the first ones to
raise barley in the township, settled on a ranch near him the same
year, and Joshua and William Hewald, adjoining them, also raised
grain and hay. In 1851 Ed Thompson, an old sea captain, settled
with his family in the township, but afterwards sold his farm to tb**
Goodwin brothers. Soon after selling he had a dispute with a laborer,
and calling him out of the house, shot and killed him, then left the
country and was never found. Dr. George Elliott settled in 1851 at
the crossing of the Stockton road and Dry creek, kept a stage station
and hotel, owning the stage line. The place was known as Elliott's
station and a postoffice was established there in 1852, Elliott being
appointed postmaster. He sold out in 1858, a Mr. Mitchell being ap-
pointed to succeed him, until the office was discontinued, when Martin
Scott purchased the hotel and moved it. across the creek into San
Joaquin county. James M. Short and W. Lords came in 1852, and
the former still lives there. Other early settlers previous to 1855 were
S. B. Lemon. James Crocker, Thomas H. Fowler, William Mitchell
(a large sheep-raiser), Richard White, William H. Young, William
Callon, John Bowen and Joshua Bailey. In 1858 Thomas Steele set-
tled at what is now known as Clay Station, and a postoffice was estab-
lished there in 1878, Steele being postmaster, storekeeper and black-
smith. The Sacramento and Stockton stages ran through the town-
ship and by the station and hotel kept liy Dr. Elliott. The Forest Line
Stage Company began running in June, 1869, and ceased in 1876,
running from Gait to Mokelumne Hill. George Brusie kept a station

318 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

and hotel. S. B. Lemon opened a hotel in 1854, which was closed in
1861 or 1862, and Calvin Bates opened one in 1863, on the Michigan
Bar or Lagiina road, which closed in 1866.

The first school in the township was a private one, kept by George
H. Stringfield, in 1857, which lasted one term, and in 1858 a public
schoolhouse was built by private parties. Miss Mary McConnell being
the first teacher.

The soil of the bottom lands is a black loam. The upland is
gravelly, mixed with adobe, and considerable red loam and sandy soil.
The chief industry was stock raising until the passage of the "no-
fence" law, since which time the land is more profitable for farming
than grazing. Thompson and James brought several herds of cattle
into the township in 1853, and until 1860 "Uncle Billy" Hicks, of
Hicksville, also had considerable cattle. In 1858 sheep-raisiug ob-
tained a hold and has ever since proved ]irofitable. After 1877 barley,
wheat and hay began to be raised profitably. Very little fruit has
hitherto been raised in this township, but of late the large ranches
have been purchased and are being cut up into small tracts, with the
idea of colonizing them for the purpose of intensive farming and
planting vineyards. Dry creek is a torrential stream coming down
from Amador county, which cai-ries water only in the winter and
spring. The Lagoon, as it is known, carries a great deal of water in
winter, sometimes overflowing its banks, half a mile wide. It runs
nearly through the center of the township.

AMERICAN TOWNSHIP

On July 30, 1851, the court of sessions cut off from Sacramento
township all of the land north of the American river, creating it into
a township to be known as American township. On the 20tli of
October, 1856, the board of supervisors of this county established the
boundaries of the different townships as they now exist, all except
Riverside township, which was carved out of Sutter township in 1909.
In 1874 the supervisors changed the boundaries of Sacramento city,
throwing all the land north of A and North B streets into American
townshi)). At present almost all the land in the township is swamp
and overflowed land, comprised in Old Swamp Land District No. 1.
The Natomas Consolidated Company, however, has obtained ownership
of most of the overflowed laud, and has begim the work of reclaiming
many thousands of acres, at a cost of several million dollars, and the
day is not far distant when the township will be the site of hundreds
of small holdings of alluvial land of great fertility and will make a
thickly settled section tributary to the city of Sacramento. The
township contains about fourteen thousand acres of the Norris Grant,
or Rancho del Paso. This also is being subdivided, and many set-
tlers are making improvements on it. The Southern Pacific station
at Arcade is situated near the southeast corner of the township.

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 319

The Six-mile House on the old Marysville road was built by Mr.
Holmes in 1852 or 1853, but sold in 1857 under foreclosure to H. C.
Harvey, who was interested in a stage line from Sacramento to Marys-
ville, and who kept it as a hotel and farmhouse. It is now the head-
quarters of a game club. The Arcade House was about two miles
from the American river bridge. The Star hotel was on the Nevada
road on the Norris Grant. It was a favorite stopping place for team-
sters and was owned by a Mr. Pitcher in 1857. The Twelve-mile
House was a stage station on the Nevada road. The land, being sedi-
mentary deposit, is very rich on the bottoms, and much sediment was
de]iosited on it by the '62 flood, which nearly ruined the farms over-
flowed, carrying away barns, houses, tools, etc., and the indications
are that at some time previous to the American river occupation the
water was much higher than in 1862.

This township was the scene of one of the early duels — that be-
tween Philip W. Thomas, district attorney of Placer county, and Dr.
Dickson, one of the physicians of the State Marine hospital of San
Francisco. Thomas had made some remarks derogatory to the char-
acter of J. P. Rutland, one of the clerks in the office of State Treas-
urer McMeans, and Rutland sent a challenge, which Thomas declined,
saying he did not regard the challenger as a gentleman. Dr. Dickson
appropriated the insult to himself, and sent a challenge to Thomas in
his own name, which was accepted, and a hostile meeting was ar-
ranged for four A. M. March 9, 1854. The parties left the city at
two-thirty A. M., but found they were pursued by the sheriff and his
deputies, and it was arranged that a mock duel should take place be-
tween two of their friends, H. O. Ryerson and Hamilton Bowie. They
took position and exchanged shots, and Ryerson was immediately ar-
rested and taken to the city, where he gave bonds. The principals
proceeded to the ground, about two hundred yards from the residence
of H. M. LaRue, where Bowie acted as second for Thomas and Judge
McGowan as second for Dickson. The distance had been fixed at
ten paces, but was changed to fifteen, in hopes of saving their lives.
The weapons used were dueling pistols, and both fired promptly at
the word, Thomas being a little the quicker of the two, which prob-
ably saved his life, as Dickson's bullet struck the ground at Thomas'
feet. Dickson fell and was brought to the city, where he died at
midnight. James H. Hardy was then district attorney, and the other
participants were indicted, but through the exertions of Col. P. L.
Edwards, their counsel, the indictments were quashed. Thomas was
later twice re-elected district attorney of Placer county, and in 1860
was elected to the state senate, but resigned before the expiration of
his term. He died in Auburn in 1874 or 1875.

BRIGHTOX TOWXSHIP

Brighton township, as originally established by the court of ses-

320 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

sions February 4, 1851, was described as follows: Beginning at the
southeast corner of Sacramento township, thence along the eastern
line of said township to the county line of Sutter county ; thence east-
erly along said line for three miles; thence in a southeasterly direc-
tion to Murray's ranch and including the same; thence in the same
direction to the intersection of San Joaquin, Sutter and Cosumnes
townships; thence along the northern line of Sutter township to the
place of beginning. This included part of what is now known as
Center township. In 1856 the board of supervisors changed the
boundaries.

The town of Brighton was started in 184f) by a ])arty of Sacra-
mento speculators, the town plat made, lots staked off, a race track
and the Pavilion hotel built by the originators of the enterprise. It
was located on the bank of the American river, nearly a mile north
of the location of what is now known as Brighton. In 1849-51 it was
a lively place. The Pavilion hotel burned down in 1851, and another
hotel, the Five-mile House, with John and George Berry as propri-
etors, was started, but closed in 1856. There were two stores and
several dwellings in the town, but in 1852 it was abandoned, on ac-
count of land troubles, defective title and other reasons.

The station and postoffice now known as Perkins was called
Brighton until the early '80s, when the name was changed. At one
time the jiostoffice at Brighton was moved to what is now called
Brighton Junction, remaining there for four years, and then going-
back to its i)resent location. T. C. Perkins built the first store and
was the first postmaster there in 1861, and his son, C. C. Perkins,
still carries them on. S. H. Pugh built the Washing-ton hotel and the
first blacksmith shop in 1874.

Hoboken, or Norristown, was laid olT by Samuel Norris in 1850
on the south bank of the American river. Very little was heard of it
till the flood of 1852, when Sacramento was cut off by water, and Sac-
ramento merchants had to move to the high ground in order to reach
their customers. The town was rechristened Hoboken, and grew
quickly. January 10, 1853, there were from thirty to fifty houses and
tents. Prominent business houses of Sacramento .swelled the popula-
tion to several hundred. In January of 1853 the vote for the election
of mayor of the town stood, after an exciting campaign: E. L. Brown,
613; Samuel Norris, 546; J. B. Starr, 598. Mayor Brown made a
speech to the voters, promising to faithfully perform the duties of
Ills office, "provided I am paid for it." When the waters subsided
Holjoken was deserted and became farm land.

Routier postoffice, named in honor of Joseph Routier, is on the
Placerville railroad. Routier settled there in June, 1853, as the agent
of Ca])tain Folsom, occupying the house built by Leidesdorff in 1846.
He bought part of the property and lived there until his death in 1898.
The first railroad station in this vicinitv was at the American Fork

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 821

House, or Patterson's. A few years later tlie station was moved to
Mayliew. In 1871 Mr. Patterson lost his new house by fire, and re-
built at Routier's. In 187:2 Mrs. Mayhew, i)ostniistress at Mayhew,
resigned, and the office was moved to Routier's and Patterson was
appointed jjostmaster.

A. D. Patterson came to this country in 1849 and started the
American Fork or Ten-mile House on the Coloma road, remaining
there until 1871. The house was constructed principally of cloth, and
was about ten miles from Sacramento. It became popular, and flour-
ished so that in 1850 he built a wooden house costing, it was said,
about $40,000, owing to the cholera season in that year. On Christmas
Eve, 1850, a ball was held that realized $1500, of which Patterson paid
$250 to Lothian's band for music. In 1853 the "Plank Road," built
on the continuation of J street, reached Patterson's hotel, whicli was
its eastern terminus. The house immediately became a great [)lace
of resort, and flourished till he sold it in 1872.

The Magnolia, also known as the Five-mile House, was l)uilt orig-
inally in 1849, on the old Placerville and Jackson stage road, and was
well known in its day. It was burned twice in 1863, and rebuilt the
second time. The Twelve-Mile House was built in 1853 by a man
named Caldwell, and was known as the Antelope ranch. The Four-
teen-mile House was built on the old Coloma road in 1850, and sold
to John Taylor in 1854.

Among the early settlers in the townshii) we have gathered the
folio-wing: N. J. Stevens settled near Patterson in 1850. Charles
Malby settled here in 1849, and kept the Nine-mile House on the
Coloma road. James T. Day came in 1849. Israel Luce came in
1850. James Allen came with his family on the American river, and
was driven out in the Squatter riot, the sheriff having been killed at
his house, as heretofore narrated, and an adopted son of his having
also been killed. He returned, and sold his place in 1861. W. B.
Whitesides settled in the township in 1850, on what is known as the
Rooney i)lace. A. B. Hawkins came in 1849. A. Cerytes came in
1850, but moved away later. A. Kipp and- Charles Petit settled on
the Allen i)lace in 1851, but when he returned they gave it up to him.
John Rooney came in 1851. W. S. Manlove and Dr. Kellogg settled
there in 1849.

Mills station, formerly known as Hangtown Crossing, has a store
kept by John Studarus, and a gristmill from which it takes its name.

Walsh's station is situated on the Jackson road about nine miles
from Sacramento, and a postoffice was established there in 1873. J.
Walsh, who kept the store, being postmaster. Enterprise Grange hall
was built there the same year by a business association connected
with the Grange.

CENTER TOWNSHIP

Center township was established by the court of sessions in 1851.
and comprised part of the present township, as well as parts of

322 HISTOEY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY

Brighton, Granite and Lee townships. The supervisors in 1853
changed the boundaries of Brighton and Center townships, making
the portions of both lying north of the American river, Center town-
ship. In 1856 new boundaries were established. The township is al-
most entirely composed of Spanish grants. About thirty thousand
acres of the Norris grant, known now as the Eancho del Paso, are in
the township; also about eight thousand acres of the old San Juan
grant, the latter having been subdivided and sold iu smaller parcels.
During the past two years the Eancho del Paso has been sold by J. B.
Haggin to eastern capitalists, and is being rapidly cut up and sold
in small farms to settlers. The price paid for it is stated to have
been about one and a half millions. For fifty years its forty-four
thousand acres has stood like a stone wall in the way of the city's
expansion on the north, as Mr. Haggin refused to sell it, except as a
whole. It is being rapidly settled up at present. The proprietors of
the Norris grant made three separate attempts to reach artesiain
water or to find a flowing well, but were unsuccessful, and the last
of the three wells was abandoned in 1879. The depth of these wells
was, respectively, nine hundred feet, six hundred and forty feet, and
twentj'-one hundred and forty-seven feet.

The Auburn road runs diagonally through the township, and in
the early days houses of refreshment were located along it at short
intervals, the most prominent of them being the Oak Grove House,
about seven miles from Sacramento, which was a popular resort in
1851-52. It was kept by D. B. Groat, and was the one at which the
parties of the Denver-Gilbert duel took breakfast on the morning of
the tragedy, the ground being only a few yards away. The house
disapijeared long ago. This was one of the most noted duels in the
early history of the state, and had its origin in a newspaper con-
troversy in 1852. Denver was at the time in charge of the supplies
for overland immigration, and Gilbert attacked him editorially, charg-
ing members of the expedition with dishonesty. He finally sent Den-
ver a challenge, which was accepted, Denver, as the challenged party,
choosing rifles, and the distance thirty paces. At sunrise AugTist 2,
1852, the combatants met on the ground, and in the toss for choice of
position Denver won, and placed his back toward the rising sun. Ex-
Mayor Teschemacher was Gilbert's second and V. E. Geiger was Den-
ver's, while Dr. Wake Briarly was surgeon. The first fire resulted
in the bullets of each striking the ground in front of the other. At
the second shot Gilbert was shot in the bowels and fell into the arms
of his friend, dying without a struggle. His body was carried to the
Oak Grove House. Gilbert was born in Troy, N. Y., and worked him-
self up from the printer's case to a seat in congress. He came to
California with Stevenson's regiment in 1847, having previously been
associate editor on the Albany Argus, though at the time of his death
he was only thirty years of age. Early in 1849 he combined the

HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY 323

("alifornia Star and the old Californian, from which sprung the Alta
California. He was a delegate to the first constitutional convention,
and the first man from the Pacific coast to take a seat in congress.
His body was taken to the residence of J. H. Nevett in Sacramento,
and impressive funeral services held bj^ Eev. 0. C. Wheeler at the
First Baptist church, the procession being headed by a company of
cavalry under command of Captain Fry. The body was taken to San
Francisco, and final services held at Rev. T. Dwight Hunt's church,
every newspaper editor and reporter in San Francisco attending the
funeral.

Antelope is a village on the Southern Pacific railway. In 1876
a large brick warehouse was built by J. F. Cross, costing $3000. The
first store was started in 1877 by the Antelope Business Association,
and the second by R. Astile in 1879 in the hotel building. The post-
ofKce was established in 1877, Joel Gardner being postmaster. For
many years it has been a shipping place for hay and grain into the
mountains, and of late fruit and almond raising is increasing in that
section. Arcade is a way station on the Southern Pacific. Within
the past three years the Western Pacific railway and the Northern
Electric railway have been built through the township and have estab-
lished some way stations.

COSUMNES TOWNSHIP

Cosumnes township originally embraced parts of Dry Creek and
San Joaquin townships. Its present boimdaries were established by
the board of supervisors in 1856, and the villages of Cosumnes, Mich-
igan Bar, Sebastopol, Live Oak and Buckeye are within its limits.

Michigan Bar was so named because the first settlers were from
Michigan. Much mining has been done in Cosumnes township, gold
having been discovered there in 1849, and it was probably discovered
by the two Michigan men who founded the place. This was the
largest mining camp in the district, and the first claims were only
allowed to be sixteen feet. When hydraulic mining began the miners
made their own rules. In the fall of 1851 the miners began working
the gulches, hauling the dirt in carts to the river. This was the first
dry mining done in this locality. In the summer most of the mining
was done on the river and bars. The Knightsomer ditch in 1851 (the
first built), and the Davidson ditch, built in 1854, were both on the
north side of the river. In 1858 hydraulic mining began, and some
two hundred to three hundred acres were washed off to the depth,
sometimes, of twenty feet, the district being one of the best for placer
mining in California. At one time Michigan Bar had from one thou-
sand to fifteen hundred population, some estimating it as high as two
thousand, and in the '50s it polled as high as five hundred votes. There
are not more than fifty voters now.

A toll bridge, built in 1853 by Samuel Putnam, was bought by the

324 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

county ill 1879 and made free. A new iron bridge, 362 feet in length
and costing $3300, was built in 1887. The Michigan Bar pottery
works were built in 1859 by J. W. Orr, who discovered what was
thought to be the best bank of clay for pottery in the state.

A man named Prothero was the first settler, and brought his
family of four sons and two daughters with him. Larkiii Lamb and
wife settled there in 1851.

Gold was discovered at Cook's Bar (named after a man named
Dennis Cook, who settled there in 1849) about the same time as at
Michigan Bar, and quite a large town, with a large hotel, stores and
saloons and five hundred population sprang up, but practically ceased
to exist in 1860.

Sebastopol, a mining town, sprang up in 1854. The place was so
named by the miners, the Crimean war then being in progress. During
the lively times three hundred to four hundred ounces of gold dust
were sold here weekly, but the town dwindled down to four houses by
1859. Katesville, another mining town, was estahlished in 1854 and
deserted in 1862.

Live Oak was also established in 1854, and for several years gold
to the amount of $2000 to $3000 was sold there weekly. Wells, Fargo
& Co. had an office there from 1858 to 1861, and the Hamilton line of
stages ran through Live Oak on their way from Mokelumne Hill to
Sacramento. There were three stores, two hotels and other business
houses, but the place went down in 1861. Among the early settlers
were B. R. Roliinson, Henry Lancaster, W. S. Crayton, Thomas Olive,
J. C. Dunn, Patrick Gaffney, John Gatfney, George Freeman, R. D.
Reed, Alfred Ball and V. Perry. George McKinstry came to the state
in 1847, and opened a store and trading post on the Cosumnes river
in 1849. He owned a part of what was known as the Sacayac grant
(later called the Pratt grant) on the Cosumnes river, and sold the
ranch and store to Emanuel Pratt, who ran it till 1855, when he closed
out the business. J. 0. Sherwood settled on the south side of the
Cosumnes in 1850. Jacob A. Hutchinson, Sr., crossed the plains in
1846, and settled on the Cosumnes river in 1849. He soon started on
a prospecting trip to the northern mines, and was never heard of
again. James Pollock came to the state in 1846 with his family, and
settled on the Cosumnes in 1853. He claimed that his daughter, Mary,
was the first white child born in the state, but the claim is disputed.

Jared Sheldon, the owner of the Sheldon grant, in 1851 bought a
piece of land half a mile above where McCabe's bridge was afterwards
built. He built a costly dam and dug a race three-quarters of a mile
long, the dam being built of square timbers, tied together with oak
ties, and filled in with rocks, sixteen feet high. The miners learned
of his intention and protested, on the ground that it would overflow
their claims, but he disregarded their protest, and completed the dam.
When the water began to reach the claims several meetings were

HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 325

held, both sides being represented. Sheldon built a fort on a point of
rocks which commanded the dam, placed a cannon upon it, and em-
ployed a number of men to defend it. Julj- 12, 1851, however, the
fort was surprised and taken, Sheldon being absent. He was sent for
to come and let the water off, and arrived soon after with a dozen
men, but refused to let the water off, and the miners made an in-
effectual attempt to blow up the dam. When it failed, one of the
miners, of whom there were about a hundred present, seized an ax,
and calling on the others to protect him, walked to the edge of the
dam and began chopping. There is a dispute as to who fired the first
shot, one account stating that Sheldon ordered one of his men to shoot
the miner who was chopping the dam, and that this man and another
fired at him, whereupon the miners fired at the Sheldon party, killing
Sheldon, and Johnson and Cody, the two men who fired. The only
man injured on the miners' side was the man on the dam, who was
slightly wounded. The dam was opened and the water let out, and it
was entirely swept away by the high water of 1851-52.

Jordan H. Lowry settled at Michigan Bar in 1854, and lived there
for many years. There were plenty of hotels in the township between
1850 and 1862. The Public House, built at Coats' Ferry, 'closed in
1858, and another hotel, built by Coats, on the other side of the river,
was closed in 1857. The Hamilton House, on the Sacramento and
Dry Town road, near the river, was burned in 1853, and never re-
built. The Gold Spring House on the Gold Spring ranch, was built
in 1849 and closed in 1853. The Mountain House was built in 1850
by James Gordon, whose wife gave birth to twins the same year, the
first twins born in the township. The Wilbur hotel, built by Y. S.
Wilbur in 1850, and sold to Larkin Lamb in 1851, was closed by him
in 1858. The Ohio House, built by a company from Ohio, was sold in
i&o6 or 1857 to James Cummings, who changed its name to the Cum-
mings House. It was located at Sebastopol and burned down in 1864
and was never rebuilt. The Hamilton hotel was opened at Sebastopol
by J. H. Hamilton in 1857. The Prairie Cottage, about a mile and a
half above Sebastopol, on the lone road, was built in 1851 and closed
in 1864. The Blue Tent House, on the Buckeye ranch, built in 1849
by Sage & Co., closed as a hotel in 1870. The Niagara House was
opened in 1849 on Willow Springs creek by Moore & Ball, and
closed in 1856. Cook's Bar House, opened by Chenault & Hall, in
1854, did a good business for several years, but closed in 1870.

While there is some good agricultural land in Cosumnes township
and some successful hopyards along the river, most of the land is
classed as mineral and is but little worked now, being largely devoted
to grazing. The march of progress and the new methods of treating
the land will ]Drobably in the near future result in turning it to fruit
raising.

326 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

The fix'st school in the township was opened in 1853, the whole
township being included in the district.

DKY CREEK TOWNSHIP

Dry Creek township was originally included in San Joaquin town-
shijj, but was set off by itself in August, 1853, all the land southeast
of the Cosnmnes river being set off. The boundaries were modified
into their present form by the supervisors October 20, 1856. It is
mostly included within the boundary line of the San Jon de los
Mokelumne, or Chabolla grant. Dr. W. L. Mclntyre came into this
county in 1849, with his family, settling in Dry Creek township in

1851. He built the first frame house in the township in April, 1851,
near Gait. Mrs. Rosanna Mclntyre died at the residence of Ephraim
Ray in Gait, February 20, 1889, in her seventy-ninth year.

Calvin T. Briggs and John Burroughs had large herds of cattle
on both sides of the river as early as 1850, and Burroughs returned to
the east in 1857. Briggs built the second frame house in the town-
ship in 1851, they having j^reviously lived in an adobe house. Rev.
N. Slater and family came in 1851 and engaged in stock-raising. He
sold his five hundred acre farm in the Chabolla grant in 1869 and
moved into Sacramento in 1876.

Grant I. Taggart and the Ringgold brothers took up a claim in

1852, but stayed only a few months. Taggart was afterwards clerk
of the supreme court. Willis Wright purchased part of their claim
in 1853. Thomas Armstrong came into possession of part of the Ring-
gold ])lace in 1852, and engaged in the dairy business. Dr. Russell
came in 1850, engaging in the cattle business about four miles from
Gait until his death in 1861. William H. Young was among the early
settlers. S. Fugitt and family settled on Dry creek in 1852 and
kept a hotel for some years. Hiram Chase came in 1852. George
Gray settled in the townshi]> in 1850, James Short in 1853, Andrew
Whitaker in 1852 and John McFarland in 1851. Evan Evans came in
1851, Henry D. Cantrell in 1853, Thomas McConnell in 1855, Thomas
Lorin in 1851, George Need in 1852, Peter Planalp in 1852, H. Putney
in 1853, Peter Williamson in 1852, David Davis in 1853, P. Green and
wife in 1852 or 1853, Peter Riley in 1852, Samuel Wriston and
Ephraim Ray in 1852.

The first death in the township occurred February 14, 1851, and
was that of a Mrs. Jackson, who was with her husband, visiting at
Dr. Russell's house. There was only one white woman, Mrs. Mclntyre,
present at the funeral, and most of those who attended it were In-
dians. At the grave the Indians squatted around on the «Tound, mak-
ing a strange picture. In 1853 a Fourth of July celebration was held
at Mclntyre 's house. The settlers came from all over the county and
many from San Joaquin county. A flag was. made by four of the

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 327

ladies, the stripes being from a red window curtain and the blue (ield
of a blue shawl.

The stock interests later gave way to grain, and much wheat was
raised for years. There was little, if any, mineral in the township.

The town' of Gait was laid out by Obed Harvey and the Western
Pacific Railroad Company in 1869, and the Gait House, an old hotel
erected by S. Fugitt, was moved to the town. It was discontinued
in 1872.

Whitaker & Ray started their store in Gait in ]859, and amassed
a fortune. The postoffice was established the same year, with John
Brewster as the first postmaster.

The First Congregational Church of Gait was established October
13, 1877, Rev. William C. Stewart, pastor, and the first officers were
James Ferguson and E. C. Morse, but religious services had been
held in the schoolhouse at irregular times by various denominations
since 1869. In 1884 the church erected a fine building through the
energy of Dr. Harvey and John McFarland. The Methodists in 1879
took a schoolhouse built in 1872 and converted it into a church. The
Christian Church was organized in 1887 or 1888. The Catholics laid
the cornerstone of their church October 12, 1885, and it being the
393rd anniversary of the discovery of America by Columbus, the
church was named St. Christopher's Church. Rt. Rev. P. W. Riordan,
Archbishop of San Francisco, officiated.

Phoenix Lodge No. 259, I. 0. 0. F., was instituted in Gait Decem-
ber 29, 1875, by Grand Master D. W. Welty. It now has ninety-two
members. Gait Encampment No. 65, I. 0. 0. F., was organized May
13, 1881. Rei Rebekah Lodge No. 132, I. 0. O. F., was organized
March 20, 1888, with forty-eight charter members. There are eighty-
seven members at present. Gait Lodge, F. and A. M., was organized
in the fall of 1882 with fifteen charter members and S. W. Palin as
master. The Knights of Pythias were organized February 12, 1883.
Gait Lodge No. 113, A. O. U. W., was instituted Jime 21, 1879. Other
organizations have been instituted from time to time. The Order of
Chosen Friends was instituted in 1882; the Golden Shore Lodge in
May, 1889 ; the Grand Army Post July 12, 1888, and the Order of the
Iron Hall, an incorporated order, in 1889.

Hicksville was named after "Uncle Billy Hicks," one of the oldest
settlers in the township, who came in 1847 and began stock-raising.
The postoffice was established at his place in 1854 and was transferred
to the i3resent site of Hicksville in 1857. There is now a postoffice at
Arno on the Valensin place, at Arno station, the Hicksville postoffice,
which was off the railroad, having been discontinued a number of
years ago. At present there are a number of subdivisions being
carved out of the large farms in tlie township, the principal ones of
which are the Valensin Colonv and Herald. The Central California

328 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

electric road runs tlirough the township, and the colonies are on its
line.

FRANKLIN TOWNSHIP

Franklin township was formed out of the original Sutter township
by the board of supervisors October 20, 1856. It lies between the
Sacramento river, the Cosumnes and Mokelumne rivers, and Sutter
township. The lands in this township are all either agricultural or
marsh lands, the latter, where reclaimed, being very valuable for fruit,
grain or vegetable raising, and much alfalfa is also produced on them.
The agricultural lands have been mostly used for grain raising, being
much of them adobe, with some sections of the red plains loam.
There are also some vineyards among them. There is a chain of
lakes running through the western part of the township and connect-
ing with Snodgrass Slough. Along the river are some of the finest
orchards to be found in the state, producing all kinds of fruit, berries,
vegetables and alfalfa, which are carried to San Francisco and to Sac-
ramento for shipment to the east. Almost every orchard has its river
landing, where numerous fruit and produce boats ply daily through
the fruit season. The titles were all procured from the United States,
there being no Mexican or Spanish grants in the township. The
largest business enterprise in the township is the brickyard on the
river, owned by James 0 'Neil.

Joseph Sims came to the state in 1847, with Stevenson's regiment,
and is the youngest member living of the Sacramento Society of
Pioneers. He settled in Franklin township in 1849, and has a valuable
farm. J. B. Green came in 1849, J. C. Beach in 1850, Wm. H. Fry in
1852, Joseph Green in 1851, Truman N. Fassett in 1852, George W.
Hack in 1855, R. Kercheval in 1850, David T. Lufkin in 1850, Jacob
Miller in 1853, John Reith in 1855, Solomon Runyon in 1850, Mj'ron
Smith in 1853, Adam Warner in 1853. Union House was established
in 1852 by Amos Butler, and has a postoffice. The Six-mile House was
built by a man named Prewitt in 1853-54. The Twelve-mile House was
built in 1850 by a man named Hesser.

Freeport, eight miles from Sacramento on the river, was the
place from which the Freeport Railroad Company projected its road
in 1862-63 to connect with the Sacramento Valley road, and enjoyed
quite a shipping trade to the mines for several years. A. J. Bump
built the first store in 1863, and the first hotel was started by E. Greer
the same year. There was a population of from three hundred to
four hundred people at that time, but now only a few people remain.
It has a postoffice. Freeport Lodge No. 26, I. O. G. T., was instituted
in January, 1884, and built a lodge building. The order went down
some years ago.

Franklin, for many years known as Georgetown, has a postoffice,
store, hotel and a number of residences, and was settled in 1856 by

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 32y

Andrew George. The schoolhouse was erected and run for two years
as a high school, but abandoned as such on account of the expense.
Franklin Grange, P. of 11., was instituted January !), 1874.

Richland was started in 1860 as a landing, and had a hirge ware-
house, a school, a Methodist church and a few residences.

Courtland is a landing for all the steamers, and was established
in 1870 by James V. Sims. It has a postoffice, telegraph and Wells-
Fargo office, and a store. In December, 1879, a fire destroyed the
part of it known as Chinatown, which was rebuilt.

Onisbo, named after a chief of the Digger Indians there, was set-
tled by A. Runyon in 1849. A postoffice was established in 1853, but
was moved to Courtland in 1857. The schoolhouse, with the lodge
room of Franklin Lodge No. 143, F. and A. M., overhead, was erected
in 1860 at a cost of $2200. Franklin Lodge was instituted in 1861,
with George A. Blakeslee as master.

GEORGIANA TOWNSHIP

Georgiana township joins Franklin township on the south, and
was set of¥ from Sutter township, of which if was originally a part,
by the court of sessions, August 14, 1854, commencing at a point about
opposite to Steamboat Slough. On October 20, 1856, the board of
supervisors established Merritt Slough as the northeast corner. The
township is composed almost entirely of what are generally known as
the River islands, including part of Sutter island, almost all of Grand
island, and all of Andrus, Tyler, Twitchell, Brannan, Sherman and
Wood islands, and having about one hundred miles of levee. No richer
land is to be found than that in this township, and the lands along the
river and sloughs, when reclaimed, yield prodigiously. The orchards
of all kinds of fruit keep a number of boats busy during the fruit
season, and ship potatoes and vegetables to San Francisco and Sacra-
mento all the year round. The land is being devoted extensively to
the raising of asparagus and celery of late, yielding great profits.
The stretch of land on the river from Freeport down, with its thirty-
five miles of orchards, has been famous for years, and the nine miles
of river front on the Pearson reclamation district has excited much
comment from press and public. It includes about nine thousand
acres, and a splendid levee was constructed around it in 1878. The
old levee gave way and it was flooded, many of the owners being
ruined, and abont four thousand acres fell into the hands of the San
Francisco SaAdngs Union, which proceeded to reclaim it under the
management of P. J. Von Loben Sels. Over $300,000 was spent in
levees, pumping plant and other improvements. The land reclaimed
has proved of marvelous productiveness for grain, potatoes, beans
and other vegetables.

Brannan island has about eight thousand acres, nearly all under
cultivation. The levees and the residents bave suffered greatly from

330 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

floods in the years since the settlement in 1852, but the land is now
protected by levees more scientifically constructed, and is very pro-
ductive.

Sherman island is the southernmost point of Sacramento county,
and was first settled by Robert P. Beasley in 1855. It was all re-
claimed in 1873, and the land increased in value rapidly, the crops
being good and everything prospering. The high water of 1878, how-
ever, dispelled the ros^" anticipations of the owners and brought dis-
aster to them, destroying the levees and making a swamp of the island.
At various times since then the levees have been rebuilt with the
same result. Within the last few years, however, the levees have
been raised and strengthened by huge dredgers, and are considered
secure at present. A great drawback to the reclamation of the
islands is due to the fact that they are of peat formation, and at
various times the weight of the sand placed on them too close to the
river has caused the levee to slide down into the river. Of late the
levees have been set further back, with a long slope on the side next
to the river, and as a result all the islands will be ultimately re-
claimed. There are two wharves on the island, and Emmaton is a
small place on the Sacramento river.

Twitchell and Tyler islands have been great sufferers from floods,
the former having been purchased by the Tide Land Reclamation
Company in 1869 and reclaimed in 1870, only to be overwhelmed by
the water.

Andrus island was settled in 1852 by George Andrus, at the
upper end. It contains about seven thousand acres and is all re-
claimed. Isleton, forty-one miles from Sacramento, is at the lower
end of this island. • It was established by Josiah Pool in 1874, and has
enjoyed prosperity for many years. The wharf was built in 1875.
Formerly the principal industry was the raising of sugar beets, but
it was finally discontinued. For some years a lodge of Good Tem-
plars and a Grange of Patrons of Husbandry flourished here.

Sutter island has been under process of reclamation for many
years, and is now largely under cultivation. Walnut Grove was set-
tled by John W. Sharp in the fall of 1851, and there has been a post-
office there since 1855 or 1856. It is situated at the junction of Georg-
iana Slough with the Sacramento river. It has a wharf at which the
steamers stop going both ways, also a store, schoolhouse, a hotel and
a hall. It is a point from which much produce is shipped. The grow-
ing of asparagus and celery has expanded very fast within the past
three or four years, and a large area of the splendid alluvial soil near
the river is being devoted to it.

LEE TOWNSHIP

Lee township was formed October 20, 1856, by the board of super-
visors and is bounded on the north by Granite township, on the east

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 331

by Natoma and Cosunmes, on the south by Alabama and on the west
by San Joaquin and Brighton townships. Of the original townships
it contains part of what was San Joaquin township and a large por-
tion of the original Cosunmes township. South of the Cosumnes river
it includes part of the Hartnell grant, north of the Cosumnes and
parallel to it is the Sheldon grant. About thirty-eight hundred acres
of the Leidesdorff grant is in the northern part of the township.
Along the Cosumnes river and Deer creek is the rich alluvial land,
producing alfalfa and fruits. Back from the river is the red soil
known as plains or agricultural land. On the high, land much of it is
gravel and used principally for grazing.

Approaching the Cosumnes river on the old Jackson road, as one
reaches the brow of the hill, a beautiful green valley strikes the eye,
and winds toward the south with the river. In tlie summer, when
the hills are brown, it gives one beholding it for the first time a
]ileasurable surprise. One summer evening in 1840 William Daylor,
who was in the employ of Captain Sutter, while on a cattle hunt, rode
to the top of the hill which overlooks the valley of the Cosumnes. The
valley at that time was thickly populated with Indians and as Daylor
did not cai'e to make too close an acquaintance with them, he did not
descend into the valley, but went back to the fort. He reported what
he li;id discovered to his friend, Jared Sheldon, who was at the time
employed by Sutter as a carpenter. Sheldon, who was a naturalized
citizen of Mexico, and had certain claims against the Mexican govern-
ment for services in building the custom house at Monterey, saw his
o|)p(irtunity, and made an arrangement with Daylor, by which he
(Sheldon), through his friend, E. P. Hartnell, who was then secretary
of state and government interpreter for California under the Mexican
government, should obtain a grant of the valley discovered by Daylor,
in liquidation of his unsettled claim. Daylor was to settle with two
or three comjianions on the grant, while Sheldon was to stock the
ranch with cattle, and the two were to become equal partners in the
land and cattle.

Sheldon took the iireliminary steps for securing the grant, and
then purchased three hundred head of cattle of Dr. Marsh, of Marsh's
landing (now Antioch), for which he was to pay in carpenter work,
which he entered upon immediately, sending the cattle through the
unknown country from Dr. Marsh's to the Cosumnes. They reached
their destination safely, and the drovers found a corral for the cattle
and a tent for the men, which had been provided by Daylor, assisted
by Ned Robinson and a force of Indians. These Indians had been
found to be docile, friendly, and willing to do anything for the whites
in consideration of a yard of "Manta" (unbleached muslin) and the
game, deer, elk and antelope, which the latter provided, and which
compensated the Indians for a week's work. With their aid a field
of one hundred acres was inclosed with a ditch and planted Avith

332 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

wheat, which was procured from Captain Sutter. During the tirst
year the diet of the settlers was confined to venison, but after the
crop was gathered boiled wheat was added to their menu, which was
unvaried until 1847.

In the meantime Sheldon and Daylor had found a fine site for a
mill just below where McCracken's bridge was afterwards built, and
in 1847 they constructed a dam and built a grist mill, which continued
in successful operation until the stampede of 1848 that caused nearly
everyone to forsake work and rush to the mines. After the discovery
of gold in 1848 Sheldon, Daylor and McCoon, taking a number of the
Indians, established a mining camp at a point where the Placevville
road now crosses Weber creek, and remaining there until the autumn
rains set in, they found the result of the summer's work gave to each
partner $20,000."

Daylor was married in the autumn of 1846 and Sheldon married
in the spring of 1847, their wives being the daughters of Thomas
Rhoads of San Joaquin county. Sheldon, desiring to add to his pos-
sessions, bought a piece of land about four miles above his mill, and
becoming involved in a quarrel with the miners above it, was killed,
as narrated elsewhere, July 10, 1851. He was a native of Underbill,
Vt., and came to California overland from New Mexico in 1832.

William Daylor, a native of London, England, came to Sutter's
Fort in 1840. He died of cholera at Daylor 's ranch October 30, 1850.

Sebastian Kayser, born in the Austrian Tyrol, and for many years
a trapper in the Rocky mountains, was half-owner of the Johnson
ranch at Johnson's crossing on Bear creek, and was drowned in the
Cosumnes river in January, 1850.

Perry McCoon came to California about 1843 and was killed liy a
fall from his horse near Cook's bar in January, 1851.

W. R. Grimshaw, a native of New York City, was a seafaring
man, and arrived at Monterey in June, 1848, in a coasting vessel. He
came to Sutter's Fort in October, 1848, and November 15, 1849, he
opened a store and Indian trading post in partnership with William
Daylor at Daylor 's ranch. He died many years ago.

W. D. Wilson came to this state in 1848, and settled on the
Cosumnes river, opposite Daylor 's ranch, and died in Santa (^lara
county in 1875.

John R. T. Mahone was a soldier in Doniphan's regiment during
the Mexican -war. He married the widow of Jared Sheldon and set-
tled at the Slough House in 1852. He died a number of years ago.

Wilson's Exchange hotel was built in 1850 by W. D. Wilson on
the south side of the Cosumnes river. In 1851 he built a bridge across
the Cosumnes at the same point, but it was swept away by the high
water in 1852; he rebuilt it the same year, but it was again swept
away in 1862, and was not rebuilt. The Slough House was built by
Jared Sheldon in 1850, and he and his family occupied it as a resi-

HISTORY OP SACRAMENTO COUNTY 333

dence until his death. The Slough House bridge across Deer creek
was built by John Mabone in 1850. It was washed away in 1863, and
rebuilt. In 1862 J. C. Austin built a wire bridge across the Cosuuines,
located on half of division thirteen of the Hartnell grant. In 1868
Austin sold it to James D. McCracken, ex-Governor Booth and Colonel
James. It was generally known as the "wire bridge," and in the
later '80s became unsafe and the county replaced it with one that was
longer and higher.

In the sirring of 1850 the justice of the peace at the Daylor ranch
was an old fellow known as "Uncle Ben," but he did not hold the
office long. A half-witted fellow had been caught driving off some
tame American oxen and was brought before Uncle Ben for trial.
The fellow was almost paralyzed with fear and declared loudly that
he was innocent of any intent to steal, and that he had been hired
to drive the oxen to Sacramento. When all was ready for the trial,
the prisoner was missing and a party went in search of him. He was
found a couple of hundred yards from the house, up to his neck
in water and with his head imder a bush, and was brought back,
more frightened than ever. Being asked how he got away, he said
that he had given the justice his purse with the gold dust in it and
had been allowed to slip out the back way. The justice denied his
story, but the prisoner described the purse and its contents, and on
searching the justice the purse and contents were found as described.
It was given to him and he was allowed to go, but the judge was tied
up to one of the colunms that supported the porch and given twenty-
tive lashes on his bare back with a lasso for a " cat-o '-nine-tails. " an
Indian officiating. He was then let loose and ordered to leave at
once. He left.

In 1850-51, the settlers in Cosumnes and San Joaquin townships,
which at that time included Lee, had been greatly annoyed by horse
and cattle thieves, until they determined to take the matter into
their own hands and administer siimmary justice to offenders. A
man named Orville Hamilton was accused in the early part of 1851
of being accessory to horse stealing and a number of citizens assem-
l)led at his place and organized a court and proceeded to try him on
the charge. Among the members of the court were Jared 'Sheldon,
William Hicks, Charles Lewis, W. D. Wilson, S. P. Gage, Atwood,
Trjce and Allmond. The prisoner was found guilty and sentenced to
hang and a committee was appointed to carry out the sentence, but
when they proceeded to carry out their instructions they foimd that
the prisoner had disappeared. This was communicated to the crowd
and created great excitement, which was increased when they dis-
covered a man wearing Hamilton's hat. He proved to be a merchant
of Sacramento named Sage, an intimate friend and old schoolmate
of Hamilton's in Connecticut. It was proposed to hang him in
Hamilton's place, but cooler counsel prevailed, and he was ordered

334 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

tied up and whipped. No one appeared willing to undertake the
job, until Sheldon exclaimed, "Some one has got to see to this thing,"
and he tied Sage to a tree and an Indian administered several lashes
on his bare back with a lasso. He returned to Sacramento and
employed C. A. Tweed to begin suit against Sheldon, Hicks and
others, but was non-suited.

By the time all the incidents related had taken place, it was dark
and the settlers returned to their homes. Gage and Allmond lived
in a cabin about a mile and a half below the Daylor ranch, on the
south side of the river, where they were herding horses. When they
returned home they were informed by a teamster, who had stopped
at their cabin, that two men were endeavoring to drive a herd of
horses across a ford about half a mile below the cabin. As this was
an unusual proceeding at that time of night, , the three men went
to the bank overlooking the ford and discovered that two thieves
were endeavoring to drive off the horses Gage and Allmond were
herding. They would have been successful, undoubtedly, if the horses
had not been unwilling to leave their range after dark. The three
men jumped down the bank, ]mlled the thieves off their horses, dis-
armed them and made them return to the cabin, where they gave
them their supper. After supper, Gage left his companions to guard
the prisoners, while he started out to summon the neighbors to
assemble and try the prisoners the next day. Hicks, Sheldon and
Grimshaw were in bed when he arrived, and while he went to sum-
mon others, they decided to attend to the matter at once. Accord-
ingly, when Gage returned with some other neighbors, they all agreed
on the subject. When they reached the cabin they found there wait-
ing for them John T. Rhoads, William B. Rhoads, John Parker

and Ford, and it was decided to proceed to the trial at once.

Sheldon was appointed to preside over the court, when it was found
that there were not enough men present to form a regular jury.
One of the party, however, spoke on the futility of regular trials in
stopping the evil of horse-stealing and said it was necessary to make
an example. He offered to be one of a party to pull on the rope
to hang the prisoners and the others agreed. The horses, which had
run into the corral, were examined to make sure there was no mis-
take, and the prisoners were led out to a tree, lassos placed around
their necks and they were informed that they had only half an hour
to live. When the time elapsed, they were drawn up, left there all
night and buried by the Indians in the morning. This summary dis-
pensing of justice ]mt an effectual stoji to horse-stealing in the
township.

One of the earliest mob executions in the county outside of the
city took place May 14, 1855, when William Lomax was hung by a
mob for the murder of Fi-ederick Bohle, who was killed on the 7th.
Bohle was a stockraiser and lived in a cabin about a mile above the

HISTORY OP SACRAMENTO COUNTY 335

old Daylor rancli. Some parties who went there to purchase cattle
found him dead. He had been cut with a knife and chopped with
an ax, the indications pointing- to a desperate struggle. The alarm
was given at Grimshaw's liouse, and Grimshaw and Oliver Saunders
went out and brought in the liody. Lomax had been seen about the
premises and he was arrested in Sacramento and taken out to the
scene of the murder. He asked that the trial be postponed until he
could produce a man named Van Trees, with whom he said he had
passed the night previous to the murder, at a ranch on the American
river. The people of Michigan Bar and Cook's Bar took possession
of him, promising that they would bring him back when Van Trees
came, which they did. Van Trees corroborated the story of Lomax
that he had been at his place, but added that when he departed he
had stolen a mule. Lomax was convicted and hung on a tree in front
of Grimshaw 's place.

MISSISSIPPI TOWNSHIP

Mississippi township as it was originally established by the court
of sessions, Feliruary 24, 1851, included not only nearly all the present
township, but also the whole of the present Granite township. Very
few changes were made until the south line was established October
20,1856, being made by the supervisors the Coloma road. At
present it begins at the northeast corner of Center township; runs
thence easterly along the northern boundary of the county to the
American river; thence southerly and westerly along the American
river to the eastern boundary of Center townsliip; thence north along
the eastern boundary of Center township to the point of beginning.
A large part of the land in the township is mineral, but the better
part of tlie mining land has been worked out and the residents have
turned their attention to agriculture and in later years to fruit. The
North Fork Company's ditch runs through the township, affording
facilities for irrigation throughout the year. The San Juan grant
includes the greater part of the township, there being only about
five thousand acres outside of its lines. The largest landholders a
quarter of a century ago were Cox & Clark and S. C. Hastings.

Aliout twenty-five years ago the first subdivision of this grant
was made and named Orange Vale. It was cut up into ten-acre
tracts and quickly sold, a water right going with the land. About
fifteen years ago the second subdivision was made and named Fair
Oaks. Two years ago the Carmichael colony was purchased, it being
the last portion of the Cox & Clark land, .joining Fair Oaks on the
east and the Haggin grant on the west. It was purchased by D. W.
Carmichael, piped for irrigation and sold in ten acre tracts. The
three tracts, with the San Juanita and Landis tracts, are piped for
water, and the water right goes with the land. The Orange Vale
and Fair Oaks colonies have been largely planted to oranges and

336 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

other citrus fruits and have proved as well adapted to that culture as
the most favored sections of Southern California. In fact they are
more favored as, while in the south the orange crop is sometimes
frozen, the oranges liere have never yet suffered from frost, owing
partly to the fact that they ripen and are marketed a month to six
weeks earlier than in the south. The Carmichael colony land, which
joins Fair Oaks, is especially adapted to oranges and olives. One or
two other tracts to the north are also being subdivided, and in a
few years Mississippi township will be one of the most productive
citrus fruit centers in the state.

Gold was discovered in Mississippi township, along the banks of
the American river, in 1849, about the same time as at Mormon island
and Negro Bar. Mining was prosecuted actively along the river for
some years, until the bars were mined out. As gold was found also
on the higher benches in paying quantities, a company was formed
to bring water in a ditch from the north fork of the American near
Auburn. This company brought water throjigh a ditch twenty miles
long, in 1855, and from that time till 1870, mining was prosecuted.
Since then but little has been done, except by Portuguese and Chinese.
The Alabama Bar was situated in the northeast corner of the town-
ship, in the middle of the American river, and was located in 1850.

In 1852 a company named the Alabama Bar Mining Company,
(from the fact that most of the company were Alabamans) was
formed. It was composed of twelve men, with John Smith as presi-
dent, and Alfred Spinks, superintendent. They located the bar and
began to work it, but were notified of the prior location. They re-
tained possession, however, and bought out the prior claimants, wher-
ever they could find them. The gold gave out in 1856, and the bar
was abandoned. The company employed about sixty men during
the summer, and it is estimated that they took out about $75,000.

The Slate Bar was located just below the site of the state prison,
on the opposite side of the river, but was never a large mining camp,
as the mining, being what is known as crevice mining, did not offer
the advantages that the other bars did. In 1850 James Smith started
the first store at Slate Bar.

The American River Ditch Company was incorporated November
27,1854. They commenced work on the ditch in Seiitember, 1854, and
it was completed to Big Gulch, near Ashland, the end of the main
ditch, January 1, 1857. The first dam was built at Tamaroo Bar,
twenty-four miles from Big Gulch. The portion from Big Gulch to
Mississippi Bar runs through Orange Vale. The first dam was taken
out by flood in March, 1855, the second dam, costing $5,000, in 1857,
the third dam, costing $12,000, was destroyed by the flood of 1862, and
the cost of rebuilding it was $29,000. It was taken out in 1871, rebuilt,
and washed out in 1872 and the present one completed, January, 1876.
The water is iised now mostly for irrigation. The Orange Vale

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 337

Colonization Conipau>- has thirty-two hundred acres of land irrigated
by it.

The California Central Railroad Company built its road through
this township, and another road was started, to run to Auburn, biit
never got farther than Wildwood station, ten miles out. The Central
Pacific subsequently acquired both of these roads and took up the
tracks.

Ashland's original name was Big Gulch, and in 1857 it was
changed to Russville, in honor of Colonel Russ. It was also called
Bowlesville, sometimes, after an old resident named Bowles, who had,
or claimed to have, a title to the land. It was christened Ashland
in 1860. In early times there were a large number of cabins and a
few saloons, but no hotels. Colonel Russ was for a time the central
figure around whicli affairs in Ashland revolved. The following
extract from the Folsom Telegraph of August 12, 1864, will perhaps
prove interesting. "In 1857 or 1858 the name of the village was
changed from Big Gulch to Russville, in honor of Colonel Russ, whose
advent was an era in the history of this quiet place. The Colonel
was a man of remarkable traits in more respects than one. Being
a speculative genius, he induced a number of San Francisco capitalists
to form a company for the purpose of mining the quartz rock for the
gold it never had contained, and granite for building, and for these
purposes a splendid and costly mill was erected. Machinery for dress-
ing the granite was imported from the east. For some time the
Colonel endeavored to plane granite, but his machine failed to reduce
the obdurate rock to the necessary form and shape and it was cast
aside. Then tons of quartz were crushed, but unfortunately for the
Colonel and the stockholders, the mill failed to produce the 'color,'
for the very good reason that the color was not in the quartz.
During this period the Colonel erected a neat cottage on the summit
of the highest hill in the neighborhood, which was crowned with a
flagstaff.

"The Colonel, turning his attention to politics, was elected justice
of the peace of Mississippi township. Whenever a case was to be
tried, up went the 'Stars and Stripes' on the flagstaff, and the Colonel
mounted the seat of justice, which was about sis feet high. There
the Colonel sat, invested himself with the majesty of the law, and dis-
pensed justice according to a code of his own; the statutes were of
no use to him. From his court there was no appeal, and any one
mentioning an appeal in that court was liable to be immediately fined
for contempt. The Colonel's term expired, the quartz company ex-
ploded, and granite would not work, the Colonel's cash ran out, and
he departed from Russville. Shortly after the \^llage was christened
Ashland, and the only monument now remaining near Ashland of the
Colonel's genius and enterprise is a mining shaft two hundred and

338 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

fifty feet deep, sunk to find the bed rock, which some of those inter-
ested in the company succeeded in doing, though not in the shaft."

The first mill run by water power in the county of Sacramento
was built by James Smith, a native of Denmark, in 1851, and was
a sawmill. In 1852 he built a small gristmill, being his own carpenter
and millwright, and when the mill was completed he became his own
miller. In 1854 Edward Stockton of Sacramento, observing the great
possibilities of water power, purchased a half interest in the mill and
power. The mill was enlarged to three run of stone, with a capacity
of one hundred barrels a day, which established a profitable business,
and in 1861 the mill, then owned by Coover & Stockton, was enlarged
to nine run of stone, the tail race being five hundred feet long, equal
in effect to four thousand horse power. The floods in December, 1861,
damaged the mill and power to the extent of $12,000, and the third
flood, in January, 1862, carried away the three buildings comprising
the mill. Stockton afterwards entered into partnership with Carroll
& Mowe of Sacramento, and a mill was erected fifteen feet higher and
two hundred and fifty feet farther from the river. It was sixty by
eighty, four stories high and contained nine run of stone, with a
capacity of seven hundred barrels of flour daily. It was built of gran-
ite and cost $140,000. Stockton built a spur track to the mills, but in
1867 they were destroyed by fire and never rebuilt. The ruins remain
to this day.

Quarries of a very superior quality of granite have been operated
successfully since 1856. The pioneer in this industry was Griffith
Griffiths. The blue granite for the earlier buildings in Sacramento
was from Folsom, at the state prison quarry, while the lighter-colored
granite was from Rocklin.

NATOMA TOWNSHIP

Natoma was one of the nine original townships established by
the court of sessions, February 24, 1851. It included all the present
township and a part of the present township of Cosumnes. In August,
1853, the court of sessions divided the township into two parts, all
that portion south of the Coloma road being called Prairie township.
The present boundaries were established by the board of supervisors
October 20, 1856, beginning at the southeast corner of Granite town-
shi]) and running along its eastern line to the northern boundary of
the county; thence along the northern and eastern boundaries of the
county to the center line of township 8 north, of range 8 east, of Mount
Diablo base and meridian; thence west on the center line of said
township, to the eastern boundary of Lee township, and thence north
and along the line of that township to the place of beginning. The
township is mainly devoted to agricultiire and dairying, though there
are still a few mining claims that are worked to some extent. The
southern part is devoted to dairying and grain growing, wheat and bar-

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 339

ley being the principal grains. The northern part raises hay and
grain.

The first prominent settlement, outside of Mormon island, began
in 1852. Before that time there were settlers located along the public
roads, who kept public houses. Among the first settlers who began
farming were Jacob Broder, who came in 1852 ; his brother, Oswald ;
Samuel Ricker and family; Charles Shead, John McComber, Charles
Bishop and George Peacock, all of whom settled in the vicinity of
Mormon island. William Jarvis and family opened the Valley House
in the fall of 1852, on the Coloma and Sacramento road. Peter Hous-
ton settled on a ranch on the Coloma road in 1852, and his brother
joined him in 1854. Peter returned to the east in 1857. E. B. Town-
send settled near Mormon island in 1852, and engaged in dairying
and butchering. R. K. Berry settled in the northwest part of the town-
ship in 1852, and died in 1859. Dr. Morse settled in 1852 on the
ranch afterwards owned by Charles W. Porter. H. E. Barton and
brother came about the same time. Joseph Woodward settled in the
township in 1853 on the Illinois ranch, now known as the Gould farm.
John Wielde settled near Mormon island in 1851; W. H. Williams
on section five in 1852; Joseph W^all in 1850. Wall subsequently lo-
cated Wall Diggings. Joseph Wilson came in 1853. Others were Van
Triece, Ingersoll, J. Caples, J. D. Duval, W. J. Milgate, G. K. Nye,
William Sales, Charles Saul, A. W. Topper, A. H. Thomason and
Mrs. Elizabeth Wilson. A. J. Lester came in 1850 and his brother
George settled in the southern part of the township in 1852. A. G.
Kinsey came in 1849, as did A. P. Catlin, who resided there till 1856.

In the spring of 1852 two Mormons, one of whom was Wilford
Woodruff, when on their way from Sutter's Mill to the fort, found
themselves, near sunset, at the spot known as Willow Springs, in this
county. Concluding to camp, they shot a deer and went to the nearest
point on the American river where they could procure water and feed
for their horses. They descended the bluff to a flat covered with
underbrush, and cooked and ate their supper. As it was not yet dark,
one of them said: "They are taking out gold above us on the river.
Let us see if we can find some here." They took a tin pan, scraped
off some of the top soil, and panning out the dirt, obtained a fine pros-
pect. They went to the fort the next day and informed Sam Brannan,
of the firm of C. C. Smith & Co., who traded goods for hides, tallow
and wheat at their trading post. Brannan was at that time the spir-
itual guide and director of the Mormons of the New Helvetia and
other districts of the state. He went to where they foimd the gold,
set up a preemption claim, and demanded one-third of all the gold
taken from the bar. So long as the Mormons were largely in the
majority among the miners, this royalty was exacted religiously, but
as un])elievers flocked in they resisted Brannan 's claim and he was
compelled to give up the collection of royalty. He had, however,

340 HISTORY OP SACRAMENTO COUNTY

accumulated several thousand dollars, with which he formed a partner-
ship with Melius, Howard & Co., of San Francisco, and this laid the
foundation for his large fortune. The place was named Mormon
island. As the news of the discovery spread, miners flocked in from
all quarters, till, in 1853, the town had a population of about twenty-
five hundred people, nine hundred of whom were voters. The first
hotel was called the Blue Tent, and was opened by S. R. Caldwell
soon after the island began to be populated; was moved to another
part of the town and christened the Caldwell House in 1852, and was
discontinued in 1854. Sam Branuau opened the first store in 3848;
sold to James Queen, he to Captain Pool, and he in turn to Dewitt C.
Stanford (a brother of Governor Stanford), who died in Australia
while on a business trip. J. P. Markham opened a hotel and store
in 1850, and closed it in 1854.

Two stage lines running to Mormon island were established in
1850, one being from Sacramento to Coloma, and the other from
Sacramento to the island. They were both taken off in 1856, and at
the same time a line was started from Folsom to Coloma, runuing
through Mormon island. The postofQce was opened in 1851, with
J. W. Shaw as postmaster. Dallas & Kneass opened the Miner's
hotel in 1851, and it was burned in 1856 and never rebuilt. The Man-
sion House was kept by Thomas Stephenson from 1853 to 1856, and
then closed. In 1856 a fire destroyed the southwest portion of the
town, which was never rebuilt. At one time there were four hotels,
three dry-goods and five general stores, Adams & Co.'s Express office,
carpenter shop, butcher shop, bakery, livery stable and seven saloons
in Mormon island. A school was opened in 1851, and there is now a
good school building there.

The principal bridge in the township is known as the Mormon
island bridge. The first one was built by J. W. Shaw in 1851. It
was a wooden bridge and was washed away by high water in 1854.
He built a wire suspension bridge the next summer, which was washed
away in the flood of 1862, and was rebuilt by Shaw. A few years ago
this was replaced by a higher and more costly one by the super-
visors of this and Eldorado counties. The first ball in the county was
given at Mormon island in the "jolly old days of 1849," and a humor-
ous account of it was given in the Record -Union of June 21, 1873.
Many public houses existed on the roads in the township, regarding
which no data have been secured. The Smith Exchange was built on
the Sacramento and Coloma road near Mormon island, by a man of
that name, in 1853, and was the largest public house in the township
at that time. He sold out in the fall of 1855 to Cox & Hamilton, who
sold to William Jarvis in 1858. He sold to a man named Lee. It was
discontinued for a yeai", when Freeman McComber bought it and
fitted it up, and it was finally closed in 1864. The Union Tavern was
probably opened as early as 1850, by Mr. Turle, and closed in 1855.

HISTORY OF SACRAMPJNTO COUNTY 341

The Half-way House was built by Briggs & Hoffman in 1852, sold in
a year to one Martin, who sold in turn to John E. Butler.

SAN JOAQUIN TOWNSHIP

8au Joaquin was one of the original townships and included Dry
I'reek and parts of Alabama, Franklin, Brighton and Lee townsliips.
Dry Creek township was set off in 1853, and October 20, 1856, the
sui)ervisors established the boundaries of San Joaquin as they now
exist. It joins Brighton township on the north, runs east to the range
line between ranges 6 and 7 east of Mount Diablo meridian, south to
the Cosumnes river, west to the eastern boundary of Franklin town-
ship, then along the eastern boundary of Franklin to the point of
beginning. With the exception of the land in the southern portion
included in the Hartnell grant, amounting to about ten thousand
acres, the title to the land in the township is from the United States,
and all the land is agricultural. There was considerable timber in the
township when it was first settled, but it has been cut off, the old
Graham grove, now used as a picnic ground, being about the only
timber of any amount in the township.

The earliest settler in the township was Martin Murphy, Jr., who
settled with his wife on the Cosumnes in 1844. The farm is now owned
by Thomas McConnell, whose house stands within a few rods of where
Murphy lived. Murphy died in 1854, and his wife returned to Ireland.
Edward Perrin and family settled on part of the McConnell place in
1849. The Wilder Brothers, Asa, Benjamin and John, came to the
township in 1849, and engaged in stockraising. Asa and John died in
the '60s, and Benjamin died a number of years ago. He married one
of the Donner girls, a member of the ill-fated Donner party. She is
still living. T. Keno, one of the Donner relief party, came to the state
in 1846, and afterwards took up a claim on the Cosumnes river, remov-
ing to Stockton many years later. Gabriel Gunn settled in 1850 on the
ranch since owned by Abram Woodward ; John Whittick settled in the
township in 1850; David P. Crook in 1851; P. Hull and family in 1851;
Enoch Madder settled on the Wilder ranch, about three miles north-
west of Elk Grove; Jacob Marshall and family came in 1852, and
located on the river, and Jacob Swigert and family settled on the
adjoining place in 1853. Albin Clark settled on the Upper Stockton
road, near old Elk Grove, in 1850, and was one of the first men to
raise grain in the township. He also engaged in stockraising, prin-
cipally horses and hogs. Johnson Little came in 1^52 and settled near
him. Robert Parrott opened a hotel in 1852 on a farm adjoining Old
Elk Grove, ran it for five or six years and then went to the mines.
Norman I. Stewart came in 1852, and settled in 1854 near Elk Grove.
He died a few years ago. G. Harvey Kerr settled near Elk Grove
station in January, 1854, and became a promfnent fruit grower and
manufacturer. He reported that very little land was cultivated at

342 HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

that time, the most of it being along the Cosumnes river. It was sup-
posed that wheat could not be successfully grown, but time proved that
theory to be an error. Mr. Kerr died a number of years ago.

The site of old Elk Grove was originally on the Graham place,
but it was subseqiiently moved to Buckner ranch, about a mile north.
James Hall and family came to California in 1850, and opened a hotel
on the original site of old Elk Grove, and gave it its name, having
lived in Missouri in a town of the same name. He died in Vallejo in
1876. Major James B. Buckner built a hotel in 1850, called the Buck-
ner Hotel, He sold it to Phineas Woodward, who ran it for some
time and sold it to Mrs. P]rwin, widow of Jared Erwin. She kept it
for three years and sold it to Nicholas Christophel. The original old
Elk Grove hotel burned down in 1857. Buckner and Woodward both
returned east. This was the first postoffice established in the town-
shi)), James Buckner, postmaster. James Hall was the first justice
of the peace.

Elk Grove is a thriving town of se\-en or eight hundred inhabi-
tants, on the line of the Southern Pacific railroad, and in the midst of
a rich country, sixteen miles from Sacramento. In 1876 Julius Ever-
son conceived the idea that it would make a good business center.
Through his efforts the Elk Grove Building Company was incor])or-
ated and put up a store building, which was occupied in August of that
year by Chittenden & Everson, with a large stock of merchandise.
They reported their sales for the first sixteen months at $52,000.
There are two hotels, the Railroad hotel, built by Morrow H. Davis
in 1876, now the Toronto hotel, and the Elk Grove hotel, erected the
same year by the Building company. J. N. Andrews had the first
store, which was in the depot building, he being the agent of the Cen-
tral Pacific railroad. H. S. Hill built the Elk Grove Flouring mills
in 1876. A hardware and tin store was oiiened by A. J. Longenecker
in 1877, and a meat market, a furniture factory, two drug stores, a
harness shop, a warehouse and other businesses followed in the course
of time.

The Elk Grove District Methodist Episcopal Church was erected
in 1876, tlie church having 1)een organized in 1858 or 1859 by A. M.
Hurlburt.

The Elk Grove Presbyterian C'hurch was organized February 12,
1876, but services had been held in 1856 in the schoolhouse near old
Elk Grove by Rev. J. C. Herron, and in the present Elk Grove school -
house in 1875 and 1876 by Rev. J. S. McDonald. The church cost
$2750, and Rev. William II. Talmage was the first pastor, from 1874
to 1879, George H. Kerr being the first ruling elder.

Elk Grove Lodge No. 173, F. and A. M., was instituted at old
Elk Grove, August 6, 1864, the first meetings being held at the house
of 0. S. Freeman. The charter members were: A. S. Ferris, James
B. Hogle, A. J. Painter. O. S. Freeman, G. W. Chaplin, Thomas Mc-

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY ;?43

Connell, B. F. Weathers and W. B. Sullivan. About 1878 tlie lud.i^o
huilt a fine brick structure at Elk Grove, the lower story beini;- used
for a store. Elk Grove Lodge No. 274, I. O. 0. F., was organized
May -2, 1878, with. Henry Hill, noble grand. Elk Grove Rebekah Lodge
No. 136, I. O. 0. F., was instituted May 2, 1888, with fifty-nine charter
members. It has eighteen charter members still in the order and iniiii-
bers one hundred and fourteen members. Elk Grove Lodge No. Ill),
A. 0. U. W., was established June 16, 1879, but was discontinued.
Elk Grove Lodge No. 449, I. O. G. T., was organized November i), 1S72.
The lodge was suffered to lai)se many years ago. Elk Grove Parlor
No. 41, N. S. G. W., was organized in September, 1884, with W. J.
Elder president.

Florin is a small town on the Southern Pacific railroad, about
eight miles from Sacramento, and on the dividing line between
Brighton and San Joaquin townships. The name was given to the
locality in 1864, by Judge E. B. Crocker, on account of the great
number of wild flowers which grow in the vicinity, and was given to
the town when it was founded in 1875, the railroad station and post-
office being built there in that year. F. Sugden was the first postmaster
and Johnson & Sugden opened the first store in 1875, being succeeded
by Fred Sugden in October, 1879. The schoolhouse was built in 1877,
and the only hotel opened by Leonard Goddard in 1875. There is a
Methodist and a Presbyterian church in the town. The soil around
Florin for several miles in length and width overlies a hardpan, and
necessitates irrigation, and it is one of the great strawberry growing
centers of the state. There are also many vineyards of table grapes,
the Tokay and other varieties always bringing top prices in the east.

Florin Lodge No. 364, L 0. O." F., was instituted July 12, 1890,
with the following officers and six charter members: Jasper H. Cooley,
P. G. ; David Reese, N. G. ; Charles L. Buell, V. G. ; Charles S, Patton,
Con.; James Tootell, Warden; E. F. French, Chaplain; L. M. Lands-
borough, Sec. ; George H. Jones, Treas. The total membership at
l)resent is seventy-five. Florin Rebekah Lodge No. 20, I. O. O. F.,
was instituted February 14, 1895, with fifty-three charter members.
There are now one hundred and twenty- four members. Florin Grange
No. 130, P. of H., was established December 17, 1874, with Caleb
Arnold, master.

Sheldon never existed as a town, a blacksmith shop, saloon, and
two or three houses being its extent in its palmy days. It was a
"deserted village" for many years, but since the Central California
Traction electric road runs near it, a colony has been started close
to it.

McConnell's station is on the Southern Pacific road, four miles
below Elk Grove, there being only a depot for passengers there.

The first school district in San Joaquin township was established
in 1883, and included nearly all of Dry Creek township, as well as

544 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

San Joaquin, it being all known at that time as San Joaquin town-
ship. The first teacher for the term of 1853 and 1854 was a Mr.
Sullivan, and Harry Kerr taught the second term, in 1854-55. The
first school in Sacramento count}', outside of the city, was taught by
a Mr. O'Brien, at the house of Martin Murphy.

SUTTEE TOWNSHIP

The original boundaries of Sutter township as established in 1851
included a large portion of the county, being as follows: Beginning
at the southwest corner of Sacramento City, and thence running east
along the southern line of said city to the southeast corner thereof;
thence easterly to the road from Brighton to Baylor's ranch; thence
along said road in a southeasterly direction three miles; thence in
a southerly and southeasterly direction to the intersection of the Co-
sumnes and San Joaquin rivers, excluding all ranches and settlements
on the Cosumnes river; thence down the San Joaquin river to its
junction with the Sacramento river ; thence along said river or western
boundary of the county to the beginning.

As the Cosumnes empties into the Mokelumne, and not into the
San Joaquin, it is to be supposed that at that early day it was thought
that the lower part of the Mokelumne was the Cosumnes, and was
therefore so called.

August 14, 1854, Georgiana township was set off from the southern
portion, and October 20, 1856, the supervisors established new bound-
aries for Sutter township, making the boundary south of the city the
Sacramento river as far as the line between townships 7 and 8 north,
thence along said line to the southeast corner of section 33, and south-
east corner of section 34, in township 8 north, range 5 east, and thence
north and through the center of township 8 north, range 5 east, to
the American river, and down the American river to the city limits,
and then to the place of beginning.

In 1909 the supervisors carved Riverside township out of the
portion of Sutter township joining the city on its southern boundary.
The two townships are situated so directly around the city that tlieir
history is interwoven with its history and a part of it. The history
of Sutterville in the early days has already been given, and its decay
depicted. The suburban district recently annexed to Sacramento city,
comprising Oak Park, Highland Park, a good sized slice from River-
side township. East Sacramento and a large area of land running
nearly to Brighton, has greatly curtailed the area of Sutter township
and left it practically composed of farms, without any towns or vil-
lages within its limits. A large portion of it is in reclamation districts
and the remainder is what is known as plains land. The value of land
holdings has greatly increased within the past ten years.

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

EIVEKSIDE TOWNSHIP

Riverside towusbi)) was carved out of the laortion of Sutter town-
ship adjoining the t-ity on the south, and the slice taken from it by
annexation leaves it a very unimportant unit in the township system
of the county.

Various interesting- spots in the vicinity of Sacramento in the
early days have fallen into decay, and have either vanished or are
only remnants of their former splendor. Smith's Gardens is one
of these. In December, 1849, A. P. Smith purchased from John A.
Sutter fifty acres of land on the south bank of the American river,
about three miles from Sacramento. He immediately began to im-
prove it. At the time of its purchase the ground was considered
high, and the only timber on it was the oaks and cottonwoods on the
bank of the American. He commenced by raising vegetables, and
at the same time planted such trees and seeds as he could procure.
As fast as he was able, he imported choice varieties of fruit and
shade trees, ornamental shrubbery and plants. He laid out the
grounds with two miles of walks, and Billed in the entire length
of them with shells brought from San Francisco. By digging down
through the debris on the place a few feet, these shells can still be
found.

He laid out four acres into a flower garden, planting it with
rare plants and flowers, and planted the rest of the place witli all
sorts of fruit trees, and it is stated that at the height of its glory,
there were over one thousand varieties growing on the place. There
was a drive through and aboiit the groimds, and a winding avenue,
nearly a mile in length, and shaded by trees on each side, ran up
to his residence. Having discovered that irrigation was necessary,
Mr. Smith imported a Worthington pump that would throw three
hundred gallons a minute, and was capable of irrigating a place of
three times the size. He laid down pipes and put in hydrants all
over the place, at such intervals that it could all be watered by at-
taching a hose.

But he was doomed to loss and disappointment. The flood of
1861 and 1862 flooded the place. The American river cut into the
southern bank, washed away five hundred feet of the gardens, swept
away the family residence, and covered the place with a deposit of
sancl and sediment from one to six feet deep. Smith estimated that
his loss by the destruction of his beautiful place was $100,000. In
1862, when the new system for construction of levees was adopted,
he made strenuous efforts to get his place included in the system,
but failed to do so, and repeated floods have completed the destruc-
tion of the gardens since then.

The Tivoli House was situated near where the Southern Pacific
crosses the American river and was in its day a great place of re-
sort. It was a pioneer place, where the Helvetia Rifle Club, the

346 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

Turners, the Sharpshooters, and others used to hold their shoots
and festivals, but its glory departed long since, and it has fallen
into decay.

East Park, now known as McKinley Park, and owned by the city
of Sacramento and used as a children's playground, was prior to
that owned by private parties. It contains about thirty acres and is
a popular place. Until the recent annexation of the suburbs, it was
iust outside of the city.

The Riverside Hotel and Turniiike company jn'ocured the i:)as-
sage of an act by the legislature in 1872, making a toll road from
the southern limits of the city to their hotel, about four miles be-
low. The fran(*hise expired many years ago, and the Riverside road
became a very ])oi>ular place for driving.

GRANITE TOWNSHIP

This township was created by the board of supervisors on Oc-
tober 2(1, 1856. It was at first included within the boundaries of
Mississippi township, of which it lies southeast. Nearly all the land
in the township was included in the Leidesdorff grant, which was
given to Leidesdorff by Governor Micheltorena in 1844. James I.
Polsom bought the interest of the heirs of Leidesdorff, and through
his executors, secured the confirmation of the grant in 1855. The
grant runs from the Sutter grant up the American river, which is
its northern boundary, the southern boundary running nearly parallel
with the river at four or five miles distance. The land in the grant
was mostly taken up by squatters, who were later compelled to Imy
the title to their possessions, or else vacate the land.

The land in the township is mostly mineral and the placers along
the river and in the vicinity of Folsom were among the richest in
the state, many millions being taken from them in the early days,
both by ))rospectors and by hydraulic mining. At present the gold
dredge has invaded the . townshij), and not only extracts the gold
from the bars and l)anks of the river, but the big corporations liave
purchased thousands of acres of the land adjacent to the river,
and are changing it from fertile vineyards and orchards to vast
heaps of cobblestones. The Natoma Water and Mining Company
early acquired water rights on the American river some distance
above Folsom, and acquired a large amount of land, some of which
they leased for mining, and the rest of which they planted to vines
and trees. The great Natoma vineyard, at one time the largest in
the world, with two thousand acres of vines in one body, shipped
many carloads of grapes annually, and manufactured a large amount
of wine and brandy. The pro]ierty has been jmrchased by the dredg-
ing company and is being transformed rapidly into rock piles. This
vineyard was irrigated by a canal sixteen miles long, dug in 1851 from
the south fork of the American, above Salmon Falls.

HISTOEY OF SAC'RAMKNTO L'OUNTY ;347

Negro Bar is properly a part of the history of Folsom, being
tlie scene of mining before tlie latter i)lace started, and there was
a large mining camp at the Bar previously. A most interesting ac-
coimt of its early settlement was kindly funiislicd lo the author by
Hon. W. A. Anderson, who resided at Folsoiii in the early days. Mr.
Anderson writes as follows:

''A few memories of the town of Folsom might interest the
present generation. The first settlement of that locality was at
Negro Bar, which was between the present site of Folsom and the
American river. In 1849 some negroes began to mine there, and
from that circumstance the Bar took its name. Tlieir success at
mining caused a flocking of miners from all quarters, and in 1851
there were over seven hundred people there. Large quantities of
gold have been taken out of the Bar. Ex-Supervisor James L. Mere-
dith opened the first hotel and store, both in the same building, at
the Bar, in April, 1850. William A. Davidson opened the second
store, but shortly afterward sold out to A. A. Durfee and brother.
A few months later Rowley & Richardson opened the third store,
and these were the principal business houses until Folsom was lo-
cated. The site of Negro Bar has been buried under sixty feet of
cobbles and debris. At that time the American river was sixty
feet beneath the present flow of the river.

"Folsom was laid out in 1855 by Theodore D. Judah, R. C'henery
and Samuel C. Bruce, for Capt. Joseph L. Folsom. Town lots were
sold January 17, 1856, at public auction in Sacramento by Col. J. B.
Starr, auctioneer. All of the lots were disposed of at that sale,
and the town grew rapidly. February 22, 1856, the Sacramento Va\-
ley railroad, the pioneer road of this state, was completed to Fol-
som and opened, and free excursion trains were run there from Sac-
ramento. At the opening of the road there were aliout one tliousand
])eople present at Folsom, including Governor J. Neely Johnson,
Supreme Justices Murray and Terry, Henry S. Foote (ex-governor
of Mississippi), and many other prominent men; also Mrs. T. D.
Judah, Mrs. E. N. Robinson, Mrs. L. L. Robinson and the wives of
the other visitors. The guests were wined and dined, and s])eeches
were made by State Senator Wilson Flint, Col. J. C. Zabriskie.
Governors Foote and Johnson, Capt. (later General) William T.
Sherman, — one of the central characters of the Civil War, — and C.
K. Garrison, jjresident of the railroad company. A great liall was
given in the evening, in a building erected exjiressly for that pur-
pose, of dimensions thirty feet wide by nearly one hundred long. The
floor managers were Judge A. C. Monson, H. P. Wakelee, Ferris
Forman and George T. Bromley. The Sacramento guests started
home on a special train at five o'clock in the morning. . George T.
Bromlev was the first condvictor on the road. Hartford Anderson

348 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

was the contractor who constructed the railroad from Alder Creek
to Folsom.

"In 1857 a road was projected to run from Folsom to Marys-
ville, by a company called the California Central, and of which Col.
Charles L. Wilson, now of Nord, was the owner. In 1861 trains ran
from Folsom to Lincoln. Afterwards the road was absorbed by the
Central Pacific Company, and the track between Folsom and Rose-
ville was torn up. That portion of the road from Roseville to Lin-
coln is now a part of the California and Oregon overland road.

"During the mining era, Folsom was one of the most prosperous
towns in the state, and was the distributing point for all the mining
towns, including Washoe and Virginia City. After the decadence
of mining, the town had a severe relapse, and a few years ago was
visited by a very destructive fire. The burned district has, however,
been rebuilt, and substantial bricks have taken the place of the former
wooden structures. Of late years the town and surrounding country
has entered on an era of substantial prosperity. In the line of
fruit and grape raising the lands about Folsom are equal to any in
the state, and near there is one of the most extensive vineyards in
the world. Colonel Folsom, the projector of the town, died at the
Mission San Jose, in Alameda county, July 19, 1855.

"When Folsom was located, in addition to the first named, sev-
eral other large stores opened, Bradley & Seymour, J. & J. Spruance,
S. Hanak. D. Woldenberg, M. Levy. A. D. Patterson opened the early
hotel, a fashionable resort, known as Patterson's Hotel. Patterson
was one of the early sheriffs of the county. Daniel Wellington, the
proprietor of the stage line over the mountains, also established a
large hotel called the Central hotel. Chris Ecklon conducted the
first meat 'market. The Granite Journal, a lively newspaper, was the
first paper, published by Dr. L. Bradley', and Sam Seabough was its
editor. Later came Mooney's Express, and the Folsom Telegraph,
P. J. Hopper, editor. The Telegraph still survives.

"A. A. Durfee built the first theatre, called 'Durfee's Theatre,'
and some of the earliest actors held the boards. The famous Arte-
mus Ward (Charles F. Browne) delivered the first lecture in this
part of the state, in Durfee 's Theatre, — 'The Babes in the Wood'
being his subject.

"J. H. Burnham, Alfred Spinks, M. M. Drew, sheriff, United
States marshal and member of the board of equalization, Hartford
Anderson, John darken, P. J. O'Neil, P. J. Hopper, editor and as-
semblyman, B. N. Bugbey, later sheriff and tax collector, B. C.
Quigley, John Shaw, A. G. Kinsey, H. A. Thompson, W. W. Dresser,
William Timson, Charles Jolly, Jesse Crouch, supervisor, Mrs. Foster,
mother of James Donnelly, our present su])ervisor, and many others
were early residents of the old town of Folsom. Among some of
the most prominent citizens of Folsom in its early history were A.

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 349

P. Catlin, who was honored as assemblyman, state senator and supe-
rior judge; Dr. A. C. Donaldson, C. T. H. Palmer, banker and agent
for the Wells, Fargo Company; E. R. Sill, the famous poet, and later
one of the professors of the University of California, who was at
that time the cashier for Palmer's bank; Edward Stockton, who built
the great flour mill which was swept away in the flood of 1861; C.
G. W. French, later assembljTiian and chief justice of Arizona; S. S.
Montague, later chief engineer of the Central Pacific Railroad Com-
pany; Freeman McComber, public administrator, and H. B. Wad-
dilove, agent of the Sacramento Valley Railroad Company; John
McComber, Francis Clark, a wealthy mining man; W. A. Anderson,
county auditor, assemblyman, assistant adjutant-general, supervisor
of census, city attorney and police judge; Dr. B. F. Bates; E. R.
Levy, merchant; E. D. Shirland, county clerk; Benjamin Welch; C.
J. Turner (now a resident of this city) ; Dr. Joseph Powell, later
assembhTiian; John and Joseph Kinney, agents Sacramento Valley
Railroad Company; John E. Benton, assembhmian and state sena-
tor; W. C. Crossett, J. C. Kinkead, who first tried the experiment of
raising tobacco at the town of Folsom. The late Jacob Hyman was
a dry-goods clerk in those days ; later he became a wealthy mer-
chant.

"In the late '50s there was the Folsom Institute, a large brick
structure on the hill above the town, noted as one of the first edu-
cational colleges in the state, and which was patronized by studenta
from all parts of the coast. Rev. S. V. Blakesley was the principal.
Many of the students from this institute became famous in the state.

"In the halcyon days of Folsom it was not uncommon for twenty
or thirty, eight or ten-mule teams to leave daily with freight, des-
tined over the mountains. Six or eight stages daily left the depot
in the morning, with passengers for the Virginia and Washoe mines.
The famous Pony Express started over the continent from Folsom
in the early war times. D. H. Taft had a beautiful garden just be-
low the town, where the first strawberries were grown; also some
of the finest peaches, grapes and other fruits were produced. Noth-
ins,- now remains of this plot but a mass of mining debris.

"Just above Folsom. is Robbers' Ravine, which was the ren-
dezvous of the desperate gang known as Tom Bell's gang, and the
Bill Scott gang. They were the terror of Northern California. Ben
Bugbey, then a constable, and officer Dan Gay of Sacramento, en-
countered this band, and after a fierce battle, captured Bill Scott and
several others. They were convicted and died in prison. Ben Bug-
bey is with us yet to recount the story. In later years the branch
state prison was established here; also the great electric plant. This
can scarcely be called early history.

"It was a novel sight in the early days to see the miners coming
into town with their sacks of gold each Saturday afternoon, and go-

350 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

ing to the banking house of C. T. H. Palmer & Company, to exchange
their dust for coin. Those sturdy miners were not of the class
sometimes pictured by romance writers, and drunkenness or riotous
conduct was exceedingly rare. They would make their i)urchase of
'grub' and then return to their cabins ready for the next week's
cleanup.

"One of the first wire suspension ))ridges constructed in this
state was by A. G. Kinsey and H. A. Thompson across the Ameri-
can river just above the town, to enable traffic to be held with the
mining towns and camps north and east.

"At the commencement of the Rebellion in 18(51, one of the first
companies was organized in the town of Folsom, by M. M. Drew and
P. H. Sible.y; it was enrolled with E. D. Shirland as captain, and
enlisted into the United States service for duty on the southern bor-
der, and did service in Arizona and New Mexico as the First Oali-
fornia Cavalry. All the members were Folsomites, and Folsom was
intensely loj^al to the Union.

"Upon the completion of the Sacramento A'alley railroad in
1856, the machine shops of the road were established at Folsom,
and a full force of mechanics employed, including our old time friends,
G. J. Turner and Benjamin Welch, both foremen."

The Folsom Water Power Company succeeded the Natoma
Water and Mining Company. The latter had made two contracts
with the state to build a dam across the American where the Folsom
state prison now stands, the company agreeing to build the dam,
the state to furnish convict labor to do the work, in return for land
deeded to the state, and for a part of the water power, for use at
the ])rison. Some disagreements arose, and after litigation, the com-
])any abandoned the work, leaving the state without power to compel
the coHipany to complete the dam. The property and water rights
were then transferred to the Folsom Water Power Comi)any. The
first work on the dam was done in the fall of 1866, but it was dis-
continued when the dam was completed to low water mark in the
river, and was not resumed again until 1888, when Captain Aull, war-
den of the prison, induced Governor Waterman to take it up again, and
it was finished al)out two years afterwards, as well as the canal
leading down by the prison to the powerhouse at present owned by the
Pacific Gas and Electric Company. In the meantime the state had
received under its contract with the Folsom Water company four
hundred eighty-three acres of land on which the state prison, farm and
the state game farm now stand, at a cost of eleven thousand days'
work of convict labor. The dam when finished was ninety feet high
from the lied of the river and recently an efficient fish ladder has been
constructed at the side of it, the former one having ]iroved use-
less. The canal leads the water to the powerhouse, the water power

HISTORY OF SACRAMKNTO COUNTY 351

generating all the electrii' and otliei' powei' used for lighting the
grounds and for other purposes.

(/oner's flouring mill was built in 1866 on the corner of Wool
street, and closed in two years, B. N. Bugbey purchasing it for a
wine cellar and renting the upper floor to the societies of Folsom.
It was burned in 1871. The Natonia Mills were built by Edward
Stockton in June, 1866, and discontinued later. The first brewery in
Folsom was built b\- C'hris Heiler in 1857, and destroyed by fire
in 1868. In 1872 Peter Yager erected a brewery on the foundation
of a large store destroyed by the destructixe fire of 1870. It was
burned in the fire of 1886.

The railroad bridge across the American river was built in 1858
on the line of the California Central railroad. It was ninety-two
feet above the water, with a span of two hundred sixteen feet and
cost $100,000. It was the only bridge left on the American river
after the flood of 1862, its superior height saving it. It was con-
demned in 1866, having sunk in the center and become unsafe. In
1854 a wooden bridge was built across the American, but was washed
away by high water a few years later.

Thomi)son & Kinsey obtained a charter in 1861 for building a
bridge across the American river at P^'olsom. It was a wire suspen-
sion bridge, Init the flood of 1862 carried it away on January 10th,
and the rebuilding of it was begun in March. C. L. Ecklon pur-
chased the l)ridge and franchise in 1871. It was condemned and an-
other was constructed in 1893.

Folsom suffered greatly from fires at various times. May 8,
1866, a fire burned "Whiskey Row" and a number of buildings on
Sutter and Decatur streets, including the office of the Folsam Tele-
r/raph. The Hotel de France and other buildings were burned August
31, 1866. The Folsom Theatre was burned June 27, 1871, and in the
same year fire destroyed Patterson's Hotel, all of Chinatown and a
part of Addison's lumber yard. May 6, 1872, a fire which broke out
in Smith, Campbell & Jolly's store, destroyed all the blo<'k except
the Folsnm Telegraph office, the loss being about $130,000. August
13, 1886, a fire broke out, destroying all the business pro]ierty except
three buildings, a loss of about $150,000.

The Folsom Hook and Ladder Company was organized March
3, 1857. The first officers were : H. B. Waddilove, foreman ; Charles
Plannet, first assistant foreman; Frank Wheeler, second assistant;
J. M. Arbuckle, secretary; H. D. Rowley, treasurer. The company
owns its own hall. Young America, No. 1, was organized in Sep-
tember,' 1861, and bought a hand engine costing $1800. but the en-
thusiasm died out, and it disbanded in 1863.

The first ]mblic school in Folsom was established in 1857. the
first teacher being I. M. Sibley. The first trustees were: E. P. Wil-
lard. Dr. S. Palmer and J. S. Meredith. A school had, however, pre-

352 HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

vionsly been taught at Prairie City.

Natoma Lodge No. 64, F. and A. M., was organized in October,
1854, at Mormon island. It was chartered in 1855, and removed to
Folsom. The first officers were: M. Wallace, W. M. ; L. Bates,
S. W. ; A. 0. Carr, J. W. The other charter members were: A.
Spinks, G. W. Corey, S. Logan, H. A. Holcomb, D. McCall, B. H.
Conroy, J. H. Berry, W. Sheldon, C. S. Bogar, W. K. Spencer, D.
M. K. Campbell, J. Clark and M. Hatch. The records of the lodge
were destroyed by the fire of 1871. Granite Lodge No. 62, I. 0. 0. F.,
was organized September 19, 1856, at the residence of Eli Nicholls,
by David Kendall, D. D. G. M., assisted by C. C. Hayden, Samuel
Cross, W. B. H. Dodson, George I. N. Monell, G. K. Van Heusen
and George Nelson. The first officers were: J. E. Clark, N. G. ;
A. Mears, V. G.; W. A. MeClure, Rec. Sec; H. A. Hill, Treas. The
other charter members were: S. F. Marqnis, A. W. Beals, B. Kos-
minsky, L. Sampson, J. Crumberger, G. B. Hornish and E. A. Turner.
Folsom Encampment No. 24, I. 0. 0. F., was organized Jime 28,
1864. Fedora Rebekah Lodge, I. 0. 0. F., was established February
16, 1891, with fifty-five charter members, and the number of mem-
bers at present is one hundred eighteen. Excelsior Council, 0. C.
F., was organized February 20, 1882. Folsom Lodge No. 109, A.
0. U. W., was established June 6, 1879. Granite Parlor No. 83, N.
S. G. W., was organized April 9, 1886. Social Lodge No. 54, Order
of the Golden Shore, was established February 18, 1889. The Young
Men's Institute No. 69 was instituted in January, 1888.

The first church services held in Folsom were held in Hook and
Ladder Company's hall in 1856, by the Rev. Dr. Hatch, an Episcopal
minister of Sacramento. About this time Father Quinn, of the Cath-
olic Church, held services at the house of P. J. O'Neill, about two
miles from Folsom. St. John's Church (Catholic) was organized in
1856, and the church structure was erected in 1857, the church society
in the meantime holding its meetings in the darken College, Rev.
Father Quinn pastor. Trinity Church (Episcopal) was organized
July 18, 1862, and the church building was erected the same year at
the cost of about $4000 for a fine frame structure. The Congrega-
tional Church was organized in 1860, and erected a brick building
the same year. J. E. Benton was its first pastor. It ceased to exist
many years ago.

Prairie City was located about two miles south of Folsom, on
Alder creek, and mining began there in 1853, on the completion of
the Natoma Water ditch. The miners flocked in, stores, hotels and
residences were built, and it became the business town for a "number
of the surrounding mining camps. Early in 1854, the town num-
bered over a thousand persons, and the miners were making from
five to twenty dollars a day. The town began to die out in 1860,
and all traces of it have long since vanished.

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 353

Willow Springs Hill diggings were uiined as early as 1851, and
it is said that millions were taken out from these diggings. Texas
Hill, Rhodes' Diggings, Beam's Bar, and other camps yielded well
for a time.

The state prison is about a mile and a half east of Folsom on
the American river. The site was selected in preference to Rock-
lin, in 1868, on account of the water power available. Through delays
of the contractors it was not finished ready for occupancy until 1880.
It is built entirely of granite, as are the officers' houses and all other
buildings, the rock being quarried on the grounds. There is a rock-
crusher on the grounds, where the granite is crushed for road metal,
supplying material for macadamizing the county roads and the streets
of Sacramento. The prison was built to accommodate six hundred
and fifty prisoners, but additions have been built and there are now
about eighteen hundred prisoners confined there. The sanitary con-
ditions are excellent.

OKIGIN OF NAMES

Elk Grove was so named because of a number of elk horns found
in a grove of timber, near which in 1850 James Hall established Ids
hotel and painted on its sign an elk's head. The name of Florin was
given to that locality by the late Judge E. B. Crocker about 1864.
The choice of that name was due to the great quantity of wild flowers
to be seen in the fields. When the town was started in 1875, it re-
ceived the same name. Folsom was named for J. L. Folsom. who
died July 19, 1855.

There is some romance connected with the naming of Forest
City in Sierra county, and it may not be "amiss to mention in this
connection the history of the name. The first store at the forks of
Oregon creek was built by Samuel Hammond and was called Yomana
store, from the bluff above the town, which was called by that name,
meaning "Sacred Hill." In 1853 a meeting was held by the citizens
for the purpose of selecting a name for the village. There was a tie
vote for Forks of Oregon and Yomana. The matter was compromised
by agreeing to call the town after the first woman settler. The first
lady resident was Mary Davis, wife of a baker. After her advent
the town was called indiscriminately Forks of Oregon and Marietta.
Davis soon sold out to a man named Captain Mooney, whose wife's
name was Forest. Mrs. Mooney was a woman of education and con-
tributed several articles to the Marysville paper. The articles were
dated from Forest City. The editor did not know the location of
that place, but published the correspondence as it was sent in and
thus the name was used for the first time. Mrs. Mooney afterwards
called into consultation several of the leading citizens and succeeded
in having the place formally named in her honor.

The name of Gait was suggested for that toAvn when it was laid

354 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

out. John McFarland, who suggested the name to Judge E. B.
Ci-ocker, and who had come from Canada, desired to name the place
after the town of Gait in Upper Canada, where he had served his
apprenticeship. The Canadian village had been named in honor of
a Mr. Gait. The valley of lone was named before the town Avas
started and owes its title to Thomas Brown, a lover of books, who
selected the name after one of the characters in the Last Days of
Pom|)eii by Bulwer Lytton. Tlie town was first called Bedlmg, then
Freezeout and finally lone.

Natoma is an Indian name signifying Clear Water. The name
was given in 1850 to the Mormon island postoffice on the suggestion
of the late Judge A. P. Catlin. Afterwards the township was given
the same name. Sutterville was named after Gen. John A. Sutter.
Andrus island was named after George Andrus, who died there in
1852. Rancho del Paso means Ranch of the Pass and is often al-
luded to as the Norris grant, Samuel Norris having formerly owned
the land. The American river was given that name by a company of
western trappers who lived near its banks for a number of years
between 1822 and 1830. Hicksville was named after William Hicks,
an early settler. The Mokelumne river derives its name from a
powerful tribe of Indians, the Mokelhos, who inhabited its lower
banks and the adjacent territory. The Spaniards called it Rio de
los Moquelemnos. The Cosumnes river was named from the Cosum-
nes tribe. Mormon island was named from the Mormons who settled
there. Routier was named after Hon. Joseph Routier. The Sacra-
mento river was first named Jesus Maria by Lieiatenant Moraga
and the Feather was named by him the Sacramento, Init later the
names were changed to "their ])resent form.

Previous to the flood of 1850 there had been no attemjit at pro-
tecting the city by levees, owing to a wide divergence of oinnion
among the citizens, many of whom, coming from the East, had had
no experience with floods and could not be convinced of the danger.
But the flood of 1850 effected a sudden conversion in many of tliese
and the}^ became ardent supporters of a levee plan. Surveyors were
employed as the waters receded, to survey lines and locate a levee.
On the morning of January 29, 1850, a meeting of citizens was called
at the office of Priest, Lee & Co., to provide means to protect the city.
Barton Lee was appointed chairman and J. L. L. F. Warren, secre-
tary. Committees were appointed to lay out the work, and at a
second meeting, on February 2nd, estimates were presented and the
city council instructed the city engineer to prepare plans and esti-
mates for the work. Four commissioners. Barton Lee and H. Big-
low from the city and T. A. Warren and Colonel Smith from the
council were appointed to act with the engineer in locating the levee.

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 355

The engineer made an estimate of one hundred sixty-one thousand
cubic yards of eartliwork, but the levee was not located on the lines
laid out by him. On April 29th, the citizens voted to raise by tax
$250,000 for constructing a levee, only fifteen voting against it. The
levee was built during the year from the high ground near Sutter-
ville west to the east bank of the Sacramento, thence northerly along
the bank of the river to the mouth of the American and then east-
erly along that river to high ground, about two and one-half miles.
It was three feet high, six feet on top and twelve feet wide at tlie
base, being much wider directly in front of the city.

But this was found entirely inadequate for protection in 1S52.
It was severely criticized by the Union of March 8th, and on the
10th the mayor recommended to the council the building of a levee on
I street to Sixth, thence along the high ground to abreast of Sut-
ter's Fort, and thence to the "Ridge." This was done, and the
people felt secure once more. But on the night of December 19,
1852, a break occurred between Stewart's house on the American,
and "the Ridge." It widened to eighty feet and the city was once
more inundated. The water again entered the city January 2, 1853,
hut did little damage. July 29, 1853, an ordinance was passed ap-
l>roi)riating $50,000 for raising and strengthening the levee, the
work to be paid for in "levee scrip," bearing interest at two per
cent per month. This levee ran "from the intersection of the levee
on the Sacramento river and I street; thence following the line of
levee as built, down I street to Sixth; thence north along Sixth to
the bank of the slough; thence along the slough northeasterly to A
street; thence easterly along A sti-eet to Thirty-first; thence south-
erly, inside of the slough (Burns) to R street; thence along R street
to the river; thence along Front street to the beginning." No pro-
vision was made in the $50,000 appropriation for the levee down R
street and along Burns' Slough, this being voted afterwards by the
citizens as a loan. Up to January 1, 1854, the sum ex])ended for
levee was about $600,000.

In November, 1860, the levee at Rabel's tannery was strengthened
liy building a new piece of levee and a wing dam to turn the cur-
rent away, but all precautions proved to be useless, for in March,
1861, the American river rose suddenly, carried away the wing dam,
and seriously damaged the levee, but did not enter the city. December
9, 1861, the Thirty-first street levee broke near Burns' Slough, and
broke again two weeks later, but was rebuilt. January 9, 1862, the
American rose again, piling up the water at Rabel's tannery two feet
higher than at any other part of the channel. It overflowed the
levee and caused a large crevasse. A subscription of $50,000 was
raised to close the break, and a new levee was built inside the old
one. But this gave way on February 22nd, a crevasse eight hundred
feet wide being washed out. This was repaired and in the spring

356 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

and Slimmer of 1862 the whole system of levees was strengthened,
raised and i^nt in good condition.

The project of turning the American river so that it would flow
into the Sacramento river some miles below the city, as proposed by
Mr. Zueblin and Mr. Robinson and brought into notice again lately,
is not a new one, having been advanced by engineers in 1862.

In 1861, owing to the previous floods which had devastated the
cit>s the matter of providing levees for its protection became a live
issue, and the state board of swamp land commissioners was formed,
the city of Sacramento being included within the limits of swamp land
district No. 2. B. F. Leet was appointed by the board engineer of
the district. He made a report recommending that the levee for the
protecting of his district should commence at Brighton on the Ameri-
can river, following the river down to the Sacramento city levee, and
following the line of the levee down the Sacramento to Y street and
thence down the east bank of the river. All of this levee above the
city and in it was certified to the city levee commission, and C. C.
Tracy was appointed the engineer to finish the job. From data se-
cured by them during the flood of January 10, 1862, the engineers
arrived at the conclusion that, as the reclamation of the valleys pro-
gressed, thus contracting the area through which the water brought
down by the two rivers must flow, it would be necessary to raise the
levees each year, and that eventually Sacramento would find itself in
the same position in which Marysville is today — that of discharging
the flood waters on a level with the tops of the houses. An alterna-
tive proposition was presented by cutting a large canal from the bend
of the American river at Brighton to the low ground in the vicinity
of Freeport, turning the American into the canal, and thus relieving
Sacramento from the continual menace of the flood waters. This
solution of the question has never been attempted, but is at present
being seriously discussed.

April 9, 1862, the legislature created a board of city levee com-
missioners, to consist of five members, and pending the regular elec-
tion, named H. T. Holmes, Charles Crocker, "William F. Knox, Charles
H. Swift and Francis Tukey to act until the election should be held.
In 1878 the citizens voted to build a levee from Front and Y streets,
along the old line of the American river to the northern boundary of
the city and thence to Brighton, on the line of the Central Pacific,
to the embankment of the Sacramento Valley road. The cross levee
of the railroad on R street was the only protection of the city on the
south until the Y street levee was built, in December of that year. As
all the breaks of the levees in the early years except one had been
from the flood waters of the American river, this danger was minim-
ized by turning the course of the American river. This was done in
]868, by cutting a canal froni a point just below the railroad bridge
over the American, through a point of land, by which the channel of

HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY 357

the river was changed and the stream was made to empt.v into the
Sacramento about a mile north of its old mouth. The current was thus
thrown away from the levee, and the intervening ground lias grown
up to willows, thus rendering the north levee secure. The sharp
bend which fiuug the river current against the levee at Twenty-eighth
street, at Rabel's tannery, and which the engineers reported in the
floods of 1861 and 1862, piled the water up two feet higher than it was
below the bend, has been filled in with sand and detritus, a spur levee
having been built by property owners to deflect the current.

Some years ago the Southern Pacific Coiupany proposed to the
city trustees that, if given the privilege of storing their extra cars
on the levee north of the city, they would widen it and keep it in
repair, and the offer was accepted. Since that time the levee has
been greatly widened and strengthened, and is considered almost, if
not quite, impregnable to the waters. This levee has been repeatedly
raised since 1867, when the American river rose to the greatest height
known till that time, and might have inundated the city again, if the
railroad embankment to the bridge, which at that time was solid, and
obstructed the free course of the water, had not given way, and re-
lieved the situation. A number of years ago the Y street levee was
raised several feet and widened, after the Lovdal break had convinced
the city authorities that the safety of the city would be conserved
thereby.

For many years our levees have been considered as securing the
absolute safety of the city, as in times of flood the levees on the Yolo
side generally gave way or else the levees below the city yielded, as
in the case of the Lovdal break and the Edwards break. But during
the past year the levee on the Yolo side above the city has been greatly
raised and strengthened by the Vallejo Northern Electric Company,
while the reclamation work being done by the Natomas Consolidated
Company will still further contract the carrying capacity of the
American and Sacramento rivers in flood times. This increases the
danger to the city levees from a great and sudden rise of the rivers
in an unusual rainy season. In view of this fact, the idea of the
engineers in 1862 has been revived and is being seriously discussed,
as a means of relieving the situation, and various plans are pro]iosed.
Perhaps the most feasible and permanent solution of the question
would be that suggested in the report of the United States reclama-
tion and irrigation surveys, that a series of immense storage reser-
voirs could be constructed on the torrential streams tributary to the
Sacramento river, impounding the flood waters and conserving them
for summer use in irrigating the valley lands, instead of allowing
them to run to waste to the sea, inflicting sometimes immense damage
to the dwellers of the lowlands.

358 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

THE FUNDED DEBT

An act was passed in 1872 by the legislature providing for a
board of commissioners of the funded debt sinking fund of the city.
In 1858 the city and county government bad been consolidated and
the supervisors given authority to fund all "legal debts and liabil-
ities" against the city and issue new six per cent bonds for them.
Under the stress of flood and fire and other causes a heavy bonded
debt had been incurred. The general opinion held that much of the
debt was without authority of law and could not be classed as legal
obligations. Under the act of 1872 the supervisors not only funded
the debts that were considered legal, but also all of the old bonds
presented, which were held to be illegal. Great opposition was aroused
to the paying of bonds so funded. In 1864 a law had been passed
authorizing the city trustees to levy a special tax of one-half per
cent to raise a sinking fund for the purchase of the bonds at a rate
of not more than thirty cents on a dollar, but the tax rate already
was so high that no action was taken. In 1872 a law was passed
restraining the commissioners from paying more than thirty-five cents
on the dollar for any of the bonds, which had not for ten years sold
above that price, but generally at about twenty cents. In 1880 on
the 1st of January the debt was, in round numbers, with accrued in-
terest on the bonds, $2,414,000. After much litigation a compromise
was made during the administration of William Land as mayor, and
the debt was refunded for $1,500,000.

CHAPTER XXXIV

CAPITAL AND CAPITOL

California's history contains one peculiar feature. It never
passed through the territorial stage deemed necessary for the other
states previous to their admission. The United States took possession
of it when war was declared against Mexico, outwitting and outinan-
euvering the English, who were preparing to seize it. From that
time until its admission as a state it was under the rule of a military
governor. June 3, 1849, Gen. B. Riley, the military governor of the
state, issued from Monterey a proclamation for the holding of an
election on August 1st of that year to elect delegates to a general
convention and for the filling of several necessary offices. At this
election delegates were chosen to the constitutional convention, which
met at Monterey September 3, 1849, prepared a constitution that was
submitted to the people and ratified by them on November 13th of the
same year. At the same election an entire state and legislative ticket
was elected, as well as two representatives to congress. The legislative
assembly of San Francisco and a provisional government meeting at
San Jose had both recommended the calling of such a convention in

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 359

order that some plan of government might be evolved that would put
an end to the chaotic condition of affairs existing. General Riley had
the wisdom to recognize the desires of the people, as thus expressed,
and issued his proclamation instead of asserting his authority to
govern.

The senators and assemblymen-elect met December 15, 1849, at
San Jose, and on December 30th the state government of California
was established and Governor Peter H. Burnett was inaugurated as
the first governor of the state of California. Soon afterwards William
M. Gwin and John C. Fremont were elected the first United States
senators from the state. There had never been a territorial form of
government, California had never been admitted to the Union. Not-
withstanding these facts, the people had elected a state government
and United States senators and representatives, who immediately
started for Washington, to work for the admission of their state to
the Union. The unparalleled audacity of California's pioneers broke
all precedent of routine as to statehood admission and showed that
they were the stuff of which men born to rule are made. It mattered
little to them what legal objection there might be to their action, nor
that congress had passed no bill for her admission, and might never
pass one. California had declared herself a state, and not only that,
but a free state, and had sent her representatives to Washington to
notify congress to hurry up and admit her. And her audacity won
out, too. Such an achievement is worthy of more than one page in
any history relating to California, and her sons and daughters should
see to it that the brilliant achievement of their sires is not forgotten.

As soon as Governor Burnett was inaugurated, General Riley,
with rare judgment, issued a remarkable proclamation, as follows :
"To the People of California :

"A new executive having been elected and installed in office, in
accordance with the provisions of the constitution of the state, the
undersigned hereby resigns his powers as governor of California. In
thus dissolving his official connection with the people of this country,
he would tender to them his heartfelt thanks for their many kind at-
tentions, and for the uniform support which they have given to the
measures of his administration. The principal object of all his wishes
is now accomplished — the people have a government of their own
choice, and one which, under the favor of Divine Providence, will se-
cure their own prosperity and happiness, and the permanent welfare
of the new state.

"Given at San Jose, this 20th day of December, A. D., 1849.

"B. Riley,
"Brevet Brig. Gen., U. S. A., and Governor of California.
"By the Governor: W. H. Halleck,
"Brevet Captain and Secretary of State."

360 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

The constitutional convention fixed the seat of state government
at San Jose. The first legislature therefore met there on December
15th following. Finding the accommodations there too limited, how-
ever, it accepted the proposition of Gen. M. G. Vallejo to remove the
capital to his place. They met there January 5, 1852, but found
themselves in a worse plight than at San Jose, as the general had
undertaken more than he could accomplish, and was behind with bis
contract to furnish a building for the session. Sacramento then be-
stirred itself, and indorsed the court of sessions in its action in offer-
ing the use of the courthouse to the legislature. That body accepted
the offer January 12, 1852, and lost no time, arriving here the next
day on the steamer Empire. The city put on gala attire and the citi-
zens welcomed the members with a grand ball, at which the tickets
were sold for twenty dollars.

During the session the contest for the honor of being the state
capital grew hotter and hotter between the rival claimants, and all
sorts of legal technicalities were put in Use to influence the selection
of a location. The state records had been at San Jose, the place
selected as the seat of government by the constitutional convention,
and doubts were entertained by many as to the legality of removing
them to Vallejo, there being no safe place there for keeping them, and
also as to whether they could be removed to Sacramento, which had
not yet been declared the capital.

On April 30, 1852, the legislature passed a bill declaring the seat
of government to be at Vallejo, and ordering the governor to remove
the state records to that place. General Vallejo then procured a can-
cellation of his contract, and the legislature, after meeting in Vallejo
in January, 1853, soon adjourned to Benicia, declaring it to be the
capital. It met there again January 2, 1854, when Governor Bigler
si;bmitted to it a communication from the mayor and council of Sacra-
mento, tendering to the state the free use of the courthouse, with its
safe, vaults, etc., together with a deed for the block of land between
I and J, Ninth and Tenth streets. On the 9th of February, Senator
A. P. Catlin introduced a bill in the senate providing for the fixing
of the permanent seat of government at Sacramento, and accepting
the block of land, which was passed. The legislature then adjourned
to this city, where the citizens received the members and state officers
with an enthusiastic demonstration.

The legislature met in the new courthouse March 1, 1854. But
its troubles were not all settled yet. On the 24th of the month it
passed a law compelling the supreme coui't to hold its sessions here,
but that body retaliated by holding the' opinion that San Jose was the
constitutional and legal capital, and refused to come. Subsequently,
however, a change of judges of the supreme court effected a decision
that Sacramento was the legal capital. In accordance with that deci-
sion, all sessions of the legislature since 1854, with the exception of

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 361

that ill the year of the great flood, 1862, have been held in Sacramento.

On April 11, 1893, a few days before the adjournment of the leg-
islature, the Evening Bee published an article making some grave
charges against the personal character and conduct of some of the
legishitors, and thanking God that the legislature was about to ad-
journ. The edition became known as the "Thank God" edition. Tlie
members of the legislature took umbrage at the article, and claiming
that it was an insult to the whole body, hastily formulated a resolu-
tion autliorizing the people of the state to vote on the removal of the
capital to San Jose, and rushed it through the same evening, many
members regarding it as a joke on Sacramento. The result created
great excitement in the city, and an indignation meeting called at
the courthouse denounced the Bee and assured the legislature that the
article did not rejiresent the sentiments of the conmiunity. The next
day the board of trade ordered a boycott on the Bee for injuring the
interests of the city. The Bee stuck by its gTins and offered to prove
its charges, but the legislature adjourned without rescinding the reso-
lution. The incident occasioned much bitter feeling, but in the end
was beneficial to Sacramento, for the citizens, while admitting that
the removal of the capital would be a blow to their civic pride, re-
sented the slurring taunt that its retention here was a financial neces-
sity to the city, and inaugurated and carried to completion a number
of public improvements that were the initiation of the united work
of the community in making Sacramento one of the most beautiful
cities in the state. While the vote of the people, if the matter had
been referred to them, would have been against the removal, the
issue was not made, for in April, 1894, the supreme court decided
that the resolution of the legislature was unconstitutional.

In 1907 a number of members of the legislature took umbrage
at Sacramento, and a constitutional amendment was adopted, remov-
ing the seat of government from Sacramento to Berkeley, as a pun-
ishment to the former city. It was submitted to the jieople of the
state at the election in November, 1908, and was defeated by so de-
cisive a majority that it is not likely another of similar import will
ever be introduced again.

In April, 1856, the legislature provided foi' the issue of bonds
amounting to $800,000 for the erection of a Capitol Iniilding on the
plaza between Ninth and Tenth, I and J streets, whicli had been
deeded to the state by the city for that purpose. The board of com-
missioners appointed to su]ierintend the building approved the plans
of Reuben Clark for the structure, awarded the contract to Joseph
Mongues for $200,000, and broke ground for the building on Decem-
ber 4th. On the 15th of the month, however, the commissioners re-
fused to issue the bonds, because the supreme court had decided that
the state had no authority to contract so large a debt. The contractor
bi'ought suit to compel tlie fulfillment of the contract, but he was

362 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

beaten, and work was stopped and never resumed on the building.
The block was deeded back to the city and has been filled and con-
verted into a beautiful park.

The project for building the Capitol rested until 1860, when the
four blocks comprised between L and N, Tenth and Twelfth steets,
containing 11.90 acres, was donated to the state by the city of Sacra-
mento. A number of years later the six blocks lying between L and
N, Twelfth and Fifteenth streets were purchased by the state for
$100,000, so that the Capitol Park now extends between L and N, from
Tenth to Fifteenth streets, with a total area of 33.05 acres, including
the streets between those boundaries. It is by all odds the finest
Capitol Park in the United States, and is the admiration of all vis-
itors to the city. The grounds are planted with trees of more than
four hundred varieties, it is stated, and rare shrubs and trees from
all over the world are to be found there.

The legislature in 1860 appropriated $500,000 for a Capitol
building, and the plans of M. F. Butler were adopted, and Michael
Fennell of San Francisco secured the contract for furnishing the
material and constructing the basement for $80,000. The cornerstone
was laid with imposing Masonic ceremonies on May 15, 1861. Fen-
nell had abandoned the contract on May 1st, and it was afterwards
let to G. W. Blake and P. E. Conner, who in turn, having suffered
some losses during the great flood, abandoned their contract. The
work was then turned over to the commissioners, who worried along
for several years because the various legislatures could not agree on
the amount of appropriations that should be made for the work. Fin-
ally in 1867 it was decided to finish the first story only with granite,
and construct the rest of the building with brick, which was done, and
the building was hurried to its completion. The brick is of excellent
({uality, however, and the work was done in the best manner. The
building is modeled largely on the National Capitol at Washington,
and is much admired for its stately proportions. The building was
completed according to the original plans as amended, which left the
attic and basement unfinished, in 1874. It was occupied first by the
governor and the other state officers November 26, 1869. The supreme
court met for the first time in the buildiug December 3, 1869, and the
legislature took formal possession of it December 6th of that year.
The Sacramentans celebrated the occasion by firing a salute and a
general display of flags. The cost of its construction was $2,600,000.

As stated, the basement and attic remained untinished, but as the
state grew, it became painfully apparent to the legislature and the
state officers that the building was too small, or rather that the fin-
ished portion of it was too small to accommodate the demand for
space. Accordingly, in 1906-07-08, during the administrations of Gov-
ernors Pardee and Gillett, the State Capitol Commission, composed of
the governor, secretary of state and the state treasurer, expended

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 363

$372,9l!5, appropriated by the legislature for that purpose, in remod-
eling the building, raising the roof and finishing the basement and attic,
so that at present there are rooms sufficient. The building has been
made as near fireproof as possible, the only woodwork remaining being
the doors and windows, and some floors which are laid over brick and
cement. The total cost of the Capitol as repaired was $2,972,925. and
competent architects state that it could not be built now for less
than $5,000,000.

The architecture of the structure is of the florid Roman-Corinthian
style. It faces west and is of four, stories and basement. Its length
is three hundred and twenty feet and its greatest depth one hundred
and sixty-four feet, and it covers 52,480 square feet. The rotunda,
on the first floor, is 168.07 feet in circumference, and the ball on top of
the dome is 247 feet higher than the street at the junction of Tenth
and M streets.

A descriiition of the Capitol could not be complete without men-
tion of the l)eautiful group of statuary in the center of the rotunda,
facing the entrance. It is the work of the famous American sculptor,
Larkin Goldsmith Mead, and was bought by Darius Ogden Mills, one
of the earliest bankers of Sacramento, for $30,000 in gold, and donated
by him to the state of California. It represents Queen Isabella of
Spain seated on her throne, while Columbus kneels beside her, holding
a globe, with which he explains his theory of sailing westward around
the earth to reach India. It represents the moment when, according
to the historian Prescott, the queen, convinced by the navigator's argu-
ments, exclaims, "I will assume the undertaking on behalf of the
crown of Castile, and will pledge my jewels to defray the expenses
of it, if the funds in the treasury shall be found inadequate." The
writer once overheard a citizen explaining to a visitor that the group
represented Columbus offering the world to the queen, wliich, after
all, was not far from the mark.

The beautification of the park with trees and shrubbery liegan
about 1869, at the time the building was occupied, and has continued
ever since. During Governor Booth's term of office a Governor's
mansion was completed in the northeast corner of the park, but as
Governor Booth was living in single blessedness at the time, he never
occupied it, and for various reasons his successors followed his ex-
ample, so that several years afterwards it was converted into a state
printing office and is still in use for that purpose. The printing for
the legislative sessions, the state school text books, the various official
rejiorts and all the other work of the state in that line is done there,
but the building will probably be torn down before many years. The
new pavilion of the State Agricultural Society was erected on the
block in the southeast corner of the park a number of years ago, but
becoming unsafe, was torn down about three years ago and removed
to Agricultural Park, beyond the county hospital.

364 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

A feature of the Capitol Park is the Grand Army plat, between
Twelfth and Thirteenth streets. It is the only plat of the kind in
existence, and is cared for partly by the Grand Army Posts and the
Ladies of the Grand Army. It is thickly planted with trees from
various battlefields of the Civil war, all tagged with the names of the
localities from which they came, and the exercises on Decoration
(Memorial) Day are generally held beneath the shade of the historic
trees.

GOVERNORS

Sacramento has had her full share of the governors of the state
chosen from among her citizens. The rival of San Francisco in her
earliest days, being the objective point of emigrants who were seek-
ing wealth from the placers, she attracted immediately the most active
and able men, who tarried at the city on the bay only long enough
to secure passage to Sacramento. For this reason the capital city
was well known among pioneers and wielded a large influence in
politics as in commerce and in affairs connected with the mining in-
dustry. The first governor of the new state, Peter II. Burnett, elected
in November, 1849, had formerly acted as agent for General Sutter.
John McDougal, who succeeded him, was another early resident of
Sacramento. John Bigler, also an early resident of Sacramento, was
elected governor in 1851 and died in this city in 1871. In 18.55 he
was succeeded as governor l)y J. Neely Johnson of Sacramento.
Milton S. Latham became governor in 1859, resigning in 1860 to become
United States Senator. Leland Stanford became governor in 1862.
Newton Booth of this city was chosen governor in 1871, and died in
Sacramento in 1892. Finally, our present governor, Hiram W. Johnson,
born in Sacramento, has resided here during the greater part of his
life, and belongs to a prominent family of the ca])ital city.

CHAPTER XXXV

THE :\IILITARY

Before California became a state the militia had been provided
for. A]iril 10, 1850, the first legislature passed an act providing for
the organization of the state militia into four di%'isions and eight
brigades. The First Division was to consist of Sacramento, Trinity,
Sliasta, Butte, Yuba, Sutter and Eldorado. The legislature reserved
the right to elect the generals. The next day that body met in joint
convention and elected major-generals as follows : Thomas J. Green,
John E. Brackett, David F. Douglass and Joshua H. Bean. It also
elected as Itrigadier-generals, J. PI. Eastland. A. M. Winn, Robert

Sem])le, McDonald, John E. Addison, D. P. Baldwin, Thomas

H. Bowen and J. M. Covarrubias. May 1, 1852, another law was
passed organizing the militia into seven districts, and the Seventh

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 365

District was composed of Sacramento, Placer, Sutter and Eldorado
counties. April 25, 1855, an act was passed creating six divisions and
twelve brigades. The Fourth Division was comjiosed of Sacramento,
Amador, Eldorado, Placer, Nevada and Sierra. The First Brigade of
the division was composed of Sacramento, Amador and Eldorado.
May 9, 1861, another act regarding the militia was passed, but it did
not et¥ect Sacramento as regarded its brigade position. April 24,
1862, the law passed organized the militia into one division and six
brigades. It made the Fourth Brigade comprise the counties of Sac-
ramento, Yolo, Sutter, Eldorado, Amador, Placer, Nevada, Yuba and
Sierra. April 12, 1866, Alpine county was added to tlie Fourth
Brigade.

In August, 1862, James Collins was appointed brigadier-general,
commanding the Fourth Brigade, and was commissioned on the 30th.
He died in Nevada City July 18, 1864, and Josiah Howell was ap-
pointed to succeed him, receiving his commission July 25, 1864; he
resigned November 14, 1874. W. L. Campbell was appointed to the
])osition December 1, 1874, and received his commission on the same
day. He resigned November 19, 1875. Governor Pacheco apjiointed
Wentworth T. Crowell to succeed him November 27, 1875, but the
Democratic senate refused to confirm him, and he held the office only
until his successor was appointed. His successor was J. G. Marline,
wlio was appointed to the command April 4, 1876, and resigned on
April 8th. His resig-nation was caused by a severe attack on him by
some of the newspapers in the district. Crowell continued in the
office until March 3, 1877, when he resigned.

M. S. Horan was appointed March 3, 1877, and commissioned on
March 5th. He resigned November 4, 1878, and T. J. Clunie was
appointed by Governor Irwin December 30, 1878, to fill the vacancy,
but the Republican senate did not confirm him. John F. Sheehan
was ap])ointed January 15, 1880, commissioned on the 17th, and re-
signed in May, 1882. Lewellyn Tozer was appointed May 19, 1882, Imt
the subsequent Democratic senate refused to confirm him. John T.
Carey was commissioned February 10, 1883.

The Fourth Regiment of Infantry, N. G. C, was organized in
1864, with E. R. Hamilton as colonel; B. Eilerman, lieutenant-colonel,
and James Adams, major. The regiment was reorganized in Decem-
ber, 1865, when L. L. Baker was elected colonel, and the remaining
officers continued in the same positions. August 22, 1866, Hamilton
was again elected colonel; James Adams, lieutenant-colonel, and John
F. Sheehan, major. In pursuance of special order No. 44, issued July
8, 1868, the regiment was mustered out of service and the comi)auies
were ordered to remain unattached until further orders.

The Fourth Regiment was reorganized under special order No. 7,
dated February 7, 1872, and in March following, C. V. Kellogg was
elected colonel; B. Eilerman, lieutenant-colonel, and H. F. Page,

366 HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY

major. Kellogg and Eilerman resigned in July, 1874, and W. T.
Cromwell was elected colonel, and H. "W. Thain, lieutenant-colonel.
This regiment was disbanded and mustered out of service March 31,
1877. It was immediately reorganized as the First Battalion of In-
fantry, and Thomas J. Clunie was elected the commander. He was
subsequently succeeded by Creed Haymond, and when the latter re-
signed, he was succeeded by T. W. Sheehan. When Sheehan became
brigadier-general, J. W. Guthrie was commissioned colonel.

The militia did not monopolize all the military glory and fame.
From the early days volunteer companies had been formed, and many
names well known in the early and subsequent history of the city
were found upon their rolls.

The Sutter Eifle Corps was organized June 27, 1852, with B. D.
Fry, captain; M. D. Corse, first lieutenant; John L. Brown, second
lieutenant, and W. Bryerly, third lieutenant. The company was noted
especially for its liberality on all public and private occasions. In
1853, it paid $1200 for choice of the first seat at Catherine Hayes'
concert, and presented the ticket to General Sutter. Those were the
days when men's hands were open to their friends, and their purses
also. M. D. Corse, the first lieutenant, afterwards became captain of
the company, and also held other offices in the city. In 1857 he re-
turned to the east, and his name as "General Corse" finally adorned
the list of Sheridan's prisoners in 1865.

When the governor in 1856 called on the militia for duty against
the vigilance committee in San Francisco, the Sutter Eifles met on
June 4th, and voted to respond to the governor's call. E. E. Eyre was
at that time lieutenant-commanding; H. S. Foushee, second lieutenant,
and John C. Keenan, orderly sergeant. The company disbanded soon
after, but reorganized in 1875, with E. E. Eyre, captain; Charles J.
Torbert, first lieutenant; Joseph H. Vigo, second lieutenant; W. R.
Covey, brevet second lieutenant. The company showed little vigor, how-
ever, and soon died.

The Sacramento Guards, Light Infantry, organized August 11,
1855, with Henry Meredith as captain; D. S. Woodward, first lieuten-
ant; E. W. Wilcox, second lieutenant; John Arnold, brevet second
lieutenant; Josiah Howell, ensign; L. L. Baker, orderly sergeant.
December 17, 1855, Baker was elected captain. Among the subsequent
officers were D. A. McMerritt, L. Powers, Isaac Lohman and C. H.
Cummings. The company numbered forty-five. During the excite-
ment in 1856 over the vigilance committee, the governor issued a
proclamation calling out the militia of the state to suppress the dis-
turbance. The Sacramento Guards met June 4, 1856, and disbanded,
turning their arms over to the custody of the Sutter Eifles. They re-
organized at once, however, as the Independent City Guards, and by
the end of the year they were fully equipped. This was the only com-
pany in Sacramento in 1858.

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 367

The Young Men's Pioneer Guard was organized in 1856, and was
composed of the leading young men of the city. John Talbot was its
captain; R. Simons, first lieutenant; Samuel Richardson, second lieu-
tenant; Charles Sinclair, third lieutenant; Oliver H. Worden, ensign;
John Foley, first sergeant.

The Sacramento Cadets organized May 17, 1856, with Edwin A.
Sherman, captain; C. H. Watson, first lieutenant; George J. Prentice,
second lieutenant.

The Independent (Sacramento) City Guard was reorganized under
the state law on June 28, 1858, with L. L. Baker, captain; Josiah
Howell, first lieutenant; L. Powers, second lieutenant; I. Lohman,
brevet second lieutenant. Among the subsequent officers we find the
names of S. P. Ford, Benjamin Peart, Joseph I. Friend, Henry Starr,
W. H. Ratenberry, C. L. Bird, L. B. Vanderburg. Among the
privates were C. H. Cummings, H. S. Crocker, D. Gillis, P. J. Hopper
and J. H. Lewis. This company during the Civil war furnished sev-
eral officers and some thirty men to the United States army.

The Sacramento Hussars was a German company of cavalry
organized August 14, 1859, and reorganized June 11, 1863, and at-
tached to the state militia. They were honorably discharged from
the National Guard August 21, 1874, and continued for some time as
an independent organization. At first there were only twenty-six
members, and the first officers were: Fred Werner, captain; Chai'les
Heinrich, first lieutenant; F. X. Ebner, senior second lieutenant;
Joseph Marzen, junior second lieutenant. Among the other early mem-
bers were : L. Steudeman, A. Heilbron, E. Kraus, Charles Sellinger, A.
Neubauer, D. Weiman, N. Arentz, C. Iser, G. Uhl, S. Gerber, John
Batcher, M. Wetzel, James H. Groth, George Schroth, J. Korn, Julius
Gregory, A. Menke, M. Miller, A. Dennery, Andrew Ross, John B.
Kohl and Jacob Meister.

Granite Guard was organized at Folsom May 27, 1861, with fifty-
eight men, and F. S. Mumford as captain.

The Washington Rifles were organized May 27, 1861, under the
militia laws of the state, with eighty-one members, and they immedi-
ately tendered their services to the governor, who accepted them, and
they were mustered into the service of the United States. Their cap-
tain was Thomas I. Roberts ; first lieutenant, W. A. Thompson ; second
lieutenant, J. S. Hunter ; brevet second lieutenant, W. L. Ustick. Cor-
nelius V. Kellogg and Henry Kline were also officers subsequently.

The Sacramento Rangers, cavalry, were organized August 27,
1861, and were mustered into the service of the United States with
sixty-two members. D. A. McMerritt was captain; J. M. Ropes, first
lieutenant ; A. W. Starr, second lieutenant.

E. D. Shirland raised a troop of cavalry, known as Shirlaud's
Cavalry, recruiting them principally around Folsom. They were inus-
tered into the service of the United States and arrived in Sacramento

368 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

by rail, seventy-five in number, September 5, 1861. Here they were-
joined by about forty recruits from this city, and proceeded to San
Francisco on the steamer Antelope. The citizens of Folsom raised
$513 in two hours for the use of the company.

The National Guard was organized October 7, 1862, with officers
as follows: L. L. Baker, captain; D. W. Welty, first lieutenant; W.
H. B. Morrill, senior second lieutenant; Prescott Robinson, junior
second lieutenant. The sergeants were: John Talbot, John Foley, R.
H. Daley, Paschal Coggins and M. L. Templeton. Among the privates
of this comijany were a number of men well known throughout the
state, such as Newton Booth, M. M. Estee, Justin Gates, S. S. HoU,
James McClatchy, Alex Badlam and Sylvester Try on.

The Sacramento Sharp Shooters organized June 6, 1863, with E.
R. Hamilton as captain; Thomas V. Cummings, first lieutenant; W. M.
Siddons, senior second lieutenant. Chris Weisel, J. A. Conboie and
E. H. Heacock were the sergeants. This company numbered in its
ranks as privates, L. Booth, E. M. Fry, A. Flohr, j. T. Glover, S. S.
Holl, Israel Luce, J. H. McKune, Robert Robinson, Perrin Stanton,
0. II. Tubbs and G. K. Van Heusen, all prominent men of Sacra-
mento. The company was nmstered out in 1886.

The Turner Rifles organized June 22, 1863, with forty-four mem-
bers. Their captain was Charles Wolleb; A. Geisel, first lieutenant;
L. Lotthammer, senior second lieutenant; A. Nessel, junior second
lieutenant. Among the pri\-ates we find the names of John Bellmer,
A. Heilbron, Charles Ponimer, C. Weil, C. Kleinsorge, L. B. Mohr
and C. Weisel.

The Walnut Gro\e Union (juard was organized at Walnut Grove
in August, 1863. and foi- several years continued as part of th.e
National Guard.

The Baker Guard was composed of over fifty young men, most of
them under twenty-one years of age, and was organized September 15,
1863. W. T. Crowell was its captain; James Clunie, first lieutenant;
D. K. Zumwalt, second lieutenant ; Samuel Carlisle, third lieutenant.
This company was consolidated with Company D, National Guard, in
June, 1866.

The Sacramento Light Artillery, unattached, was organized Sep-
tember 24, 1864, with Edgar Mills as captain; W%inan McMitchell,
first lieutenant; W. M. Siddons, senior second lieutenant; D. W. Earl,
junior second lieutenant. A. J. Senatz was prominent in the organ-
ization, and S. S. Montague, Joseph Davis and J. L. Atwood were
among the subsequent captains.

The First Battalion, Light Artillery, was organized in Sejitem-
ber, 1866, with Edgar Mills as major; L. E. Crane, first lieutenant
and adjutant; Paul Morrill, first lieutenant and quartermaster; W. R.
Cluness, assistant sergeant.

The Ennnet Guards was organized March 19, 1864, with John
P'oley as captain; F. A. Moran, first lieutenant; John F. Sheehan,

HISTORY OP SACRAMENTO COUNTY 369

senior second lieutenant; John S. Barrett, junior second lieutenant.
The other officers were: T. W. Slieehan, Owen Farrell and M. Mc-
Maiuis. The compaiiv was mustered out of the state service June
11, 1872.

The Sacramento Zouaves was an independent colored company,
which was in existence for several years.

Company G, Sarsfield Guards, was orsauized in 1870, with
William H. Ashton, Jr., captain; Charles Brady, first lieutenant;
Thomas Nolan, second lieutenant.

Troop B, cavalry, was originally organized in 1864-, and was then
known as the Sacramento Light Artillery. Its full official designation
was Company A (Sacramento Light Artillery), P'irst Battalion of
Artillery, Foixrth Brigade, National Guard of California. The ma-
terial of which it was formed included many of the prominent men in
the city, as will be seen by the list of those who signed the petition
to Judge Clark for the formation of the company. The list is as
follows: Paul Morrill, Edgar Mills, George Rowland, James Mc-
Clatchy, H. W. Bragg, George S. Evans, W. S. Mesick, O. D. Lam-
bard, \V. M. Mitchell, Isaac Lohman, William M. Harmon, R. W.
Lewis, A. Lamott, M. M. Estee, William M. Lyon, C. C. Barnes, Robert
Hamilton, Benjamin Peart, E. H. Heaeock, S. S. Holl, James Carolan,
J. B. Sanderson, George W. Chesley, L. Wilsey, J. H. Carroll, H.
G. Smith, D. W. Earl, A. D. Whitney, C. N. Higgius, Robert Ander-
son, M. M. Spaulding, F. E. Mitchell, N. L. Drew, George Inglis,
William M. Hoag, R. T. Brown, Charles Miller, John McNeill. I. C.
Aikles, James McCleary, George E. Duden, Prescott Robinson, C. P.
Huntington, Charles H. Creed, W. H. Taylor, William L. Ustick, J.
H. McKune, Henry Ramsey, John S. Miller, Joseph T. Glover, A. C.
Bidwell, L. H. Foote, R. I. Graham, Samuel Cross, J. W. Reeves, Jus-
tin Gates, L. S. Tavlor, E. D. Wheatley, S. W. Butler, J. M. Avery,
W. C. Felch, A. Briggs, Alex. Badlam, H. E. Cook, D. P. Coon, George
Oulton, Theo. J. Milliken. Richard Dale, H. F. Holmes, A. H. Ault,
Charles A. Peake, Albert Leonard, Thomas Ross, J. T. Griffitts.
William E. Wise, Thomas C. Jones, George Cox, Thomas Brown, J. T.
Brownell. I. Bailey, Charles Roberts, J. Davis, E. B. Mott, A. S.
Bender, P. Stanton, Ben. C. Butler, P. Franklin, Joseph Bremer,
Leland Stanford, William M. Siddons, John P. Hoyt, Frederick Gibbs,
C. C. Knox, A. G. Richardson, T. M. Hulibard, S. E. Ladd, B. Cahoon,
Paul Morrill, Jr., S. S. Montague, T. W. Ruce. L. Rotchford, Samuel
Cross, E. A. Rockwell, E. M. Howison.

The officers were Edgar Mills, captain; Wyman McMitchell, first
lieutenant; Wm. M. Siddons, senior second lieutenant; D. W. Earl,
jimior second lieutenant. March 19, 1880, the Sacramento Light Artil-
lery, the City Guard, Nevada Liglit Guard, Placerville City Guard, the
Yuba Light Guard and the Sarsfield Guard were organized into a
regiment known as the First Artillery Regiment, Fourth Brigade,

370 HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

N. G. C. Shortly afterwards the Sacramento Light Artillery became
known as Light Battery B, First Artillery Regiment. July 1, 1893, it
was detached from the regiment and designated as Battery B, Light
Artillery, unattached. July 23, 1895, it was changed into a troop of
cavalry, incorporated in August, 1895, with Troops A, C and D,
cavalry, as the First Squadron of Cavalry. In July, 1908, the squad-
ron was discontinued, and the troop became known again as "Troop
B, Cavalry," and is so known today.

The Eighth Infantry regiment was organized October 31, 1890,
and the First Artillery, March 19, 1880. The Eighth Infantry and the
First Artillery were consolidated December 9, 1895, forming the
Second Regiment of Infantry, N. G. C. Company A, Second Infantry,
was mustered out in the same year.

Company E, Second Infantry, of this city was organized Novem-
ber 26, 1883, with Henry I. Seymour, now colonel, as captain. Com-
pany G of this city, and of the same regiment, was organized July 29,
1870, with Thomas B. Hall, now deceased, as captain. These two
companies have existed ever since, up to 1911, when Company E was
mustered out, but has since been reorganized.

GRAND ARMY OF THE REPUBLIC

The greatest patriotic order that ever was instituted was organ-
ized in Sacramento early in its existence, and has numbered three
Posts and two Relief Corps and one Circle of the Ladies of the Grand
Army, auxiliary thereto, all of which, except one Post, are still in
existence and in flourishing condition.

Sumner Post No. 3 was instituted November 25, 1867, with the
following charter members: G. W. Bowie, Thomas J. Blakeney,
George S. Evans, D. A. DeMerritt, W. L. Campbell, E. Engham, John
F. Sheehan, E. S. Granger, W. C. Guirey, R. H. Harris, J. V. Gilbert,
N. S. Hawley, R. W. Towne and J. G. Garrison, the charter being
signed by John G. Miller, department commander, and James Coey,
assistant adjutant-general. The. first officers were: W. S. Campbell,
commander; W. C. Guirey, Jr., vice commander, and J. F. Sheehan,
adjutant. The Post is still in a healthy condition, and numbers over
seventy members.

Warren Post No. 54 was instituted August 4, 1883, with the fol-
lowing charter members: W. A. Houghton, Charles Reihn, C. W.
Wallace, J. B. Pierpont, Fred Dustman, J. N. Moore, M. J. Smith, Dan
Meagher, E. C. Jordan, M. Wood, N. Hamm, J. H. Carrington, Dr. C.
F. Pinkham, N. T. Gould, W. W. Fuller, W. W. Meyer, T. J. Kiernan,
S. S. B. Brigham, W. C. Gnet, Charles Ludwig, J. H. Marsh, W. M.
Wilbur, H. Yuhre, Charles Foster, A. Richardson, E. P. Snyder, J. S.
Easterbrooke, A. T. Browsher, George Vogelgesang, A. W. Sefton, J.
J. Trarbach, J. T. Bartlett and S. McKearney. It is still in existence,
and numbers over fifty members. Fair Oaks Post No. 120 was organ-

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 371

ized in May, 1886, and after coutimiing- a niiiiibcr of years surrendered
its cliarter.

Sumner Relief Corps No. 11, auxiliary to Sumner Post, was or-
g'anized in March, 1884, and is still prosperous.

Fair Oaks Relief Corps No. 13 was organized in May, 1884, as
auxiliary of Fair Oaks Post, and is still in existence, although the
Post has been discontinued for several years.

Clara Barton Circle No. 11, Ladies of the G. A. R., was organized
May 26, 1886, and is in a prosperous condition.

SPANISH WAK VETERANS

J. Holland Laidler Camp No. 5, Department of California, United
Spanish War Veterans, was chartered under National Encampment,
Spanish-American War Veterans, April 18, 1904, as No. 286. (Subse-
quently the general organization was amalgamated with other kindred
associations, and became United Spanish War" Veterans.)

Chartered under United Spanish War Veterans, January 17, 1905,
effective April 18, 1904, with the following charter members: 0. J.
Addison, J. Alexander, O. W. Anderson, F. F. Atkinson, W. D. Bes-
sey, F. W. Birchmore, 0. J. Boden, D. C. Bush, F. F. Canon, *John
Cooke, F. W. Covne, W. R. Coyne, M. J. Cunningham, *0. N. Faulk-
ner, A. P. Gadbois, J. W. Gray, *Fred Gunter, *W. F. Hayden, J. H.
Hayes, J. E. Hicks, W. J. Hanna, D. 0. Hildebrand, E. C. Hunt, S. W.
Kay, Rube Lee, S. W. Leitch, C. Lucey, F. L. Martin, C. D. McDermit,
*J. G. Merle, J. M. Milliken, L. C. Moore, Haywood Reed, J. F. Sher-
burn, W. 0. Smith, H. E. Speas, H. G. Teasdale, C. H. Weden, W. I.
Woodman, Mark Wormer.

The first executive officers of the camp were : Commander, S. W.
Kay; adjutant, J. Alexander; quartermaster, 0. W. Anderson.

J. Holland Laidler, in honor of whose memory this camp was
named, was connected with the Southern Pacific Railroad Company's
hospital in Sacramento prior to the commencement of the war be-
tween the United States and Spain. At the outbreak of hostilities (or
when the opportunity presented itself) he joined the Hospital Corps,
United States army, and was killed in action during the Philippine
insurrection, April 24, 1899, at Quinqua, Philippine Islands. He was
born in Elko, Houston county, Ga., July 11, 1876. There is a movement
on foot at present for erecting a monument to his memory in one of the
city parks.

Admiral Robley D. Evans Camp No. 33, Department of Cali-
fornia. United Spanish War Veterans, was organized through the
efforts of Colonel F. F. Canon, assisted by a few other veterans. It
was mustered in August 14, 1908, by Department Commander M. M.
Moulton (now Past Department Commander) at the armory of Com-

*Deceased.

372 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

pauy E, Secoud liifautry, National Guard of California, which was
located at that time in the old pavilion, Sixth and M streets.

The charter members were Gr. A. Bahran, W. T. Hildebrand, C.
C. Craver, W. H. Phillips, C. E. Connolly, Charles J. Stephens, B. W.
Gardner, Johannes Gienger, F. F. Canon, T. H. McDaniel, F. C.
Childs, E. Storror, James Fricke, G. W. Waldron, F. W. Barber, F. E.
Kimple, H. C. Carvell, F. W. Strachauer, F. E. Elliott, Fred Shrader
and Herbert Gray. The first executive officers of the camp were:
Commander, F. E. Elliott; adjutant, F. F. Canon; quartermaster, B.
W. Gardner.

The camp was named in honor of the noted admiral of the United
States navy, "Fighting Bob" Evans. About the time of organization
Admiral Evans had just completed his trip around the world. Again,
the naming of the camp was appropriate, for during the Spanish-
American war he had taken a very prominent part, being in command
of the U. S. S. Iowa, off Santiago, and taking an active part in the
naval engagement which resulted in the destruction of Cervera's
fleet, July 3, 1898.

C\Tithia E. Moore Auxiliary, United Spanish War Veterans, auxil-
iary to Camps J. Holland Laidler No. 5 and Admiral R. D. Evans No.
33, was instituted in Elks' hall, Sacramento, January 15, 1909, with
thirty-five charter members. The name Cynthia E. Moore was chosen
because Cynthia E. Moore (born November 9, 1873, and a graduate of
St. Luke's hospital, San Francisco) was a nurse in the United States
army service who served from November 14, 1898, to September 30,

1900. She was honorably discharged because of illness, was cared for
at the general hospital at the Presidio of San Francisco, died May 11,

1901, and was buried in that city.

The presidents have been: Gertrude (jould Speas, first, January
15, 1909, to January 4, 1910 ; Alice Milliken, second, January 4, 1910,
to January 17, 1911; Sarah Thompson, third, January 17, 3911, to
January 5, 1912 ; Anna Gardner, fourth, now serving.

The first set of officers were: Gertrude Gould Speas, i^resident;
Alice Milliken, senior vice president; Ada Hildebrand, junior vice
president; I. May Sydeham, chaplain; Addie Kelly, secretary; Mary
Kimple, treasurer; Mamie Kay, conductor; Lillian Lee, guard.

The history of C^nithia E. Moore Auxiliary since its admission
into the organization has been one of prosperity and success. Its
members have ever striven for advancement and to place the auxiliary
upon a high plane. The personnel of its membershi]i is commendable
and their work an example.

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 373

CHAPTER XXXVI
FIRE DEPARTMENT

The first fire department in Sacramento was organized in 1850.
On April 4tli of that year the first fire of any considerable extent oc-
curred on Front street, between J and K, eight or ten buildings being
destroyed, with their contents, within thirty minutes of the time it
started. The loss was stated at $100,000. A fire department was im-
mediately organized. On November 9th following another fire oc-
curred, destroying the New York, Eagle, St. Francis and the Galena
hotels, the Home of the Badger, Rowe's provision store and other
Imildings. On August 13, 1851, the Tehama theater was burned.

The greatest fire of the early days occurred November 2, 1852,
when fully seven-eighths of the city was destroyed and several lives
were supposed to be lost. This was the most widespread and disas-
trous fire in the history of the city, and the total amount of loss was
estimated at $10,000,000. Although it was a frame building, the Con-
gregational church on Sixth street was the only one out of the many
churches that was saved. The efforts of the citizens managed to keep
the conflagration from extending east of Ninth street and north of I
street. The fact that a strong wind was blowing when the fire started
was imdoubtedly the cause of its becoming so general.

The second general conflagration in the city's history occurred on
the afternoon of July 13, 1854. It started in a small frame building
in the rear of Newcome's furniture store, near the center of the block
between J and K, Third and Fourth streets. This time it was
caused by the upsetting of a spirit lamp used for heating a glue-pot.
It reached the Sacramento hotel almost immediately, and in a very
short time the blaze was tremendous. The day was very hot, the
thermometer standing at one hundred degrees in the shade. The fire-
men turned out in force, but the furious element would not be denied,
and in spite of the heroic efforts of the members of the department
and the citizens, it destroyed successively the Oriental hotel, the Amer-
ican House, the old courthouse, the New England House, the State
House, Congregational church, the Sewanne House, Crescent City
hotel and Number 4's engine house. By good luck the waterworks
had just been put into operation, and but for their efficiency the
loss would have been much greater.

Governor Bigler had been working from the beginning of the
conflagration wherever help had been needed, and when the State
Capitol was threatened, he asked a number of bystanders to aid him
in saving the furniture. They demurred to doing so on the ground
that the state could better afford to lose its property than private
parties could. Pointing to a full-length portrait of Washington that
hung on the southern wall, Governor Bigler said : " See ! there is the

374 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

portrait of the father of your country; will you permit it to be de-
stroyed?" His appeal was successful, and they made a general rush
and saved the picture.

The Golden Eagle hotel, a substantial l)rick building, finally
checked the fire until it could be controlled. The news of the fire hav-
ing reached San Francisco, the Monumental Engine C'ompany of that
city made an earnest effort to reach Sacramento in time to be of as-
sistance, but was unable to arrive until the next morning, when they
were cordially thanked by the citizens for their generous attempt.

The next important fire that occurred was on July 3, 1855, which
burned over the whole triangle between the levee, I and Sixth streets,
but as the luiildings were mainly old shacks occupied by Chinese, the
loss was not heavy. Several fires, each occasioning a loss of from
$10,000 to $20,000, occurred in the following nineteen years.

About 5:30 o'clock A. M. on September 15, 1874, the Capital
Woolen mills caught fire and were destroyed, causing a loss of from
$75,000 to $100,000. The mills were soon rebuilt. November 21, 1886,
they were burned again, and were not rebuilt.

January 9, 1875, a fire started in the afternoon in the lamp room
of the Western hotel and spread rapidly to the whole building. By
desperate efforts the fire department, which was promptly on hand,
managed to confine it to the hotel building, which was totally de-
stroyed, and three lives were lost, two of the ill fated victims being
compositors in the Union office. The financial loss was estimated at
about $100,000.

The honor of having organized the first fire company in the state
belongs to Sacramento. February 5, 1850, the first stei)s were taken
toward the organization of Mutual Hook and Ladder Company No. 1.
The following officers were elected : Demas Strong, foreman ; J. S.
Fowler, first assistant; M. D. Eyre, second assistant; T. A. Warbass,
treasurer; H. G. Langley, secretary; J. O. Derby, steward. The com-
pany turned out to the fire of April 4, 1850, using a fire engine be-
longing to Lewis & Bailey. They continued in active service until
October 30, 1859, when they disbanded by mutual consent, turning over
their apparatus to the fire department. They had twenty-six mem-
bers when they disbanded, and had occupied the same building with
Confidence Engine Company No. 1.

Alert Hook and Ladder Company No. 2 was organized September
27, 1852, electing Thomas W. Noyes, forenuin; Charles W. Cook, as-
sistant foreman; Alexander C. Folger, secretary; W. B. H. Dodson,
trustee; John L. Polhemus and Joseph F. Cloutman, delegates. Their
building was a two-story brick one, located on Eighth street, between
J and K. Both this company and the Mutual received an outfit of hooks
and ladders in 1853. In 1860 the Alert had twenty-nine members, and
M. McManus was their foreman.

On March 6, 1851, Confidence Engine Company No. 1 was organ-

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 375

ized with W. S. Eakins, foreman; William D. Hunt, first assistant;
John J. Balentine, second assistant; PI. E. Urner, secretary; Leander
Culver, treasurer. It was housed in a two-story building on the east
side of Third street, between I and J. It maintained its organization
until the introduction of the paid fire department, when it numbered
sixty-five members.

Protection Engine Company No. 2 was organized March 22,
1851, electing William Arents, foreman; Francis R. Folger, assistant;
H. Burdick, secretary. It had sixty-five members and its house was
erected on the west side of Eighth street, between J and K, after-
wards for many years known as Exempt Firemen's Hall, and torn
down in 1911 to give place to a new building.

Sacramento Engine Company No. 3 was organized March 27,
1851, by electing J. R. Beard, foreman; H. J. Beams, assistant fore-
man; F. McGilvery, secretary; J. C. Freeman, assistant secretary;
it had erected for it two years later a fine house on the west side
of Second street, between K and L, and in 1860 the company num-
Ijered fifty-nine members. The building is now occupied by No. 1, of
the paid fire department.

Eureka Engine Company No. 4 was organized August 15, 1853,
electing W. H. Jones, foreman; John II. Burgess, assistant; Jacob
Greenliaum, secretary; H. P. Osborn, treasurer. They occupied a
two-story brick, the present Corporation house, on Fifth street, be-
tween J. and K, and numbered sixty-five members in 1860.

Knickerbocker Engine Company No. 5 was organized July 21,
1854, officers being as follows: H. PoUey, foreman; James Calwyn,
first assistant; P. Holland, second assistant; John F. Hall, secretary;
John C. Keenau, treasurer. The company numbered fifty-eight mem-
bers, and its building was a two-story brick on the east side of Fourth
street, between K and L.

Young America No. 6 was organized by the residents of the Third
ward June 21, 1855, with Robert Robinson, foreman ; E. Kimball, first
assistant; Sylvester Marshall, second assistant; Anson Perry, secre-
tary; Charles S. White, treasurer. Its house was a two-story brick,
located on Tenth street, lietween I and J, and is at ]3reseut used by a
com])any of the paid fire department for No. 2.

Tehama Hose Company No. 1 was the first hose company in this
citv. It was organized April 21, 1853, but disbanded Novenilx'v 24,
1855.

Neptune Hose Coniiiany was an independent eomi)any organized
October 6, 1856, with C. T. Ingham, president; P. Holland, foreman;
Thomas Bartlett, assistant foreman; A. P. Norton, treasurer; Alex-
ander Badlam, secretary. The company had considerable trouble in
being admitted into the department, and a building was erected for it
on the north side of I street, fronting on Fourth street. It had a
membership of twenty-five.

376 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

Broderiek Engine Company No. 7 was organized June 1, 1860, by-
electing Matthias Ault, foreman; R. B. Bishop, first assistant; Ber-
nard Riley, second assistant; D. 0. Brown, secretary, and W. S. Hig-
gins, treasurer. Its membership was sixty-five. The company was
named after United States Senator David Broderiek, and was faithful
in its attendance at fires, but was not admitted into the department,
and was disbanded immediately after the flood of 1861. It occupied a
one and one-half story building at the corner of Third and R streets.
The building was removed a number of years ago and converted into
a residence, and the engine, hose, etc., reverted to the department.

Several other companies of less note and continuance were organ-
ized during the period of the volunteer department, and did good work
when necessity required, but their names have passed from recollec-
tion. The fire-fighters of the old volunteer days were men of daring;
men who were in the ranks for the love of the game and the protec-
tion of their own property and that of others. Many of them had
been members of similar organizations in the east, and brought to
their work here the experience gained in former fields.

The following were chief engineers of the volunteer fire depart-
ment during its continuance from January 25, 1851, to August, 1872,
their terms of office being one year : Hiram Arentz, David McDowell,
R. M. Folger, I. M. Hubbard, J. H. Houseman, J. B. Blauchard, Henry
Policy, Hiram Arentz, Joseph S. Friend, George H. Brickman, R. J.
Graham, Hugh Kelly, George Schmeizer, David C. Wilson, John Don-
ellan, W. Gillan, Frank Johnson, A. H. Hapeman, William D. Far-
rell, George Schmeizer; Houseman and Kelly resigned, Blanchard,
first assistant, succeeding the former, and Schmeizer the latter.

As was usual in the days of volunteer fire departments there was
great rivalry between the different companies, and many incidents oc-
curred, humorous and otherwise, that would make interesting reading
if their history had been preserved. There were tournaments, races,
balls, presentation of banners and prizes and various other features.
At one time much complaint was made against the companies, in the
papers, being caused by these rivalries. It was charged that some
of their members laid plans for getting ahead of the members of
other companies by ringing false alarms, having warned enough mem-
bers of their own companies sufficiently to enable them to have their
apparatus ready and get to the scene of the supposed fire before their
rivals could do so, thereby gaining credit through the loapers of being
the most active in the performance of their duties. The rivalry be-
tween the volunteer companies often became so keen that bad blood
was engendered and fights were common. Spanners, wrenches, any
available weapons, were applied forcibly to heads, arms and shoulders,
without regard to their pro])er use, and sanguinary encounters oc-
curred on many occasions. One of the most notable and fiercest oc-
■curred at the burning of the first building erected for the Jefferson

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 377

primary school. Two of the companies between which there existed a
strong feeling of antagonism, met at a wooden bridge that spanned
a little slough . near the school. Each was determined to beat the
other, and they arrived simultaneously at the bridge. It was too nar-
row for both to cross at the same time and, in consequence, one engine
struck the railing, smashing it, and being precipitated into the slough.
In a moment the fray was started, spanners and other weapons used
freely and the fiercest fight in the history of the department was on.
the combatants paying no more attention to the fire, whicji was burning
fiercely. Several were seriously injured, and carried the marks of
the combat to their graves. The men who comprised the volunteer
department were fearless and aggressive, energetic and ready to
court opposition, all of which qualities were valuable in fighting fire,
and which found a vent in other directions.

PAID FIRE DEPARTMENT

A paid fire department for the city was established by the legis-
lature April 1, 1872, and the volunteer department was superseded.
A board of three commissioners was established, the first members to
be appointed by the governor, and their successors to be elected by
the people, one being elected each year, at the regular city election.
The city was authorized by the act to issue bonds for $50,000, payable
twenty years after date, with interest at eight per cent per annum.
The first commissioners, appointees of the governor, were Sylvester
Tryon, George Rowland and W. C. Felch, the latter being elected
president of the board. Two engine companies and a hook and ladder
company were organized the ensuing fall.

Engine Company No. 1 was organized September 15, 1872, and
Henry Burnham was made foreman and 0. Collier, engineer. There
were twelve other men, but only the engineer, foreman and drivers were
permanently employed. The engine-house is situated on Second street,
between K and L.

Engine Company No. 2 was organized at the same time as No.
1, with J. W. Thompson as foreman and E. H. Williams as engineer.
The engine-house is on Tenth street, between I and J.

Engine Company No. 3 was organized and placed in service on
April 1^ 1888. The engine-house is on Nineteenth street, between L
and M, where Hose Company No. 1, organized June 11, 1884, had
previously been located, and had disbanded.

The chief engineers of the paid fire department since its organiza-
tion have been— William B. Hunt, 1872-74 ; William H. H. Lee, 1874-76 ;
Henrv Burnham, 1876-78 ; William H. H. Lee, four months, 1878 ; Cor-
nelius Sullivan, 1878-87; M. O'Meara, 1887-90; H. A. Guthrie, 1890-
1910; Charles Anderson, 1910.

In 1887 O'Meara was elected chief engineer by the board of fire
commissioners at a private meeting and Sullivan and his friends held

378 . HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY

that the election was illegal. Both parties claimed the office and both
gave orders at fires. The situation became embarrassing, the matter
having been taken into court, and the commissioners ' finally called
in H. A. Guthrie, who was at the time foreman of No. 1, and asked
him to take the position of acting chief engineer. He demurred at
first, but consented, and on October 13th he was appointed acting
chief engineer. On October 21st he was appointed assistant chief
engineer. About three months afterwards the courts decided in favor
of O'Meara. In 1890 O'Meara left the city suddenly and Guthrie was
appointed chief engineer on September 29th, to succeed him. Janu-
ary 22, 1894, when the new charter for the city went into effect, he
was re-elected chief engineer and continued to hold the position until
August 1, 1910, when he requested to be relieved and tendered his
resignation, retiring of his own volition and being placed on the
pension list. He had been a member of the old volunteer depart-
ment, becoming a member of Alert No. 2, while yet only a boy, and
previously had been torch bearer of Protection No. 2. He was pre-
sented with his certificate by Alert No.' 2, January 29, 1872, and
became a member of Hook and Ladder No. 1, in the paid fire depart-
ment. During his term of service as chief engineer he brought the
department up to a high degree of efficiency and by his aggressive
energy and insistency with the trustees was able to introduce many
improvements, such as chemical engines, extension ladders, etc., into
the deijartment. C-hief Flngiueer Anderson, who succeeded him, has
already proven to the authorities that no mistake was made by them
when they chose him as Guthrie's successor, and that his handling
of his force and methods of controlling fires are thoroughly efficient
and up to date. During his incumbency the annexation of Oak Park
and other suburbs has been accomplished, and the erection of one or
more engine and other houses for the use of the department and the
protection of the outlying districts is being planned and carried into
execution.

Station No. 4 on Twenty-sixth street, between L and M, was
installed and i)ut in service March 1, 1902, at a cost of $12,800, and
the api^aratus cost $5,550. Station No. 5 was put in service in
June, 1911, at a cost of about $11,000, with apparatus costing $5,550.
Two other lots were purchased in 1907, for stations, one on Twenty-
second, between S and T, and the other on Twentieth, between C and
D. These will be utilized before long. The department is thoroughly
equipped with chemical engines, the latest one installed- being an
auto chemical; also with up-to-date steamers, hook-and-ladder trucks
with extension ladders and a water tower, besides an ample supply of
first-class hosecarts and hose. The annexation of the suburbs will
necessitate the building in the near future, of stations in Oak Park
and other localities. Oak Park has already a volunteer fire company.
The Board of Underwriters has stated that no citv in the state has

HISTORY OF SACRAMP:NT0 COUNTY :i79

a better equipped fire dei)artment, or a more elKeieut force of fireineu.

The city trustees are alive to the fact that the better ecjuipped
and more efficient the department is, the better the protection afforded
to the property of taxpayers, and the more reasonable the rates of
insurance. For this reason they have, of late, been more liberal in
their appropriations for the purchase of apparatus to keej) up with
the growth of the city and its needs. The erection of six and eight-
story buildings has become quite common within the past three years,
and in view of that fact, the board, in January, 1912, purchased an
auto hook-and-ladder truck, with an eighty-five-foot extension ladder,
of the latest and most approved pattern, at a cost of $6,300. The next
thing in contemplation is the purchase in the near future, of a water
tower. With this, the department would lie more up-to-date and
l)etter equipped than any in the state, except San Francisco and Los
Angeles.

The most disastrous conflagration of later years occurred on
Saturday morning, January 31, 1903, when the fine department store
of Weinstock, Lubin & Co., at Fourth and K streets, running through
to L street, was discovered to be on fire. The iron doors in the rear
of the K street part were locked and could not be opened by the
fireman until after the flames had gained such headway that they
could not be controlled. They swept across the bridge connecting
the annex, and the inflammable contents soon made the whole store
a seething furnace. At daybreak only the walls were left standing,
the loss being over three-quarters of a million. The firm moved to
the Old Pavilion on M street and in twenty-four hours was doing
business again with a limited stock. Witliiu a year they were
housed again in their present handsome building.

EXEMPT FIREMEN

The first Exempt Firemen's Association was organized on August
14, 1865. Twenty-two members were present at the meeting on that
day and the following were chosen as officers: George Rowland,
president; J. H. Houseman, vice-president; J. J. Smith, secretary;
J. F. Crawford, treasurer. In 1871, when this association was abol-
ished, it had only sixty-five members. It was a charitable associa-
tion, but its charities were neither compulsory nor systematic. The
fund was under the control of the board of delegates, which had
been incorporated June 10, 1868, and in the treasury was about
$38,000, in 1872, which was turned over to the new association which
was formed at that time.

The latter, which went out of existence a few yeai's ago, was
organized under an act of the legislature, approved in April. 1872,
it having been instituted December 4, 1872. The first officers elected
were: W. L. Herndon, president; A. H. Cummings, first vice-presi-
dent; Joseph Davis, second vice-president; George A. Putnam, treas-

380 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

urer ; also a board of trustees of the general fund and one of trustees
of the charitable fund.

Although in 1871 the old association had only sixty-five members
when it was dissolved, the new one began business in 1872, with
three hundred and twenty-four members, and many others joined
it later on. Its objects were social, and fraternal aid and pecuniary
benefit. The pecuniary benefit given was eight dollars per week in
case of disability, ten dollars a month to widows of deceased mem-
bers in case they were in need of it, and one hundred dollars for
funeral expenses. Besides this, all the friendly aid the association
could bestow in case of sickness or distress was cheerfully given.
These benefits wel-e not given to a member, however, if his distress
was the result of gross dissipation. By death and removals the
number of members was gradually reduced to one hundred and fifty-
one in 1890, and finally to sixty-seven in 1901, when the association
wound up its affairs.

By the act which created the paid fire department of the city, it
was provided that the Exempt Firemen's Association should have
the privilege of selecting one of the old engine-houses of the volun-
teer department for its use. The old engine-house on the north side
of the alley, on Eighth street, between J and K, was accordingly chosen
and the propertj^ was put up at auction, it being necessary that it
be sold to avoid complication of the title. No one would bid on
it against the Exempt Firemen, of course, and the sum it brought
was $100. The building was remodeled and a hall built for their
use, while the lower story was fitted up for stores, which brought
a good rent. When the association wound up its affairs the property
was sold and has been demolished to make way for a fine modern
building. The change made in it by the Exempts cost about $7000,
and it was occupied by them for the first time July 12, 1875. Thus
landmark after landmark of the old days is passing away, and like
the Pioneers, the Exemi)ts still living have dwindled away to a mere
handful and soon only the memory of them will re7nain to us.

John F. Dremau, who was a member of No. 1, in the old volunteer
department, and turned out in parade with it in 1851, and who was
afterwards a member of No. 3, and of Neptune Hose Company, was
the last president of the Exempts, and is the proud possessor of
a handsome badge presented to him when they disbanded. Mr.
Dreman, who was for many years a member of the city board of edu-
cation, and served also as a supervisor of the county, is still living,
at the age of eighty-three, at the time of this writing. James Coff-
roth, a brilliant lawyer of a generation ago, was the first member of
the Exempts who died, and William L. llerndon was their first
president.

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 381

CHAPTER XXXVII
EARLY BUSINESS ENTERPRISES

A history of this city would not be complete without at least a
partial list of the pioneer business men and business houses, in addi-
tion to those already named in a former chapter.

The early historians state that in May, 1849, there were about
thirty buildings occupied by stores and that on June 26th there
were one hundred houses in the eitj'. In the advertisements in the
Placer Times we tind those of the following business and professional
men :

Whittlock & Gibson, auction and commission.

Burnett & Rogers (Peter H. and John P.), exchange brokers and
agents for the collection of debts. Mr. Burnett afterwards became
governor of California.

Drs. L. P. and S. S. Crane, physicians and druggists.

Dr. C. B. Zabriskie, physician.

Orlando McKnight, proprietor of the American House and Res-
taurant.

Murray & Lappens.

Pickett & Co.

Saget & Co.

T. McDowell & Co., auction and commission.

Gillespie, Gerald & Co., wholesale and retail grocers, provisions
and mining goods.

Brannan & Co., (Samuel Brannan, William Stout, and Melius,
Howard tS: Co.) general merchandise. In Augiist, 1849, Brannan was
again alone. He died at Escondido, San Diego county. May 5, 1889.

Dr. B. Bryant, a graduate of the Botanico Medical (JoUege of
Memphis, drugs and medicines. He also established a hospital in
August, 1849, on L street.

Dr. W. H. Anson, "late surgeon of the IT. S. Army," opened an
office in August, 1849, "opposite Prof. Sheppard's store."

John Codlin, butcher and provision merchant.

H. P. Merrifield, auction and real estate.

James C. Zabriskie, law, conveyancing and surveying.

Morse, Dunning & Co. (Charles E. G. Morse,. of St. Louis, Mo., and
John Dunning, of New York), pro^^sions.

J. P. Rittenhouse & Co. (Thomas C. D. Olmstead and W. E. Keyes).

Peyton, Coinet & McCarver.

Dr. F. M. Rodrigues, from New Orleans.

B. E. Watson, groceries.

Dr. M. B. Angfe.

Massett & Brewster (Stephen C. and Charles 0.), auction and
commission. Massett later became a well known musical composer
and writer.

382 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

A. Drinj, store at the Fort.
Thomas A. Warbass, real estate.

Robertson & Co. (G. M. R., Theodore Van Colt and Thomas
King), meat market.

Dr. W. G. Deal.

Dr. Robert Wilson.

G. G. & R. G. Cornell, meat market.

Drs. McKenzie and Ames (J. M. and F. W.)

James N. Harding, law and real estate.

Elisha W. McKinstry, law.

Jones, PrettjTnan, Barroll & Co. (Dr. W. G. Deal), commission,
real estate and drugs. Afterwards Prettyman, Barroll & Gwjoin.

Charles Lindley, law and commissioner of deeds.

Bailey, Morrison & Co., merchants.

Pearson and Baker (James P. and W. A. B.), real estate.

Plume, Truman & Co.

Cardwell, Brown & Co. (H. C. C, E. L. Brown, John Harris and
John F. Fowler), afterwards Harris, Brown & Co.

Drs. J. L. Wydown and T. J. White.

J. B. Starr & Co. (H. L. Barney), auction.

McNulty & Co. (A. G. Hedrick), hardware.

Dr. Benjamin R. Carman bought Mr. Deal's interest in the Mar-
tin & Deal liospital at the Fort, in December, 1849.

Dr. Hardenstein, homeopathic physician.

Barney, Brewster & Co. (B. B. Barney, R. E. Brewster, Fred
Ogden, J. H. Blossom and J. P. Hurley), afterward Barney, Blos-
som & Co.

Suydam, Fletcher & Co. (John Suydam, Warren Fletcher and J.
E. Galloway), then Suydam & Galloway, auction and commission.

Drs. Stanbury and J. W. H. Stettinius, associated with Charles E.
Abbott, bought the hospital of Dr. Craigan and Mr. Abell at the Fort,
during the winter of 1849-50.

Dr. S. P. Thomas.

B. F. Hastings & Co., excliange brokers, liankers and commission
merchants.

James Tait & Co., general merchandise.

C. F. McClure & Co. (P. R. Slater).
Covilland, Fajard & Co., general merchandise.

Meconniken & Co. (E. Meconniken, A. Hadley and James A.
Myer), auction and commission.

William Montgomery, auction and commission, groceries, etc.

Andrew J. Binney, civil engineer and surveyor.

Fowler & Frye, proprietors of the City hotel.

E. M. Haves, jeweler.

Offutt, Wales & Co. (M. H. Offutt, C. P. Wales, Jacob P. Dunn
and George Dunn), auction and commission.

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 383

Hensley, Redding & Co. (Samuel J. Hensley, Pierson B. Redding
and Jacob R. Snyder), general merchants. Dissolved partnership
February 10, 1850.

Middlebrook & Christy (Charles M. and John M. C).

Steele & Grummun (Seymour G. S. and Calet G.).

William R. Prince & Co., sheet iron, zinc, miners' supplies, etc.

Demas Strong, dry goods. Mr. Strong was a brother of W. R.
Strong, afterwards a prominent citizen and merchant of Sacramento.
He was still living in the east some years ago.

M. G. Leonard & Co. (Sheldon, Kibbe and Almy), groceries and
miners' supplies.

Gillespie & Monson (Kugenio G. and Alouzo M.), land agents.

L. Bartlett, Jr., bank and real estate.

El. D. Byne & Co., dry goods.

G. M. Robertson, commission agent and real estate broker.

Plenley, McKnight & Co. (S. C. Hastings), bank.

Dr. Bryarly, partner of Dr. Deal.

Wetzlar & Co. (Gustavus W., Julius Wetzlar, Benjamin Fenner,
Cornelius Schermerhorn and Francis Stratton). Some of these sold
out afterward to John A. Sutter, Jr., and C. Brandes.

A. P. Petit, contractor and builder.

Dr. C. Morrill and C. F. Whittier, drugs.

Joseph Clough, real estate.

John M. Dickerson, civil engineer and surveyor.

Moran & Clark.

J. Neely Johnson, lawyer, afterward elected governor by the
American party.

Bailey, Morrison & Co. (Major B., John C. and E. M. Hayes).

Smith, Keith & Co. (J. E. S., Matthew K. and Henry M. Spotts-
wood).

Lewis & Bailey (John H. L. and John T. B.), general commis-
sion and merchandise.

Warbass & Co. (Thomas A. Warbass, William S. Heyl and John
F. Morse), bankers and real estate.

Barton Lee, successor to Priest, Lee & Co.

G. B. Stevens, wholesale auction and commission.

Chenery & Hubbard, ]iroprietors of the Globe hotel.

Ferris Forman, law.

Hoope & L'Amoreaux, general merchants.

G. H. Johnson, daguerreotype artist.

John H. Spies, notions.

Burnell, Stout & Co., wholesale auction and commission.

Spalding & McKinney (Volney S., M. D. and Joseph McKinney).
saloon.

A. M. Winn, agent for Sutter.

Dr. T. B. Kruse.

384 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

J. D. B. Stillman, M. D., left in 1862.
L. A. Birdsall, M. D.

J. A. Wadswoi-th, M. D., from Providence, R. I., had the K
Street hospital.

Boyd & Davis, real estate, later removed to Sau Francisco and
became wealthy.

Earl, Mcintosh & Co., forwarding, later of San Francisco.
John Hatch, jeweler, resided in Sacramento until his death.
Simmons, Hutchinson & Co., general merchandise. Simmons dealt
also in real estate.

J. L. F. Warren established the store now owned by Baker &
Hamilton. He went to San Francisco afterwards and for many years
published an agricultural paper there.

D. 0. Mills was a dealer in gold dust and founded the bank that
bears his name. He went to New York many years ago to reside,
and there Ids death occurred.

Brown, Henry & Co., wholesale clothing.

James Lee kept the "Stinking Tent," the largest gambling estab-
lishment for a time. Z. Hubbard soon after started a large, neat
gambling tent.

James Bininger built the first hotel in Sacramento.
James King of William, who engaged in various occupations, was
killed in San Francisco by Casey, precipitating the formation and
action of the Vigilance committee there in 1856.

Dr. Charles H. Craigan, from Washington, D. C, in 1849 estab-
lished a hospital at the Fort, at which the rates for board and treat-
ment ranged from $16 to $50 per day.
H. Arents & Co., general merchandise.

Burge & Ratcliffe (Robert K. and William M.), manufacturers of
iron doors and shutters.

M. T. McClellau, speculator in gold and silver; "coin exchanged
for dust, at $15 per ounce."

Sagat and Southard (L. T. and Charles C), general merchandise
and miners' supplies.

Marshall & Santory, general merchandise.

Von Pfister & Vaughan (Edward and William), general merchan-
dise.

H. A. Schoolcraft, real estate and magistrate.

Drs. William M. Carpenter and T. L. Chapman.

Dr. T. M. Ames, at Sutterville.

Nevett & Co., hardware; Youmans was the "Co."

C. C. Sackett, notary ]iublic and conveyancer.

R. Chenery, flour.

George H. Pettibone, proprietor of the El Dorado House.

Yates Ferguson, general store.

Haines, Webster & Co., hotel.

HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 385

Eichard Berry, auction.

Barton & Grimm, real estate.

Watson & Bern, hardware.

C. P. Huntington & Co., hardware.

J. B. Blanchard & Co., hardware.

Bowstead & Woods, iron and brass foundry.

Other firms were: Wesley Merritt, Moran & Clark, H. E. Rob-
inson & Co., George H. Johnson, Thompson & Taylor, Cochran, Peifer,
Samuel Gregg, S. C. Bruce; Montgomery & Co., Captain Gallup, A.
C. Latson, John Van Houghton, Ames & McKenzie, Jesse Haycock,
Dearbower, Caswell, Ingalls & Co., Hanna, Jennings & Co., Captain
Northam, Geise & Son, J. J. Burge, Hardenbergh & Co., Morrill &
Hamlin, Coats & Rivett, Cheeks, Pinkard, Prince, Scranton & Smith,
T. S. Mitchell & Co., Reynolds & Co., P. B. Cornwall, Paul, White &
Co., etc. There were also a number of express companies and stage
lines.

As the town grew apace business increased. The big fire, how-
ever, made many changes in the firms. The principal grocers in 1850
and succeeding years were as follows :

Pomeroy & Peebles were the most extensive in their operations.
Their place was familiarly spoken of as the Missouri store.

Haynes & Co. were almost exclusively an importing house.

Bullard, Figg & Co. did a large business. Mr. Figg, for many
years before his death, dealt in salt; his son, E. J. Figg, continued
the business until a few years ago.

Cavert & Hill, whose store was on Front street, where McCreary's
mill stood in later years, also did a large business.

Forshee, Booth & Co. did a very large business, and the members
of the firm were John Forshee, Lucius A. Booth and Job F. Dye. The
latter came to California as early as 1840. Booth removed to Pied-
mont a number of years ago.

E. D. and W. F. Kennedy were Philadelphia men who enjoyed
good i^atronage, became wealthy in the grocery trade and then re-
turnee! to Philadelphia.

J. W. Foard & Co. (George Cadwalader being the "Co.") was
another pioneer firm. Mr. Cadwalader became a prominent lawyer
here. Both he and the senior member of the firm died years ago.

W. T. Grissim & Co. (Snyder), have both passed away.
Curry & Co. and P. J. Brown & Co. were both burned out in the
great fire of 1852, but re-established themselves, finally going out of
business in 1855.

The Lady Adams Company (to which Mebius & Drescher are the
successors) was named after the ship that brought the members of
the company and their cargo of goods to the coast, and was one of
"the oldest firms in Sacramento.

Stanford Bros., three brothers of Leland Stanford, were not

386 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

burned out in the big fire of 1852, altliough their building was not as
fireproof as many others that were consumed. All of the other build-
ings in the block were burned.

Hermance & Burton were burned out in 1852 and never resumed
business.

J. H. Trowbridge & Co. and Carroll, & Stearin soon after the fire
succeeded the old house of Birdsall & Co., and took the name of Scud-
der, Carroll & Co.

Taylor & Van Sickle had a large business patronage before the
fire, but after that Van Sickle dropped out of the business.

Louis Sloss, who later became head of the Alaska Fur Company,
was a very successful trader here up to 1854.

Chamberlain & Patrick, another successful firm, engaged in busi-
ness on the Plaza. Chamberlain afterwards entered the banking
house of D. (). Mills & Co., with which he remained in active employ-
ment until nearly ninety years of age ; he died a number of years ago.
■Dr. Patrick has been dead for many years.

Wilcoxson & Co. closed their business in 1852 after a successful
career, and became large landholders in the valley. The members
of the firm have been dead for a number of years.

Maddux & Co., who came here from Arkansas in the early days,
built the Maddux block at Third and K streets.

Mills & Co. (James and D. O. Mills) were in the grocery business
until about 1851, when they retired. The latter established the bank
which bears his name, finally removed to New York and there died.

Bushnell & Co. was another of the few lucky firms that were not
burned out in the big fire of 1852.

Sneath & Arnold in 1851 established the business to which Adams,
McNeill & Co. succeeded and which in 1911 was bought out by Mebius
and Drescher. John Arnold died in 1864. Sneath removed to San
Francisco in the '60s, and carried on a large dairy on the San Bruno
road until his death.

Fry, Hoopes & Co. founded the house that is now Lindley & Co.
(J. D. Fry and Thomas Hoojies). Hoopes died years ago and Fry
removed to San Francisco.

Of Hopkins, and Miller, the jiartners were Mark Hopkins and Ed.
Miller. Hopkins died at Yuma March 29, 1878. Miller was with the
Central Pacific Company for a number of years.

Another large business firm was W. P. McCaull & Co. Moore
moved to Louisville, Ky., and McCaull died here.

Smith & Booth were the predecessors of Booth & Co. Charles
Smith died in New York. Newton Booth, the other partner, was
afterward senior member of the firm of Booth & Co., and became
governor of California and United States senator. He died in this city
July 14, 1892.

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 387

Hull & Lohman, another of the successful cjiily iirms, removed
later to San Francisco and died there.

Lindley, Booth & Co. (T. M. Lindley and L. A. Booth) began
business in 1849. Booth retired from the lirm in 1850, and after a
while Lindley closed his business and went elsewhere. He became a
member of the firm of Fry, Hoopes & Co. February 1, 1853, on the
corner of Seventh and J streets. The firm name was changed to
Lindley & Hoopes a year later, and in 1853 Mr. Lindley was in busi-
ness alone. He took his son, D. A. Lindley, into partnership a num-
ber of years ago, under the present firm name. Mr. Lindley, Sr., has
been dead for some time.

Besides these here named, there was a number of other grocery
firms in the early days, among them being Birdsall & Co. ; Ahrents &
Tolger; Meeker & Co. (S. H. and David Meeker) ; Burton & McCarty;
Wood & Kenyon; Kramer & Quivey; Loveland & Co.; Kibl)e, Almey
& C'O. ; Thomas Bannister ; Burton, Fish & Culver ; Peter Slater, etc.

G. Miller & Sons established artificial stone and cement works in
1876 at Tenth and L streets.

In 1849 Peter Kadell established the Sacramento brewery, now
owned by Philip Scheld. In 1850 Zins & Weber built a brewery at
Twenty-ninth and J streets. In 1853 Louis Keseberg built one at
Twenty-eighth and M streets. In 1853 Philip Yager started a brewery
in Sam Brannan's old adobe store on K street, near Twenty-eighth,
aud another, the Tiger brewery, at Thirty-first and K streets. In

1860 the St. Louis brewery was built at Sixth and G streets. Later
the City brewery was erected at Twelfth and H streets. In 1858 the
Pacific brewery was established at Ninth and P streets. In 1853 the
Columbus brewery at Fifteenth and K streets was established. In

1861 the Sutterville brewery was built, and in 1869 the Capital brew-
ery was opened. In 1878 the eight breweries running made 530,200
gallons of beer.

The Sacramento Valley Beet Sugar factory was established on
the J street road in 1868, but was a failure and closed in 1876, as did
the Capital distillery, owned by the same company.

The first boiler shop was started by Anderson & Corbett in 1853.

In 1854 n. Webster opened a broom factory, and two years after-
wards there were three.

In 1858 there were seventy-nine wagon and carriage shops in Sac-
ramento, employing 340 men and turning out $750,000 worth of
vehicles. There were also five foundries.

388 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

CHAPTER XXXVIII
BANKS AND BANKERS

Sacramento today boasts of its banking institutions as second to
none in the state in their growth and stability. Nowhere do the banks
in California stand higher in these respects or receive more favorable
reports from the bank commissioner. The clearing house, established
some years ago, does a yearly increasing amount of business, facilitat-
ing the transactions of the banks materially.

The bank of D. 0. Mills & Co., now the National Bank of D. 0.
Mills & Co., was founded in 1850 by D. O. Mills, who in 1855 took in
as partners Edgar Mills and Henry Miller. D. 0. Mills, James Mills
ancl Edgar Mills, three brothers, came to California in 1849, James
dying soon after his arrival. D. 0. Mills had had some banking ex-
perience in New York, but at first engaged in merchandising, in con-
nection with his brother, W. 0. Mills, who remained in New York City.
He soon turned his attention to banking, however, and accounts of
many of his deals, as early as 1849, are still to be seen in the records
of the bank, although the bank proper was not formally established
until 1850. Among the relics preserved is a bill of exchange, the
"third," signed by him and dated January 13, 1851. The original
bank building was located on the south side of J street, about sixty
feet from the corner of Third. It was a small, one-story frame build-
ing with a stone front, and a picture of this was for a long time used
on the checks of the bank; in fact, until 1865, when the bank was
removed to its late location on the southwest corner of Second and
J streets. Although it i3assed through one of the greatest conflagra-
tions in the city, the same old regulator clock, bearing the date of 1850
on its face, still ticks off the seconds as on the day when the bank was
established, more than sixty years ago, and proving that the bank is
the oldest institution of the kind in the state.

The early business of the bank consisted mainly in selling ex-
change on New York and buying gold dust. As compared with those
of the express and other companies, the deposits in the bank were not
large, but as one after another of the companies failed, their business
naturally fell to the bank — a case of the survival of the fittest. In
1855 the firm, as stated, consisted of D. 0. Mills, under the title of
D. O. Mills & Co., later he admitted Edgar Mills and Henry Miller as
partners, and they so continued till July 19, 1874, when the bank in-
corporated under the style of "The National Gold Bank of D. 0. Mills
& Co." In September, 1883, the word "Gold" was dropped, under a
general law of congress. At present its capital and surplus amounts
to $1,000,000. Its officers are: C. F. Dillman, president; W. T. Pentz
and F. B. Anderson, vice-presidents; F. H. Pierce, cashier; T. D. Lit-
tlefield and C. C. Cotter, assistant cashiers ; directors : P. C. Drescher,
H. Weinstock, William Schaw and Arthur E. Miller.

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 389

The new bauk building was completed and the papers and money
removed from the old bauk on Second and J streets to the new one
at Seventh and J, October 12, 1912, and in connection with the re-
moval, Frank Miller, a former president of the bank, in a letter to
the president, Charles F. Dillman, gave some interesting reminiscences.
He states that Mr. Mills, previous to coming to California with a
stock of flour in 1849, was cashier of a bank in Buffalo, N. Y. His
office was on J street, near Third, and later he built a one-story brick
building on the same spot. The firm name at that time was Mills,
Townsend & Co., but Townsend went out of the firm in 1857, and
Edgar Mills and Henry Miller became partners, each taking one-third
of the $100,000 capital. Three per cent per month was the current
rate of interest in those days, and Mr. Mills' $50,000 capital swelled
in the course of a dozen years to $3,000,000. By 1865, when Frank
Miller entered the bank, it had decreased to two per cent, and later
to eighteen per cent per annum and finally to twelve per cent. When
fire swept the town Henry Miller spent the night on the levee with
the books of the bank, and when the flood came the bauk moved next
door to the second floor of the Figg building. The pioneers' wives
were heroic, and in the dark days of 1860, when Mr. Mills said to his
wife : ' ' Shall we go back east ! ' ' she replied : ' ' No ; we are both young,
and California will be our home."

In 1865 the filling in of J and K streets was begun, and in
December of that year the bank was moved from J street between
Second and Third to Second and J streets, which had been up to that
time occupied by Wormser & Co., afterwards bankers in New York
City. The vault was a large iron box which had been used by another
bank, and whicli is now the lower vault at Second and J streets. Mr.
Miller says that he and another bank employe put two trays of $20
gold pieces into a clothes basket, put a copy of the Union over them
and carried them down a few doors to the new bank.

The new bank building is constructed of granite and steel, costing
$250,000, on a lot costing $150,000, and the interior of the building is
costly and beautifully furnished and fitted up, making it one of the
finest bank buildings on the coast.

AVells, Fargo & Co. began business here in 1856 and have con-
tinued business since that time, practically monopolizing the express
business of the coast until 1911. Their office is now in the Forum
building on Ninth street between K and L.

The Capital Savings bank opened about 1870, at the southwest
corner of Fourth and J streets. Julius Wetzler was president and
R. C. Woolworth, secretary. It withdrew from business January 2,
1880.

The Odd Fellows' Savings bank was instituted in the '70s at the
corner of Fourth and J streets, but met with disaster and went into
liquidation September 23, 1878, having failed.

390 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

California National Bank: The California State bank was organ-
ized March 31, 1882, and the following were the original stockholders:
N. D. Rideout, Fred Cox, C. W. Clarke, Albert G^allatin, George C.
Perkins, J. R. Watson, Leland Stanford, J. O. B. Gunn, E. W. Hop-
kins, A. Abbott, J. P. Brown, N. A. Rideout, A. N. Towne, W. R. S.
Foye. The directors elected for the first year were: N. D. Rideout,
president; Frederick Cox, vice-president; C. W. Clarke, J. R. Watson,
Albert Gallatin ; A. Abbott, cashier. The authorized capital was $500,-
000, $100,000 of which was paid in at the time of the incorporation.
The business of the bank was conducted at the southwest corner of
Fourth and J streets until 1890, when the new building erected by the
bank on the northwest corner of Fourth and J streets was completed
and occupied. As the business increased the remaining $400,000 of the
authorized capital was called for and paid in by the stockholders. The
paid-up capital remained $500,000 until a few years ago, when it was
decided to increase the capital to one million dollars to meet the re-
quirements of the business of the bank. The additional stock was
promptly subscribed and paid for and the paid-up capital of the bank
has since stood at one million dollars. In January, 1907, the California
State bank was nationalized under the name of the California National
Bank of Sacramento. The directors of the bank at this date are:
Fred J. Kiesel, G. A. White, W. E. Gerber, George W. Peltier, Fred
W. Kiesel. The officers are: W. E. Gerber, president; George W.
Peltier, vice-president ; Adolf Heilbron, vice-president ; Fred W. Kiesel,
cashier; Egbert A. Brown, assistant cashier; J. I. Brunschwiler, as-
sistant cashier.

The Peoples Savings bank was organized by William Beckman,
being incorporated May 23, 1879, with a capital of $500,000, and
opened for business July 1, 1879, with a paid-up capital of $225,000.
The first board of directors was composed of E. C. Atkinson, William
Beckman, J. L. Himtoon, William Johnston, E. J. Croly, George N.
Hayton, Samuel Gottleib and William R. Knights. William Beckman
was elected president and manager, and John L. Huntoon was elected
vice-president, which positions both of these gentlemen still hold today.
The other officers were William F. Huntoon, secretary, and I. N. Hoag,
bookkeeper. Both of these gentlemen have passed away, as have
also the balance of the first board of directors.

The first examination by the bank commissioners was made Decem-
ber 8, 1879, when the total "assets were found to be $324,175.45. The
first dividend was declared December 31, 1879, at the rate of seven
per cent per annum to stockholders and on ordinary deposits.

In 1881 there were three banks in Sacramento : The National Gold
Bank of D. 0. Mills & Co., with total resources of $2,166,330.99 ; the
Sacramento bank, with total resources of $2,094,280.01, and the Peoples
Savings bank, with total resources of $393,879.79.

The bank was located, when it was opened, in what is known as

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 391

the St. George building, on the corner of Fourth and J streets, and
remained there for nearly thirty-two years, the bank being part owner
of the building, but in 1910 it began the erection of a seven-story hre-
proof building, class A, on the corner of Eighth and J streets, at a
cost of $280,000. The building was occupied for the first time April 1,
1911. The total assets of the bank May 1, 1912, were $4,286,000, and
the paid-up capital and surplus amounted to $550,000. The bank al-
ways has been conducted strictly as a savings bank, receiving deposits,
paying dividends on the same and loaning money. It has been for-
tunate in never having suffered one loss. The present directors are
William Beckman, J. L. Huntoon, A. G. Folger, George W. Lorenz and
J. J. Keegan, while the officers are as follows: William Beckman,
president; J. L. Himtoon, vice-president; A. G. Folger, cashier, and
J. E. Huntoon, assistant cashier.

The Farmers and Mechanics Savings bank was organized as a
savings bank in September, 1890, having for its sponsors Sol Runyon,
Dwight Hollister, Leland Stanford, Mrs. Jane Stanford, Robert T.
Devlin and others. The healthy growth of the bank has been greatly
accelerated since July, 1910, when George W. Peltier and associates
purchased a controlling interest. Immediately thereafter the site of
the new building on Oak avenue and Eighth street, between J and K,
was purchased and steps taken toward the erection of what is admit-
tedly one of the most modern buildings in the city. An evidence of
the far-reaching plans for the enlargement of the bank's business and
prestige was seen in the increase of the capital to $350,000 and the
association with the bank of many of Sacramento's best known citi-
zens as shareholders. The board of directors was increased to nine-
teen, only one or two of whom have their major interests outside of
Sacramento county. The great majority are citizens who have done
much to advance the cause of Sacramento in many different direc-
tions and who may be depended upon to work with the officers of the
institution to place it in the van of California's solid and enterprising
banking concerns. The new list of directors includes George W.
Peltier, R. M. Richardson, Marshall Diggs, Judge Peter J. Shields, J.
C. Coffing, W. F. Geary, Thomas J. Cox, Mahlon Williamson, E. A.
Gammon," John L. White, Adolph Schnabel of Newcastle, J. L. Gillis,
P. J. Harney, Henry Mitau, A. Van V. Phinney, W. F. Gormley, Philip
Wolf, Jr., Bonus Lightner and J. H. Arnold. The officers are as fol-
lows: George W. Peltier, president; R. M. Richardson, first vice-
president ; P. J. Shields, second vice-president ; Marshall Diggs, third
vice-president, and Montfort K. Crowell, cashier. The new board as-
sumed charge of assets totaling about two millions, and will guard the
interests of depositors whose savings aggregate over $1,500,000.

The Sacramento Savings bank is one of the oldest in the city,
being in fact next to the bank of D. 0. Mills in age. It has always
sustained a high reputation as a solid institution, and ranks among

392 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

the strongest and safest banking institutions in the state. It was
opened March 19, 1867.

The Capital Banking and Trust Company is the outcome of a
small private bank started on Seventh street by Smith and Bassett,
wliich increased and grew into the Capital bank. About 1911 it was
changed to a national bank, Alden Anderson becoming the president
and W. W. Bassett the cashier. It is in a prosperous condition.

The Dime Savings bank, which was opened in July of 1873, failed
in May, 1878. The pioneer bank of B. F. Hastings & Co. failed in
1871.

The Sacramento Valley Trust Company was organized and incor-
porated in 1910 and opened for business on April 4th of that year,
with Albert Bonnheim as president and a capital stock of $225,000.
In 1912 the title was changed to the Sacramento Valley Bank and
Trust Company. Today it comprises three banks in one, a commer-
cial, savings and trust comjjany, with a branch bank at lone, this
state. Having had a career of continued growth, it ranks as one of
the soundest and most progressive banks in the state. Its capital
stock has been increased to $600,000, with resources of $2,517,507.53.
The officers are as follows : A. Bonnheim, president ; George J. Bryte,
F. L. Holland and E. L. Southworth, vice-presidents; "William Skeels,
secretary; E. J. Rader and J. F. Azavedo, assistant cashiers. The
net earnings of 1912 were more than double those of the previous year.

Fort Sutter National Bank: In the summer of 1904 the Western
National bank of San Francisco was growing very rapidly. The de-
mand for its stock was so great that the price of shares rose very
rapidly, pleasing some of the larger stocklaolders to such an extent
that they discussed the advisability of organizing one or more banks
in other cities. At that time the largest stockholder in the Western
National bank was W. A. Schrock, a furniture manufacturer of San
Francisco. It appeared that Mr. Schrock and Mr. Holland, the as-
sistant cashier of the bank, took greater interest in the organization
of another bank than did any others connected with that institution.
The matter was left in their hands, with the result that after a care-
ful survey of the field, including all of the large cities on the Pacific
coast, these two men decided that Sacramento offered the most favor-
able location for organizing a new national bank. After two or three
preliminary trips by Mr. Holland to Sacramento, it was decided to
send to this city as bank organizer A. L. Darrow, at that time manager
of the exchange department of the Western National bank. Mr. Dar-
row arrived in Sacramento November 10, 1904. Aided by Captain
Frank Ruhstaller, George J. Bryte, E. A. Nicolaus, E. L. Southworth,
F. J. Ruhstaller, W. O. Bowers, F. H. Krebs and other local citizens,
he secured a subscription of $200,000, and the bank was incorporated
January 17, 1905. Business was commenced on the 1st of July fol-
lowing. The first location was a small store room at No. 918 Seventh

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 393

street. The deposits at the close of business on the first day were
$108,799.63. From that time to tlie present the growth of the bank
has been very rapid. January 1, 1907, the institution moved to the
Bryte building, on the corner of Seventh and J streets, where it has
one of the handsomest banking rooms in Northern California. At the
time the bank commenced business the board of directors comprised
the following-named men: F. Ruhstaller, Gr. J. Bryte, E. A. Nicolaus,
A. L. Darrow, W. 0. Bowers, F. li. Krebs, R. H. Hawley, R. M. Rich-
ardson, E. L. Southworth and F. J. Ruhstaller. After the death of
Captain Frank Ruhstaller, bank president, his stock was sold with that
of three other directors. George J. Bryte was thereupon elected presi-
dent. A. L. Darrow, who had served as cashier, became first vice-
president, and E. L. Southworth was chosen second vice-president. H.
W. Conger was promoted from assistant cashier to cashier. About
January 1, 1911, a few other changes were made in the holdings of
stock. The present board of directors is as follows: Messrs. A. L.
Darrow, W. O. Bowers, L. P. Dodson, J. P. Ilynes, L. B. Hinman,
Charles Cunningham, Joseph E. Green, W. C. Walker and F. H.
Krebs. The present officers are as follows: A. L. Darrow, president;
W. 0. Bowers, first vice-president; L. P. Dodson, second vice-presi-
dent and cashier; F. J. Allen, first assistant cashier; B. F. Howard,
second assistant cashier, and J. H. Stephens, third assistant cashier.
The following table will convey an idea of the rapid growth of
the institution:

DEPOSITS

Julv 1, 1905 ' $ 108,799.63

July 1, 1906 405,809.20

November 6, 1911 1,864,127.44

NUMBER OF DEPOSITOES

December 31, 1907 2456

February 1, 1911 5821

November 6, 1911 6755

From old directories we find the names of a number of the banks
and bankers of the early days :

1851— Hensley & Merrill (Samuel J. and Robert D.), No. 47 Sec-
ond street, between J and K; Sacramento City bank (Rhodes, Sturges
& Co.), No. 53 Second street, between J and K; B. F. Hastings & Co.,
No. 51 J street, between Second and Third.

1853 — Adams & Co., Granite building, Second street, between the
Orleans hotel and J street; Grim and Rumbler (A. K. and F. R.), No.
3 J street ; D. 0. Mills & Co., No. 58 J street ; Francis W. Page, agent
Page, Bacon & Co., of St. Louis, Mo.

1856— Wells, Fargo & Co.; John M. Rhodes, Second street, be-
tween J and K.

1868 — Sacramento Savings bank, No. 89 J street,

1871 — Capital Savings bank, southwest corner of Fourth and J

394 HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY

streets; Julius Wetzlar, president, R. C. Woolwortb, secretary; Odd
Fellows' Bank of Savings, St. George building, Fourth and J streets.

SACEAMENTO CLEAKING HOUSE

This was organized October 9, 1907, and commenced business Oc-
tober 14, 1907.

The clearing house did great service during the panic of 1907 in
maintaining the stability of finance. The great increase in the volume
of its business is shown by the following figures :

1907— October (from 14th on), $2,796,778.53; November, $3,067,-
621.22 ; December, $3,177,155 ; total $9,041,554.75.

1908— January, $3,953,214.95 ; February, $3,597,441.44; March, $3,-
211,546.04; April, $3,546,380.22; May, $3,330,509.59; June, $3,173,-
939.35; July, $3,306,848.36; August, $3,914,556.35; September, $3,864,-
438.24; October, $3,804,202.32; November, $4,734,111.74; December, $4,-
191,572.00 ; total, $44,628,760.60.

1909— January, $3,865,408.79 ; February, $2,919,625.95 ; March, $3,-
892,713.34; April, $4,427,146.97; May, $4,067,114.29; June, $4,581,-
169.15; July, $4,788,787.72; August, $4,835,042.04; September, $4,804,-
176.89; October, $4,925,118.10; November, $5,969,756.38; December, $5,-
486,433.69 ; total, $54,562,493.31.

1910— January, $4,994,782.66 ; February, $4,590,404.71 ; March, $5,-
936,001.97; April, $5,530,551.44; May, $5,173,549.12; June, $5,328,-
561.82; July, $5,591,592.45; August, $5,468,016.15; September, $6,251,-
175.49 ; October, $6,758,973.83 ; November, $7,291,917.51 ; December, $7,-
955,469.98; total, $70,870,997.13.

1911— January, $6,274,703.01; February, $5,386,346.34; March, $6,-
238,421.46; April, $6,024,398.47; May, $6,062,887.13; June, $5,873,-
761.68; July, $6,359,992.79; August, $6,979,070.41; September, $6,362,-
802.00 ; October, $7,185,240.16 ; November, $8.088,287.35 ; December, $7,-
540,789.41; total, $78,376,700.21.

1912— January, $7,017,266.75 ; Februarv, $6,004,874.78 ; March, $6,-
524,610..30; April, $6,969,224.99; Mav, $7,123,219.35; June, $6,501,-
435.18; July, $7,574,437.01; August, $8,274,491.92; September, $7,749,-
812.72; October, $10,587,858.28; November, $9,557,330.25; December,
$8,862,499.16 ; total, $92,747,060.69.

FLOURING MILLS

Although flour was necessarily an article of daily diet among the
miners in the days of '49 and later, the staple menu being flapjacks
and bacon, beans and coffee, with an occasional addition of beef, veni-
son or other game (a menu which, by the way, has not been much im-
proved on for camp fare by the outing parties of today), there were
not many flour mills in the early days. General Sutter built a flour
mill, but as far as is known, there is no record of other mills being in
operation during the first years of the rush for gold.

In 1853 the Lambard Flouring mills were erected on the north

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 395

side of I street, at the head of Second street. For a couple of years
they were run in connection with the Sacramento Iron works, the
original building being of brick and only 20x40 feet in size. In 1856
it was enlarged and supplied with a solid foundation by James Kerr,
a millwright from Boston, who afterwards lost his life on the ill-
fated steamer Central America when she was lost. Additions were
made from time to time, until the capacity was increased to run five
stones. It was finally abandoned as a flouring mill and has been used
for many years as a storehouse for feed and other things. Some
years ago it was used as a storehouse for sawdust, which swelled and
burst out from the wall on I street, several pedestrians narrowly
escaping death or serious injury.

In 1853 the brick building afterward occupied by the Sacra-
mento Flouring mills on Front street, between L and M, was erected
by Dr. Carpenter, a well-known and wealthy citizen, with the idea of
having it made the State Capitol. The Capitol, however, was never
located there, and after the completion of the structure its first floor
was occupied by C. H. Swift, Campbell & Sweeney, and other grain
stores, etc. In 1856-57 it arrived at the dignity of being used as the
courthouse for the county. The property later passed from Dr.
Carpenter to C. K. Garrison. In 1869 Charles and Byron McCreary
purchased it and turned it into the Sacramento Flouring mills. One
of the brothers died a number of years later, and the other closed the
mill, it being gathered in by the Sperry Milling Company of Stockton,
which formed a combination with a number of other mills in this
county. McCreary passed away near the close of the last century.

In 1854 R. D. Carey purchased what was known as the Ice House
on Front street, near what is known as "Jibboom" street, adjoining
the railroad shops. He converted the building into the Pioneer Flour
mill. He afterward failed in business, and the property was purchased
by E. P. Figg. Carey went to Philadelphia and afterward became
quite wealthy, it is said. In 1858 Seth Garfield and Aleck Dyer pur-
chased the mill from Figg and thoroughly remodeled the plant. It
was destroyed by fire in October, 1863, the owners losing about
$10,000 over their insurance. At the time it was burned it was run-
ning day and night, turning out two hundred barrels of flour a day,
the net profit on which was $75. Dyer left the city after the fire, and
Garfield and A. C. Bidwell went into partnership, rebuilt the mill
which now stands there, and had it in running order in four months.
Three days afterwards Bidwell sold out to H. G. Smith, who, with
Garfield, ran the mill until the close of 1864. J. H. Carroll then came
in as a third partner, and the firm expended $70,000 in increasing the
capacity of the mill to five hundred barrels a day. The three partners
conducted the business till 1869, when Carroll and Garfield sold out
their interest to H. G. Smith and G. W. Mowe, who took the name of
the Pioneer Milling Company. It also entered into the Sperry com-

396 HISTORY OF SACBAMENTO COUNTY

binatiou and the old mill stands idle, the warehouse of the company
having been removed to the northern part of the city.

We are indebted to Mr. Ferdinand Kohler for the following in-
teresting sketch of the business of manufactiiring flour in Sacramento
county and the Sacramento valley. Since the day of the wheat barons
has passed away, wheat has ceased to be a staple product of the val-
ley, and only enough flour is manufactured to supply the local and
adjoining markets, the export having passed to Oregon and Washing-
ton as their wheat-growing area increases, and the land of the Sac-
ramento valley, impoverished for wheat raising by continued sowing
of the same crop, rendered it unprofitable to raise that cereal. Not
until the owners of the larger tracts of land in the valley were
forced by conditions to recognize this fact did they let go their grasp
on the big ranches and suffer them to be subdivided and put to other
uses. During the first years of the settlement by whites in the Sac-
ramento valley the flour used was made in the eastern states and
brought around Cape Horn by sailing vessels. No one thought at
that time that California would some day become the banner wheat
state of the Union. It was not long until wheat was introduced in
the Sacramento valley and yielded well, and the acreage increased
from year to year.

About 1850 the first flour mill was built by Seth Garfield in the
American river canyon about a mile above Folsom. The basement of
this mill was built of stone quarried on the ground. The mill was run
by water power and- ran for ten or twelve years; it laid idle for two
years before it was burned in 1865, and was never rebuilt. The ruins
are still in evidence.

The Phoenix mill was Imilt in Sacramento city at Thirteenth and
J streets in 1853, and after many changes of ownership has done busi-
ness continuously excepting two years (1879-80) until this day. In
1881 George Schroth, J. H. Arnold and F. Kohler, under the name
of George Schroth & Co., bought the mill, which had then laid idle two
years, and built an entire new plant. The mill was burned in 1885,
but was immediately rebuilt. Although changed in 1891 into a cor-
poration, called the the Phoenix Milling Co., the stock is still held 1iy
the same parties or their heirs.

Garfield, who had sold his interest in the Folsom mill about 1853,
built the Bay State mill at Second and N streets in Sacramento. This
was destroyed through a boiler explosion, and after that rebuilt at the
mouth of the American river, and later moved a little further down
the river to about where Jibboom street is. Later it became the
property of Messrs. H. G. Smith, J. H. Carroll and Mowe. Still
later Lew Williams bought out Carroll and Mowe, and the mill eon-,
tinned under this management until taken over by the Sjierry Flour
Company in 1892.

The Lambard mill, built in the '50s at Second and I streets, ran

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 397

a few years and did a large busiDess under the ownership of General
Redington.

After wheat was introduced into the Sacramento valley and
yielded so well the acreage was increased from j^ear to year until in
1880 California raised the largest crop, and during the following year
exported over two million tons, which at $30 per ton makes a total of
$6,000,000. It was then the banner wheat state in the Union. At this
time hundreds of ships were engaged in carrying wheat from Cali-
fornia to Europe. Flour mills were running all over the state, their
products being shipped to adjoining states and to Central America,
the Islands, China and Europe. There were mills at Roseville, Wheat-
laud, Sheridan, Marysville, Yuba City, Oroville, Gridley, Chico, Te-
hama, Red Bluff, Ball's Ferry, Williams, Colusa, Yolo, Woodland,
Knight's Landing, Dixon, Elk Grove, lone and Stockton. Most of
these are now extinct.

From 1881 the crop of wheat in California began to decrease. The
practice of raising wheat year after year on the same land finally
wore out the soil and the quantity diminished, until in 1908 there was
but 220,000 tons raised. The quality also declined, and California
millers were forced to import hard wheat from Utah, Kansas, Dakota
and Washingion to mix with the home product. The flour produced
from this mixture proved a happy blend and cannot be excelled any-
where in its baking qualities.

The farmers were obliged to discontinue wheat raising and turn
the land into pasture. In the meantime new varieties of wheat were
introduced by the aid of the State University, and with the re-cultivat-
ing of the land better results have been obtained, and the production
of wheat is again increased. In 1909 the crop was 280,000 tons and
in 1910 390,000 tons. In 1911, on account of unfavorable weather,
the yield again decreased, but the quality of the grain improved won-
derfully, so that it can safely be said that the crop of 1911 was the
best milling wheat raised in California for twenty years or more.

As above stated, with the decline of the wheat crop the flouring
mills shut down one after another. The export trade was entirely lost
and the mills were confined to the home trade alone. Sacramento
city, which with its four mills at one time produced over twelve hun-
dred barrels of flour daily, does not average over three hundred bar-
lels now. Stockton, with a capacity of four thousand barrels a few
years ago, manufactures only about one thousand barrels iier day at
this time.

In 1891, when it was plainly seen that the export flour trade would
be lost to California, and with the capacity of the flour mills of the
state four or five times larger than the local demand justified, a move-
ment was set on foot to organize all the better mills into one large
concern in order to ]irevent disastrous competition which was surely
to follow. The result was the incorporation of the Sperry Flour

398 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

Company in 1892. The Pioneer and the Sacramento mills of Sacra-
mento, the Buckeye of Marysville, the Chico mill of Chico, the
Sperry and the Farmers' Union of Stockton, the Central Milling Com-
pany, owning five mills in the Santa Clara valley, and the Golden Gate
of San Francisco were taken in. The Phoenix of Sacramento and the
Crown of Stockton, however, could not be won over. The latter, with
a one-time daily capacity of sixteen hundred barrels, is not running
any more, nor are the Pioneer and the Sacramento mills of Sacra-
mento in operation.

The prospect for the milling industry is not very bright. Land
is becoming too valuable for wheat culture and is diverted to fruit,
dairying, beans, hops, etc. The export flour trade is therefore a
thing of the past. The mills can look only for such an increase of
their business as is consequential to the increase of population, which
fortunately gives great promise.

CHAPTER XXXIX
PUBLIC UTILITIES-
GAS WORKS

Early in the history of Sacramento the necessity became apparent
for a system of lighting more generally available and more elaborate
than the tallow-dip. Kerosene at that date was not in general use and
acetylene and other substances were not then known. Gas had been
in use in cities for a long time and was therefore the logical means
for lighting streets and houses. Early in 1854 a Scotchman named
William Glenn obtained a franchise for establishing and maintaining
gas works in the city of Sacramento. He made no attempt to build
the works, but instead sold his franchise to a joint-stock association,
which organized August 18, 1854, as the Sacramento Gas Company,
Angus Frierson was elected president and N. W. Chittenden, secre-
tary. The capital stock was $500,000, and by May, 1856, $200,000 had
been expended. The initial step in constructing the gas works was
taken October 20, 1854, by Mayor R. P. Johnson, who turned the first
soil excavated for placing the gas meter tank, the location being in
Slater's addition. The new enterprise was pushed forward energetic-
ally until March 7, 1855, when the rise of the American river and
the submergence of that part of the city caused its temporary aban-
donment. The prosecution of the work was resumed August 4, 1855,
and energetically carried out. The city was lighted with gas for the
first time on the evening of December 17th in the same year. The
officers of the company at that time were: R. P. Johnson, president
and superintendent; W. H. Watson, secretary; D. 0. Mills, treasurer;
P. B. Normal, engineer; James Murray, W. F. Babcock, L. McLean,
Jr., R. P. Johnson and W. H. Watson, directors.

HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 399

In 1857 this company sold out, but as most of the stock was bought
by the original stockholders, little change was made. In 1867 so
much of the land west of the works was washed away by high water
that it was feared the structure would be undermined, and large
quantities of cobbles were thrown into the river against the walls until
the danger was checked. A special train, while coming from Roeklin
for the purpose of bringing stone for this purpose, collided while on
its return trip with a wood-train near Antelope station, and the en-
gineer, Roderick McRae, and Joseph Bryan, collector for the gas
company, were severely injured. This accident claims the distinction
of having been the first collision on the Central Pacific railroad.

In 1872 articles of incorporation for the Citizens' Gas Light Com-
pany of Sacramento were filed, the capital stock being placed at $200,
000." The trustees were: Joseph W. Stow, H. B. Williams, W. H.
Montague, C. T. Hopkins, E. B. Mott, Jr., G. W. Mowe, Julius Wetz-
ler, G. Cadwalader and J. F. Houghton. The articles of incorporation
fixed the duration of the company at twenty-five years, but its life
ajjpears to have been less than that number of days.

The Pacific Pneumatic Gas Company was organized early in Oc-
tober, 1872, its purpose being to manufacture gas from petroleum.
The company purchased a lot of land for $5000 from the Johnston
Brandy and Wine company in what is known as Brannan's addition,
south of the south line of S street, running back to Front street and
having one hundred and twenty feet of river front for wharfage. The
property was sold in 1889 to W. D. Knights.

January 8, 1872, the articles of incorporation of the Citizens' Gas
Light and Heat Company were filed, the capital stock being $100,000,
in shares of fiftv dollars each. The trustees elected were: W. E.
Brown, J. R. Watson, R. C. Terry, R. C. Clark, A. Gallatin, W. E.
Perry, H. C. Kirk, C. H. Cummings and James McClatchy. W. E.
Brown was president; Robert C. Clark, vice-president; Albert Galla-
tin, treasurer, and J. W. Pew, secretary.

The Sacramento Gas Company and the Citizens' Gas Light and
Heat Company consolidated January 1, 1875, under the name of the
Capital Gas Company, with capital stock, $2,000,000, in forty thousand
shares of fifty dollars each. Works were erected on that portion of
Brannan's addition which lies between T and LT streets and Front
street and the river front, five hundred feet deep and two hundred and
fifty feet wide. In 1878 Smith & Co., of the Pioneer mills, bought the
Sacramento Gas Company's retort house in Slater's addition and
made it a warehouse capable of storing four thousand tons of grain.
The railroad company bought the gasometer and the land it stood on,
and sold the gasometer for old iron.

In 1856 the average daily output of gas was from 8,000 to 10,000
feet. The selling price was fifteen dollars per thousand, and there
were one hundred and thirteen consumers. In 1863 the number of con-

400 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

sumers had increased to sis hundred, and the city then contracted for
forty-five street lamps at nine dollars a month each, the lamps to be
lighted only during the session of the legislature. A new gas
holder was constructed in 1869, with a capacity of 60,000 cubic feet.
February 1, 1870, the price of gas was reduced to seven dollars a
thousand cubic feet, and there were at that time 33,000 feet of gas
mains in use. During the same year the price of gas was further re-
duced to six dollars per thousand, at which rate it was held for sev-
eral years.

In 1871 there were 50,000 feet of gas mains in the streets of Sac-
ramento, and in 1873 eighteen miles of mains were laid. In 1875 the
consolidated companies had three 60,000 cubic feet gas holders in oper-
ation where the present gas works are, and the customers had to
rely on these for gas until the new 500,000 cubic feet gas holder was
constructed in 1908.

The Capital Gas Compauy combined with the Thompson-Houston
Electric Light Company July 1, 1887, thus disposing of a competitor
and combining electric lighting with its gas business.

In 1890 the Sacramento Electric Gas and Railway Company was
formed, by the consolidation of the Sacramento Electric Power and
Light Company and the Folsom Water Power Company, and in 1902
this company acquired by purchase the Capital Gas Company. In
March of 1903 the Sacramento Electric Gas and Railway Company
was acquired by the California Gas and Electric "Company. During all
these changes there had been an advance in the art of gas making and
the method of making gas. A plant for the manufacture of water gas
from anthracite coal and petroleum was erected and used in conjunc-
tion with the coal gas works, and as petroleum became cheaper the
water gas superseded the coal gas. In 1903 another advancement in
the process of making gas was made by the introduction of crude-oil
water gas, using California petroleum exclusively for the manufacture
of gas, and the price was reduced to one dollar per thousand.

In January, 1906, the Sacramento Electric Gas and Railway Com-
pany became a part of the Pacific Gas and Electric system, and is now
under the management of C. W. McKillip, with Edward S. Jones as
superintendent of the gas works. Since the change many improve-
ments have been made in the plant. New and larger sets of oil-gas
generators have been put in and the big storage tank constructed.
The street main system has been extended and a high pressure gas
system installed at Oak Park. A ten thousand barrel steel oil-tank
for storage of oil has lieen sent up from San Francisco and jilaced
at the works.

THE TELEPHONE

The Sunset Telephone Company made its first appearance in Sac-
ramento in 1879, and the first telephone installed was a hand re-

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 401

ceiver. In 1882 the Sunset Telephone Company installed a plant in the
Western Union building on Second street, between I and J, using the
old Gilliland switchboard and Edison transmitter. The next year the
Blake transmitter and a two-position switchboard were installed. In
1883, also, the first long distance line was installed between Sacramento
and San Francisco, the circuit being relayed at Benicia. In 1885 the
office was moved to Third and J streets, upstairs, and a four-position
switchboard installed, a copper circuit being built to San Francisco,
using the Humming long-distance transmitter, which was introduced
about tliis time. From this start the long-distance service in the north-
ern part of the state grew up. Between 1885 and 1897 the company
added a cou^jle of copper loops, weighing one hundred and seventy-two
pounds to the mile, between Sacramento and San Francisco, and on May
4. 1897, the first heavy copper loop weighing four hundred and thirty-
five pounds to the mile for each wire, was completed between the two
cities.

The first express system was installed in Sacramento during the
year 1893, and in 1894 the office was moved to Sixth street, betAveen I
and J, where a complete express system was installed. Under this sys-
tem the old one was done away with, the subscriber taking the receiver
off the hook and calling central. This system was maintained until the
office was moved to the present building, constructed for tlie company,
between Fourteenth and Fifteenth, in 1910, where a complete one-pound
common battery switchboard was installed. The first underground
system in Sacramento was installed in 1894.

The company began business with several hundred subscribers,
the rate being six dollars per month for many years and imtil the rival
comjiany was formed.

The Capital Telephone and Telegraph Company entered the field
in competition with the Sunset company in 1893, a demand for cheaper
telephone service having arisen. The stockholders were mostly citizens
of Sacramento. The ordinary rates of the Sunset at that time were
$6 a month, but the new company cut the rate down to less than half
that amount and forced the Sunset finally to meet its rate. The com-
pany commenced business with four hundred subscribers, which was
more than the Sunset company had at that time in Sacramento.
George M. Mott was the first president, and M. J. Dillman was vice-
president and general manager for more than twelve years of its
service to the community. During this time the company extended
its lines into Placer, Eldorado, Amador and Yolo counties, and ulti-
mately reached a list of twelve hundred fifty subscribers. It had
central exchanges, in Sacramento, Folsom, Roseville, Loomis, New-
castle, Auburn, Shingle Springs, Placerville, Jackson and lone. The
company was the outgrowth of a general dissatisfaction with the
high rates and poor service of the Sunset, and was successful from
the start, both financially and in the service rendered, but experience

402 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

showed that the telephone business is a natural monopoly, and that
two systems in the same community become a nuisance, causing much
annoyance and extra expense. In 1906 the company sold out to the
Sunset company, which used the system in connection with its own
for several months and then consolidated both systems. Hon. Fred-
erick Cox was president for eight years and for the last four years
M. J. Dillman was president and manager. The office was located on
Fifth street, between I and J.

WATER WORKS

The first plant in Sacramento that could be termed "water works"
was the five horsepower piledriver engine of William P. Henry, near
the foot of I street. By this water was pumped up from the river
by suction into a reservoir, and from the reservoir carts were loaded
and the water was peddled out by the gallon. There was an antipathy
to monopolies even in those days, long before "trusts" were heard
of. "Uncle Billy" Anderson thought he jjerceived the germ of pros-
perity in the industry, and he soon started a rival enterprise at the
junction of Second street with "the gloiagh." The two parties carried
on a successful business in comi^etition with each other until they
formed a combination with A. A. Bennett, and erected more elaborate
works just south of Henry's engine, constructing a tank that was much
higher and better protected.

The city grew, and more extensive water works became necessary.
In consequence, in the fall of 1852, George Gordon and the "Sacra-
mento Water Company" each presented to the city plans for the
construction of a system of water works, which were submitted to
the people in December and both of them were rejected by the popular
vote. At the same time, however, the people voted a tax of three-
quarters of one per cent for works of some kind, to be thereafter
fixed upon. Plans and si^ecifications were advertised for by the city
council, and a Mr. Kirk presented plans, which were adopted. The
specifications called for a brick building, 50x127 feet on the ground
and the top of the wall thirty-six and a half feet above the present
grade of J and Front streets. The floor of the second story was to
be sixteen feet above the J street grade, and the reservoir was to be
50x128 feet and six and a half feet high, the greatest depth of water
to be five feet. The reservoir was to be on the top of the building.
The ]-)rice was to be $120,000. The building was completed and the
tank filled April 1, 1854, and the occasion was celebrated by the citi-
zens on April 6th. The building still stands and is known as the old
waterworks building. Some years ago it passed into the possession
of the Southern Pacific Company.

The first bonds of the water loan were issued August 12, 1853, and
the total issue of bonds under this loan was $284,495. The first super-
intendent of the new works was William P. Henry, who had been the

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 403

first man to iutrodiace auytliing like a pumping works for water supply
into the city. The first parties who purchased water from the new
works were Adams & Co., who paid foi' a fifteen days supply at the
rate of $12.22 per month. There were seventy-three customers in
April, 1854 ; 155 in May, 260 in June, and 403 by November.

During the year 1855 two and one-fourth miles of water pipes
were laid which, with fifty hydrants and twenty-one stop gates, cost
$23,600. The reservoir capacity was 200,000 gallons, and the pump-
ing capacity 39,100 gallons per hour. By March 1, 1856, the total
length of pipe laid was eight and one-foiarth miles, and a few years
later a Worthington pump was added to the equipment. The extension
of the pipe system decreased the pressure and complaints of scanty
supply of water became frequent in the remoter parts of the city. At
last, April 6, 1870, a disastrous breakdown occurred to the works,
shutting off for some time the water supplj^ It was evident that
something must be done to remedy the condition, and on June 6,
Superintendent McCleery brought before the board of trustees plans
prepared by A. A. Bennett, an architect, to raise the old building at
a cost of $10,000. June 22, 1870, Turton & Knox began to raise
the tanks fifteen feet, and a new stand pipe was put in. This par-
tially remedied the trouble, but it was only a temporary relief, and
it soon became evident that a new system of works, with a largely
increased capacity, would satisfy the people's demands.

A number of schemes were considered from 1858 to 1872, but
were abandoned successively, among them being the Holly system.
Water from the various wells and from the river was analyzed.
The analysis of one hundred and twenty ounces of water taken from
the Sacramento River during the April freshet of 1870, and evapo-
rated to dryness by James Bell of San Francisco, left a residuum of
2.59 grains, composed as follows: Gypsnm, 1.27 grains; epsom salts,
0.70 ;"salt, 0.21 ; silicate of potash, 0.13 ; silica, 0.25 ; iron, only a sus-
picion; loss, 0.03 grains. July 20, 1872, a special election was held, as
a result of which it was decided to adopt one of the three plans of-
fered by the Holly Company, and which would cost $58,000. The
west fifty feet of lot 4, between H and I streets, and Front and
Second, was purchased by the Capital Savings Bank and the National
Gold Bank of D. O. Mills & Co., and the deed presented to the city.
On receiving this deed the trustees passed a resolution to accept it,
and to reserve from the bonds authorized to be issued $20,000, sub-
ject to such further legislation as might be had, for the purpose of
paying the banks the money advanced by them, the amount advanced
by the Capital Savings Bank being $8,000, and that advanced by the
National Gold Bank being $7,000. Work was immediately begun on
the new works and pushed to completion as fast as possible, but the
machinery was not in shape to undergo its trial or test of capacity
until July 17, 1873. When its capacity was thoroughly tested, it

404 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

proved to be fully up to the demand of the specifications, and
on the 28th the works were accepted by the trustees. The amount of
bonds authorized by the act, approved March 30, 1872, for the pur-
pose of erecting the works, was $191,307.50, but the amount issued
was only $189,993.15.

The Holly rotary pumps proved to be worthless for the water
works, but the gang pumps put in by the company did good service
for many years. Early in 1878 a pump, generally known as the
Stevens pump, was built in the Central Pacific Company's machine
shops, and installed in the west side of the waterworks, where it did
good service for years. Becoming superannuated a number of years
ago, it is now used only in emergencies, or when repairs are being
made to the other pumps. Since then the capacity of the plant has
been increased from time to time, and a 12,000,000 gallon pump is in
course of construction.

CHAPTER XL
THE CROCKER ART GALLERY

Sacramento boasts of one of the finest collections of paintings
and works of art to be foimd in the United States. Originally a pri-
vate collection, gathered at great expense in Europe by the owner,
it became the property of the city of Sacramento in 1885 by a deed
of trust, the second benefaction to the people by its generous donor,
Mrs. Margaret E. Crocker, the widow of Judge E. B. Crocker, who
had spent about $400,000 in gathering the mag-nificent collection and
had housed it in a fireproof building that is said to have cost nearly
$200,000, including after improvements made by Mrs. Crocker.

The building is fireproof, as stated, and was finished in the
most approved style of modern architecture and embellishment, situ-
ated in the midst of spacious terraced grounds adorned by rare
flowers and plants. A massive building one hundred and twenty-
two feet long by sixty-two feet wide, it is in harmony with its con-
tents and well proportioned for its uses. It has three floors, the
basement being originally intended for a recreation room and hall,
in which many public receptions and functions have been held in
times past. The second story was for offices, museum and library.
The third floor is the art gallery, where are gathered many produc-
tions of the old masters, of the Flemish, Dutch and Italian schools,
as well as many fine paintings by eminent California artists, who
were liberally patronized by Judge Crocker when making his se-
lections. One of the most striking pictures in the gallery confronts
the visitor as he enters. It is a large painting by Hill, of the Yo-
semite Valley, considered his masterpiece, and ranking with Bier-
stadt's "Heart of the Andes." There are also striking canvases by
Nahl, the glowing colors revealing his individuality and portray-

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 405

ing vividly the early days of California. The second and third floors
are elaborately frescoed; all the woodwork is heavy, richly carved
and French polished, while the glass is all cnt and delicately etched
in tasteful designs and the floors are all laid in Roman tiling. Mrs.
Crocker subsequently laid the floor of the museum in fancy woods,
in ornamental designs.

The art gallery consists of a vestibule, a main hall, and the
east, west and south halls. In these halls are over seven hundred
oil and pastel paintings, among them many works of Vandyke, Guido,
Tintoretto, and other celebrated artists. The library, on the sec-
ond floor, contains a collection of over three thousand studies from
eminent artists, collected by Judge Crocker, together with many of
the finest examples of the engraver's and the lithographer's art.
One feature of great value in the gallery is the collection of
portraits of representative men of California. It had not been the
intention of Judge Crocker to seclude this splendid collection, but
rather to have made it the means of cultivating the taste in art of
his fellow citizens. His widow carried out his idea, and the gallery
was therefore opened to the inspection of proper persons at proper
hours and under proper restrictions, and it was often thrown open
to the public for charitable purposes.

The California Museum Association was the outcome of a meet
ing December 5. 1884, of a number of gentlemen desirous of form-
ing a scientific association. Its purpose was to foster art, science,
mechanics, literature, the development of the state and the encourage-
ment of social intercourse among the members; also for establishing
a repository for the collection and exhibition of natural curiosities,
scientific objects, antiquities, etc. The association started with about
twenty members, holding private meetings at which papers were read,
for some weeks. In January it had grown courageous and resolved
to erect a building for its own and public uses. Mrs. Crocker was
foremost in all good works and charities in the city and was Imown
as "Sacramento's Lady Bountiful" through her contributions to the
churches and charitable objects. Learning that the association had
resolved to give an art loan exhibit to secure a nucleus for its build-
ing, and had called a meeting of ladies to aid in the undertaking, Mrs.
Crocker sent word that, if the association desired, the E. B. Crocker
Art Gallery was at its disposal for the purpose of holding the
exhibition.

Her offer was accepted gladly and in March, 1885, a strange col-
lection of the greatest variety of curiosities of the pioneer era, of art,
science, antiquity, discovery and of handiwork of various descriptions,
contributed by the citizens of Sacramento and San Francisco, was
thrown open to the public. Contributions from the latter city were
made by the Alaska Fur Company, Irving M. Scott, Alexander Bad-
lam and a number of ladies. The exhibition was open for more than

406 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

two weeks, and the fame of it went abroad through the land, bringing
many visitors to Sacramento to look upon the collection. It was both
a social and financial success. During its continuance Mrs. Crocker
called the president of the association, David Lubin, and informed him
that it was her desire to present the gallery, with its collection of
paintings, furniture, etc., to the association. The announcement was
made to the public and was received with the most cordial expressions
of ap23reciation and high regard for the generous donor. The associa-
tion, however, after deliberation on the magnificent offer, decided that
it was wise to accept it only under a condition, self-imposed, that the
citizens of Sacramento should raise a fund of $100,000, to be perman-
ently invested for the maintenance of the gallery and buildings, being
sensible that otherwise the burden would in time become too onerous
for a private association. The accumulation of so large a fund was
found to be difficult in so small a community, however liberal indi-
viduals might be in making contributions.

The association therefore proposed to Mrs. Crocker that if she
would transfer the property to the city, making the association a co-
tenant with the city, the raising of $100,000 would not be necessary.
She kindly acceded to the plan, the proposition was placed before the
people and it was found that it met with immediate favor and that
the city was willing to accept the trust. Thereupon the association
incorporated March 20, 1885, and Mrs. Crocker executed to the city a
deed of all the valuable property involved, stipulating that it should
always be managed and controlled by a joint board of trustees from
the association and the city — the mayor to represent the city and the
board of directors representing the association, each corporation having
only one vote. The deed of trust provided that the association might for-
ever use the property for the purposes of its work as heretofore out-
lined.

The citizens were not slow in showing their appreciation of the
munificence of the gift and its unselfish character. They held in
remembrance also the generous endowment of the Old Ladies' Home
and its gift by Mrs. Crocker. This appreciation took the form, in
May, 1885, of a grand floral festival, at which three thousand school
children made bountiful floral offerings to Mrs. Crocker. The lower
floor of the great pavilion of the State Agricultural Society — the
largest building in the state — was almost filled with the beautiful floral
offerings to Mrs. Crocker. Nor was it Sacramento alone that testi-
fied to the high regard in which the benefactress was held. The offer-
ings ranged from modest bouquets to spacious churches and towns and
great allegorical designs, all constructed entirely of flowers. They
came from all parts of the state, from Los Angeles on the south to
Shasta on the north. People of all churches and denominations, the
rich and the poor, of all clans and creeds, assembled to do honor to
her. The lowest estimate of the number of people who thronged the

HISTOEY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY 407

spacious building on the night of the festival, and witnessed the
ceremony of delivering the keys of the gallery to the trustees and
their acceptance of the trust, placed the number assembled at fifteen
thousand. It was a spontaneous outpouring of heartfelt gratitude
and regard such as has never, before or since, been accorded to a
female citizen in the United States.

On the evening of this festival, after the keys of the art gallery
had been transferred to the mayor, the citizens of Sacramento pre-
sented to Mrs. Crocker a splendid oaken casket, which had been made
from some of the timber taken from the old historic Sutter's Fort.
It contained two volumes, one of which was bound in velvet and
gold and the other in silver and velvet, both being marvels of artistic
taste. The first book contained a number of pages giving a history
of her benefactions, of the gift of the art gallery, and of the floral
festival, displayed in the highest form of the tj^oographical art. In
addition to this each page was adorned by hand decoration in water
colors. In the second volume was an account of all the steps leading
up to the event, together with copies and extracts from expressions by
the press, from journals all the way from New York to Sacramento.
The gifts were not less unique than beautiful, and Mrs. Crocker voiced
her appreciation of them with deep emotion.

The Museum Association lost no time in entering upon its work
in the art gallery and improving the opportunity afforded by this
magnificent gift. The first step taken by it was to organize the school
of design, and for that purpose Messrs. Weinstock and Liibin con-
tributed $1000 toward the purchase of the necessary casts and para-
phernalia for the school. It was opened in January, 1886, and was
continued for a number of years. It developed in this city and the
surrounding counties an aesthetic taste and a cultivation of artistic
talent that eventually produced wide results, and many of the students
afterwards earned names that stand high among the artists of Cali-
fornia. The Ladies' Museum Association founded a number of schol-
arships for those who showed artistic talent but could not afford the
expense of developing it under ordinary circumstances, and the op-
portunity was eagerly embraced by a number who in later days did
credit to the institution.

During the loan exhibition the Museum Association had secured a
large numlter of life members in this city, and a larger number subse-
quently in Sau Francisco among former Saeramentans who had not
forgotten their attachment for their old home. With the revenue
from these, from a small number of members who paid regular dues,
and from admission fees to the gallery on such days as it was open
to admission, rounded out by voluntary contributions from generous
citizens, the school became self-sustaining, and the good it did lives
after it.

In 1887 the association, in conjunction with the board of trustees

408 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

of the city, applied to the legislature for the custody of the state's
mineral cabinet, which had up to that time been kept in the State
Capitol. The legislature passed a law empowering the governor to
appoint three trustees to take charge of the cabinet and locate it in the
E. B. Crocker Art Gallery, without expense to the state, so that it
might be more readily viewed by the people. In accordance with this
act, Governor Bartlett appointed three of the directors of the Mu-
seum Association for that purpose and the cabinet was removed and
placed on the lower floor of the gallery. Mr. Irelan, the state miner-
alogist, consented to allow his assistant. Dr. Schneider, to be detailed
to re-classify the cabinet, and when he had done so the trustees,
through Dr. Pyburn, the secretary, began arranging it in cases, and
the work being completed, December 26, 1888, it was thrown open to
the inspection of the public on the following day. The state retained
its title to the property, but its custody being as explained, rendered
it a very valuable addition to the gallery. Later on, a valuable collec-
tion of minerals and natural history exhibits and curiosities of an
earlier association which was known as the Agassiz Institute was
presented to the association.

In September, 1888, David Lubin presented to the association five
exquisite pieces of statuary purchased by him in Italy. In October,
1888, the association, which had never called on the citizens of Sacra-
mento for contributions to its support, except for the loan exhibit of
1885, determined to hold a second loan exhibition. The ladies of the
city resolved to aid it, prominent among them being the wives and
daughters of members of the association. They organized and were
known as the Ladies' Museum Association of Sacramento, with Mrs.
Mayor Gregory as president ; Mrs. William Ingram, Jr., secretary, and
Mrs. Albert Bonnheim, treasurer. In two months they had a member-
ship of one hundred and thirty-eight, and offered to take charge of the
loan exhibition, which they did, and made it a success fully equal
to the first one.

For many years, in fact, almost from the time of transfer of the
mineral cabinet to the art gallery, the trustees of the cabinet have
been H. Weinstock, J. A. Woodson and Dr. Pyburn.

The present directors of the California Museum Association are :
J. A. Woodson, president; H. Weinstock, vice-president; Daniel Flint,
R. P. Burr, E. C. Hopkins, E. J. Devlin, D. A. Lindley, M. J. Curtis
and Sparrow Smith; W. F. Jackson, secretary. Mr. Jackson has al-
ways been the custodian of the gallery since its gift to the city, and
during the continuance of the Art School, held imder the auspices of
the Ladies' Museum Association, he was the instructor. His name
stands among the foremost artists of California and is well known
throughout the state.

The officers of the Ladies' Museum Association at present are:
President, Miss Bessie Crouch; vice-president, Mrs. J. E. Terry; sec-

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 409

retary, Mrs. Frederick J. Schwartz; treasurer, Mrs. W. H. Govan;
directors: Mrs. William Beckman, Mrs. W. K. Cothrin, Mrs. E. F.
Frazer, Mrs. L. A. McLean, Mrs. Gns Lavenson, Mrs. E. C. Ilart and
Miss Mary Crouch.

The association is not only self-supporting, but still continues to
endow scholarships from its fund for that purpose. It recently
awarded its thirty-seventh scholarship, and the pupils have well re-
paid the association by the advancement made by them in art. Some
of the ' ' scholarship paintings ' ' have even been placed in the salons of
Paris, and many strviggling geniuses have been enabled to realize
their artistic ambitions to develop their talent. At present the as-
sociation has on hand about $2000, with which, when it grows to a
suitable amount through donations from lovers of art, or other sources,
it proposes to purchase a painting of sufficient merit and donate it to
the gallery. It is to be hoped that its efforts to encourage art culture
will meet with the success they deserve.

CHAPTER XLI

ASSOCIATIONS AND CLUBS

SACRAMENTO PIONEEKS

The pioneers of Sacramento early recognized the advisability of
forming an association of the first comers to the coast. January 25,
1854, about seventy persons met at Jones' hotel on J street, between
Front and Second, for the purpose of organizing a pioneer association
in Sacramento. Joseph W. Winans was elected chairman, and Samuel
Colville, secretary, of the meeting. A committee was appointed, con-
sisting of R. P. Johnson, Samuel Colville, J. W. Winans and R. M.
Folger, which reported on the 27th of January a constitution. It was
adopted and, with some alterations made later, is the one which now
governs the body. The association met February 6, 1854, for the
purpose of electing officers, to serve until September 9, 1854. The
following were elected: Joseph W. Winans, president; J. B. Starr,
J. N. Nevett, D. J. Lisle, Richard Rust, J. B. Mitchell and William M.
Carpenter, vice-presidents; Samuel Colville, recording secretary; N.
A. H. Ball, corresponding secretarv; B. F. Hastings, treasurer; H. E.
Robinson, Volney Spalding, C. C. Sackett, R. P. Johnson, W. C.
Waters, James Haworth and George Rowland, directors.

The charter members of the association were as follows, although
a number of those at the first meeting signed their names later in the
year, but too late to be charter members, the roll having closed in
J anuary :

James Anthony, James Alexander, H. B. Bonnell, E. J. Barroll,
Frank Bush, Jr., Gordon Backus, J. B. Blanchard,' Charles H. Brad-
ford, M. D. Corse, George Cadwalader, Edward Crowell, John H.

410 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

Carroll, Samuel Colville, William Chesley, James H. Culver, Jolm L.
Craig, George Chedwick, Robert M. Folger, Gilbert Griswold, Justin
Gates, Jr., John G. Hyer, James Haworth, J. L. Howard, C. W. Hoyt,
W. P. Henry, H. W. Harkness, C. C. Hayden, James C. Hedenburg,
Thomas H. Jackson, E. B. Kenyon, W. F. Kennedy, Edward McCarty,

C. Morrill, James B. Mitchell, Jesse Moore, G. W. Mann, M. K.
Murphy, Samuel J. May, David Oliver, H. H. 0 'Callahan, Gregory J.
Phelan, Henry E. Robinson, S. B. Robbins, George Rowland, Charles
Smith, Jacob S. Shaber, A. C. Sweetzer, Charles S. Sackett, Charles
H. Shaw, James B. Starr, John Tingman, Joseph W. Winans, William
Wolfersburger, John Wood, Jonathan Williams, J. C. Zabriskie, R. P.
Johnson, N. A. H. Ball, B. F. Hastings, Volney Spalding, J. N. Nevett,

D. J. Lisle, Richard Rust, J. H. Culver, A. C. Latson, A. C. Morse, J.

F. Morse, Charles F. Swift.

The present officers are: Joseph Sims, president; directors,
Joseph Sims, F. S. Hotchkiss, George P. Putnam, W. E. Norris, James

G. Patterson, Mrs. Ida Taylor, Mrs. M. Witham; secretary, James G.
Patterson; treasurer. People's Savings bank.

In order to explain this list, it will be necessary to recite the
series of events which led to the adoption of a new constitution and
the admission of a younger set of members. The original constitution
had been amended a number of times, so that confusion as to its pro-
visions arose. In the meantime the roll had been steadily growing
less, as the members passed away. An association known as the Sons
and Daughters of the Sacramento Society of California Pioneers had
been formed in 1891, the first officers being: William M. Sims, presi-
dent; Leila J. Lindley, vice-president; Annie Luther, secretaiy; Matie
Johnston, treasurer; P. C. Farnsworth, marshal; directors, Gussie
Carroll, Minnie Richardson, Leila J. Lindley, Florence McKune, W.

E. Osborn, William M. Sims, C. E. Mack, Jr.", W. A. Gett, Jr., and H.
M. LaRue, Jr. The society incorporated July 28, 1891.

At this time the roll of the pioneers was steadily growing smaller,
and by the end of the century the disposition to be made of the valu-
able propery belonging to the association became an important ques-
tion, and one involving much thought. The Sons and Daughters of
Pioneers signified their willingness to make an arrangement through
which they would ultimately take over the property when the last
Pioneer had passed away. The idea met with favor in the eyes of
some of the Pioneers, while others opposed it. Finally, January 30,
1909, when only ten of the Pioneers remained, they agreed to form a
new organization, with a new constitution, and the present one was
adopted. It provides for two classes, the first to consist of those
whom the original society had declared eligible to become members,
and the second to consist of the sons, daughters and lineal descendants
of the members of the Pioneers' Association in good standing. Under

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 411

this constitutiou the Sous and Daughters became members of the as-
sociatiou of Pioueers April 25, 1909.

The Pioueers ' membership has iu the meantime dwindled to four :
Joseph M. Sims, F. S. Hotchkiss, D. M. Burns and Jerome Madden.
Up to February 8, 1912, Edward Twitched was one of the remaining
members, but he passed away on that date, at the age of eighty-three
years. He came to California through Mexico in 1849, riding across
that country on a mule. For many years he was connected with the
surveyor-general's office, and made the first government survey of
Lake Tahoe and the Colorado desert.

Following is a complete list of the presidents of the society and
the respective dates of their time of service: Joseph W. Winans,
1854-56; A. C. Monson, 1856-57; John F. Morse, 1857-59; James
Queen, 1859-60; A. C. Monson, 1860-61; John H. Carroll, 1861-62; N.
L. Drew, 1862-63; Gregory J. Phelan, 1863-64; R. H. McDonald, 1864-
65; Justin Gates, 1865-66; William F. Knox, 1866-67; Isaac N. Hoag,
1867-68; James McClatchy, 1868-70; Charles N. Ross, 1870-71; Isaac
Lohman, 1871-72; Albert Leonard, 1872-73; Edward F. Aiken, 1873-74;
Asa P. Andrews, 1874-75 ; G. K. Van Heusen, 1875-76 ; N. D. Goodell,
1876-77 ; Homer P. Osborn, 1877-78 ; George A. Putnam, 1878-79 ; John
S. Miller, 1879-80; W. C. Felch, 1880-81; James McGuire, 1881-82;
A. H. Powers, 1882-83; J. H. McKune, 1883-84; George W. Chesley,
1884-87; Powell S. Lawson, 1887-90; H. M. LaRue, 1890-91; William
Johnston, 1891-92; J. M. Stephenson, 1892-94; W. W. Light, 1894-95;
William Turton, 1895-96; Joseph Sims, 1896-97; W. C. Farnsworth,
1897-98; E. Twitched, 1898-99; A. C. Sweetser, 1899-1900; Felix
Traev, 1900-01; D. Megowan, 1901-02; F. Hotchkiss, 1902-03; W. R.
Strong, 1903-04; H. M. LaRue, 1904-07; D. Megowan, 1907-08; Joseph
Sims, 1908 till the present time.

The association meets in Pioneer hall, which building was erected
by it in 1868, on Seventh street, between J and K, and later it pur-
chased a building adjoining it on the south and fitted it up with a
banquet hall and parlor. It also collected a museum of relies of the
early days, which contained many interesting objects.

CHAMBER OF COMMEECE

The Chamber of Commerce is one of the live institutions of Sac-
ramento and wields a widely extended influence, with a large inember-
ship in the towns of the valley as well as in the city. It was estab-
lished July 12, 1895, and has been in existence ever since, doing much
to promote the permanent upbuilding of thfe community. Like all
similar associations, however, it has languished at times, owing to the
indifference of members, but the organization has been maintained
in spite of discouragements, and since 1907 it has taken a more active
part in the promotion of the commercial interests of city and valley.
Since 1910 its influence has been particularly noteworthy. The presi-

412 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

dent, D. W. Carmichael, is a "live wire," and has made good as an
expert in stirring up all measures for the local betterment. The de-
velopment of the public interests along the right path has been a
matter of intense interest to him. A tireless worker, indefatigable in
endeavor and purposeful in results, his clear intellect and keen
faculties are devoted to the welfare of the city. In his endeavors he
has been seconded ablj^ by Glenn S. Andrus, secretary-manager
of the Chamber of Commerce, whose training has admirably qualified
him for the work. The co-operation of the Home Products League,
the Real Estate Board and other civic bodies has been secured, and
the influence of the Chamber is felt throughout the valley along lines
of permanent progress.

SACEAMENTO VALLEY DEVELOPMENT ASSOCIATION

The Sacramento Valley Development Association was formally
organized at a meeting held at Woodland, Yolo county, January 15th
and 16th, 1900. The suggestion of such an organization for the valley
was evidently made by C. W. Thomas, an attorney of Woodland. He
passed the suggestion on to Gen. Will S. Green with the request that
the Colusa county board of trade call a meeting of delegates from
the various counties and municipalities of the valley for the purpose
of discussing the creation of such an organization. General Green,
realizing the need, prevailed upon the Colusa county board of trade
to issue such a call, and the meeting at Woodland was the result.
The records show that six counties (Colusa, Yuba, Sacramento, Sutter,
Glenn and Yolo) were represented by delegates at that meeting. The
meeting was called to order by C. W. Thomas, and D. H. Arnold of
Colusa and George Clark of Woodland were elected temporary chair-
man and temporary secretary. Among those who took a prominent
part in this first meeting were: C. W. Thomas, Gen. Will S. Green,
Robert T. Devlin, George V. Martin, Marshall Diggs, Dr. D. P. Durst
of Woodland, Frank Miller of Sacramento, Hon. F. D. Ryan of Sac-
ramento, James M. O'Brien of Marysville, Hon. George W. Pierce of
Davis, J. 0. Coleman and Col. E. A. Forbes of Marysville. At this
meeting Gen. Will S. Green of Colusa was elected president, and
acted in that capacity until his death July .3, 1905. Soon after this
meeting at Woodland the office of the association was moved to Colusa,
and F. E. Wright of that place was elected secretary.

The call for the first meeting held in Woodland invited delegates
to attend the meeting of the Sacramento Valley Irrigation Convention.
The second meeting was held at Oroville, where permanent organiza-
tion was finally perfected and the name changed to the Sacramento
Valley Development Association.

The greatest difficulty confronting the organization in its early
days existed in the raising of funds for its support. General Green
personally visited the counties of the Sacramento valley and appealed

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 413

to the several boards of supervisors for an appropriation of fifty
dollars each. The delegates from each county paid their own ex-
penses for several years, and the lack of funds made it practically
impossible for the association to accomplish any work which required
the expenditure of any sums of mone}'. Its moral influence, however,
was great, and its first eiforts were directed towards an educational
campaign in the Sacramento valley so that those already living here
might know the opportunities and advantages that this district pos-
sessed in comparison with other sections of the world. One of the
first undertakings of the association was to confer with the owners
of the Glenn ranch in Glenn county and induce its subdi\dsion into
small farm tracts. Efforts were directed to securing reports from the
United States department of agriculture upon the various lands of the
valley and the possibilities for irrigating the same. The Geological
Survey was induced to send experts here for the purpose of mapping
the sites for storage reservoirs, and thus was started the study of
the water control problems of the Sacramento valley.

As the organization grew the need of additional funds was ap-
parent, and a custom was inaugurated which exists at the present time,
that each county should contribute to the support of the organization
a fund equivalent to one-half cent on each one hundred dollars of
assessed valuation.

In 1909 the need of extensively advertising the Sacramento valley
was evident, and the association undertook to raise an advertising-
fund of fifty thousand dollars a year for five years, or a total of two
hundred and fifty thousand dollars. This fund was secured and has
been continued, and is now in its third year. The organization has
grown to be recognized as one of the largest factors of public im-
provement on the Pacific coast. Its work is extensive, consisting of
the installation and maintenance of exhibits at various points through-
out the American continent, issuance of literature, advertising in
publications throughout the Ignited States and various otlier lines of
activity.

Soon after the death of General Green, Hon. Marshall Diggs, who
had been closely identified with the enterprise since its inception, was
elected president, and still holds that office. In August, 1903, the
office was moved to Sacramento, and W. A. Beard of Oroville elected
secretary. He continued in office until September, 1906, and was suc-
ceeded by 0. H. Miller of Marysville, who has since held this office.
The present officers of the association are : President, M. Diggs ; first
vice-president, Newton Cleaveland; second vice-president, E. Frank-
lin; secretary, 0. H. Miller; treasurer, C. F. Dillman; directors. B.
Cussick, J. W. Kaerth, C. H. Dunton, I. J. Proulx, E. Franklin, Mor-
ris Brooks, W. D. Egilbert, B. F. Bush, Louis Tarke, A. L. Conard,
T. B. Gibson and H. H. Dunning. The organization embraces the

414 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

following twelve counties: Butte, Colusa, Eldorado, Glenn, Placer,
Sacramento, Shasta, Solano, Sutter, Tehama, Yolo and Yuba.

THE SATURDAY CLUB

No list of representative institutions of Sacramento would be
complete unless it contained a history of the inception and progress
of a club that by its enterprise and executive management has made
its name and that .of Sacramento known to the whole United States
and, as a matter of fact, to many lovers of music in Europe.

The musical life of Sacramento is represented by the Saturday
Club, a magnificent organization of women, formed for the stimula-
tion of musical interest in the community. From a charter member-
ship of sixty it has swelled to a membership of thirteen hundred, and
its further rapid growth has been limited only by the present ac-
commodations for its recitals. It is said to be one of the best man-
aged women's clubs in the United States. The club was organized
through the efforts of Mrs. Irving Bentley, now of San Francisco,
and Miss Emily Thompson, now the wife of Dr. James Pond of
Oakland. A charter membership of forty active and twenty associate
members was enrolled, with Mrs. Frank Miller as president; Mrs.
Charles McCreary, vice-president, and Miss Emily Thompson, secre-
tary and treasurer. These officers, with Mesdames George E. Pratt,
R. I. Bentley, B. F. Howard, Charles Neale and Miss Minnie Clarke,
composed the first executive board. Of the sixty charter members,
only two, Mrs. Albert Elkus and Mrs. Robert Hawley, have retained
their active membership during the twenty years, and only five of the
associate members, Mesdames G. L. Simmons, Sparrow Smith, H. G.
May, and Misses Minnie Richai-dson and Lizzie Griffin. The latter has
since given eleven years of service as an active member.

The social side dominated during the first two years of the
club's life, the associate membership being limited, and the meetings
being held at the homes of the members, the first one being at Mrs.
McCreary's December 9, 1893. At the beginning of the third year,
the by-laws were changed, and the meetings were held in public halls.
a more democratic spirit supplanting the exclusive feature formerly
prevailing. Membership tickets were made transferable and people of
all callings were made eligible to enjoy the programmes. Since then
the club has been steadily increasing in power and strength, broaden-
ing its field of work and widening its influence. It has outgrown every
availalile meeting place in tlie city, so that it has several times been
forced to close its membership roll. A few months ago it was re-
opened, the Diepenbrock theater offering more spacious accommoda-
tions.

The membership of the club consisted originally of two classes —
active and associate, but four years after its organization a student
class was added, limited to fifty, who must be studying with a teacher

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 415

of good repute. The standard set for these pupils is very high, and
the Club has educated several hundred girls in this way. The list is
always full and often there are as many as forty waiting to get in at
the end of the season.

The club is purely an organization of women, and until six years
ago no names of men appeared on the prospectus except as par-
ticipants in the programmes. Since that time a limited number of
men have been admitted to associate membership, and a Men's Auxiliary
was also formed, made up of local musicians who had given and were
still giving valuable assistance to the club. During the first six
years of its existence, the programmes were given almost entirely
by its active members, but since that time a series of artists' recitals
has been given each season. As many as twelve artists' recitals are
often given, which, with the nine Home Days given by members of
the club, make an interesting season. It is the only club in the United
States that gives its members the privilege of hearing the great artists
without assessments. In the Saturday club the membership tickets
admit to all recitals. The club has also a study course for its mem-
bers, conducted by prominent musicians of this coast. In 1911 Albert
I. Elkus gave a course of twelve lectures on music, with musical
illustrations.

Among the most famous artists of the world who have appeared
under the patronage of the club are: Moriz Rosenthal, Mme. Bloom-
field Zeisler, Camilla Urso, Katherine Ruth Heyman (a Sacra-
mentan), Edward McDowell, Mile, de Lussan, Madame Schumann-
Heink, Josef Hofmann, Wilhelm Heinrich, Nordica and the Russ
Orchestra, David Bispham, the Kueisel Quartette, Mary Louise Clary,
Denis 0 'Sullivan, the "Westminster Choir, Jan Kubelik, Claude Cun-
ningham, Ossip Gabrilowitsch, Johanna Gadski, Herbert Witherspoon,
Bruce Gordon Kingsley, Teresa Careno, Fritz Kreisler, Emilio de
Gorgoza, Josef Lhevinne, x4_ntonio de Grassi, the Flonzaley Quar-
tette, Antonio Scotti, Jaroslav Koeian, Rheinhold Von Warlich, the
Russian S^^nphony, and Tettrazzini, the last receiving an ovation
seldom offered to artists when she appeared here in March, 1912.

The Artist Recitals are always looked forward to with great an-
ticipation by the entire membership, being both delightful and profit-
able, and an incentive to the active and student membership, but it is
the Home Days that keep the club spirit alive, the programme being
by the active membership, each one appearing twice during the season,
and a programme analysis being given by one of the literary mem-
bers. The club has always paid the artist talent all that the treasury
would allow, and when a famous Californian revisits the coast, invites
him or her to make application for a date. It has undoubtedly done
more for the musical life of Sacramento than any other influence.
Before its inception, it is difficult to appreciate the musical apathy that
prevailed in the city. Famous artists came here a few times, and met

416 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

with disappointment. De Pachmann twenty-two years ago played to
an audience of thirty people.

The club is recog-nized throughout the United States as one of the
leading musical organizations. It is conducted on the highest artistic
plane, and contains more intelligent musicians than most clubs of its
kind can show. Its constitution and by-laws have been recommended
by a writer in the Philadelphia Musical Etude, "to every club about
to organize or desirous of being more successful than it is."

Among workers who have given long and active service are Mrs.
Albert Elkus, a member of the board for eighteen years, president
for four years and a few years ago paid the courtesy of honorary
president. She is the mother of the composer-pianist, Albert Elkus,
and is a pianist of great ability, playing with the Scheel Orchestra in
1895. Mrs. Frank Miller was the club's first president and re-elected
three times. Mrs. William Ellery Briggs was president for three
terms. Miss Maud Blue, now Mrs. Eugene Pitts, was the club's
youngest president, and held office for two years. Mrs. J. A. Moynihan
presided for three years over the club. Mrs. Francis Moeller was
secretary for five years and was one of the vice-presidents when she
passed away in February of 1912. Mrs. Louise Gavigan has been the
president for the past two years. These, as well as many members
not named, have been faithful workers for the welfare of the club.

THE TUESDAY CLUB

The Tuesday Club is one of the prominent organizations of Sac-
ramento, and, being officered and directed by some of the most in-
tellectual women of the city, it has exerted a strong and beneficial in-
terest in the progress of the city. It was organized in 1896, and Mrs.
William Beckman was elected its first president by the seventeen
charter members. The launching of the clul) was enthusiastically re-
ceived, and within two months the membership had increased to over
fifty, making it necessary to procure a hall for the meetings, which, in
the beginning, had been held in Mrs. Beckman 's parlors. From this
nucleus the club of today, numbering considerably over six hundred
members, has developed.

For four years the club had social reunions, musical programmes,
lecturers and miscellaneous subjects, which programme it still carries
out, but it then began its public work by sending to the board of city
trustees a petition requesting it to pass an ordinance prohibiting the
granting of any more saloon licenses in the residence portion of the
city. The board passed the ordinance, which is still in effect. The
membership increased rapidly, and the club became recognized as a
center of social and mental culture, with the purpose of encouraging
all movements for the betterment of society at large, to further the
education of women and foster a broad public spirit in the commun-
itv. It was deemed advisable to divide the club into smaller depart-

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 417

ments in order to facilitate studj^ along different lines to suit the
diverse tastes of its members.

In the fifth year work of a philanthropic nature was taken up
and proved in ever}' respect a success. The club made an enthusiastic
campaign which resulted in carrying the bonding of the city for the
new high school; also the completion of the club's work begun for
the introduction of manual training in the schools. Through the
energy of the club, also, domestic science is taught in the city schools.
It gives liberally to the Travelers' Aid Society and is foremost in
helping financially all objects of a charitable nature. From its in-
fancy the members began to devise methods for the improvement of
the city, and a recommendation came from the club's department for
the formation of an improvement club. The suggestion was approved,
with the result that, in combination with other women's organizations,
the Women's Council was organized, which now numbers between 2000
and 3000 earnest, active women, who work with the object in view
of the betterment of the city and county.

In 1900 a committee from the club requested the purchase by the
trustees of a park known as East Park, as a playground for the
children and for the use of the citizens. The plan met with opposi-
tion from many, but by energy, persistence and persuasion the result
sought was accomplished. The park was purchased for $12,500, re-
christened McKinley Park, and is now valued at $100,000, a good
investment for the city, not only for the welfare of the children, but
also financially. In 1892 the club established three traveling libraries,
being the second in the state to distribute to the dwellers in remote
districts the means of knowledge and culture. In 1903 the club, with
the idea of owning its own clubhouse, formed a corporation among its
members, calling it the Tuesday Club House Association, to which
the club donated $300 as a nucleus for a building fund. Since then the
energy of the association has been bent toward securing sufiScient
funds, and with such success that the club has been housed in its
beautiful $30,000 building on Twenty-eighth street, opposite Sutter's
Fort.

THE SUTTER CLUB

The Sutter Club was incorporated February 2, 1889, for the pur-
pose of promoting social intercourse among its members. The upper
floors of the California National Bank building were especially ar-
ranged to accommodate the club. Its first president was Newton
Booth, who prior thereto had been the goA^ernor of the state and also
United States senator from California.

About six years ago the enlargement of the quarters was under-
taken to accommodate the growing membership. The club was also
thoroughly refurnished, so that now its rooms are beautifully decor-
ated and its furnishings elegant and substantial.

418 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

The organization is thoroughly imbued with the social spirit of
good fellowship and is noted for its hospitality, especially to those
who visit Sacramento. Many notable banquets and entertainments
have been given at the club. It is in the most flourishing condition, and
forms an important factor in the social life of Sacramento and North-
ern California.

Its officers now are F. W. Kiesel, president ; Charles B. Bills, vice-
president; E. P. Hilborn, secretary, and with these the following con-
stitute the board of directors: D. H. Miller, Dr. G. A. White, F. L.
Martin, J. E. Huntoon, C. W. Morton, Ira C. Boss, Dr. T. J. Cox, R.
M. Richardson and J. L. Nagie.

Mr. Kiesel succeeded W. H. Devlin, who had been president for
six years, and through whose untiring energy and administrative
ability the club has attained its present degree of prosperity and
efficiency. The present membership is five hundred and seventj'-five.

DRAMATIC AND MUSICAL

The getting of gold, while it absorbed the energies of the immi-
grants, did not render them oblivious to. other things. As before
stated, gambling was carried on openly and to a large extent. Other
amusements were sought, and October 18, 1849, the Eagle theater
gave its first performance, L. Hubbard & Co. being the proprietors.
The box tickets were $5.00 and the pit $3.00. The first play was the
Bandit Chief, or Forest Spectre, and the actors, Messrs. Atwater,
Price, Harris, Ray, Daly and Mrs. Ray. Not less than $80,000 was
expended in the erection of the theater. It was 30x65 feet, and the
lumber from which the frame was made cost from $600 to $700 per
thousand feet. It was common for the audience in the pit to engage
in a game of monte between the acts, using the seats for tables. The
flood of 1850 came, and on the benefit night of J. H. McCabe, one of
the actors, the water invaded the theater, covering the tops of the
parquette seats near the orchestra. On January 4th the theater closed
and the company went to San Francisco. The theater and the
"Round Tent," in which Mr. Hubbard had made a fortune, were sold
at auction for $4500.

The Tehama theater was built in 1850, on Second street, between
I and J, and the opening piece was the Lady of Lyons, under the
direction of Mrs. Wingard, known theatrically as Mrs. J. Hudson
Kirby. June 14, 1851, she married James Stark, and they conducted
the theater till August 13th, when it was burned, supposed to be the
work of an incendiary.

The Pacific theater was opened by Petit & Luce on M street, near
Front, with a grand ball April 25, i850. In 1851 Junius B. Booth
was a member of the company plaving there. During 1849 the Stock-
ton Minstrels and the California Minstrels had given performances,
and in 1851 Donnelly's Ethiopian Minstrels. J. A. Rowes Ohanpie

HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 419

Circus opened at the Pacific theater May 2, 1849, boxes $5.00, par-
quette and dress circle $3.00, second tier $2.00. In October, 1850, Sam
Brannan built for the circus a large building on Front street.

In September, 1851, Dr. Volney Spalding erected the American
theater on J street. The state legislature in one of its removals held
a session here. J. B. Booth was manager, and Frank Chanfrau, Louis
Mestayer and others were in the company. In August, 1854, J. B.
Booth, senior, accompanied by his son, Edwin Booth, appeared in the
Iron Chest. The theater was destroyed in the great tire of 1852.

The Sacramento theater, on Third street, between I and J, was
opened in March, 1853, but did not pay and was rim spasmodically.
Among those of fame who played there were Ole Bull, Maurice Strak-
osch. Madam Anna Bishop, the Robinson family, Barney Williams and
wife, Mrs. Thomas, Mrs. Judah, Edwin Booth and Walter L. Leman.
It was run successfully in 1855 by a stock company, of which Edwin
Booth was one. He was not at first a favorite, but captured the
public and the critics in the Marble Heart.

The Edwin Forrest theater was opened October 8, 1855, and Mc-
Kean Buchanan played through the month. It was a losing invest-
ment, was turned into "Sam Wells' " Melodeon in 1860, and burned,
supposedh' the act of an incendiary, September 26, 1861. The Na-
tional, afterwards the Metropolitan, theater, on K street, was built
by Lee & Marshall, circus proprietors, and opened by them August
11, 1856. The next month it was turned into a theater. Mr. and Mrs.
J. W. Wallack appeared in it in 1858. In 1859 it was remodeled and
the name changed to the Metropolitan theater. Many of the famous
actors of the day appeared during its existence. It was burned about
twenty years ago.

The Clunie theater was erected in the '90s and is still in existence,
many actors and troupes of national fame having appeared on its
boards.

The Diepenbrock theater, at J and Twelfth streets, was opened in
1911 and has been well patronized. At present it is used for vaude-
ville.

Sacramento has always supported high-class operatic and musical
entertainments, and many artists of world-wide fame have appeared
here and delighted large audiences. Of late several houses have been
devoted to vaudeville, and the ubiquitous moving picture shows flourish
financially.

The Philharmonic Society was organized in 1855, under the direc-
tion of H. J. McNeil, and flourished for some years. The Apollo club,
an organization for male voices, was organized in 1880, as also the
Cecilia club, for ladies only. They died after a short time.

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY

The history of the State Agricultural Society dates back to 1854.

420 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

In that year a bill was introduced into the legislature incorporating
the society. At that time mining was the leading and almost the only
industry in the state, and W. S. Letcher said, in reporting favorably
on the bill, "It is a measure the provisions of which will act upon
every interest, affect all classes of our citizens, and touch with electric
power every branch of industry throughout the state." The bill was
approved May 13, 1854, and the sum of $5000 a year for five years
was appropriated for the support of the society. The first fair was
held at San Francisco October 4, 1854, and the amount of premiums
given was $4000.

A convention was called and met at Sacramento April 25, 1855,
was attended by the foremost agriculturists throughout the state, and
addressed by distinguished citizens. The second state fair was held at
Sacramento and $6550 was paid in premiums. It was held in the as-
sembly chamber of the State Capitol, and all the exhibits were dis-
played on two tables, each fifty feet long, and two oval tables for the
cereals. The Sacramento Daily Union stated, while speaking of the
exhibits at the fair, that a Durham bull had arrived from Sutter
county. Two apples from San Jose and two seedling peaches from
Coloma were also mentioned. General Hutchinson in his address
proudly asserted that 2,000,000 bushels of various grains had been
produced in the Sacramento valley.

At the fair in 1854 horses, cattle, swine, sheep and poultry were
in the animal show opened at the Mission. At the second fair in Sac-
ramento the cattle show was at the Louisiana race track, a place
afterwards widely known and now well remembered by old Sacra-
mentans. The three succeeding fairs were held respectively at San Jose,
Stockton and Marysville. In 1859 the fair was again held at Sacramento,
the cattle show being on the blocks between 0 and L, Eleventh and
Twelfth streets. An evidence of the early determination of stock breed-
ers to procure the best and highest-bred strains is shown that at this fair
Mr. Peterson of Alameda sold a French merino ram for $1500, and a
ram, "Crystal Palace," that took first prize at the World's Exposition
in Paris, for $1500. Besides these, he sold thirty French merino rams
and ewes for $12,000, a total of $15,000 for thirty-two head of sheep.
In 1 860 the state fair was permanently located at this city.

Up to this year the society possessed no stock grounds, but in 1861
six blocks of land were purchased by Sacramento citizens and pre-
sented to the society. The streets were closed and a high brick wall
enclosed about twenty acres. Stalls and stables for about four hun-
dred animals were constructed, and a half-mile track laid out. In 1862
the people of Sacramento raised enough money to purchase six more
blocks for the society. The streets were closed and a five-mile track
constructed. It became the favorite drive with owners of fine horses,
and Governor Stanford, among others, was led into racing and breed-
ing fine stock. This track was on a level at the time when Governor

HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 421

Stanford's horse "Occident" made bis famous time of 2:16l^, and he
suggested that the outer side of the track be raised in order to keep
up the momentum of speed while the horses were turning curves. The
societ.v had no monej' for the work, so Governor Stanford ordered it
done at an expense of $2000, refusing reimbursement. He asked, how-
ever, that the society annually offer an "Occident Stake," which has
always been done since, this race for colts becoming one of the
features of the fair.

In 1859 the citizens of Sacramento by an almost unanimous vote
taxed themselves one-quarter of a cent and purchased the quarter of
a block on the northeast corner of Sixth and M streets, for building
a pavilion for the society. On July 1st the cornerstone was laid, and
the building, which still stands, was accepted on September 1st. It
was used as an Agricultural pavilion till the second one was built in
1884. The second pavilion was built on Fifteenth street, between M
and N, in the Capitol Park, and was in use until it was condemned,
about three years ago, and torn down. The old race track was sold
about eight years ago, and is now covered with fine residences. The
new grounds of the society were purchased beyond the county hospital
and buildings erected there. The pavilion on Fifteenth street was in
the shape of a Greek cross, each part being 400 feet long, and cost
$80,000, Sacramento city donating half the amount. To the earnest
and intelligent work done by the society California owes a great share
of its improvement in stock, fruit raising, grain raising and other di-
rections, which have brought it to a front rank in the United States.

SACRAMENTO ATHLETIC CLITB

This organization was organized in June, 1888, by A. F. Klein-
sorge, Arthur Arnold, George Crum and Harry Eubenstein. The first
meeting was called at the "Stag Club's" rooms at Fifth and J streets,
over what was then Lavenson's shoe store. The committee on mem-
bership, after one week's canvassing, reported one hundred twenty-
five names, the initiation fee being $2.50. At the second meeting, held
at the Capital City Wheelmen's rooms in the Masonic Temple, an or-
ganization was perfected and by-laws adopted, the initiation fee being
raised to $5.00, with dues at $1.50, J. Charles Jones presiding. The
by-laws were patterned after those of the San Francisco Oh^upic club,
and the Old Pavilion was secured as the club's headquarters. George
H. Clark was the first president, and A. Kleinsorge, secretary. As the
club was not in financial position to pay instructors, Joe Mansfield,
Arthur Arnold, Al Kleinsorge and Herman Hildebrand volunteered
ns instructors, and the club flourished wonderfully until it was forced
to vacate the building in order that Weinstock, Lubin & Co. might
occupy it after the big fire that destroyed their store at Fourth and K
streets. After their store was rebuilt, the club returned to its old
quarters. At present the Sacramento club contemplates the erection

422 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

of a building costing $350,000, which will contain a gymnasium and
other appurtenances, and will, if the plans are carried out, absorb the
Athletic club.

SACRAMENTO BOAT CLUB

The Sacramento Boat club as one of the institutions of the city
has impressed upon both citizens and visitors the great opportunity
for healthful pleasures afforded by the beautiful river that flows past
our doors. It was founded January 24, 1906, with Albert Elkus, W. A.
Meyer, John C. Ing, I. G. Shaw, D. W. Pierson and George Lichthardt
as its moving spirits. Papers of incorporation were received during
March of the same year. Principally a rowing club in its early years,
it has more recently followed the trend of the times toward the motor
boat. During 1907 the Sacramento Boathouse Association built and
furnished for it a boathouse which cost $2350. The club broke the
record for regattas in the United States in 1909 by holding a regatta
on Washington's birthday, when the streams of the east were locked
in icy fetters. One of its most successful regattas was held on Sac-
ramento day, April 24, 1909. Members of the club own some of the
most speedy motor boats in the state and have carried off the honors
from the San Francisco club. An effort is now being made to revive
racing in shell boats, although the river current is rather strong for
that sport. At Sausalito in May of 1909 the General II, owned by C.
Forrest Mitchell and B. Klune, won over the Kanocti in a regatta, and
the General I defeated the Kanocti at Sacramento. In May of 1908
the club, with the assistance of Hon. Duncan McKinley, secured the
consent of Secretary of the Navy Metcalf on the occasion of the visit
of the United States fleet to San Francisco, and five gunboats, the
Perry, Preble, Farragut, Davis and Fox, were allowed to come up the
river to Sacramento, where boats and crews participated in the
regatta of the club at that time.

OTHER CLUBS

Several clubs have been formed for sport and for the protection
of game and fish, the earliest of these being the Forester Gun club,
named for "Frank Forester," a celebrated writer on field sports in
the first half of the last century. This club was formed in 1879 with
twenty members, the first officers being as follows : Horatio Hurd,
president; Capt. J. D. Young, vice-president; John Hotz, secretary,
and Henry Gerber, captain. Mr. Gerber is the only one of these
officers now living.

The Roosevelt Protective club was organized in 1879 with Charles
E. Mack as president, W. L. Willis as secretary and about a dozen
members. It was ]mrely protective in object and was named in honor
of R. B. Roosevelt, president of the United States fish commission,
and an uncle of ex-President Roosevelt.

The Pacific Sportsmen's club was organized in 1881 with the fol-

BIOGRAPHICAL

BISHOP THOMAS GRACE

One of the most noble acts of abnegation of which the human
soul is capable is the renunciation of the pleasures of the world,
and worthy of the highest re\'erence is the man or woman, who,
actuated by the necessity for the administration of divine love and
mercy to a wandering peojDle, answers the appeal of the spirit. In
the life of Bishop Grace, whose diocese embraces the Cathedral of
the Blessed Sacrament of Sacramento, are exemplified those quali-
ties so essential to the sustainment of the role to which he has been
assigned and throughout his ministerial service his condiTct has
evidenced his intensity of belief and his fitness for his high calling.

A native of Ireland, Bishop Grace was born August 2, 1841,
in Wexford, where he spent his early youth. His father, James
'Grace, a merchant, was of Norman lineage, being a descendant of
Raymond le Gros, who lived in the twelfth century. He married
Miss Ellen Armstrong, of Irish birth. Mr. and Mrs. Grace never
came to America, preferring to spend their last years in the old
country among the friends whom they had known and loved so
long. Thomas Grace received his preliminary education in the
private schools of his home section and having decided to enter
the priesthood, was placed in St. Peter's Seminary under the tute-
lage of Bishop Furlong. In 1862 he entered All Hallows College,
Dublin, disting-uishing himself by his earnest spirit and rapid
mastery of the technical details which formed a necessary part of
his curriculum. Upon being ordained in 1867 he made prepara-
tions for his journey to California, leaving Queenstown in 1867 on
the steamer Aetna and arriving at his destination eleven days later.
Coming to California, he took charge of a newly established parish
at Eed Bluff, Tehama county, where he erected the Convent of
Mercy, and two years later removed to a charge in Humboldt
county. In 1869 he was transferred to Carson City. Nev., and in
1871 became assistant to Father Dalton at Grass Valley, Cal., re-
maining in this charge four years. In 1875 he became pastor of
St. Joseph's Church, Marysville, Cal., officiating seven years prior
to his removal to Sacramento in 1882. Here he was given charge
of St. Rose's parish and continued there until 1896, when he was
exalted to the bishopric. In sorrow, sickness and death, he has
comforted his flock by his tender compassion, divine in its close

428 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

association with the source of all love, and his faithful service
has greatly endeared him to his people, who feel themselves for-
tunate, indeed, in having for their spiritual leader a man so un-
selfish, so representative of the great character which he seeks to
glorify.

A brief history of the Catholic church in the Sacramento Val-
ley is very fitting in connection with this concise biographical men-
tion.

"A matter of first care among Catholic families in settling
down to live in a new center is to find out what opportunity will be
afforded them to practice their religion and to give their children
a Christian education. Hence, an outline of the work of the church
in the Sacramento valley thus far, with a summary account of its
present status therein, will undoubtedly be useful to those about
to come to live in this far region, and not without interest for
those who already are so far blessed by living here. We are ar-
rested by the name of this beautiful valley, Sacramento, a sacred
and beautiful name, which recalls to us the sjTubol of Christian
charity, the last supper, and its perpetuation of Divine love in
the blessed sacrament. Whilst the missionaries named their other
conquests in California in honor of one or the other of the saints,
how meet that the fairest of California's fields, with its lordlr
river, later on that its chief city, and later still that within that
fair city the principal church, in point of architectural style and
in the number of worshipers, should be dedicated to Christ in the
Sacrament of the Altar, under the comprehensive name of Sac-
ramento.

"From the early part of 1850, when Father P. A. Anderson,
a Dominican priest, arrived in Sacramento to form a nucleus church,
the growth of Catholicity has been well in proportion with the
rapid development of the capital city and the country tributary to
it. A small building on L street between Fifth and Sixth served
for a time as a chapel. Then Governor Peter H. Burnett gave a
deed to Archbishop Joseph Sadoc AUemany for the property where
stands the present postoffice building. On this site three struc-
tures were in turn erected. Saint Rose's, the last of these, was in
use until 1887. Father Anderson died of tj^jhoid fever in the fall
of 1850 and his work was taken up by Rev. John Ingoldsby. Oc-
tober 29, 1854, the corner-stone of St. Rose's Church was laid.
All that remains of St. Rose's now, except fond memories, is its
bell, which is daily heard from the turret of St. Francis' Church,
still calling the faithful to prayer. When the corner-stone was
opened, on excavating for the foundations of the postoffice build-
ing, among other interesting finds were copies of the daily and
weekly Sacramento Union.

"As the gold mines increased in number Sacramento became a

HISTORY OF SACRAMF:NT0 COUNTY 429

•mission center not only for the scattered populations entering the
valley, but for much of the mining country as well. In 1853 Marys-
ville received its first resident priest and from that as a center the
various surrounding territories and mining districts weji-e visited
as often as possible. Archbishop Allemany then had jurisdiction
of the territory and Christian pioneer work progressed remark-
ably well. In 1861 the population had so far increased that Rev.
Eugene O'Connell was consecrated bishop and sent from Rome as
vicar apostolic of that vast country lying between the thirty-ninth
and forty-second degrees of latitude, Nevada in the east to the Pacific
in the west. Dr. O'Connell had but four jiriests to minister to the spir-
itual wants of the gold seekers and other residents of that vast region.
He lived in Marysville, as Sacramento was then under the juris-
diction of the archbishop of San Francisco. His advent marked
the beginning of an area of great i^rosperity for Catholicity. Ten
years later found that apostolic man with thirty able ])riests en-
gaged in work in the same territory. In 1868 the vicariate at-
tained such organization as to be constituted a diocese by Pope
Pius IX, called the diocese of Grass Valley. The arduous work, with
the advancing years of Bishop O'Connell, compelled him to apply
for a coadjutor. Father Patrick Manogue, then pastor of Vir-
ginia City, was in 1880 appointed to the office with the right of suc-
cession and was consecrated bishop in St. Mary's Cathedral, San
Francisco, in 1881. When the pioneer bishop resigned his see in
1884, it was to Bishop Manogue that the care of the diocese passed
and he immediately took up the responsibility of its government.

"Of the many priests who ministered in Sacramento in these
eventful years one lately called to his reward. Rev. Patrick Scan-
Ian, is especially well remembered today. At his invitation the
Brothers of the Christian schools came here in Aug-ust, 1876. The
thousands of boys who have since passed through that educational
institution, established by his energy- and erected at Twelfth and
K streets, have good reason to cherish his memory, along with
the memory of the Brothers, with whom many happy school days
were spent. St. Joseph's Academy, conducted by the Sisters of
Mercy, was likewise made a fount of polite learning for young ladies.
In 1886 the Episcopal see was transferred from Marysville to Sac-
ramento. Five years previous Rt. Rev. Thomas Grace was sent
to take up a portion of the work of the church. When Bishoii Man-
ogue came to Sacramento to reside Father Grace was appointed
rector of St. Rose's pro-cathedral. On undertaking the work of
building the present stately cathedral of the Blessed Sacrament
Bishop Manogue found, through the many friends that Father Grace
had made during his years of residence here, generous sujiporters
for the worthy cause. The making of Sacramento the cathedral or
mother church of Northern California marked a high step forward

430 HISTOBY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

in affairs Catholic. From that to this, the development of the
good cause has been marked. Since 1886 Catholics look to Sacra-
mento not only as the capital of this resourceful valley and of the
entire state, but also as the center of Catholicism for all Northern
California and Nevada.

"The Cathedral of the Blessed Sacrament, begun in 1886 and
dedicated in 1889, is in the later Italian style of architecture. It
was built under the direction of that architect and scholar, Bryan
J. Clinch, whose death occurred in Oakland after the San Fran-
cisco fire in 1906 and whom to know was to revere. The elegant
proportions of the structure, its majestic dome rising to a height
of over two hundred feet, its classic arches and arched ceiling set
in frames of varied frescoes, the harmony of due proportions in
dimensions, the storied windows, rare paintings and the statuary
it contains, endear both the structure and its venerable builder to
Sacramento citizens, irrespective of creed or class. There is no
public building in the city that is more visited by strangers. Its
delicate spire, surmounted by a golden cross, that rises to a lieight
of two hundred and sixteen feet, meets one's eye for miles outside
of the city and is visible long before the home of the Camellia itself
comes into view. Its tower clock, with massive dials and sonorous
chimes, lends much to the public use as well as to the elegance of
the structure. The building is cruciform, 208x114, being by far
the most spacious church in California as well as the most elab-
orate and ornate in design. After a life of toil Bishop Manogue
had the crowning consolation of seeing his latest church and resi-
dence completed and financed before called by God to render his
account.

"Twelve months after the death of the Rt. Rev. Bishop, Rev.
Thomas Grace received his letters of appointment to the vacant
see of Sacramento and was consecrated June 16, 1896. He was
ordained to the priesthood in 1867 at All Hallows College, Dublin,
and immediately afterward came to California to do priestly work.
During his administration much has been done materially and spir-
itually for the advancement of religion in the city and country tribu-
tary to Sacramento. Churches and schools have multiplied until
almost every fair-sized town in the valley has a resident priest and
there are many with two. Beautiful buildings are replacing the
smaller structures, whose ever open doors elevate many a worldly
heart from earth to heaven. It may truly be said that the Catholic
Church is so scattered in this expansive valley that all who desire
may avail themselves of its privileges. The four priests by whom
the work was begun are now replaced by almost sixty. The Sac-
ramento that possessed only a chapel fifty years ago todky has
six churches and as many chapels, attended by ten priests. Under
the guidance of the Sisters of Mercy in 1904 the church took up

HISTOEY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY 433

the care of homeless children in the beautiful Stanford mansion
on Eighth and N streets. The same gentle hands soothe the sick
and dying in the various hospitals of the city and county, as well
as in their own. The daughters of St. Francis have come in to
carry on their specific work, teaching. Catholic schools to the num-
ber of five in the different sections of the city have been erected
and are maintained by Catholic generosity, so that boys and girls
may be sent to breast the world secured not only in secular knowl-
edge, but likewise in the principles of morality and their Christian
faith. The same forces, fidelity and zeal of bishops, priests and
people that accomjDlished this much, under Divine guidance, are
not exhausted, but invigorated by the work to renewed effort for
still greater advances. Now that the material side of the Catholic
movement is substantially provided for, the energy of all can be
more effectually devoted to its central feature, the preaching of
the gospel of Jesus Christ in all of its original simplicity and full-

HAERY THOEP

The position of an humble apprentice in a mercantile establish-
ment in the north of England rarely points to the presidency of a
large American department store, but such represents the beginning
and the climax of the career of Harry Thorp, recognized as one of the
merchant princes of the capital city and as one of the most experienced
authorities in dry goods that the Pacific coast can boast. Apparent
chance or the over-ruling destiny that giiides all humanity turned his
steps toward the occupation for which he was best qualified, and
when he received admission to an established mercantile house as a ,
junior apprentice he placed his feet upon the rounds of the ladder
leading upward to success. Years of the most conscientious labor fol-
lowed. Experience developed a natural aptitude for the business and
cultivated his sagacious judgment concerning the quality of fabrics,
the correct value of cottons and woolens, and the inherent worth of
the vast number of supplementary articles included in every complete
stock of merchandise.

Tlie genealogy of the Thorp family indicates a long line of Eng-
lish ancestry, many of them identified with the shire of Lancaster.
where Harry Thorp was born and where his parents, John and Helen
(Parker) Thorp, made their lifelong home. Primarily educated in the
free schools, he later attended an academy, but in 1880 left school in
order to begin an apprenticeship to the dry-goods trade in Burnley,
Lancashire, England. The next four years represented a period of

434 HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY

the greatest importance in his commercial life and laid the foundation
for all subsequent prosperity. In the midst of his monotonous task
as an apprentice, he kept an attentive mind, a clear vision and an
open ear, so that he quietly absorbed a vast fund of information con-
cerning mercantile pursuits. When he left the English firm in 1884
he crossed the ocean to New York City and secured a clerkship in the
dry goods house of John Daniels & Son, remaining with that firm
until December, 1887, when he came via the Isthmus of Panama, to
Sacramento, his subsequent headquarters and present home.

By a fortunate coincidence the ability of Mr. Thorp attracted the
attention of Weinstock, Lubin & Company, and he was given a posi-
tion in their department store, where he was promoted from one post
to another until he was made general buyer for the dry goods depart-
ment. After two years in that position he became eastern buyer for
several departments, making semi-annual trips to Chicago and New
York. He soon became foreign representative for the house, making
a number of business trips to Paris and other important European
trade centers. After being financially interested in the company for
some years he was made a director in the company. During January
of 1910 he was elected president and manager of the concern, which
since has reaped the benefit of his wise counsel as chief executive and
his efficient oversight as manager. The same ability which has helped
to bring success to his mercantile establishment enaljles him to serve
with discretion and sagacity as a member of the executive board of
the Eetail Merchants' Association, also as a director of the Chamber
of Commerce. With other capitalists he was interested in the starting
of the Hotel Sacramento and became one of the directors of the com-
pany owning the same. In addition he acts as a director of the Sutter
club, and his social and fraternal connections are further broadened
through his association with the Masons of the thirty-second degree,
Scottish Rite, and Islam Temple, N. M. S., of San Francisco. While
never prominent in ]iartisan affairs, he is loyal to the Republican
party and gives his stanch allegiance to the men pledged to promote
party principles. About three years after coming to Sacramento, on
New Year's Day of 1890, he was united in marriage with Miss Lillian
E. Smith of this city. They are the parents of an only son, Harry
Sam, now a student in the Universitv of California. The family are
actively connected with the Episcopal church of Sacramento.

S. J. LUBIN

A native son of California, S. J. Lubin was born in Sacramento
in 1876 and there attended the public schools, graduating from high
school in 1895 and in 1903 he obtained the degree of A. B. from

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 435

Harvard Universitj'. He then engaged in college settlement work,
his field of action being principally in New York and Boston, and in
1906 he retiu-ned to Sacramento, and he is now serving as a member
of the board of directors of Weinstock, Lubin & Co., and also as
secretary of the same. He served from the first of January, 1911,
to the first of Jvily, that year, as a member of the Board of Education.
On August 20, 1912, he was appointed by Governor Johnson a member
of the State Immigration Commission.

Mr. Lubin married in New York C'ity Miss Rebecca Cohen, who
was born in Moscow, Russia, and was reared and educated in New York
City. They are the parents of two children, David, Jr., and Ruth.

HUGH McELROY LaRUE, Je.

A sturdy California son of a sturdy Kentucky sire is the subject
of this sketch, and the two men of like blood and like name may to
some extent blend together in this story. It is a far cry from the
"Land of Gold" back to the "Dark and Bloody Grqund," and a long
lap of years between '66, the day Hugh McElroy LaRue, Jr., and '30,
the day of Hugh McElroy LaRue, Sr. The father, whose coming
across the plains was in the famous fall of '49, had been digging
around in the mines and on the ranches of California about seventeen
years when the young man was born. This first incident in his life,
October 1, 1866, took place on the homestead ranch of the Rancho
del Paso, possibly more known as the Norris Grant, situated near Sac-
ramento City. In all California's golden acres may be found no more
noble tract of soil, rich leagues of oaken hill and dale, and here within
these auspicious surroundings he began his span of life. Nor was he
the only junior in that family circle. There were five, he being third
of the four boys, whose order of birth was, Jacob Eugene, Calhoim
Lee, Hugh McElroy and John Rush. There was a lone sister to this
quartet of brothers, by name Marie '\^irginia, who early passed away.
Their mother in her pre-marriage day was Miss E. M. Lizenby, daugh-
ter of Thomas Lizenby, a prominent pioneer in the history of Lewis
county. Mo. She is a halfsister of Rev. William M. Rush of the Mis-
souri conference of the M. E. Church, and of the Hon. John A. Rush,
formerly state senator from Colusa county, but later attorney-general
of Arizona. Hence the source and inspiration of John Rush LaRue 's
name.

Soon after the birth of his fourth son, the father disposed of his
interest in the homestead tract, and invested in about two thousand

436 HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

acres in Yolo county. A further investment was in a one hundred
and forty-acre vineyard near Yountville, Napa county. The elder sons,
Jacob and Calhoun, were placed in charge of these properties and the
family removed to Sacramento. Here Hugh LaRue attended the city
public schools and prejjared for the State University. H. M. LaRue,
Sr., was nearly all his life a public man, taking an active part in state
agricultural and legislative matters, and in such surroundings the
younger man grew up, making full preparation for a useful after-life.
He went through the University of California with the class of '90,
studied law and was admitted to practice two years after. He was
with Judge McKune of Sacramento for ten years, and in 1898 opened
an office and went into business for himself. He is now president of
the Sacramento Abstract and Title Company, of which firm his brother,
John R. LaRue, is a prominent member. Mr. LaRue was married
June 5, 1907, to Miss Edith Hughson, daughter of W. A. Hughson,
a former well-known physician of that city. He is a member of the
Elks, also of the Sutter and University Clubs. His home is at No. 1044
Cutter avenue, Sacramento.

CHARLES F. GREEN

The subject of this sketch was born in Hamilton, Ontario, Oc-
tober 29, 1858, the son of William and Laura (Gott) Green. When
fifteen years old he left school and began to learn the carpenter's
trade, at which he worked for five years in his native place. In 1881
he came to California and settled near Bolinas, where he engaged in
ranching until 1886, a portion of the time working at his trade. Then
he removed to Sacramento, where he immediately entered the employ
of Edward Bovyer, contractor and builder. Here he remained for one
year, but it was the preliminary to his work in the Southern Pacific
Railroad Company, where he is now a valued employe. He was first
engaged as carpenter in the ear shops and sis months later, having
proved himself capable, he entered the bridge and building depart-
ment, and the following year, 1887, was made foreman of the depart-
ment. In 1905 he was promoted to supervisor of the same depart-
ment and he is still filling this position efficiently.

Mr. Green was married in Ontario, October 26, 1881, to Miss
Menerva L. Healy. They have three cliildren, viz. : Mrs. Marritf
Noble of Roseville; Alec, a machinist with the Southern Pacific Rail-
road Company, and Arvin, a student in the high school. Mr. Green
is a member of the Masonic order and a member of the Methodist
Church, and for many years he has cast his vote for Republican
candidates.

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 439

CHARLES F. SILVA

Having distinguished himself during his entire career by his
shrewd business management and inflexible honor, it is fitting that
Mr. Silva should stand as he does today among the avowed financial
leaders of both Sacramento, Yolo and Sutter counties, the center of
his interests being in Sacramento. Not only has he achieved material
success, but, through temptations innumerable, has resisted every
form of dishonor, giving to his children a name which they will ever
be proud to bear. A naturalized citizen of the United States, Mr. Silva
has been identified with the development of California since 1878,
when he crossed the Pacific with his brother, Frank F. He was born
December 14, 1867, in Fiole, Azores Islands, Portugal, of which
country his parents, John and Annie (Posash) Silva, also were
natives.

Mr. Silva spent his early youth in a home of culture and received
a training which combined both love and firmness and which left upon
his childish character a lasting impression. Although but eleven years
of age when he left his studies to accompany his brother to the new
land, he had acquired, by concentration and natural aptitude, knowl-
edge greatly exceeding in extent that absoi'bed by his American
brothers of a similar age, and was, therefore, fairh^ well equipped to
engage in the battle of life. Upon reaching Boston, after a voyage
of three weeks, the brothers proceeded at once to Sacramento, Cal.,
which they had chosen as their destination, since reports combined to
cast particular favor upon that locality. Settling in Vernon, Sutter
county, Charles Silva served two years on a ranch, and in 1880, having
saved most of his earnings, was enabled to establish a cheese manu-
facturing plant, but two years later disposed of his interest and rented
a farm in Yolo county, where he set up and operated a cheese plant
for one year and then purchased his own cows. Shortly thereafter he
engaged in the traffic of wood, carr^^ing on both enterprises until 1900,
when he changed his residence to Sacramento. Here he conducted a
coal and wood business of no inconsiderable importance, also employ-
ing, for the sale of provisions, two boats whose route included the
towns of the Sacramento river between the capital and Butte City.

Thoroughly interested in the progress of the community in which
he had cast his fortunes, and possessing a rare sense of diplomacy
and foresight, he rose in commercial circles with a sureness which was
somewhat bafiling to many of his competitors, who, despite their
efforts, foimd it impossible to outstrip this cool and self-possessed
young business man, whose affairs appeared to conduct themselves
as if by magic. Not in the least selfish or domineering, however, Mr.

440 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

Silva continued to increase his interest in municipal matters, and by
his quiet and timely assistance soon became known as a man whose
success failed to blind him to the needs of the public.

In 1911, associated with a Mr. Brown, Mr. Silva established the
Silva-Brown Company, wholesale and retail dealers in coal,. wood and
feed. He also owns seven thousand acres of land in Sutter county
devoted to the growing of alfalfa and grain and also to stock-raising,
and he conducts four meat markets in Sacramento, one located on
Ninth and N streets, one on Sixteenth and M, one on Fourth and M,
and one on Seventh and J streets. He is today the largest individual
cattle dealer in the state of California. Aside from his large ship-
ments from various sections of the state, he shipped in from old
Mexico three thousand head in 1911, and this year the shipment will
be much larger. Mr. Silva has served as manager and director of
the Sacramento River Farms Company since its organization, his ex-
ecutive ability and unquenchable energy particularly fitting him for
the position, in which he has been of incalculable value. Under this
company the partners are operating ten thousand and four hundred
acres of grain.

Mr. Silva has always been a great lover of the horse, and for
many years has been breeding standard bred animals, to such an
extent that he has one of the finest lot of standard bred studs and
dams in the state. He raised and owns Teddy Bear, which has a
record of 2 :05 at the State Fair of California, held at Sacramento in
1911. The record up to that time had stood for six years at 2:061/2,
which Teddy Bear broke, as stated above. Mr. Silva also owns
Queen S., the mother of Teddy Bear, and also Black Bear, the two-
year-old son of Teddy Bear, that is developing into just as fast a
pacer. It is a source of recreation and pleasure and a pride to him to
have been able to accomplish such wonderful results and to improve
the standard-bred horse in California. He is a member of the Cali-
fornia Driving club of San Francisco and the Sacramento Driving
club.

In Sacramento, on August 15, 1899, Mr. Silva was united in mar-
riage with Miss Terese Kennedy, who was born in Oakland, the
daughter of Daniel and Mary (Hurley) Kennedy, natives of Ireland
and New Orleans, La., respectively. Mr. and Mrs. Silva became the
parents of eight children, as follows : Claire M., Charles C, Ralph C,
Fred C, Alice C, Merrill C, Raymond C. and Bertram C. In their
comfortable home circle are found the confidence and companionship
which assures the success of the parents in the rearing of their chil-
dren. A Republican in progressive principles, Mr. Silva takes a deep
interest in political matters, although he has never aspired to public
office.

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 441

HP]RSCHEL B. MATHEWS

To the man who places lionor above all else in his dealings with
his associates, life holds no real bitterness, for the consciousness of
having obeyed the voice within lightens discouragements and makes
of them but passing dreams, each milestone adding a measure of se-
rene content incomparably precious to the soul which receives it.

In the well-spent life of Mr. Mathews, assistant superintendent
of the Sacramento Electric & Gas Railway Company, is found no
element reflecting discredit upon the name which he has given his
children, and his excellent business judgment and keen foresight give
evidence of the innate executive ability which he possesses. Born
August 30, 1862, in ^Vyandot county, Ohio, of whicli section his par-
ents, Daniel and P]mma Jane (Barnthouse) Mathews, were among
the first settlers, he accompanied the family four years later to Clay
county. Mo., from the public school of which locality he graduated
at the age of fifteen. Until 1883, when he rented a farm of his own,
he assisted his father, his close attention to his work enabling him
to take charge of his own affairs with great ease. After four years
he abandoned agricultural pursuits and going to Kansas City, Mo., he
secured a situation as conductor on the Metropolitan Street Railway,
but in 1888, tiring of city life, he returned to his home section, wel-
coming gladly the duties of the farm, which at least afforded the peace
and freedom of the great out-of-doors. In 1891, having convinced him-
self that the opportunities to be secured in the west were worthy of
investigation, he disposed of his interests and set out for California,
arriving in Sacramento in November, 1891. Without difficulty he ob-
tained a position as conductor on the line of the Sacramento Electric
& Gas Railway Company, and after a faithful service of twenty years,
during wliich period he amply demonstrated his sterling qualities and
his devotion to duty, he was made assistant superintendent of the
entire line, taking charge of his office April 20, 1911, his subsequent
management of his work proving beyond criticism.

In February, 1894, in Sacramento, Mr. Mathews was married to
Miss Adelia Ilgiier, whose birth occurred in Dixon, Cal., and whose
parents, William and Sophia (Gotwalt) Ugner, natives of Germany,
were early settlers in California. Mr. and Mrs. Mathews have two
children, Ruth and Olive, both of whom are ambitious students in the
Sacramento high school, and the family home at No. 2411 K street is
the scene of many a gathering of hapjiy young ]ieople.

A Republican of broad and practical principles, Mr. Mathews
takes a prominent part in civic affairs, and as a supporter of the
Emanuel Baptist Church, of which his wife is a member, is counted
among the most active workers for the advancement of all uplifting
projects.

442 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

CHARLES PAULE

No easily-won gifts from the goddess of fortune favored Mr.
Paule in his struggle against early poverty and in Ms persistent effort
to overcome obstacles lying in the path leading toward industrial in-
dependence. His was not a boyhood of ease and indolence nor yet a
youth of large educational opportunities, but rather a period of
preparation for self-support by physical labor. His rise to business
prominence and praiseworthy achievement indicates the indomitable
perseverance of his energetic temperament. Life offers him many
oijportunities for further advancement, with a future of continued
activity and growing success presenting its attractive openings to his
mental vision. Through his office of vice-president of the Sacra-
mento Valley winery he has had a close association with one of the
leading industries of the region, and he enjoys the further honor of
having been among the original promoters and organizers of this well-
known concern.

The early life of Charles Paule was passed in St. Clair county,
111., where he was born August 27, 1874, and where his parents long
lived and labored, the mother having been a member of a well-known
family bearing the name of Weber. He was sent to the public schools
from six until sixteen years of age and then spent two years as a
student in a Roman Catholic school at Freeburg, St. Clair county,
where he became familiar with the religious history of his chosen
church. Always from youth he has been devoted to Roman Catholic
doctrines, and his contributions to the work of the church have been
regular and generous. Upon leaving school he began to earn his own
livelihood as a farm hand and for some time he worked among the
farmers of his home neighborhood. At the age of twenty-four he
came to California and settled in Fresno, where he engaged in a vine-
yard and winery as an assistant. From that place he came to Sacra-
mento in 1903 and secured employment in the California winery,
where he remained until 1910, meanwhile holding the responsible posi-
tion of cellar master. When he resigned from that concern it was for
the purpose of assisting in the organization of the new company, to
whose gratif>dng growth he has contributed through his experience,
energy^ and intelligent comprehension of every department connected
with the business. Always from youth he has been an industrious
worker, with little leisure for participation in public affairs or in
politics; indeed, his only part in such activities is the voting of the
Republican ticket at general elections. In Sacramento, April 14,
1903, he was united in marriage with Miss Annie Frentrup, a native
of Germany. They are the parents of five children, Charles, Gus,
Annie, Lauren and Esta, to whom they hope to .give the best educa-
tional advantages offered by the splendid schools of Sacramento.

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 445

DANIEL W. CARMICHAEL

Daniel W. Carmiehael, president and general manager of the
Carmicliael Co., Sacramento, and president of the Sacramento Cham
ber of Commerce.

In every gronp of men is found one man who, by his sterling
worth of character and achievements, is fitted for the place of leader.
Untoward circumstances may for a time prevent such a man from
gaining the recognition due him, but sooner or later he comes into his
own. Such a man is Daniel W. Carmiehael, president of the Chamber
of Commerce, realty operator and Democratic leader.

Mr. Carmiehael was born in Atlanta, Ga., in the year 1867, the
son of William and Evelyn (Fincher) Carmiehael. His father was a
southern planter and a well-known and respected man of his com-
munity. He received his early education in the public schools of
Atlanta, but gave up his studies at the call of the west, in 1885, to
come to California, where for two years he followed the usual hardy
life of the California rancher. Upon coming to California he located
in Stanislaus county, working here and there and gaining experience
of life among the world of men.

Ambitious, and perceiving the necessity of further education for
the attainment of the career which he had laid out for himself, he
entered the Stockton Business college and studied bookkeeping and
business management. After a course in this institution he became
bookkeeper for Kendall & Co. in 1887, in whose employ he was for
five years.

in the year 1895 Mr. Carmiehael organized and became a member
of the firm of Curtis, Carmiehael & Brand, which was incorporated
the following year. This company was organized for the purpose of
acquiring and developing Sacramento valley lands. In 1900 Mr. Car-
miehael bought out his partners' interests and the firm became Car-
miehael Company. As the head of this company he has handled,
developed and colonized thousands of acres of Sacramento valley land.
No company in Sacramento has been a larger factor in the aiding of
the incoming settlers to acquire homes suitable to their taste and
means.

At the present time the company is actively engaged in ]iushing
the development and settlement of a large tract of four thousand
acres known as the Carmiehael Colony, located between Sacramento
and Fair Oaks. This tract, which is located along the west bank of
the American river, contains some of the best citrus land in the
Sacramento valley and is being cut up into small farms of ten acres
each.

The colonization of land, however, is not the only business activ-

446 IIISTOKY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

ity iu wliieli Mr. Carmichael is engaged. In 1899 he organized the
Sacramento Oil Company, of which he is now secretary and treasurer.
This corporation purchased oil lands in the Kern county oil district
and sunk one of the first oil wells at Bakersfield. Some years later
he became one of the organizers and directors of the Acme Develop-
ment Oil Company, which corporation, as well as the Sacramento Oil
Company, is now pa^dng dividends.

In the political life of the city, county and state, Daniel W.
Carmichael has for many years wielded a powerful influence. In
November, 1895, he was elected treasurer of Sacramento city on the
Democratic ticket, which office he held for two years. So well did he
fulfill the duties of this office and so steadily had his reputation grown
that in June, 1903, he was elected coimty treasurer, which office he
held until 1907. In the intervening years his influence among Demo-
cratic circles in California had developed to such an extent that in 1900
he was elected delegate to the National Democratic convention held
in Kansas City, Mo., where William J. Bryan was nominated for
president. At that time Mr. Carmichael and Mr. Bryan became ac-
quainted, which acquaintanceship has grown with steadily increasing
warmth throughout the succeeding years. In 1904 he again repre-
sented his party at the national convention, being elected delegate at
large from California to the convention at St. Louis, where Alton
Parker was chosen to lead the Democratic ticket. It may be men-
tioned in this connection that Mr. Carmichael is now president of
the Wilson club, and with a gradually increasing influence among the
Democrats of this state.

For many years Sacramento has profited through the untiring
efforts of Mr. Carmichael in the behalf of its semi-public organizations
devoted to the u]ibuilding of its industries and the forwarding of its
best interests. He became president of the Sacramento Chamber of
Commerce in 1910, which office he now holds. For eighteen years he
has been a director of the same institution. Possibly no other man
has done more to put this organization on the firm and efficient basis
on which it now stands.

Fraternally Daniel W. Carmichael is well known. Among the
various organizations with which he is affiliated may be mentioned
the Masons, Odd Fellows, Elks and the Sutter club. In recognition
of his ability in this line of work the State Realty Federation of
California elected him president for the year 1910-11.

In 1892 Mr. Carmichael was married in Sacramento to Miss
Myrtie Robb, daughter of Charles S. Robb, a well-known local railroad
man, who for thirty-five years was connected with the Southern Pa-
cific Railroad Company. In addition to his justly earned prominence
in local business and political circles he has received a generally state-
wide recognition as a power in California's business and political
life, and it is not too much to say that his record during the past

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 447

twenty-five years fully justifies any honor or recognition wbicli the
people of California may see fit to bestow upon kirn, lie is now
serving as chairman of the Panama-Pacific County Commission from
Sacramento county.

BENJAMIN MARTY

The name of tliis sturdy Swiss farmer and stock-raiser was known
to the people of Sacramento county principally through the successful
identification of his sons with agricultural affairs and dairy interests. It
was his good fortune to possess the splendid qualities that have given
pre-eminence to the republic of Switzerland, where he was born in 1829
and where in 1866 he married Katbarina Marty. In their native land
they labored industriously on a small dairy farm and by frugal manage-
ment earned a comfortable livelihood. They became the parents of six
sons and all are now living with the exception of George, who died
in the old country at the age of twelve years, and Joseph, who was
accidentally drowned in the Sacramento river at the Monument rancli,
March 18, 1912, at the age of thirty-nine years. All of the sons were
educated in Swiss schools, trained to a knowledge of every department
of agriculture and qualified to support themselves as farmers in any
part of the world. They became men of excellent capacity for work
and remarkable powers of physical endurance. Four of the five came
to the United States and settled in Sacramento county, where they
achieved a degree of success altogether commendable and certainly
merited.

The eldest of the family, Antone, born January 20, 1869, was the
first of the family to seek a home in the new world. Arriving in Sac-
ramento April 30, 1890, he worked for three years as a day laborer
on a ranch operated by his uncle, Joseph Marty. With the savings of
that i^eriod he bought a one-third interest in the dairy herd of his
uncle. This purchase did not include any interest in the land itself.
In order to render possible the enlargement of the dairy the partners
rented additional tracts of land. Eventually the young man became
the owner of one-half of the dairy business and during 1902 he bought
the remaining one-half interest, thus becoming the sole owner of the
dairy. With the year 1909 the lease of twenty years expired and he
sought other headquarters. Thereupon he removed to the Monument
ranch, his ]n-esent location. By his marriage to Miss Susie Durrer of
Red Bluff lie has three children, Hedwig, Antone and Adelhaide, all of
whom are now students in the schools of Sacramento county. The
family are honored members of the Roman Catholic Church and he
holds active connections with the Y^oung Men's Institute. In addi-

448 HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

tion lie is identified with the Woodmen, Foresters, Turn Verein, Im-
proved Order of Red Men and Helvetia Society, the last-named a
Swiss organization of local prominence.

The only daughter in the family, Katharina Marty, was born in
Switzerland January 20, 1870, and still lives near the old Swiss home-
stead. Her husband, Peter Meister, a large land owner, extensive
agriculturist and successful specialist in fruit, also is a man of promi-
nence in public affairs and is well known throughout all of their dis-
trict. There are ten children in the Meister family. The only other
member of the Marty family to remain in Switzerland is the youngest
brother, Frank, a young man of ability and a skilled worker in the
cheese industry. Through his recognized thoroughness as a cheese-
maker he has been retained in important positions and now is inter-
ested in a large cheese factory in Bavaria, Germany, where much of
his time is spent. He still considers Switzerland as his home, al-
though business interests keep him elsewhere much of the time.

The father's namesake, Ben, Jr., born in 1871 and a resident
of Sacramento county since 1891, worked for his uncle, Joseph, for
some time after his arrival. During 1902 he bought a small ranch
down the river and became interested in the poultry industry. By
his marriage to Albertina Zuger he has one child living, Albert, four-
teen years of age. Like his brothers he holds membership with the
Improved Order of Red Men and the Helvetia Society. Joseph, born
in 1873, came to the new world in 1892 and had the supervision of the
ranch until his death in 1912. He was prominently connected with the
Foresters, the Improved Order of Red Men and the Helvetia Society.

No member of the family has exhibited greater energy, more un-
daunted courage and more sagacious judgment than has characterized
the efforts of Martin Marty, a native of Canton Schwyz, Switzerland,
born February 2, 1876, and a resident of the Sacramento valley since
the year 1892, when he accompanied his brother, Joseph, to the ranch
home of their uncle, Joseph. Although at the time he was a mere
lad, unfamiliar with American institutions and Californian methods
of agriculture, he was so willing and capable that he secured steady
work without difficulty. For four and one-half years he worked at the
old SpragTie ranch on the Freeport road. At the time of the dis-
covery of gold in the Klondike he went to Alaska, going over the
Chilcoot pass with two others, carrying thirteen hundred pounds of
food. On Lake Bennett they whipsawed the lumber and built two boats
in which they made their way through Wildhorse Rapids and down the
Yukon to Dawson. There he prospected for two years and then went
to Cape Nome and other fields. During the four years of his sojourn
in the north he staked out one claim that later proved to be very
valuable and it was his intention to develop this, but his entire outfit
was stolen and he was left without adequate means for recuperating
his losses. On such small events do human destinies turn. The theft

HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY 449

of his outfit prevented him from making a fortune in the mines and
he returned in 1902 little richer than when he started, yet possessing
a wealth of information about Alaskan mines and that vast unex-
plored region near the Arctic seas.

After his return to Sacramento county Martin Marty with two
of his brothers bought out their uncle and located eight miles up the
Sacramento river on the Yolo side, where they bought five himdred
acres of bottom land. Of this they now have over four hundred acres
in alfalfa, which has been improved from brush aud tules, and in the
year 1912 they cut four thousand tons of hay from February to De-
cember. They have on this tract three hundred and fifty head of
cattle, among them being two hundred and forty milch cows of the
best grades. Eight dairy wagons are kept in constant use and two
thousand gallons of milk are handled and sold daily, a milk boat being
run from their ranch to Sacramento twice daily. The brothers also
own a stock ranch of one thousand acres in Placer county. On
December 3, 1904, Martin Marty married Miss Katharine Mente, a
native of Austria, and of this union they have one daughter, Mar-
guerite, born July 25, 1910. The family holds membership with the
Roman Catholic Church, in which he is a liberal giver and active
worker. Fraternally he is associated with the Foresters of America,
the Improved Order of Red Men, Woodmen of the World and the
Helvetia Societv.

JOHN H. MILLER, Jk.

Three generations of the Miller family have been identified with
the growth of California and two of these have maintained prominent
associations with the reportorial and journalistic history of Sacra-
mento, where John H., Jr., now fills the responsible position of associate
editor of the Sacramento Sunday Neivs and of the Sacramento Valley
Monthly. The journalistic instinct came to him as an inherited ac-
quisition from his father, John H., Sr., a newspaper man of recognized
ability and for years a disciple of the "art preservative," although
having followed other occupations in the earlier years of his activity.
Practically all of his life was spent in the west, for although he was
born in Indiana November 25, 1348, he was only about five years old
when the family came to California via the Isthmus of Panama. The
arrival in San Francisco was followed by an immediate removal to
Cold Springs, Eldorado county, where the child grew to manhood and
received a public school education. At the age of eighteen he suc-
cessfully passed an examination for a teacher's certificate and then
began to teach at Coloma, Eldorado county. The occupation, however,
proved only a stepping stone to other enterprises. During 1868 he

450 HISTUEY OF SACRAMENTO UUUNTY

began to build a telegraph line from Georgetown to Placerville. When
the task had been accomplished he devoted his attention to the oper-
ating of the line.

The purchase of the system by the Western Union Telegraph
Company opened the way for John H. Miller, Sr., to come to Sacra-
mento. After he had located in the city he organized the Capital Car-
riage Manufacturing Company, and with a partner, Mr. Pritchard,
conducted the business on Eighth and K streets. Selling out in 1878,
he and his business associate bought the Phoenix Milling Company
and gave their attention to the management of the plant for some
years. Next we find Mr. Miller entering the field of journalism, for
which he possessed a natural aptitude and in which he rose to a con-
siderable degree of prominence. After having been employed as a
reporter with the Sacramento Record-Union until 1892, he then ac-
cepted a jjosition as news editor of the Sacramento Bee. Resigning
from this newspaper in 1907, he engaged with the Sacramento Union
as manager of their office for two years. During 1909 he removed to
Marysville and there he remained until his death in May of 1911,
meanwhile ably filling the office of editor of the Marysville Appeal.

Both through his own personal influence and through the medium
of the journalistic sheets with which he was connected Mr. Miller gave
stanch aid to the Republican party. In local affairs he stood for
progress. In associations with his fellowmen he stood for the exer-
cise of charity, benevolence and kindliness. Principles were the ob-
ject of his favor or his criticism rather than people. Measures for
the upbuilding of commimity and state had his cordial co-operation.
As a citizen he ever proved loyal, patriotic and progressive, and his
memory is worthy of perj^etuation in the annals of his community. His
wife, whom he married at Georgetown, this state, in June of 1871, and
who bore the maiden name of Ella Spencer, was a native of Eldorado
county, born in 1853, and she passed away in Sacramento in 1885. They
are survived by four children, of whom the only son, his father's name-
sake, was born in Sacramento, June 8, 1880. Two of the daughters are
married, namely: Mrs. M. M. Kimball, of Sacramento, and Mrs. H.
Grimm, of Portland, Ore. The youngest daughter is employed as a clex'k
in the postoffice at Sacramento.

The completion of the high school course in Sacramento was
marked by the graduation of John H. Miller, Jr., in 1900, after which
he studied for one year in the University of California. Ui^on his
return to Sacramento he took up the task of earning his own way in
life and since then he has risen to considerable prominence in journal-
istic circles, having enjoyed a connection of seven years with the
Sacramento Bee, with which he worked in various positions from re-
porter to assistant city editor. In 1910, liaving acquired an interest in
the News Publishing Company, he transferred his activities from the
Bee to the editorial department of the Sunday News, where he has

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 451

ably filled the position of associate editor and wlierfe he is makin;L!^ a
success in this resjionsible capacity. Mr. Miller's marriage occurred
in Sacramento October 4, 1911, to Miss Agues Lister Strachan, a
native of Scotland. From boyhood he has been a stanch believer in
Republican principles. Men and measures having the support of the
party have likewise his suj^port and he has i)roved loj^al to the prin-
ciples of the organization which he favors. The Sutter club has the
benefit of his active co-operation and his devotion to its labors in
behalf of civic progress and municipal welfare.

FRANK J. MANNING

Notwithstanding the fact that he is still young in years Mr. Man-
ning has had long experience in the laundry business. His selection
for the responsible position of foreman, upon the consolidation of
various companies into the Cascade laundry in 1903, was not the
result of chance or any fortuitous circumstances, but a recognition
of his eminent fitness for the responsil)le post. Ever since he first
becaiue identified with his present specialty he has given to the work
intelligent study, wise discrimination and painstaking industry; these
qualities have brought him a comprehensive knowledge of every detail
connected with the industry, as well as a high reputation for skillful
handling of such work economically but successfully. Having a deep
faith in the future prosperity and growth of the Cascade laundry,
he early became one of its stockholders and in 1907 the directors chose
him to fill the office of vice-president, in which capacity he remains
to the present, while also continuing to act as foreman.

Born at Aurora, 111., July 30, 1876, Frank J. Manning is a son of
Abner and Adelia Manning and was sent to the schools of his native
city until he had acquired a thorough knowledge of the common
branches. Next he entered a business college and for a year enjoyed
the advantages offered by a thorough commercial course, which pre-
pared him for business activities. Upon leaving college he began to
assist his father in a meat market owned by the latter in Aurora, but
later he left the market to clerk in a grocery and continued in that
position until he determined to remove to California. After his arrival
in Sacramento in 1894 at the age of eighteen years he secured work
as a helper in the American laundry and this started him in the busi-
ness which he has followed from that time to the present. For some
years he was connected with the Union laundry, first as foreman only,
but later as foreman and also as vice-president, continuing in these
offices until the laundry became merged into the comliination resulting
in the organization of the Cascade Laundry Company.

452 HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY

To one possessing such geniality of disposition an identification
with fraternal bodies is a natural attribute of Mr. Manning, who finds
pleasure in his active co-operation with the good works of the Modern
Woodmen of America and the Foresters in Sacramento. While not a
participant in partisan affairs nor a seeker for office, be maintains a
warm interest in political issues and votes with the Eepublican party.
His family consists of wife and daughter, Irene, the former, prior to
their marriage in Sacramento April 9, 1901, having been Miss Caroline
Urban. In citizenship he is loyal. Movements for the development of
the resources of the city, county and valley of Sacramento receive
his cordial support and to such he gives of his time and means and
influence. While particularly well informed along the line of his
specialty, this does not represent the limit of his business knowledge;
on the other hand, he keeps well posted concerning every line of
commercial endeavor in his city and watches with civic pride the
growth of those industries whose success brings prestige and honor
to his chosen communitv.

GEOEGE N. EANDLE

The civil engineer of a modern institution, city or highway, is the
creator thereof, and at least as long as it lasts his fame will last.
Even if he only assisted or advised in the construction of a single
building, it will stand to his memory. It is not necessary to formally,
introduce George N. Randle, the subject of this sketch, at least to a
Sacramento audience, where he has been a resident for upwards of
sixteen years. All of this time he has been an engineer of the city
and also in the state department of public works. He was born at
Colusa, Cal., July 1, 1871. His father, S. W. Eandle, came to this
state from Illinois in 1852, crossing the plains and enduring the hard-
ships of that time and trail. He first located in Colusa coimty and
took up farming. He married the daughter of Maybury Davis, a
])rosperous ranch and stock man of Princeton. George N. Eandle is
one of a family of three children, all of whom are living. He passed
through his school days, from grammar to high school, and graduated
at Washington college as a civil engineer in 1892. He was connected
with the state department of public works for nine years, resigning to
go to the Hawaiian Islands, where he was engaged on works on the
McBryde Sugar Company's plantations. Eeturning to Sacramento in
1905, he was appointed city engineer by Mayor M. E. Beard, and re-
appointed by his successor, Mayor Clinton L. White.

Engineer Eandle, in a busy city like Sacramento, is indeed a busy
man, and a capable man in his intricate and complicated profession.

i 7^. /W7^^ —

HISTOEY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY 455

He has splendidly and successfully extended the city's water system
and the sewerage system as well, constructing a sewage pumping plant
with a capacity each twenty-four hours of 107,000,000 gallons.

Mr. Eandle married Miss MoUie Nurse, daughter of M. A. and
Mary Nurse. Mrs. Eandle is a prominent church and club woman,
being a member of the Tuesday and Saturday clubs, and she is a tal-
ented musician. Her husband is a Knight Templar and a member
of Islam Temple, N. M. S., of San Francisco, the Elks and the Sutter
club. In professional interests he is a member of the Technical
Society of the Pacific Coast and of the American Society of Civil
Engineers.

CAPT. JOHN H. EOBEETS

The ranks of the pioneers have fast thinned out in recent years.
The number of men having a clear remembrance of the features which
distingTiished the coast country in the early '50s is lessening faster
and faster with each passing twelvemonth. Capt. John H. Eoberts,
who died at his residence, No. 717 N street, Sacramento, February 15,
1909, was among the brave and resolute travelers who made the
journey with a company of emigrants which was outfitted for the
overland trip at Chicago, 111., which was then only a village com-
paratively. His labors in the mines not bringing him the results for
which he had hoped, he turned his attention to flat boating on the
river, a business which grew with passing years till in 1866 it was
organized as the Sacramento Transportation Company, with a capital
stock of $40,000 and with officers as follows: Capt. John H. Eoberts,
president; W. E. George, secretary; P. J. Harney, general manager,
and H. K. Johnson, agent.

In Michigan, in the city of Detroit, Captain Eoberts was born
February 22, 1832, a son of John T. and Margaret (Williams) Eob-
erts; In the midst of a venturesome youth, at the time when the Cali-
fornia gold fever was at its height, it is not surprising that he became
one of its victims. Going to Chicago, he there joined the outfit re-
ferred to, which set out in due time with ox and horse teams. The
journey was long and tiresome, filled with thrilling experiences, but
it does not appear that any one of the party failed to reach his des-
tination by reason of sickness, death or accident. After his indifferent
venture as a miner and some valuable experience in flat-boating.
Captain Eoberts engaged in cutting and hauling lumber and logs to a
mill, and for several years disposed of his entire product to the firm
of Bacon & Lawler. To that humble beginning he traced the rise of
his later considerable fortune, as at that time, owing to the unprece-

456 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

dented growth of his river transportation enterprise, he was led to
organize a company to handle all kinds of freight. Since its formation
in 1866 until the present time, the Sacramento Transportation Com-
pany has been an important factor in the upbuilding of Sacramento,
and it has likewise benefited towns all along the river, its boats run-
ning as far north as Red Bluff. Aside from his interest in this con-
cern, Captain Roberts owned some of the best gold mines in the
state down to the day of his death. Fraternally, he was a Mason of
the Knight Templar degree, and Mrs. Roberts is a member of Colum-
bus Chapter, 0. E. S., of Sacramento, also a charter member and past
president of Fair Oaks, W. R. C.

In San Francisco, in 1869, Captain Roberts married Miss Minerva
Haskell Walrath, who was born in New York, a daughter of James
and Esther (Oliphant) Walrath, also natives of New York. Mrs.
Roberts came to California with her uncle, Austin H. Walrath. Soon
after their marriage, Captain and Mrs. Roberts established their resi-
dence at No. 717 N street, where the family liome has Ijeeu maintained
to the present time.

JOSEPH E. PIPHER

The court commissioner of Sacramento county occupies a posi-
tion of distinct importance and growing influence among the at-
torneys whose broad talents and mental endowments bring them pro-
fessional eminence throughout the entire valley. Scarcely yet in the
prime of manhood's activities, with the promise of years of excep-
tional usefulness liefore him, he faces a future attractive with the
charm of an anticipated civic service and occupational success pre-
dicted by his friends and well-wishers. Combined with an excellent
and increasing knowledge of the law he possesses the advantage of
expertness in stenography; indeed, his skill in that direction caused
him to be selected for court reporter in 1903, and the record he made
in the position furnished convincing proof as to his accuracy, dispatch
and jn-ofessional knowledge. From reporter he was advanced by ap-
pointment in 1904 to county court commissioner, and his long reten-
tion in the office furnishes convincing proof as to the satisfactory
nature of his services.

Claiming Illinois as his native commonwealth, Mr. Pipher was
born in tlie city of Monticello December 1, 1876, and is a son of A. T.
and Mary J. Pipher. He entertains but few recollections of the home
of his earliest years, for he was only two when his mother removed
to California, and since then he has been identified with the west, re-
ceiving sucli advantages as its public schools afforded and enjoying

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 457

its opportunities for advancement. During the spring of 1891 he
was graduated from the high school of Modesto, and immediately
afterward he had the good fortune to secure a clerkship in a law office
of that place. In the midst of such an environment he was able to
devote much of his time to the study of law, and at a very early age
his knowledge of the leading law authorities was unusually accurate.
He also gave considerable attention to the study of state laws, par-
ticularly the laws of California, and in that way he early acquired
authoritative knowledge along these interesting professional lines.

An identification of several years with the well-known law firm
of McCune & George in Sacramento afforded Mr. Pipher the best
possible advantages for obtaining a knowledge of the law by actual
experience. When not assisting the firm in the preparation of legal
papers he was studying the books of their excellent library, so that
when he made ready for his examination in 1897 it was with the grati-
fying knowledge that his information was thorough and his prejiara-
tion as nearly complete as is possible. The supreme court granted
him the privilege of practicing in the state, and he immediately be-
came connected with the bar of Sacramento, where he since has made
his home. From 1899 until 1903 he served as deputy to the district
attorney, Hon. C. W. Baker, and then he officiated as court reporter
for a year, but since 1904 he has given his time and attention to the
duties of court commissioner, in which position his service has been
exceptionally capable and satisfactory. With his growing profes-
sional reputation there has been a rising Masonic prominence, which
has brought him into leadership among the members of the blue lodge
and chapter; in addition, he has identified himself with the Knights
Templar and the Nobles of the Mystic Shrine. Another important
fraternity which enlists his co-operation is the Benevolent Protective
Order of Elks. Side by side with his studies of the law have been his
inquiries into political questions, and the opinions formed as the re-
sult of his thoughtful consideration of public issues have brought him
into active association with the Republican party in Sacramento. In
this city occurred his marriage to Miss Marie Louise Mason, Febru-
ary 14, 1900, and their union has been blessed with two daughters,
Helen and Katharine, both of whom are now students in the city
schools.

WILLIAM H. QITAAS

It has been the fortunate experience of Sacramento to attract to
and retain in its citizenship a large number of men possessing in
eminent degree the qualities that promote the prosperity of a munici-
pality. Not the least conspicuous among these citizens is William H.

458 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

Quaas, who as a jiiuior partner in the Kane & Trainor Ice Company
maintains an association with one of the leading firms of the city and
by formulating plans for its growth at the same time advances the
general civic welfare. Although still on the sunny side of life 's prime,
he has gained a thorough knowledge of many districts of California
through business relations therein, and in addition he had the ad-
vantage of travels abroad and study in the educational institutions of
Germany. It is his opinion, the result of close observation in various
localities, that Sacramento offers to men of energj' advantages unsur-
passed by regions whose attractions are more widely heralded.

With some degree of pride Mr. Quaas claims to belong to a
pioneer family of California. His maternal grandfather, Adolph Heil-
bron, came from Germany in 1850, and after a brief sojourn in St.
Louis proceeded to the west during the era of mining activities.
William H. was born in Sacramento September 6, 1884, and is a son
of Henry and Carrie (Heilbron) Quaas, the former born in Germany
and the latter in Sacramento, her death occurring in San Diego. The
father now makes his home in Sacramento, where the grandfather,
Adolph Heilbron, also resides. On the conclusion of the preliminary
course of study in the California schools, Mr. Quaas was sent to the
ancestral home in Dresden, Germany, where he attended school for
two and one-half years, finding in the educational institutions of that
country a degree of thoroughness and discipline most helpful to the
formation of desirable traits in the students. Upon his return to
California he spent six months in Fresno county on a ranch owned
by the family, and from there went to Napa county, where he en-
gaged in the growing of fruit and in general ranching for five years.

As an employe of the survejdng corps connected with the Southern
Pacific railroad in 1906 Mr. Quaas was sent to the Imperial valley
on the border of Mexico and continued to work there until the San
Francisco disaster, when he was transferred to the survejdng depart-
ment of the road at Santa Cruz. When he severed his connection
with the road he formed an alliance with the Shattuck & Desmond
Company, contractors, in whose interests he engaged in construction
work on the coast road, meanwhile gaining much helpful information
concerning the region in which he woi'ked. During June of 1907 he
secured a position as bookkeeper with the Buffalo Brewing Company
of Sacramento, and continued in that capacity for three years, even-
tually resigning to enter upon his present business relations. The
death of Mr. Kane and the necessity of the settlement of his estate
led Mr. Quaas to ]")urchase his one-half interest in the Kane & Trainor
Ice Company, an influential and prosperous concern that acts as dis-
tributors for the Buffalo Brewing Company, the Union Ice Company
and the National Ice & Cold Storage Company.

The personal tastes of Mr. Quaas are not such as to lead him
into public affairs or partisan activities. Aside from voting the Re-

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 459

publican ticket be takes no part in politics and at no time bas be been
willing to consider official bonors for bimself. A broad-minded sym-
patby witb all efforts for tbe upbuilding of bumanity leads bim to
maintain an interest in all denominations and creeds, but be is especi-
ally generous in bis contributions to tbe Metbodist Episcopal cburch,
witb wbicb bis wife is actively associated. Botb are identified with
tbe Saturday club, one of tbe leading social organizations of tbe city,
and botb are likewise solicitous to promote all measures for tbe per-
manent advancement of tbe community. Prior to tbeir marriage,
wbicb occurred September 28, 1909, Mrs. Quaas was Miss Abbie
McKay, ber family being among tbe well-known residents of Sacra-
mento. Tbe only cbild of tbe union, Abbie Capitola, was born in this
city April 29, 1911. Friends won by years of earnest helpfulness
maintain a deep interest in tbe success of Mr. Quaas and predict for
bim years of steady and growing prosperity.

J. K. McKINSTRY

Could tbe pioneers of tbe west have discerned the future great-
ness of tbe coast country they would have been overwhelmed by the
comprehension of tbe vast changes in store for them and for their
descendants. A few men of optimistic vision glimpsed the prosperity
of the future and worked patiently with tbeir eyes fixed upon tbe
goal, deeming no hardship too great, no obstacle too weighty and no
task too laborious that would advance the common welfare. That
the spirit of the honored pioneer, J. K. McKinstry, bas been optimistic
is abundantly proved by bis long identification with Sacramento
county. He arrived at Silver Lake on the 1st day of September,
1850, at tbe age of fifteen years, and soon afterward came to Sacra-
mento county, where he has since labored in business undertakings
of considerable importance. Upon bis arrival he found a cosmopolitan
population attracted hither by tbe discovery of gold. Few expected
to remain in the west. The majority dreamed of finding a fortune
in tbe mines and returning to their old homes with the fruits of their
labors. To bim, however, there came few ^'isions of wealth. The
mines did not fascinate him by tbeir tempting opportunities. Instead,
he chose the slow but sure path to success, that of ceaseless industry,
nnwavering perseverance and intelligent investments. Tbe results
testify as to the accuracy of bis judgment.

Born in Rochester, N. Y., February 9, 1835, J. K. McKinstry is
a son of John and Jane (Kelso) McKinstry, natives of Ireland, but
from early life residents of tbe new world. Tbe family removed to

460 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

Chicago in 1837 and in 1840 settled among the pioneers of Galena,
111., where the boy was sent to the public schools. At the age of
fifteen years in 1850 he crossed the plains to California, crossing the
Missouri river at St. Joseph May 4, and settled in Sacramento
county, where he secured employment in the mines in Placer and
Eldorado counties for four years, after which he became interested
in ranching. Subsequently he secured a clerkshiis with the general
mercantile firm of Whitaker & Ray in Gait, the ensiling eight years
being spent as a salesman in their store. During 1872 he embarked
in the livery business for himself and from that time to the present,
a period of forty years, he has conducted the same concern, keeping
on hand a general assortment of vehicles and teams for every use. In
business he has been prompt, efficient and reliable, and the town has
been benefited by his long residence therein.

The political views of Mr. McKinstry always have been in sym-
pathy with the principles of the Republican party and he has voted
that ticket at all elections. As a rule he has refused local offices, but
he made an exception in favor of service as justice of the peace, which
office he filled for eight years in Dry Creek township. As justice he
proved to be efficient and capable, impartial and well-informed. His
incumbency of the office was satisfactory to all concerned. In fra-
ternal relations he is connected with the Independent Order of Odd
Fellows. In his varied activities he has been benefited by the prac-
tical help and common sense of his wife, formerly Frances Armstrong,
who possesses the sterling qualities inherited from a long line of
British ancestors. Born in the city of Loudon, England, June 14, 1841,
she came to the United States in 1856 aud shortly afterward landed
in San Francisco. Since then she has continued to reside in Sacra-
mento county. Her children, Clara, Elizabeth, Edgar, Charles and
Thomas A., received the benefit of her devoted care, wise judginent
and personal oversight during their early years, and each was thus
wisely prepared for the responsibilities of life, while at the same time
she gave generous assistance to charitable enterprises and was ever
kind to the distressed or needv.

SAMUEL WILSON RUSSELL

From the humble position of freight handler with attendant. du-
ties taxing the most sturdy physique to the important responsibilities
of general freight and passenger agent represents a rise indicative
of the forceful ability and stalwart determination that form the lead-
ing characteristics of Mr. Russell, whose long association with the
Northern Electric Railway Company has brought him into prominent
relations with the people of Sacramento and at the same time has won
for him the confidence of the officials of the road. Nothing short of

HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 461

positive ability could have made possible his advancement in railroad
circles, and this ability has been manifested in his tactful associations
with the people who are i)atrons of the road, as well as in his capable
supervision of the company's interests.

Noting the events of especial importance in the life of Mr. Rus-
sell, we find that he was born at Bovina, Delaware county, N. Y., July
25, 1873, and is a son of Andrew T. and Mary (McLaury) Russell.
After he had completed the studies of the public schools he was sent
to Eastman's Business college at Poughkeepsie, N. Y., where he car-
ried on a commercial course for a year. On his return to the home
farm near Bovina he assisted in the care and cultivation of the same,
but, not caring for agriculture as a life occupation, he left home at
eighteen and went to Oneonta, N. Y^., where for two years he man-
aged a depot restaurant. Later he'acted as clerk of the Central hotel
in the same town. After two years as hotel clerk he resigned and
came to California, where he engaged in the tea and coffee business,
but this he sold at the expiration of sis months and then left Los
Angeles, his former place of business, for San Francisco, where he
secured employment as freight handler on the Southern Pacific rail-
road. A service of six months was rewarded by promotion to the local
freight office, where he remained for four years, meanwhile working
in varioiis capacities. Following upon a service of one year as rate
clerk in the general agent's office he was promoted to be contracting
freight agent, and continued as such until October of 1907, when he
resigned from the Southern Pacific employ and entered upon his
present connection with the Northern Electric Railway Company. In
addition, he is also general freight and passenger agent for the Sacra-
mento and Woodland railroad.

While still a resident of the east Mr. Russell formed the ac-
quaintance of Miss Annette Procter Smith, member of an old family
of New York state and herself a cultured young lady of Oneonta, that
state. They were united in marriage October 12, 1897. Their children
are named Procter, Ormonde, Raymond and Helen. The sons are
pupils in the Sacramento schools and are bright, intelligent lads, con-
cerning whose future the parents cherish the fondest hopes. The only
daughter is a winsome child two years of age. The family attend the
Presbyterian church and contribute to missionary and philanthropic
undertakings with generous spirit. Out of a busy life, whose days
have been filled with responsibilities of a business nature, it has not
been ]iossible for Mr. Russell to contribute largely toward civic prog-
ress or political affairs, but he is stanch in his allegiance to the Re-
publican party and in many ways has proved his devotion to the
welfare of Sacramento. For years he has been identified with Ma-
sonry in the bine lodge. Among the other organizations which enlist
his interest and receive his co-operation may be mentioned the Sutter
club and the Woodmen of the World.

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

MELCHIOR li. DIEPENBROCK

The uame of Diepenbroek indicates the Teutonic origin of the
family of Melchior H. Diepenbroek. One of the most learned and dis-
tingTiished men of the family, a great-uncle and his namesake, rose to
the rank of cardinal in the Roman Catholic Church and wielded
a powerful influence at Rome and at the court of the kingdom of
Prussia. Judge Anthony Diepenbroek, a nephew of the Cardinal, was
a native of Westphalia and received a classical education at Heidel-
berg. After a successful career as a lawyer in Westphalia he was
chosen judge of his county and also served for years as superior
associate justice of the district, holding his official positions until death
terminated his usefulness. By his union with Caroline Von Besten he
had a family of six children, among whom was Melchior H., born in
Bocholt, Westphalia, Germany, December 30, 1858, and educated in
the thorough schools of that land. He continued his studies of classics
and philosophy until September, 1879, when he decided to cast his for-
tunes in the land of the Stars and Stripes.

Coming to New York City and thence to Chicago, Mr. Diepen-
broek acquired his first knowledge of the United States by contact
with these two great cities, in the latter of which he worked as sales-
man with a firm manufacturing barbers' supplies. After two years
he came to California in 1885 and settled in San Francisco, where he
was proprietor of a Catholic book and supply house. Later he
founded the first German Catholic newspaper in that city and held
the position of editor with the same until 1891, the year of his loca-
tion in Sacramento. Here he engaged in the manufacture of cigars
and superintended the factory of the A. Coolot Company until it was
dissolved in 1902, since which time he has given his attention to his
own large personal interests in and near Sacramento. Among his
other valuable properties he planned and built the Diepenbroek
theater, an elegant and substantial brick building on the corner of
Twelfth and J streets. The building is very large and used exclu-
sively for a theater, having a seating capacity of sixteen hundred
and fifty people, and is the largest and most modern in the city, com-
paring favorably with any theater building in the state of California.

Ever since he became a citizen of our country Mr. Diepenbroek
has voted with the Republican party, but at no time has he cared for
political distinction or official honors. Fraternally he holds member-
ship with the Benevolent Protective Order of Elks. In marriage he
became connected with one of the prominent families of Sacramento,
where July 18, 1888, he was united with Miss Clara Louisa Coolot.
They are the parents of ten children. The eldest, Anthony B., born in
1889, has taken the degree of Doctor of Medicine at Harvard Uni-

^-^^

HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 465

versity, where the third son, Alois, is now studying for the same
degree. The second son, Joseph C, acts as auditor of Diepenbrock
theater. Marie, the eldest daughter, is a student in the Academy of
the Sacred Heart at Menlo Park, Cal. Eugene, Alexander and Frank,
aged respectively twelve, ten and eight years, are pupils in St. Joseph's
Academy at Berkeley, Cal. Carola, the second daughter, attends the
Franciscan school in Sacramento. The youngest members of the
family circle are Victor and Clotilde, who are five and three years old
respectively. The family are earnest members of the Roman Catholic
Church and contribute generously to the maintenance of its charities
and missions.

Nine miles south of Sacramento lies a farm of six hundred acres,
which Mr. Diepenbrock owns and which he manages with the assist-
ance of a capable superintendent. One hundred and iifty acres are
under cultivation to asparagus, a like amount is in beans, while in
addition about twenty-five hundred tons of alfalfa are cut annually.
Modern improvements characterize the ranch, which is equipped for
the dairy business. The barns are built with concrete floors and show
the latest ideas in sanitation and convenience. The employes are
accommodated in a house lighted by gas and equipped with baths and
other conveniences. A cozy cottage is provided for the famil}^ of the
superintendent.

Upon deciding to embark in the dairy business Mr. Diepenbrock
purchased from dairies in the east some full-blooded Holsteins, exer-
cising the greatest care in their selection. He brought in five carloads
of young heifers, all Holsteins. Since then he has secured the services
of Dr. AVeldon, who in partnership with G. F. Heenan is now running
the dairy part of the ranch. Subsequently Dr. Weldon superintended
the purchasing, and the herd was increased to two hundred and
seventy head of pure-bred Holsteins. This is said to be one of the
most uniform dairy herds in the west. Eastern Holstein owners,
visiting the ranch, have exclaimed with surprise upon the fine con-
dition and uniform color of the stock. The most exacting diligence is
exercised to provide pure, clean, fresh milk, and the utmost neatness
is required of the employes in the barn. The milkers carry ten-gallon
cans to a large tank, through which the milk runs into a trough and
thence around ten eOils of pipe filled with cold brine. When the milk
enters the cans at the bottom it has been reduced to a temperature of
forty degrees, has also been aerified and made germ-proof by the
elimination of animal heat. After the milk is cooled it is placed in an
ice-box and kept at forty degrees until loaded, one-half hour before
shipping time. At nine o'clock it is placed on board the Navajo and
conveyed to San Francisco for delivery to customers in the early
morning.

The Diepenbrock ranch furnishes an ideal location for a dairy
plant. It is partly surrounded by a canal and adjoins the river, so

466 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

that almost the entire tract has sub-irrigation, a most important
feature to a dairyman. The owner applied to the federal government
for permission to build a wharf near his place, so that steamers could
stop to take shipments. He is the pioneer milk shipper from this part
of the county and his success caused many to predict that within a
few years a daily milk boat would be run from San Francisco up the
Sacramento river. No mention has been made of the young stock,
which is one of the specialties of the ranch and which already has
begun to augment the size of the herd, besides contributing to its
value by the development of some excei^tionally fine young pure-bred
animals. The success of the dairy may be attributed to the sagacity
of the owner, his willingness to expend large sums in an effort to
secure the finest strains of milch cows and his skill in securing to
assist him on the ranch men of intelligence, energy and trustworthi-
ness.

ARTHUR H. McCURDY

Judge McCurdy, as they familiarly call him, is one of the younger
men among the successful lawyers practicing in Sacramento. He was
born in Selkirk, Manitoba, July 21, 1879, his father, James McCurdy,
being an American and a bridge builder, and at that time engaged
by the Canadian Pacific Railroad Company. His death took place in
189.3. The mother of Arthur McCurdy was Helen Prescott, who is
still living in Sacramento. She is a descendant of Colonel Prescott,
who was in command of the Americans at Bunker Hill, June 17, 1775,
and she is also a direct descendant of Martha Winslow, one of the
famous Maj'flower passengers. Mrs. McCurdy possesses some price-
less mementos of those long ago people and days, heirlooms from her
famous ancestors, in silver spoons and other articles in that metal.
She is of a line that ]:)ossesses some of the most noted names in Eng-
lish history.

The three children of this family are Arthur H., the subject of
this sketch, who was educated in the city schools. Leaving the Sacra-
mento high school in 1901, he then entered the law office of J. Frank
Brown, and shortly after continued his law studies in the office of
Judge J. B. DeVine and Frank D. Ryan. On May 16, 1905, he was
admitted to the bar of the state and November 11, 1906, was admitted
to the United States District Court, and he has practiced law since
his admission. Taking gi-eat interest in politics he naturally attended
state and county Republican conventions. He was elected justice of
the peace of Sutter township in November, 1902, by a large majority,
being the youngest justice of the peace elected in the county. During

HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 469

his term on the bench of the justice's court only three of his decisions
have failed of confirmation by the higher courts. After the expira-
tion of his term as justice of the peace he was not a candidate for
re-election, but since then has given all his attention to his practice
and has met with unwonted success, having now a large clientele
throughout the county. Walter J. N. is an attorney at law in Sac-
ramento. Clara Maude, the sole daughter of the family, resides with
her mother.

In fraternity Mr. McCurdy is a past Chief Eanger of the For-
esters of America, Past Chancellor Commander of the Knights of
Pythias, and is a member of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows.

MES. MAEY ROSS-EOAN

Difficult indeed would it be, in any enumeration of the names of
citizens identified with the upbuilding of Sacramento from the pioneer
period to the present century, to mention anyone more loyal to the
city's advancement, more zealous in behalf of its institiitions or more
progressive in the sujDport of important enterprises than has been
Mrs. Mary Eoss-Eoan during the more than fifty years of her associa-
tion with the citizenship of Sacramento. A decade prior to the ad-
vent of the "iron horse" in the west she came to this then imknown
region in company with her parents, Eev. William and Berzilla (Mc-
Ginnis) Kendall, having made the long journey from Havana via
Panama to San Francisco with uncomplaining fortitude and endured
its privations with a cheerfulness characteristic of her throughout all
of life's anxieties. When she finally arrived at Sacramento in 1862
she found a small Aallage around which could be seen apparently inter-
minable stretches of barren, unproductive country. To a young girl
who had mingled happily in her native commonwealth of Illinois, the
promises of future enjoyment did not seem alluring, yet she found
much to interest her mind and delight her eyes. From that time to
this she has manifested a steadfast loyalty toward her adopted city
and has exhibited the true western sjiirit of progress.

Four years after her settlement in the west Miss Mary Kendall
became the bride of Charles H. Ross, a gentleman of eastern birth
and honorable lineage, cherishing the inherited traditions of the east,
yet entering the cosmopolitan activities of the frontier with a genial
heartiness that made him one with every companion. Plis had been
an interesting frontier existence, and in later days, surrounded liy the
comforts of a refined civilization, it was interesting to hear him nar-
rate tales of the frontier showing the startling contrast between that

470 HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY

period and the present. Contributing Ms quota to the general de-
velopment, he is entitled to remembrance as one of the substantial
men and true patriots whose sagacity and enterprise laid the foun-
dation of civic advancement.

Born in Portland, Me., in 1828, Charles H. Eoss early displayed a
desire for travel and a distaste for the conventional surroundings of
his own neighborhood. While yet a mere boy he determined to be a
soldier, and as this course did not meet with the approval of other
members of the family, he took matters in his own hands and ran
away, a procedure that terminated with his enlistment in Stephens'
regiment in the Mexican war and his participation in military tactics
common to the day. As early as 1847, before gold had been discovered
or California had been brought before the attention of the people of
the east, he came across the plains and settled permanently in the
sparsely settled valley of the Sacramento. With a partner he took
up twelve hundred acres of raw land about ten miles from the city of
Sacramento, and until 1864 he engaged in the stock business, but two
years after his marriage he removed into town and here he remained
until his death in 1876. Meanwhile he had identified himself with
many movements for the public welfare. From the first he held stock
in the Sacramento bank, an institution in which he maintained the
warmest interest and to whose substantial footing he contributed of
his influence with positive effect. It is a statement worthy of note that
after his death his widow succeeded him as a member of the board
of directors in the banking concern, and she now has a record of not
missing a meeting of the board in the past twenty-eight years, with
the exception of two leaves of absence. During 1901 she became the
wife of William Eoan, a native of New York and a gentleman pos-
sessing many worthy attributes of character. One of her cliief
pleasures has been the beautifjdng of her home, and a stranger, noting
with admiration the artistic arrangement of lawn and flowers, would
promptly decide that the lady of the house possessed the most refined
taste; such an opinion would be deepened by a view of the interior
with its aspect of culture and simple elegance.

Although many years have passed since Mr. Ross entered into
eternal rest, he is still remembered by the pioneers of Sacramento.
Their universal testimony is that he possessed mental attributes of
a high order, tact and consideration of others in all the associations of
life and the deepest devotion to the happiness of his wife, for whom
he manifested a sincere affection that death alone could destroy. The
philanthroi^ic principles of Masonry won his allegiance during young-
manhood, and for years he held membership with the blue lodge at
Sacramento. At one time he was chosen to fill the office of super-
visor, and in that responsible position he proved himself to be efficient,
resourceful and trustworthy. He was president of the Sacramento
Pioneer society, of which he had been a member many years. As a

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 471

member of the levee commissioners be was most helpful, and it is said
that, when sufficient lielp could not be secured on needed occasions,
he was accustomed to give his services gratuitous!)', and no workman
surpassed him in skill, speed and accuracy. Whatever promised to
promote the welfare of Sacramento was sure of his co-operation, and
he allowed no citizen to surpass him in loyalty and true patriotism.

JOHN McMAHON

It is indicative of the industrious and energetic disposition pos-
by Mr. McMahon that since he came to California he has pro-
vided for a large family, has given to each fair educational advantages
and at the same time has accumulated a neat competency, thus provid-
ing for his declining days the comforts of existence. The fair degree
of success which has rewarded his laborious efforts is peculiarly
worthy of jjraise because he had no education to aid him, no capital
to furnish the desired "nest-egg" of his early enterprises and no
friends to lend him the encouragement of their good wishes and prac-
tical counsel. All that he is and all that he has may be attributed to
his fixedness of purpose and sagacity of judgment. Of recent years,
since his withdrawal from business cares and connections, he has
spent his days quietly at his comfortable home. No. 2314 Z street,
Sacramento, where he welcomes with genuine hospitality the friends
of pioneer experiences who still survive.

The childhood memories of John McMahon cluster around a little
cabin in Ireland, where he was born and where he learned the first
difficult lessons of self-reliance and self-support. He can scarcely
recall the time when he did not desire to emigrate to America. The
opportunities offered by the new world were a favorite theme of
conversation among the struggling inhabitants of the country where he
lived, and as soon as old enough to work independently he crossed
the ocean to Massachusetts. For seven years he remained in the old
Bay state and followed the trade of a blacksmith, in which he soon
became an expert. During 1861 he came via the Isthmus to Cali-
fornia and settled in Sacramento, where he witnessed the disastrous
flood of 1861-62, as well as many other catastrophes incident to the
early history of the city. At the time of his arrival there was a small
town with few stores that were substantial in construction. The
surrounding country presented an unattractive and unpromising as-
pect, but with the optimism characteristic of his entire life he decided
that without question Sacramento and indeed the entire valley had a
great future before them.

472 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

It was the happy fate of Mr. McMahon to have for his wife a
woman his equal in courage and optimistic spirit, his counselor in
times of discouragement, his companion in the early hardships and
privations of their younger years and his loving helpmate from their
union in 1857 until her death in 1890. Born in Canada, she bore the
maiden name of Mary Morgan and was a member of an old family
who came from Ireland. Nine children were born of their marriage,
and six of these are still living, all natives of Sacramento and all
now residents of this city. The eldest daughter, Rosa, is the wife of
I. H. Pierson. The others are John B., Mary E., Agnes, Lawrence T.
and Catherine, the last-named being the wife of Theodore DeWitt.
For a long time after his settlement in Sacramento Mr. McMahon
engaged in the blacksmith's business and carried on a shop of his
own, but eventually he relinquished active labors and since then has
lived somewhat in retirement. From youth he has been identified with
the Roman Catholic church, and when the Catholic Knights of Amer-
ica founded an organization of their own in Sacramento, he became
an active member and interested worker. As a citizen he is truly
progressive. The honorable record which he made in business and
the generosity which he displayed toward those in need as well as the
deep interest in civic affairs maintained up to the present time have
combined to give him the confidence of his entire community.

WILLIAM HENCKEN

Among the successful business men of Sacramento is William
Hencken, who was born in San Francisco, August 1, 1874, the son of
John and Anna Hencken, natives of Germany, who came to California
on a sailing vessel around Cape Horn in the '50s. The son attended
the public schools of his native city until he reached the age of fifteen
years, when he started out to work for himself, and for a period
covering seven years he filled several store clerkships, only relinquish-
ing the duties of one position to assume another higher up and more
remunerative. Thinking to better himself he came, in 1898, to Sacra-
mento, where he accepted the first position that was offered him, that
of driver for the Union Laundry and this he filled for four years,
meanwhile becoming familiar with that line of business. He was
instrumental in organizing the Sacramento Laundry Co., now located
at Front and 0 streets, of which he is ^dee-president, and the same
steady devotion to business he has maintained during the last eight
years has helped to make the company a success.

Mr. Hencken 's first marriage was solemnized November 15, 1899,

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 475

to Miss Lulu Thielbahr, In- whom lie had two children, Victor and
Carl. Three years after her death he married her sister, Miss Edna
Thielbahr, of Sacramento, and they have a daughter, Margaret.

William Hencken is a member of the Foresters and the Woodmen
of the World, and is an earnest fraternity man. He is politically a
Republican, broadminded and progressive.

HON. PHILIP CHARLES COHN

That mind possesses a mastery over environment and that a
determination of will often wrests victory from the most adverse
circmnstances are proved by a recital of the experiences of Mr. Cohn,
who from a bOy without means or backing has risen to success and
influence. Born in the city of New York July 6, 185-1, he was the son
of Charles and Dora (Cosirunski) Cohn.

Philip C. Cohn was taken in his infancy by his jiarents to Mobile,
Ala., where he had relatives, and where his father took his wife be-
cause of ill health, but the mother passed away in 1858, having been
taken with yellow fever there. Leaving the son with these relatives,
Charles Cohn with his daughter Fa.nnie returned to New York City, in-
tending to return for his son as soon as suitable arrangements could be
made. About this time he became interested in California, and leaving
his little daughter witli relatives in Springfield, Mass., in 1860 he came
to California via the Isthmus of Panama and arrived at San Francisco.
Remaining there but a short time he then went to Shasta county, and
at the time of the Frazer river excitement went to the Caribou mines.
Subsequently he engaged in business in Victoria, B. C, for a short
time, then returning to California, and in Sacramento embarked in
the mercantile business in 1863. In 1872 his daughter Fannie joined
him and was later married to Max Mareuse of Sacramento, her death
occurring in San Francisco in 1883. Charles Cohn spent the last years
of his life under the care of his son and passed away in 1898 in San
Francisco, at the age of seventy-four years and eight months.

The early life of P. C. Cohn was a hard one for a child. His ad-
vantages for education were meager owing to the Civil war troubles,
and at a very tender age he was obliged to go to work as a messenger
in order to aid the family with whom he lived. In 1869 he removed to
West Point, Miss., where he learned the mercantile business. This
being the era of "Carpet-bag Government" he underwent the hardest
experiences of his life at that time, which led him to lose his faith
in mankind, and here his love for Democracy was born and broadened.
In all this time he had had only two years' schooling, but notwith-

476 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

standing this hardship he learned the common-school branches and be-
came qualified to carry on business of any kind. This was due to his
remarkable aptitude in learning from observation and from reading.
Pew men surpass him in quickness of comprehension. His keen men-
talitj' grasps facts with astonishing readiness and retains them with
accurate precision; to this quality and to his force of will is due his
present substantial degree of success.

During all these years he had lost all trace of his father because
of the war, but in 1873, through a Mrs. Kaiser, formerly of Mobile,
Ala., who had moved to California, he learned that his father and
sister were in Sacramento, and getting into correspondence with them
he made his way to that city, landing in May of 1874 with $1.15 as his
total capital in the world. However, though poor in purse, he was
rich in hope and energy. Securing employment at once with Acker-
man, Block & Co., of Sacramento, he remained with them for six years,
during which time he formed close ties with social and business circles
which he continued to hold ever afterward. Removing then to San
Francisco, he traveled from there as salesman for a wholesale
crockery company. Locating in Folsom in 1884, he bought an interest
in the business owned by Simon Colm, his father-in-law, who in 1883
had introduced him to his future wife. At the death of Simon Cohn
in 1895 Mr. Cohn bought the widow's interest, and since then has
conducted the store with intelligence, sagacity and discrimination.
On October 29, 1885, he married Miss Aiice Martha Cohn, a native
daughter of Folsom, who was educated at Perry's Seminary, Sacra-
mento, and their union was blessed with seven children. Dora F. is
the wife of Julius Jacobs, who is associated with Mr. Colm in business,
and they have two children, Alice and Dorothy ; the other children are
William M., of San Francisco ; Mabel J., Selma, Charles P., Simon A.
and Henrietta, the last five being at home.

The Democratic party has received the staunch support of Mr.
Cohn ever since he attained his majority and began to make a study
of public questions. Concerning national problems he keeps well
posted and in local matters he also maintains an intelligent interest,
favoring measures for the common welfare and contributing to enter-
prises of undoubted value to civic development. He has been a mem-
ber of the Democratic State Central Committee for about ten years,
and for a longer period a member of the Democratic County Central
Committee. In 1904 he served as delegate from the Third Congres-
sional district of California to the National Democratic convention in
St. Louis, Mo., at the nomination of Alton B. Parker, and on his
return was nominated by acclamation as senator for Sacramento.
Though running sixteen hundred votes ahead of his ticket, he met
with defeat, owing to the large Republican majority that year. In
1912 he was nominated in the primary election for state senator
on the Democratic ticket, receiving a vote of five to one, and was

HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 477

elected by a majority of two thousand one hundred and seventy for
the session of 1913. This majority in such a strong Republican
county indicates the implicit confidence placed in Mr. Cohn by
the people, and he well merits this honor.

Various fraternities have enjoyed the benefit of his genuine help-
ful spirit. Included among these are the Benevolent Protective Order
of Elks, B'nai B'rith, and in Masonry he is a member of Natoma
Lodge No. 64, of which he is past master, and the Scottish Rite, having
risen to the Thirty-second degree; he is also a member of Islam
Temple, N. M. S., of San Francisco. He is past patron of Natoma
Chapter No. 233, 0. E. S.

As he has prospered through his mercantile and other interests
Mr. Cohn has proved his devotion to California by investing in prop-
erty here. His holdings are varied and important. Some time since
he purchased sixty acres of bare land in the Orangevale district, and
this is now under cultivation to oranges, olives, grapes and prunes.
In addition he owns a farm of two hundred and forty acres in Eldo-
rado county, also seven acres on the shores of Lake Tahoe, which in
the near future will be improved with a fine modern hotel. His city
projierties are no less important than those in the country and in-
clude San Francisco real estate, a business block in Sacramento, resi-
dence and business property at Folsom, and other holdings in various
localities. As a director in the Consumers' Ice and Cold Storage Com-
pany he directs an important corporation, in which he holds a large
interest and which is proving to be a well-conducted and important
concern. He was one of the organizers of the Capital Fire Insurance
Co. of Sacramento, of which he is a member of the board of directors,
also serving as its treasurer, this company being one of large propor-
tions and on a successful financial basis. A life member of the Good
Roads Association, he was a member of the conunission that built the
road from Folsom to Sacramento. He was appointed by the Ijoard of
siipervisors as one of five commissioners to attend the Panama-Pacific
Exposition of 1915 from Sacramento county, being treasurer of the
commission. He is a member of the board of directors of the Bank
of Folsom, and is also one of the directors in the Orangevale Water
Company.

With all these varied interests, in the midst of his triimiphs Mr.
Cohn never forgets the days of uphill work and the difficulties that
beset people who meet with misfortune and failure, and he has always
been found helpful to those who have been less fortunate, being ever
ready to devote his time and means to their assistance. In this he
has a ready helpmeet in his estimable wife. She is a member of the
Natoma Chapter, 0. E. S., and was made the first president of Fern
Parlor, Native Daughters of the Golden West. She is a refined, cul-
tured lady, whose excellent musical ability and many personal charms
are much appreciated by their many friends in the county.

478 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

HARRY C. MUDDOX

A special atmosphere of interest envelops the men who have been
identified with the commei-cial, manufacturing and material upbuilding
of the west. A difficult although ardent task confronts the one who
attemjits to delineate their life activities and to bestow adequate appre-
ciation upon the high inspirational force of their characters. Most
pronounced is this lack of adequate expression in instances of per-
sonal association with the best interests of a city or commonwealth
through a long period of eventful years, and such an instance appears
in the successful enterprises of Mr. Muddox. From the time of his
arrival in Sacramento, May 4, 1872, when a child scarcely six years
of age, he viewed the environment of his future home, up to the pres-
ent time he has witnessed the steadfast development of the community,
has felt the imj^etus of western jDrogress and in the work of advance-
ment has been an imi)ortant factor through various lines of endeavor.
Many movements inseparable from the history of the capital city have
witnessed his association and been promoted by his indefatigable
earnestness. It is impossible to measure the height or sound the
depth of his connection with local affairs; suffice it to state that no
measure has been presented of importance to the general welfare that
fails of his support and he may with justice claim that in some
respects his own history is the history of business progress in
Sacramento.

An honorable lineage indicates the identification of the Muddox
family with England during past generations. In the year 1862
George and Isabelle Muddox, who had been born, reared and married
in the city of London, crossed the ocean to the United States and
settled in Illinois, where Harry C. Muddox was born in the city of
Alton, 111., August 26, 1866, he being the eldest in a family of seven
children. In a few years his parents became dissatisfied with their
prospects in Illinois and determined to seek a new location in the far
west. The decision made, they made i^reparations and then crossed
the plains on one of the early overland emigrant trains that required
fourteen days to reach Sacramento. During 1878 Mr. Muddox started
a pottery and sewer pipe factory on the corner of K and Thirtieth
streets and there he remained in business until his death in 1899, when
Harry C. purchased the entire plant from the estate. Since then he
has continued as sole owner and manager. From the time of taking
over the plant he began to make improvements. The entire works
were remodeled. The work of rebuilding necessitated much expense
and consumed much time, but its value is easily apparent to the most
casual oliserver. Today the plant ranks as one of the largest, most
complete and modern sewer pipe works on the Pacific coast, and the
remarkable development may be attributed to the sagacious manage-
ment of Mr. Muddox, who having entered the pottery in early life

/-^^ PHcoc^^^.

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 481

and learned the l)usines.s in all of its details, has been able to ntilize
his thorough knowledge for the permanent upbuilding of the business
and the increased efficiency of the equipment.

The management of the plant by no means represents the limit
of the business activities of Mr. Muddox, who is indeed one of the lead-
ing business men and tinanciers of Sacramento and is now president of
the Citizens Bank, a director of the Capital National Bank and also
a director of the Capital Bank & Trust Company of Sacramento.
Upon the organization of the Capital Fire Insurance Company of
California, January 21, 1911, his energy in the promoting of the new
concern was recognized in his election as president of the company
and chairman of the board of directors, in which capacity he since
has served with the same zeal, the same high-minded devotion and the
same power of concentration noticeable in his every association. Out-
side of financial and business interests, he has found leisure to partici-
pate in the workings of the Sons of St. George, the presidency of which
he has filled with honor, in addition to having served as a delegate to
the Grand Lodge during nine different sessions. At Vacaville, Solano
county, this state, August 26, 189.3, he married Jessie E. Long, who
was born, reared and educated in that city. They are the parents of
three children, Ruth Fay, Forest C. and Isabelle E.

EDWARD MORRIS

To a period far exceeding the usual business activities of even
the most robust men Mr. Morris has retained his old-time quickness
of mental faculties, energy of action and vigor of health, thereby en-
abling him to continue the pursuits in which he is most deeply inter-
ested. Notwithstanding his more than four score years he still keeps
posted concerning national problems, reads current literature with un-
abated interest and carries his daily duties through to a successful
accomplishment. The printing business has been his life occupation.
When a mere lad, just from Grammar School No. 2 in New York City,
he began an apprenticeship to the trade and soon had mastered its
many intricacies so that he was qualified to work as a journeyman.
Born in New York City February 22, 1828, he spent not only child-
hood there but also youth and young manhood and for twenty-two
years was a valued employe of the Appleton Publishing Company.

The marriage of Mr. Morris took place in the eastern metropolis
November 10, 1850, in the Church of the Epiphany (Episcopal),- and
united him with Miss Julia Fiddes, who was born in London, England.
Six children were born of the union, but one daughter, Julia, died when

482 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

only nine months old. The eldest son, James F., has resided with his-
parents since the death of his wife, who left two children, a son and
a daughter. The second son, Edward, formerly a noted baseball
player, is now a resident of Pittsburg, Pa. The daughters are Mrs.
Phoebe Leadley, Mrs. Jane L. Wiggins and Adelaide, wife of Charles
Schoenfeldt. During 1877 Mr. Morris crossed the continent to San
Francisco and secured emplojinent as a printer. Being pleased with
the western country, he sent for his wife and family, who joined him
later, thus establishing a permanent home in this state. After a con-
siderable period in San Francisco, removal was made to Sacramento
in 1885, and in this city Mr. Morris has been engaged with the state
printing office for twenty-seven consecutive years, meanwhile winning
a reputation for fidelity, intelligent service and thorough familiarity
with the printing business.

After he had become a resident of Sacramento and had felt the
need of a permanent residence, Mr. Morris bought property well
located and erected a neat cottage, where he and his wife have since
improved their grounds and made an attractive home. In addition,
he has owned other property in the city and occasionally has helped
to promote local enterprises by the loan 'of funds, doing this less
from hope of moneyed returns than from a desire to advance the wel-
fare of the city. On two occasions he and his wife have returned to
New York City to visit the scenes familiar to their younger days.
Their last trip was made during the summer of 1911, when they
stopped at El Paso, Memphis, Denver and Chicago, also visited their
son in Pittsburg, and found in the renewal of old associations and the
visits to new scenes such a delightful change that they returned to
their Sacramento home refreshed in body and mind, but firm in their
long-cherished belief that no part of the country excels our own west
in all that makes life enjoyable. Indeed, they attribute their own
preservation of health to such advanced years almost wholly to their
removal to the western coast and their identification with a climate
healthful and invigorating.

GEORGE H. NETHERCOTT

Desire to see the then unknown west and an innate love of adven-
ture were the principal factors entering into the decision of Mr. Neth-
ercott, then a youth of about eighteen years, to join an expedition
bound for the Pacific coast. For only three years had he been a resi-
dent of the United States, and those years had been passed in St.
Louis, Mo., where he earned his livelihood by day labor. He was
fairly well educated for the period in which he attended school, and

HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY 483

had received excellent advantages through the efforts of his parents,
James and Eachael (James) Nethercott, of Oxfordshire, England. He
was born at Shilliugford, Oxfordshire, England, October 23, 1834, and
was brought to America bj' his parents in 1850, crossing the Atlantic
on the sailer "liartley" to New Orleans, La., whence, after a voyage
of eight weeks and three days, they proceeded up the Mississippi to
St. Louis. Mr. Nethercott possessed a restless temperament that found
no satisfaction in the midst of the conditions then existent in his
locality, therefoi'e he sought the freer opportunities of the new
world, where Ms love of travel found abundant gratification in the
expedition across the plains with ox-teams in 1853. The party to
which he joined himself consisted of thirty-five men, five women and
five children, with all of the necessary provisions and supplies. In ad-
dition, the men drove two hundred and fifty head of cattle and fifty
head of horses. Good fortune attended the trip and only a few head
of stock were lost.

Having been employed as a teamster in St. Louis, the young
emigrant sought similar work in California and he soon found a job
with excellent pay. From teaming he drifted into ranching as offer-
ing a more jaermanent and satisfactory source of livelihood. It soon
became evident that Sacramento was short in its milk supply and that
caused him to buy a herd of dairy cows, with winch he started in the
dairy business in 1860. When the great flood of 1861 occurred he was
forced to keep his stock on the hills all winter. The catastrophe con-
siderably affected the growth of his dairy and temporarily changed his
profits to losses, but when everything had resumed the even tenor of
its way he again found dairying profitable, and he has continued in
the business up to the present time.

From the time of his marriage in 1861 Mr. Nethercott received
the energetic assistance of his wife, a woman of gi-eat industry as
well as wise judgment, and her death in 1894, just as they were be-
ginning to enjoy the results of their years of labor, proved a heavy
blow to him. She was a native of Ireland and bore the maiden name
of Anna 0 'Neil. During the year 1858 she became a resident of Cali-
fornia, where she formed the acquaintance of Mr. Nethercott. Their
union resulted in the birth of seven children, two of whom died in
early childhood, Edward at the age of twenty-six years, and John
Albert died January 27, 1912, at the age of thirty-six years. The two
surviving sons, George H., Jr., and Arthur D., are interested with
their father in the dairy business, and their energetic, intelligent co-
operation has proved of the greatest value to the permanent pros-
perity of the industry. The only daughter, Catherine, is making her
home with her father. In politics Mr. Nethercott gives his influence
to the Eepublican party in national affairs. Movements for the bene-
fit of Sacramento and the adjacent country receive his hearty support.
As a citizen he exerts that solid influence known only to men who

484 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

have made a success of what they started out to do. It has been his
privilege to witness the development of the Sacramento valley from
a barren country to a rich and productive tract. To this growth he
has been a personal contributor, and now in the days of his prosperity
he enjoys recounting experiences when settlers were few, improve-
ments conspicuous by their absence and when that si^irit of hearty
hospitality prevailed which is so esentially a characteristic of every
new country.

CHAUNCEY HOMER DUNN

Hiffh on the roll of prominent professional men who have achieved
wide reputation for honesty of principle, integrity of purpose and
exceptional force of will, is Chauncey Homer Dunn, now senior mem-
ber of the well-known law firm of Dunn, Cowan & Brand, whose offices
are located in Sacramento, but whose clientele embraces a large area
of the surrounding country. Inheriting the brilliant proclivities of his
honored father, who though following a different walk in the profes-
sional life, left an indelible impress upon his locality as a kindly,
generous and unselfish character, full of thoughtful acts and charitable
undertakings, Chauncey H. Dunn grew to manhood, giving close
attention to his studies, being very observing and possessing a re-
tentive memory. Of studious nature, he attained rare mental achieve-
ment, which, added to a naturally strong personality and a self-pos-
sessed, cool attitude, enabled him to become the brilliant, keensighted
and unusually successful lawyer he is today. Among his fellow work-
ers he is recognized as an unerring, alert and accurate thinker, his
active mind and intuitive power being valuable attributes in his profes-
sional make-up, to say nothing of his clever delivery and forceful
manner of bringing his subjects to the attention of his hearers, who
arc compelled by his very presence to feel his influence. He is most
conscientious in the handling of all cases and his reputation is that
of a most generous, kind-hearted and charitable gentleman, whose
manner of giving is unostentatious and quiet, and the many who have
felt the aid of his helping hand have reason to hold him in the high
respect he receives today.

The father of Chauncey H. Dunn was the Rev. Thomas S. Dunn,
who with his wife, Freelove M. (Conkling) Dunn, came from Ohio to
California in 1860, via the Isthmus of Panama. At San Jose, Cal.,
Rev. Dunn became pastor of a Methodist church, in which he labored
among the poor and needy for many years, giving of his time and
means wherever needed with an unselfish hand, and his memory is
revered in many parts of the country where his benevolence and un-

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 487

tiring perseverance were felt. The Rev. Dunn was a member of the
California Methodist Episcopal conference from 1860 until his death,
in February, 1899, since which time his widow has made her liome
with her daughter in San Jose.

Chauncey H. Dunn was born September 25, 1856, at Laurel, Cler-
mont county, Ohio, where his father was pastor of the Methodist
Church. When he was four years old he was brought by his parents
to San Jose, Cal., where he received his elementary education, supple-
menting attendance at the public schools there with a course at Napa
College and at the University of the Pacific near San Jose, from
which institution he was graduated with the class of 1878 with the
degree of A. B. His legal training was obtained in the Hastings Law
School of San Francisco, and since becoming a member of the bar
he has continued in active practice in Sacramento, May 1, 1912, being
the thirtieth anniversary^ of the beginning of his professional career.
He is now senior member of the law firm of Dunn, Cowan & Brand,
in which capacity he has accomplished many splendid actions in court
and elsewhere, and he is retained by various firms and corporations
in Sacramento, his practice being extensive and most gratifying. Mr.
Dimn organized Reclamation district No. 537, known as the Lovdal
district, above the town of Washington, Yolo county, and represents
it as its attorney; in Sutter county he also improved a farm from the
tules until it was brought to a high state of cultivation, when he dis-
posed of it and is now building one of the largest modern apartment
houses in Sacramento. He is a director of the Chamber of Com-
merce of Sacramento, of which he is a very active member, and his
interest in his adopted city is such that he is ever ready to contribute
of his time, means and influence for the betterment of conditions
there and the upbuilding and development of its resources.

For twenty years, almost without interruption, Mr. Dunn was the
president of the Sacramento Young Men's Christian Association, and
he has been a member of its board of directors for twenty-seven years.
A loyal worker in the First Methodist Episcopal Church at Sacra-
mento, he has filled the position of Sunday-school superintendent for
twenty years. When the Law and Order League was organized he
was. its president for two years, and since it has been known as the
Municipal League he has served in that capacity for a like period,
proving a most valued official. Mr. Dunn is a public-spirited man in
tlie fullest sense of the word, and all interests for the welfare of his
community receive his hearty co-operation.

The marriage of Mr. Dunn occurred in 1884, when he was united
with Miss Merrium Y. Blasdel, of Oakland, Cal., niece of the Hon.
Henry 6. Blasdel, who was the first governor of Nevada. Mrs. Dunn
is a member of the Tuesday Club and of the Woman's Council, a fed-
erated club of all the women's clubs of the city of Sacramento; is
vice-president and director of the California Civic League, a new

488 HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY

organization whose mission is the instruction of women as to their
political rights, and she is also an active suffragist. Mr. and Mrs.
Dunn are the parents of three children: Winifred Blasdel, born in
1890, is a student at Mills College; Carroll Conkling, born in 1892, is
attending Belmont school; and Chauncey Homer, Jr., born in 1897,
is a student in the Sacramento high school.

JAMES V. HART

To the man who realizes early in life the necessitj' of choosing a
specific vocation, centering therein his most faithful attention and
guided at all times by principles of justice and honor, success is both
sure and permanent. Although one of the youngest members of his
profession, city attorney of Sacramento, James V. Hart has attained
a place among his colleagues which is entirely the result of his own
perseverance and manly courage, and he is regarded justly as well
worthy of the confidence and approbation which he enjoys throughout
the community.

A native of California, his birth having occurred February 5,
1882, in Willows, Glenn county, Mr. Hart received a public school
education in his home town and in 1904 graduated from the University
of the Pacific in San Jose. The following fall he entered Stanford
University, his spirit of determination and love of intellectual pur
suits lending to his most arduous mental tasks an interest which
enabled him to not only keep abreast of his fellow students but, also,
to win a place among those who ranked highest in his classes. Sup-
plementing a year's law course at Stanford, he was appointed county
law librarian in 1907 and during his service studied his chosen voca-
tion with increasing pleasure, his thorough mastery of the subject
admitting him to the bar in 1908. In November, scarcely a year
later, owing to the general favor with which he was regarded, not
only by his associates, but by leading citizens, as well, he was elected
to the office of city attorney, conducting his new duties with a skill and
wise judgment that won him unanimous commendation.

June 2, 1910, in Sacramento, Mr. Hart was united in marriage
with Miss Frances Panabaker, who was born in 1886, the daughter of
Ed E. and Rose (Williams) Panabaker of Sacramento. Mrs. Hart
is a woman of exceptional tact and sympathetic understanding and
renders her husband immeasurable aid in maintaining the serenity
of spirit so essential to the proper discharge of ]:>ublic duties.

A Republican of note, Mr. Hart is recognized as a man who not
only plans improvements in party measures, but who, by means of

HISTORY OP SACRAMENTO COUNTY 491

his influence and executive ability is enabled to carry them out, and
in all his dealings exhibits the most candid methods, free from a
shadow of equivocation. Fraternally he is allied with Sunset Parlor,
N. S. G. W., and is also an active and popular member of the Sutter
Club.

OWEN G. HOPKINS, A. M.

No life is more useful to a city or of greater service to the com-
monwealth than that which, through forceful and unaided efforts, rises
out of obscurity, triumphs over difficulties and emerges into useful-
ness through the narrow path of self-denial and self-reliance. Such
in brief is the history of 0. G. Hopkins, a native Californian, whose
early years were filled with privations and whose unusual educational
attainments are the result of his own determined efforts. It is the
good fortune of Sacramento to have attracted to its professional
coterie a man so eminently qualified to benefit civic enterprises by
personal interest and to adorn the bar by his thorough knowledge of
jurisprudence. As city trustee, to which office he was elected in
1907, he showed a disposition to willingly serve the people and also
displayed the ability to bring that service to a successful conclusion.
By education, training and experience he is qualified for important
work and successful association with professional affairs.

Eldorado county is the native locality of Mr. Hopkins and May
21, 1866, the date of his birth. The paternal genealogy shows a long
line of Welsh ancestors. His father, Griffith Hopkins, was born in
Wales September 28, 1829, and at the age of three years was brought
to the United States by his parents, who settled at Carbondale, Pa.
The advantages of free-school education in the east aided him in the
preparation for life's duties. During 1853 he became a resident of
Coalport, Meigs county. Pa. The year 1855 found him joining the
pioneers of California, coming via Panama, and from San Fran-
cisco he went to Eldorado county and tried his luck in the mines.
Like the majority who follow that occupation he had his good fortune
and his ill luck, but he earned a livelihood at the work, so he con-
tinued for many years to give much attention to prospecting and
mining. Eventually, in 1886, he retired from business and came to
Sacramento, where in 1900 his death occurred.

After having completed the studies of the common schools 0. G.
Hopkins came to Sacramento in 1884, without money or friends, but
with an abundance of hope and ambition. The first position offered
was that of clerk in John Riley's grocery and there he worked for
three months. Next for two months he worked for A. A. Van Voor-

49i> HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

hies & Co., saddlery manufacturers. During the ensuing two months
he worked for John Eitel, manufacturer of candy, and for a month
was employed by Siller Bros., contractors and builders. With them
he gained his first knowledge of carpentering and in order to com-
plete the trade he entered the employ of J. H. Moon, a building con-
tractor, with whom he continued for two and one-half years. On
starting out to work for wages he secured employment as a bench
hand with the Telegraph Planing Mill Company and there he re-
mained for three years. These various positions had brought him
enough to pay for his board and clothing, but had enabled him to
save up little for other expenses, and always he had been ambitious
to secure an education beyond that of the public schools. With that
purpose in view he entered the Atkinson Business College and studied
for three months.

With only $35 in his pocket as his total capital, Mr. Hopkins left
Sacramento for San Jose and entered the preparatory department of
the University of the Pacific. By working for others during his
leisure hours he was able to pay his expenses for the one year of
his study in the institution, and he adopted a similar course in order
to earn his way through Stanford University, When he was gradu-
ated from that institution in 1895, the pioneer class with the degree
of A. B., it was with the satisfaction of knowing that his unaided
efforts had given him a splendid "education and yet left him without
debt. After his graduation he remained at Stanford for one year
in order to complete the course in law. In 1896 he received the
degree of A. M. from his alma mater. Upon returning to Sacramento
he began the practice of law, which he has continued on a growing
scale lip to the present. Besides his professional work he has served as
a director in the Fort Sutter Bank and as a director of the Roseville
Banking & Trust Co., at Roseville, Placer county.

The marriage of Mr. Hopkins and Miss Jennie S. DeMerritt took
l)lace in Sacramento October 12, 1899, and has been blessed with two
children. The daughter, Evehm E., and the son, Marshall G., are both
students in the Sacramento schools. The family are communicants of
the Congregational Church and contribute to the missionary and
lienevolent measures under the auspices of the denomination. The
Republican party has received the support of Mr. Hopkins ever since
he attained his majority, and in 1912 was nominated at the primary
for State Senator of the Seventh district, embracing Sacramento
county. Various fraternities have had the benefit of his active co-
operation. In the Independent Order of Foresters he is officiating as
])ast high chief ranger of the High Court of California, an office
wliich he has filled for the past six years. A believer in the splendid
princijiles for which Masonry stands, he has been staunch in his
association with its lodge at Sacramento, being a thirty-second degree
Scottish Rite Mason, and is a member of Islam Temple, N. M. S., of

HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 4!)3

Sau Francisco. Other fraternal connections include membersliip in the
Independent Order of Odd Fellows, Woodmen of the World, Knights
of Pythias, Loyal Order of Moose and Improved Order of Red Men.

EUGENE A. JUNIOR

For more than twenty-five years a resident of the vicinity of
Antelope, Mr. Junior ranks deservedly among the most influential
and progressive citizens of this portion of Sacramento county and the
place that he owns and occupies, improved through his laborious ef-
forts and cultivated imder his scientific supervision, represents the
fruits of his years of intelligent toil. Visitors state that the farm is
one of the most attractive in the region, while the testimony of his
own financial returns indicates that the property is remunerative
as well as artistically beautiful. AVhen he first came to the locality
he was entirely without means and, in order to secure a start, was
obliged to work out as a ranch hand for a number of years. Begin-
ning as a property owner in 1893, he acquired the title to twenty-one
acres near Antelope and later purchased an adjacent tract of twenty
acres. On this farm he since has engaged in the growing of almonds.
As a specialist he has won wide recognition and distinct success, and
the products of his ranch find a ready sale at the highest market
prices.

A son of Joseph and Mary Junior and a native of Brandon, Rut-
land county, Vt., Eugene A. Junior was born February 20, 1855, and
attended the public schools of the home neighborhood from 1861 until
the spring of 1873. At the latter time he removed to Michigaii and
secured employment as a clerk in a general mercantile store at Me-
nominee, continuing in the same position until January of 1876, when
he came west to California. Here his first emplo^^nent detained him
for one year in Trinity county, where he worked in a quicksilver mine.
From that section he drifted to other localities and worked at any
honest occupation that promised a livelihood. His advent into Sacra-
mento county in 1886 was not auspicious, for he was without friends
or capital or influence. However, he possessed an abundance of de-
termination and energy and these qualities, backed by honorable prin-
ciples and intelligent judgment, have brought him a fair degree of
success. His life has been so occupied with private concerns that he
has had no leisure for political interests nor have his tastes led him
in the direction of public activities. In political sentiments he is inde-
pendent, supporting the men and the measures rather than the party.
In the work of the Grange he has been an intelligent participant, having

494 HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY

served two terms as past master, and in all local movements for the
general welfare be has been actively interested. During December of
1889 Mr. Junior was married in Sacramento to Miss Minnie Gardner,
an estimable young lady, born in Sutter township, this county. She
is the daughter of Daniel Gardner, who came to California around the
Horn in the early '50s. In 1910 their new residence was built and it
presents an artistic appearance, being a bungalow with cobble-stone
front, the stone having been brought for that purpose from Natoma.

SIDNEY M. PHILLIPS

To business men of Sacramento and San Francisco the name of
Sidney M. Phillips is known as that of an influential citizen, prog-
ressive in his association with commercial enterprises, devoted to the
development of Northern California and engaged in important busi-
ness pursuits that give employment to his trained mental energies.
Honesty of character and earnestness of purpose have stamped the
impress of his individuality upon associates. In view of the fact that
scarcely yet has he reached the prime of mature manhood his success
is particularly noteworthy and indicates the possession of originality
of mind as well as high aspirations of soul. Metropolitan advantages
in San Francisco, where he was born in February of 1879, offered
abundant opportunities for the development of a mind unusually keen.
It was his good fortune not only to attend the public schools, but also
to enjoy collegiate instruction, and thus he entered upon business ac-
tivities fully prepared to cope with every difficulty and master every
intricate problem.

The house of M. Phillips & Co., wholesale dealers in rice, gave
to Sidney M. Phillips his initial training in the fundamental elements
of all business, and he remained in San Francisco with this firm for
some years. During 1904 he established in Sacramento the wholesale
rice and cracker firm of S. M. Phillips & Co., and at the same time
became a resident of the capital city. As the Sacramento representa-
tive of a number of leading automobile companies he established an
agency at No. 1224 M street, but in 1908 he built a modern garage at
No. 1609-11 M street and removed his agency to that address. In
addition, he established the Phillips Drayage and Warehouse Company
on Front and P streets. Upon leaving Sacramento August 1, 1911,
to resume residence in San Francisco, he retired from the automobile
business, but the warehouse is still conducted under competent and
trustworthy management. In San Francisco he is a member of the
firm of M. Phillips & Co., located at No. 9 Main street., wholesale

HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 497

rice and bean importers and exporters, with branches in Sacramento,
Honolulu, H. T., Seattle, Wash., Los Angeles, Cal., and Portland, Ore.
With all the heav}'^ responsibilities of a business so extensive he has
not allowed his Sacramento interests to be lessened or neglected, but
by occasional visits he keeps in close touch with every department of
the work at this point, where he has built and now occupies a ware-
house 120x150 feet in dimensions.

During June of 1910 occurred the marriage of Sidney M. Phillips
to Miss Blanche Lewis, daughter of a retired business man and in-
fluential citizen of San Francisco. In addition to enjoying the usual
classical educational advantages, Mrs. Phillips was also afforded ex-
ceptional opportunities in music. Possessing talent in this art, she
has become an accomplished pianist. Her skill has become recognized
in the musical circles of San Francisco and Sacramento, where her
standing is that of an artist unusually gifted by nature and thor-
oughly equipped by education for the highest successes offered by
the profession. Grace and hospitality mingle with the other elements
that endow her mind and character. A love of the most refined in
literature adds its influence to the cultivation of her mind and gives
her prominence in the Tuesday and Saturday clubs of Sacramento,
as well as in a number of clubs in San Francisco.

JOHN LAWRENCE NAGLE

By far one of the most important and extensive industries in
Northern California today is fruit culture, and, in this field, re-
plete with financial opportunities, ought to be found men of broad
training and keen business judgment. In truth, to such gigantic
proportions has grown the enterprise, launched scarcely forty years
ago in a country rich with possibilities for its success, that were
the exact number of workers in that connection to become known,
astonishment would reign supreme in the minds of those who know
little of the extent of this carefully organized, perfectly controlled
source of production.

In his vital association with the fruit industry during the past
twelve years, the manager of the California Fruit Exchange of
Sacramento, John L. Nagle, has attained thorough familiarity with
every phase of his work and in his direct conservative methods and
ability to master every problem that arises, is recognized as a man
perfectly adapted for his position.

Mr. Nagle was born September 5, 1877, in Boston, Mass., where
he received a preliminary education in the public schools. At the

498 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

ai>e of sixteen he entered Mount St. Mary's College at Emmitsbnrg,
Md., at which place he remained for three years, and in 1896 en-
tered Georgetown University at Washington, D. C, from which in-
stitution he graduated in 1899, and later entered the employ of
Haskell-Adams & Co., importers, of Boston, Mass. After serving
these ]ieople two years as salesman he was selected to handle the
account of Nelson-Morris & Co., beef packers, of Chicago, in San
Francisco. His associations with the latter firm took him into the
fruit districts of Northern California. Becoming impressed with
the opportunities offered in the growing of fruit he determined to
engage in the business, and for this purpose he located in New-
castle, Placer county, in 1901. Two years later he was joined by
his brother from Boston, and together they purchased large tracts of
land and jjlanted the same to deciduous fruits.

In 1904 Mr. Nagle was appointed manager of the Newcastle Fruit
Growers' Association, a branch of the California Fruit Exchange,
which position he held until 1910, when he was made manager of
the California Fruit Exchange, the largest independent deciduous
fruit marketing organization on the Pacific coast.

The California Fruit Exchange has grown in the past twelve
years from a shipment of two hundred cars to two thousand cars,
and now embraces associations from the Imperial Valley to Shasta
county, handling the products of over one thousand fruit growers
and distributing the same through all the principal markets of the
United States and Canada. On account of its affiliation with the
California Fruit Growers' Exchange of Los Angeles, the largest
citrus organization in the world, it is enabled to employ a force of
salaried agents, numbering over one hundred, located in all of the
large markets of this country.

Mr. Nagle has increased his holdings in Placer county, and- is
now one of the largest fruit growers in the northern part of the
state. On account of his close relationship with the Exchange, most
of his time is taken up in Sacramento, though he looks after his
personal properties once a week.

For years Mr. Nagle took an active part in athletic sports and
for two years held the one-mile record for the southern states. He
was also enthusiastic in foot-ball and base-ball, but, owing to pres-
sure of business, has found it impossible to devote any time to that
field of pleasure. Widely known as a man of exemplary principles
and ])rogressive spirit, he enjoys the high regard of his friends and
associates and in all public movements of worth may be counted upon
to lend material assistance.

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 499

RALPH KNIGHT

The interests of occupatioual employiiieut have takeu Mr. Knight
into various parts of tlie country and have given him a broad knowl-
edge not only concerning his native commonwealth of California, but
also in regard to much of the south and east. Brief sojourns in many
well-known cities and temporary association with a number of indus-
trial and railroad corporations have made him conversant with the
opportunities afforded by different regions and with the condition
of workmen connected with various large corporations. He was,
however, connected with the Southern Pacific Railroad Company in
a larger degree than with anj^ other organization and for five years
was engaged as foreman of the drafting department in the company's
shops at Sacramento, filling the responsible i^osition with an energy
which is one of his characteristics and with an intelligent comprehen-
sion of the work acquired through former associations with similar
departments elsewhere. However, in 1912 he resigned his position to
engage in mechanical engineering.

In the city where he now resides Mr. Knight was born during May
of 1869 into the home of Capt. William L. and Mary D. Knight. The
local schools afforded him excellent advantages in the primary and
grammar department, after which from 1880 until 1884 he studied
in the public schools of Oakland and then completed his education
by a year's course in the Spencerian Business College. His entrance
into the world of industrial activitj' was made as an apprentice ma-
chinist in the printing press machine shop of Hare & Berryman,
printers, at San Francisco, with whom he continued for a year. Re-
turning to Sacramento he engaged as an apprentice machinist wdth
the Southern Pacific Railroad Company and during 1892 completed the
trade in these shops, after which he went back to the coast and for
two months worked as machinist with the South San Francisco Land
Improvement Company. The five months following were spent in San
Luis Obispo, Cal., as a machinist. Upon his return to San Francisco
he took a course in mechanical drafting in a school of engineering,
where he studied for one year, later until 1896 engaging as a machinist
with the Southern Pacific Company in Oakland. Next he spent two
years as a machinist in the government employ at Mare Island Navy
yard, where he held a position in the steam engineering department.
During April of 1898 he returned to Oakland as a machinist with the
railroad company and afterward with the same company at Duns-
muir, Siskiyou county, to work in the railroad shops at that point,
where he continued from 1900 imtil March of the next year. From
March until June he was with the Southern Pacific at Tucson, Ariz.,
as a machinist. The following month was sjient at Denison, Texas,

500 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

as a machinist in the shops of the Missouri, Kansas & Texas Railroad,
and he then worked for a similar period at Pine Bluff, Ark., as a
machinist with the St. Louis & Southwestern Railroad. The next posi-
tion was at Little Rock, Ark., with the St. Louis, Iron Mountain &
Southern Railroad.

A brief expei'ience concerning conditions and environment in In-
diana came to Mr. Knight when for two months he worked at Lafay-
ette, that state, as a machinist with the Chicago, Indiana & Louisville
Railroad. From Indiana he traveled across the line into Ohio and
secured employment as draftsman with the American Steel & Wire
Company, of Cleveland, with whom he continued until December of
1902. From that time until November of 1903 he held a position as
draftsman with the Baldwin Locomotive Works at Philadelphia, Pa.
Returning to Ohio he became draftsman with the Columbia Chemical
Company at Barberton, but in March of 1904 he decided to resign and
return to the south. After spending three months in Tucson, Ariz.,
as machinist with the Southern Pacific Railroad, he came back to Cali-
fornia, where he entered the Southern Pacific shops at Rocklin, Placer
county. During July of 1904 he was employed at Ogden, Utah, as a
machinist with the same company, but in a very short time he returned
to the company's Sacramento shops, where he was employed as a ma-
chinist until November of 1905 and then entered the drafting room
as a draftsman, being promoted in 1907 as foreman of the department.
In 1912 he resigned to engage as a mechanical engineer, opening an
office in Sacramento, where he is practicing. He is loyal to his
native commonwealth and maintains an active association with the
Society of California Pioneers. Politically he votes with the Repub-
lican party, fraternally holds membership with the Independent Order
of Odd Fellows and in religion adheres to the doctrines of the Chris-
tian Science Church.

HON. GROVE L. JOHNSON

The subject of this sketch, Hon. Grove L. Johnson, was born
in Syracuse, Onondaga county, state of New York, March 27, 1841.
His father, grandfather, great-grandfather and great-great-grand-
father were born in America. His mother, her father and her grand-
father were all born in America. He can therefore truly claim that
he is an American in the fullest sense.

Mr. Johnson's father died when he was but fifteen years of age,
since which time he has supported himself by his own exertions. He
studied law in the office of Sedgwick, Andrews & Kennedy, the lead-

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 501

ing law firm of Syracuse, N. Y., and was admitted to the bar April 2,
1862, just six days after he became twenty-one. He early in life
took an interest in politics as a Republican. Although but fifteen
years of age he made many speeches for Fremont in 1856 and when
but nineteen years old he campaigned for Lincoln in 1860. He was
elected school commissioner of the city of his birth in 1862, although
not tweuty-one years old and could not take his seat for some time,
awaiting his majority.

The fact that his brother was serving as a commissioned ofticer
in the west was the immediate cause of the coming of Mr. Johnson
to California in October of 1863, when he arrived in Sacramento
after a tedious overland journey from Atchison, Kans., in a stage-
coach that covered the distance in twenty-two days and nights. Im-
mediately after his arrival he was made quartermaster's clerk under
his brother and served in that capacity in California, Arizona and
Washington. During April of 1865, with the close of the war, he
received an honorable discharge and in May of the same year he
returned to Sacramento, which city he since has considered his home,
although public duties often have called him temporarily to other
points. After having held a position as chief deputy in the county
assessor's office for two years he was made swamp land clerk for
the board of supervisors of Sacramento county, being the first to
hold the office, also the sole incumbent, for at the expiration of seven
years the swamp lands were formed into different districts instead of
being managed by the board of supervisors, hence there was no
longer need for a swamp land clerk of the supervisors.

After having held a position as clerk in the office of the surveyor-
general of California for two years Mr. Johnson opened an office in
Sacramento, Cal., for the practice of law May 1, 1873. Since that
time he has risen to a high rank in his profession, not alone in his
home city, but throughout the entire commonwealth and indeed the
whole great west. Deliberate in action, logical in thought, ripe in
experience and concise and clear in his reasoning and most eloquent
in his addresses, he possesses the attributes of a successful attorney
and has won his laurels worthily and well. He was very successful
as a criminal lawi^er and during his practice lost only two cases.
He defended seventeen persons accused of murder and saved all but
one from hanging. He won the Hurtado case, when the Supreme
Court of California, upon the strength of his argument, changed
the rule of testimony in murder cases where temporary insanity was
the defense.

He carried to success the litigation growing out of the attempt
to take the State Capitol from Sacramento to San Jose. In other
important lawsuits he won decisions from the Supreme Court against
learned and able antagonists and at times obtained decisions that
were new to our state. He has always been a friend to the poor

502 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

and has done more nni^aid work as a lawyer than any other man
in California.

The building up of an important clientele did not engross his
attention to the exclusion of public service. Always he has stood
for what was best for the interests of the city and commonwealth.
In a long and influential piiblic career he has proved absolutely
honest and incontestibly courageous and perhaps no citizen of Sac-
ramento has done more than he in the molding of public opinion.
As a member of the State Bar Association and as president for more
than twelve years of the Sacramento Bar Association, he has main-
tained an intimate association with matters of law and jurisprudence.
With justice he might be denominated a Nestor of the bar, not only
on account of his long service as a practitioner, but also in recog-
nition of his deep knowledge of fundamental law. As a public
speaker either politically or on general topics he has no superior
in the west. He always captivates his audience.

Prom young manhood Mr. Johnson has been active in the work
of tlie Republican party. At the California Republican state con-
ventions of 1884, 1888,' 1892 and 1908 he officiated as chairman of
the committee on resolutions and also wrote the party platform
that was adopted by the delegates. During 1896 he was a delegate
to the St. Louis national convention of his party. Elected to the
Assembly in 1877, two years later he was chosen to serve as state
senator for four years. In 1894 he became a member of congress
from the second congressional district of California. Two years
later, when again nominated, he suffered defeat with the balance of
the Republican ticket. At the elections of 1898, 1900 and 1902 he
was chosen a member of the state assembly and would have been
re-elected in 1904 had not illness prevented him from being a can-
didate. Elected to the state legislature in 1906, he served with
such distinction and fidelity that he was again chosen for the same
position in 1908. In each session he was chairman of the judiciary
committee. Every bill of a general nature introduced before the
legislature was read by him. So painstaking was he in the pre-
sentation of every important matter to the members of his com-
mittee that they were accustomed to remark, as they proceeded to
the judiciary committee room, they were going to "Johnson's law
school." No measure associated with his public career has been
more important than that of securing while a member of congress
the jilacing of the work of improving and cleansing the Sacramento
and San Joaquin rivers on the regailar appropriation schedule, so
that appropriations are made each year for the work without special
orders, thus entirely removing a great public measure from the
realm of politics.

The first marriage of Mr. Johnson took place in Syracuse, N. Y.,
and united him with Miss Annie W. de Montfi'edv, who was born

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 503

iu Syracuse and died in 1903 in California. September 1, 1908, he
was united in marriage with Miss Helen Alice Hassett, a native of
San Francisco and a daughter of Hon. W. J. Hassett, ex-mayor of
Sacramento. By his first marriage he ])ecame the fatlier of five
children, namely: Albert M., who died in Oakland in 1907 at the
age of forty-six years; Josephine, Mrs. A. R. Fink, of Sacramento;
Hiram W., now governor of California; Mabel, Mrs. Bruce L. Dray,
of Pasadena; and Mary, Mrs. H. E. O'Neal, of Tacoma, Wash., who
died in Sacramento. The eldest son, Albert M., ranked as one of
the most brilliant and promising attorneys of the state and as one of
the most eloquent orators in the west. The inspiration of his career
is not forgotten, although its untimely end was a source of deep
regret to friends.

From May, 1911, to February, 1912, Mr. and Mrs. Johnson trav-
eled in Europe, making an extensive tour, not only for purposes of
pleasure and recreation, but also in the interests of research and
study. Upon his return he gave a series of interesting lectures con-
cerning the old world, dwelling particularly upon its people, history
and institutions, its present status and future possibilities. In the
midst of a career embracing large public interests and important
private duties, he has not remained aloof from fraternal associations,
but has enjoyed his comradeship iu a peculiar degree. At this
writing he is a member of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows
and of all its branches, the Improved Order of Red Men, the United
Ancient Order of Druids, the Foresters of America, the Knights of
Pythias, the Fraternal Order of Eagles and the Benevolent and Pro-
tective Order of Elks. He has served as Great Sachem of the
Improved Order of Red Men of California and Grand Master of the
Independent Order of Odd Fellows of California and is a P. C. F.
of the Foresters and a P. C. of the Knights of Pythias and a
P. N. A. of the United Ancient Order of Druids. He is an honorary
member of the Typographical union, having received that recognition
of his services in the legislature in behalf of the printers of Cali-
fornia.

HENRY J. KILGARIFF

Born in New Orleans Augaist 22, 1855, Henry J. Kilgariff was only
three years old when he began to be a citizen of the capital city of
California. His father, Martin Gilgariff, was a native of County
Galway, Ireland, a sturdy yeoman of the old Irish school, and along
the levees of the lower Mississippi he found profitable emplo^^nent
as a contracting stevedore. The business of loading and unloading

504 HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

the commerce of the great Crescent City was a paying one, but life
in that hot, fevered locality was not healthful, and Martin and Honor a
Kilgariff removed their household to California. In Sacramento the
father engaged iu the same employment until his death in 1862.

At seventeen Henry J. Kilgariff closed his school term and began
the struggle for self-support. Any job that paid was accepted by the
young laborer. A little flyer into politics made him a page in the
legislature for three sessions. He then entered the service of the
Southern Pacific Eailroad Company in the humble capacity of messen-
ger. Sticking to his job through the years he is now assistant freight
agent in the employ of that great corporation.

Mr. Kilgariff was married in Sacramento in November, 1895, to
Miss Regina Hassett, and they have three children, namely, Helen,
aged fifteen; Margaret, eleven years; Martin, age nine; all attending
school. Mr. Kilgariff 's fraternal relations speak clearly of his social
standing and popularity. In the lodges of the Elks, Knights of Col-
umbus and Y'oung Men's Institute he is well and favorably known.
He is also a member of St. Francis Xavier Church and a Democrat
in his political belief.

JOSEPH D. CORNELL

The father of the prominent lawyer whose name is the title of this
notice, James Cornell, came by way of Cape Horn in 1850 and began
his career here by mining on the American river in Sacramento county.
His success was indifferent and eventually he turned his attention to
ranching, which he pursued with considerable success. He is passing
the declining years of his life at his home ranch, which he improved
from a wilderness, it being located on the Folsom road, fourteen miles
southeast of Sacramento. His wife, who before her marriage was
Miss Susan Cleary, bore him six children, all of whom are living,
Joseph D. being the third oldest.

It was in the public schools and in the grammar school that Joseph
D. Cornell was educated in the English branches. His legal studies
he pursued in the office and under the direction of Albert M. Johnston.
Being admitted to the bar in 1900 he practiced with his preceptor till
his demise in 1906. Mr. Cornell then opened a law office of his own
and has engaged in the practice of his profession not only in the
courts of Sacramento, but throughout the state. His present offices
are in the Peoples Bank building. Owing to his careful preparation
for his profession and the attention which he has given to every detail
of his work, no less than to his manifest talent for his calling, he has
been successful even beyond his expectations in building up a profit-

HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY 507

able clientele, to the varied interests of which he has devoted himself
indefatigably and most conscientiously and with characteristic ability.
^Vhile the Hon. Theodore Bell represented his district in Congress
Mr. Cornell was his very efficient private secretary, in which position
he was enabled, by association with leaders in both great political
parties, to acquire an intimate and defmite knowledge of public; affairs
of our great and growing country, a knowledge which has done much
to win for him the high esteem as a citizen which he deservedly enjoys.
Mr. Cornell is a member of the Eagles and of the Native Sons
of the Golden West, in which organizations, as well as in all other
relations of his life, he is patriotically helpful.

THOMAS R. JONES

The Jones family has been identified with the history of Wales
since its earliest days. From time to time there were representatives
who bade farewell to native land and crossed the ocean to America
in the hope of benefiting by the opportunities offered by the new world.
The branch of the family represented by Thomas R. Jones of Sacra-
mento was established in the United States and in California by his
father, Thomas, whose birth had occurred at the ancestral Welsh
home on New Year's Day of 1817 and whose boyhood had been a
period of privation and hardship destitute of educational or other
advantages. Desirous of rising to a condition more properous and
satisfactory, he crossed the ocean in 1840 and sought employment in
New York City. For some years he earned his livelihood as a hotel
employe. Upon learning of the discovery of gold in California he de-
termined to come hither and accordingly made the trip via Mexico in
1849 in company with a party of forty men, among them being J. Mc-
Clatchy, the late owner of the Sacramento Bee.

Arriving in Jackson, Amador county, as early as July of 1849,
Thomas Jones at once began to mine, an undertaking in which he
was successful, and he also engaged in other enterprises. From
1871 until his retirement in 1885 he held the responsible position
of United States internal revenue collector. Prominent in local
politics, he served for many years as chairman of the county cen-
tral committee of the Republican party and enjoyed a wide ac-
quaintance among the representatives of that organization. His
death occurred October 7, 1894, at the age of seventy-seven years
and nine months. During June of 1844 he married Miss Eleanor
Owens in New York City. Four children blessed their union, namely:
Oeorge W., Thomas R., Mary E. and Harry AV. The second of these,

508 HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY

Thomas R., was born at Jackson, Amador county, Cal., October 31,
1853, and received such advantages as the public schools of that locality
afforded. At the age of fifteen years he began to study telegraphy and
subsequent practice made him an expert in that art. During 1871 he
came to Sacramento as postmaster of the state assembly for the ses-
sion of that winter.

On the conclusion of his services in the interests of the state in
May, 1872, Mr. Jones entered the employ of the Central Pacific Rail-
road Company as telegraph operator at Rockland. After a few
months, in September of the same year, he was transferred to Sacra-
mento and here he was appointed train dispatcher, a position of great
responsibility, which he filled with characteristic fidelity for about
sixteen years. In recognition of his efficiency he was promoted to be
assistant superintendent in 1891 and continued as such for twelve
years, when, in 1903, he was chosen superintendent of the Tucson
division in Arizona. During November of 1901 he returned to Sacra-
mento to liegin the duties of superintendent of the Sacramento divis-
ion, from wliich position he was transferred in Augaist of 1907 to that
of special representative of the railroad at Sacramento, which position
he now fills. As a railroad man he has exhibited painstaking atten-
tion to every duty and intelligent comprehension of the magnitude
of the tasks placed before the railroads of the west. His steady rise
is due to the possession of these traits, supplementing the utmost
tact and the greatest efficiency.

At no time in his busy life has Mr. Jones allowed his attention to
be diverted from his chosen calling by extraneous affairs, yet he has
proved a public-spirited citizen, in touch with all enterjirises for the
general up])uilding, and in ]")olitics he has been a staunch Republican.
Fraternally, he holds membership with Sacramento Lodge No. 6, B. P.
0. E., and Sacramento Parlor No. 3, N. S. G. W., while socially he is
a leading participant in the functions of the Sutter Club. In Sacra-
mento, Sejitember 12, 1878, he married Miss Elizabeth Lillian Poole,
by whom he became the father of four children, namely: Dr. C. B.
Jones, a graduate physician and surgeon of the University of Califor-
nia and the affiliated colleges of San Francisco, and now a physician
of Sacramento county; Mrs. W. B. Jordan of Sacramento; Mrs. A. D.
Bechtel, whose hiisband is a physician at Victoria, British Columbia;
and Miss Leslev H.

CHARLES T. NOYES

That fidelity to duty brings a merited reward finds another illus-
tration in the life and activities of Charles T. Noyes, whose long
service in the shops of the Southern Pacific railroad at Sacramento

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 509

was crowned appropriately, in Julj' of 1905, by his appointment to
the responsible position of superintendent. It is no easy step from
apprentice to managing overseer. The path was tilled with dilhculties
and made laborious through obstacles, which, however, gave way before
the resistless pressure of a determined will, a resolute energy and a
patient industry such as was exercised by the young workman. As
the years passed bj' and his accurate knowledge of machinery began to
be appreciated, he rose from his lowly place through successive promo-
tions until finally his abilities were recog-nized in his appointment as
sui^erintendent, his present position.

Our subject, Charles T. Noyes, was the son of Charles
and Lucy C. (Hazelton) Noyes, both natives of Orange county, Vt.,
the father having been born January 10, 1827, a representative of an
old and honored colonial family of New England, whose original
members in the new world crossed the ocean at a date so early that
no authentic record has been preserved. The trip made by the father
to the western coast occurred during 1860, when he settled in Sierra
county and engaged for five years as a blacksmith in the mines. From
there he came to the vicinity of Sacramento and worked on a ranch
owned by a brother-in-law, but in a short time he moved to Marin
county. Thence removing to Lafayette, he there engaged in farming
until his death in October, 1911.

Charles T. Noyes was the eldest of four children, two of whom
are now living. His brother, F. B. Noyes, is sheriff of Sutter county.
Charles T. was born in Orange county, Vt., June 13, 1851. After
having completed the course in the public schools Charles T. Noyes
was graduated in 1869 and afterward he worked for two years as a
laborer on the ranch of his uncle near Sacramento. During 1869 he
went to Yolo county and secured a clerkship in a general store, con-
tinuing there until the fall of 1870. Upon his return to Sacramento
he began an apprenticeship to the trade of machinist in the shops of
the Southern Pacific railroad. Thus he entered upon a long and
honorable connection with the shop which has continued for more
than forty years. Practically his first promotion occurred in 1884,
when he was made shop foreman. The following year he became a
draftsman and continued in that capacity until 1888, when he was
again appointed shop foreman. That responsible place was filled by
him until 1901, when he was promoted to be inspector of locomotives.
The final and most noteworthy promotion took place in July of 1905,
when he became superintendent of shops. The mere record of such
a long and successful connection with one company indicates the
rugged mentality and forceful strength of the man.

The Republican party has received the ballot of Mr. Noyes ever
since he attained his majority and became a voting citizen of the city
and commonwealth. Working closely at his appointed task, he has
not cared to take the time for public affairs and hence has avoided

510 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

official candidacies, but we find him to be well informed regarding all
national problems. In fraternal relations he holds membership with
the Independent Order of Odd Fellows. His marriage took place
August 22, 1878, and united him with Miss Mary E. Hussey of Sacra-
mento, where they have continued to make their home in a comfortable
cottage surrounded by the evidences of their personal thrift, culture
and wise management. They are the parents of two children, the only
daughter being Mrs. Lucy F. Starbuck, also of Sacramento. The son,
George E., is a graduate of the University of California and a young
man of fine educational attainments. The family are identified with
the Congregational church.

FRANK B. McKEVITT

Among the successful business men of Sacramento, Frank B.
Mclvevitt holds an honored place, having won his present commer-
cial status by his executive ability and fitness for his work. He
was born March 3, 1859, in Truxton, Cortland eountj^, N. Y., where
he spent the first eight years of his life, in 1867 moving with his
parents, Alexander and Sarah A. (Field) McKevitt, to Clinton,
Iowa, where he received his education. In November, 1877, shortly
after his graduation from the Clinton high school, the family re-
moved to Vacaville, Cal., where they engaged in fruit growing.
Frank B. McKevitt became deeply interested in the industry and
with others formed The Vacaville Branch Fruit Union (fruit pack-
ers) of which he was chosen secretary. Later he organized The
Vacaville & Winters Fruit Company and was elected secretary of
this concern also, serving until 1892; in 1894, in partnership with
E. F. Pinkham, he succeeded to the business of the said company,
incorporating a new organization under the name of Pinkham &
McKevitt. He was at once chosen vice-president, which office he
holds at the present time. In January, 1909, he was selected to
fill the position of secretary and manager of the California Fruit
Distributors at Sacramento, an organization composed of fourteen
fruit ship])ers whose annual output is over nine thousand cars. His
predecessor in this position had been Lieut.-Gov. Alden Anderson.
Mr. McKevitt is a director and vice-president of the San Monte
Fruit Company, apple shippers, of Watsonville, Cal., also of the
Kreiger Vinegar Company of "Watsonville and a director of the Pajaro
Packing Company, and is largely interested in fruit growing and
shipping in Tulare county, being the president of the Giant Oak
Fruit Company near Exeter. This company is the owner of five
hundred and sixty acres of land, of which the greater part is in
fruits, both deciduous and citrus. For several years Mr. McKevitt

4T -/

''O,

HISTOEY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY 513

was a director in the Bank of Vacaville. He is vice-president
of the California Eex Spray Co. of Benicia, manufacturers of lime
and sulphur spray compounds, and is president of the Florin Basket
Co. of Florin.

Mr. McKevitt is a member of the Sutter Club of Sacramento
and the Union League Club of San Francisco. In fraternal cir-
cles he is known as a Woodman of the World and a Mason; he is
past master of Vacaville Lodge No. 134, F. & A. M., is a member
of Vacaville Chapter No. 81, E. A. M., past commander of Vaca-
ville Commandery No. 38, K. T., and a member of Islam Temple,
N. M. S., of San Francisco.

July 18, 1883, Mr. McKevitt 's marriage took place in San Fran-
cisco uniting him with Miss Laura A. Walker, who was born in Cedar
Eapids, Iowa. They have four children: Thama A., now Mrs. W. G.
Wood of Sacramento; Frank B., Jr., who is manager of the Pink-
ham & McKevitt corporation at Vacaville; Hazel, now Mrs. J. V.
McClatchy, of Sacramento; and Harold. Mr. and Mrs. McKevitt and
their charming family have ever enjoyed the highest regard of their
many friends.

The connection of the McKoAdtt family with the horticultural
interests of California is well and favorably known. Both Al-
exander and F. B. McKevitt have always taken an active interest
in the building up of the industry, securing the highest quality of
fruit, as well as taking deep interest in securing a high market price
to reward the industry of the grower. The name is familiar to all
fruit growers in California through the fact that the "McKevitt
Cling," recognized as one of the best white cling stone peaches,
was named for Alexander McKevitt, and is one of the two standard
varieties of the white cling peach in California. It is interesting
to note that the elder McKevitt discovered this peach growing on the
ranch which he purchased, and after he introduced it it received his
name. As Mr. McKevitt is widely interested in fruit in Southern,
Central and Northern California there are few men who have a
more thorough knowledge of fruit growing or are better posted con-
cerning the shipping and marketing of California fruits through-
out the United States and Canada, and it is little wonder that he
was selected by the California Fruit Distributors for the respon-
sible position of manager.

JAMES S. HUNTEESS

The pine forests of Maine through which merrily flow the clear
streams of the north on their course to the ocean were familiar to
the early experiences of James S. Huntress, who claimed Maine as

514 HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

his native commouwealtb and the year 1835 as his natal date. The
family, although belonging to the honored aristocracy of New England,
possessed little means and it was not possible for him to enjoy the
educational advantages which his ambitious soul desired. At a very
early age he was apprenticed to the trade of a mason and thencefor-
ward he depended upon his own efforts for a livelihood. When nine-
teen years of age he started out for himself and it was then that he
made the long journey to California, which continued to be his home
from that time until his death more than forty years later. During
tlie long period of his identification with the west he devoted much
attention to mining interests and made his home in Nevada county,
where he died at Grass Valley June 22, 1907, mourned by the large
circle of acquaintances whose friendship he had won through kindly
disposition, unwavering integrity and large business ability. His
high reputation in the community where he had lived so long furnished
abundant proof that he had lived worthily and exhibited in his char-
acter the principles of truth and honor. As he was true and houor-
alile in intercourse with others, so likewise he was loyal and true to
his country, ever seeking to give his influence to movements for the
general welfare and especially eager to aid enterprises for the benefit
of his county and commonwealth. A staunch believer in Repul)licau
principles, he took a prominent part in the workings of that party in
Nevada county and was counted a local leader; at the same time
narrow partisanship found no place in his life, but he gave to others
the same freedom of political opinion which he demanded for himself.
The marriage of James S. Huntress took place in 1868 and united
him with Miss Mary S. Huitt, who was born in Arkansas but in infancy
was brought across the plains by ox teams to California by mem-
bers of her family and ever since has resided in the state. Sulise-
quent to the demise of her husband she removed to Sacramento and
now owns a comfortable home at No. 1421 Twenty-fifth street, where
she dispenses a cheerful hospitality to friends of the caj^ital city, as
well as to the other friends from Nevada county during their occa-
sional visits to town. In addition to the loss of her husband she suf-
fered another bereavement in the death of her only son, William C,
but she is fortunate in having four daughters, all women of educa-
tion and culture, and their congenial companionship fills the afternoon
of her life with tranquil enjo>anent. The second daughter, Emma M.,
who is married to Charles Single and makes her home at Grass Valley,
is the only member of the family not residing in Sacramento. The
eldest daughter, Mrs. Alice Webster, has lived in the cajiital city ever
since her marriage, and the same statement may be made concerning
the two youngest daughters, namely: Mabel, Mrs. Arthur Eapp; and
Martha, Mrs. Lewis Clausen.

-V^,^

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 517

JESSE WARREN WILSON

It has been the fortunate fate of Sacramento to attract to its
citizenship men of sterling worth of character, energy of temperament
and remarkable intensity of patriotism. These attributes have pre-
dominated in the active business career of Jesse Warren Wilson, an
honored pioneer of the state and for years one of the leading men of
the capital city, the incumbent of important offices and the proprietor
of well-known commercial enterprises. Even now, although he has
reached an age justifying a complete retirement from all activities, he
is still to be found working for the welfare of Sacramento, giving of
his time and means to the expansion of local interests and favoring
progressive projects with all of his influence as a pioneer and prom-
inent citizen. Throughout the long period of his association with the
city he has been a leading factor in municipal enterprises and a con-
tributor to civic efforts, not the least memorable of such associations
having been his service as a member of the committee (with Governor
Stanford) that turned the first earth at Front and K streets to cele-
brate the beginning of the Southern Pacific railroad in the state.

A native of Clinton county, Ohio, born March 21, 1834, Jesse
Warren Wilson was one of eight children, of whom the sole survivor
besides himself is John W., a retired business man residing in Muncie,
Ind. The parents were natives of Ohio, where the father, Benona
Wilson, made a livelihood for the family through la1)orious efforts as
a farmer. In addition he gave some time to the preaching of the
Grospel, donating his services without expectation of any financial
returns. His wife, Mrs. Martha (Long) AVilson, also died in Indiana.
After having i^assed the years of boyhood in working on the home
farm or attending the country schools, Jesse W. Wilson came to Cali-
fornia in 1854 via the Isthmus of Panama, on the steamer George
Law to Panama and the John L. Stevens to San Francisco, where he
landed December 1, 1854. For a time he engaged in mining in Placer
county. For three years he had his headquarters at Marysville, Yuba
county, and meanwhile followed any occupation offering an honest
livelihood. During a considerable period he teamed to the mountains.
In the autumn of 1861, shortly before the great flood, he arrived in
Sacramento and here he has since made his home. The first occupa-
tion that furnished him emplojTiient was the driving of a hack, and for
twelve consecutive years he engaged in- that business with a number
of teams. Next he drifted into the livery business, and for thirty years
he carried on the Wilson stable on K street, after which for seven
years he was the proprietor of the Golden Eagle hotel. Since about
1908 he has been retired from active business cares. By Governor
Markham he was appointed a member of the board of directors of the
State Agricultural Society, reap]iointed by Governor Budd, and acfain
bv Governor Pardee, servinsr foi- twelve vears, during which time he

518 HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY

took an active part in the promotion of the building of the State Fair
and was also superintendent of the track.

Two years after his arrival in Sacramento Mr. AVilson established
a home in this city, being then united in marriage with Miss Hannah
Eyan, a native of Ireland. They became the parents of four children,
but one of these was taken from them by death in infancy. The older
daughter, Ida, married Edward Frazier, who prior to his death in
1910 was a prominent business man of Sacramento. The younger
daughter, Lucinda, is the wife of John H. Wiseman, well known in
real estate circles. The only son, Arthur J., is a clerk in the city de-
partment of the superintendent of streets. The family own and occupy
a comfortable residence at No. 1417 I street, besides which Mr. Wilson
owns considerable other property in Sacramento (principally in the
suburbs) and he also owns an interest in the Sacramento laundry, be-
ing a director of the company. During younger years he was actively
identified with the Sutter Club, as well as a prominent member of
Eldorado Lodge No. 8, I. 0. 0. F., of which he is past grand; the
Benevolent Protective Order of Elks ; Union Lodge No. 8, F. & A. M. ;
Sacramento Chapter No. 3, E. A. M. ; Sacramento Commandery No.
3, K. T., and Islam Temple, N. M. S., of San Francisco. For years
he has been stanchly devoted to the principles of the Eepublican
party and liis identification with public affairs still continues, for as
recently as 1911 he was a candidate for trustee from the Fifth ward.
From 1879 until 1884 he served as member of the board of county
supervisors, for two years, 1885-87, he held office as sheriff of Sacra-
mento county, for five years he discharged with the greatest intelli-
gence and fidelity the duties incident to the office of fire commissioner,
and for two years he held the position of county coroner, besides which
at different times he has been chosen to occupy other local offices of
trust and honor.

GEOEGE WASHINGTON NOBLE

Industrious and intelligent application to agricultural pursuits
lias brought a gratifying reward to Mr. Noble, who during the period
of his association with ranching and dairying in Sacramento county
has not only developed a well-improved farm, but in addition has had
the satisfaction of realizing that his property has had a steady growth
in value, while his annual returns have exceeded his most sanguine
expectations at the time of his location on the property. Since the
year 1898 he has operated two hundred and fifty acres, meanwhile
placing the land under a high state of cultivation, putting up necessary
buildings and maintaining an equipment both modern and extensive.

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 519

It has been his good fortune to have the co-operation of a capable
wife, and not a little of his substantial success may be attributed to
her sagacious counsel and energetic assistance, while in addition he
had for some time the aid of their son, William H., who, however,
later turned his attention to railroading and now is employed by the
Southern Pacific Company.

The descendant of colonial Virginian ancestry on the paternal side
and of substantial easterners through the maternal lineage, George
Washing-ton Noble was born on a farm near Oquawka, Henderson
county, 111., January 19, 1852, being a son of George W. and Julia Ann
(Moorhead) Noble. Their father was born in Virginia in 1813, and at
the age of eighteen years became one of the very earliest settlers in the
vicinity of Oquawka, where afterward he developed a typical Illinois
farm. Throughout all of his active life he followed agricultural pui--
suits in the same locality. His death occurred at Oquawka when he
was eighty-five years of age. When he settled in Illinois he was a
mere youth and it was not until some years afterward that he estab-
lished domestic ties, being then united with Miss Julia Ann Moorhead,
who was born in Ohio and died at Oquawka at the age of eight-three
years.

The public schools in and uear Oquawka afforded to George W.
Noble fair educational opportunities and enabled him to acquire a
general fund of important information. Starting out for himself at
the age of eighteen years he went to Jackson coimty, Kan., and there
followed farm pursuits for three years. Returning to Henderson
county, he spent one year on a farm near Oquawka. From there he
came to Gait, Cal., in 1875, and followed the carpenter's trade, besides
which he engaged in other forms of general labor. In April. 1877,
he opened a barber shop in Gait, which he carried on for ten years.
For the past fourteen years he has conducted a farm of two hundred
and fifty acres in Dry Creek township near the village of Gait. Be-
sides conducting the farm, he has also again opened a barber shop.
September 30, 1880, he was united in marriage with Elizabeth,
daughter of William Henry and Elizabeth (Zumwalt) Yoimg, the
former born at Lincoln, Benton county, Mo., March 10, 1818, and the
latter born at St. Charles, Mo., March" 11, 1818.

Attracted to the west by the excitement resulting from the dis-
covery of gold, William Henry Young crossed the plains during the
summer of 1852. Unlike maiiy of the newcomers, he did not try his
luck in the gold mines, but sought agriculture as a permanent means
of livelihood. Settling three miles from Gait in 1853 he took up one
hundred and sixty acres of government land. The place was in the
primeval condition of nature. No attempt had been made at improve-
ment. Not a furrow had been turned in the soil. His was the difficult
task of rendering the land remunerative, but by the greatest persever-
ance he was successful in his efforts. The raising of grain was his

520 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

principal business, but be also found cattle and bogs a source of
considerable profit. Eventually be acquired eleven bundred acres of
ranch land and attained a position among tbe most influential rancbers
of tbe entire county. His deatb occurred February 18, 1883, and bis
^vife passed away May 5 1895, at tbe age of seventy-seven years.
Tbeir daughter, named in honor of her mother, was born at the old
homestead in Dry Creek township, Sacramento county, March 4, 1864,
and received her education in tbe public schools of Gait, but at the
age of sixteen discontinued her studies in school and took up the
responsiliilities of a home of her own, since which time she has given
to her husband and to tbeir only son the most devoted energies of her
fine mind. The comfortable home reflects her orderly spirit, and the
friendship of a large circle of acquaintances indicates the sterling
worth of herself and husband, both of them possessing the good will
of their associates and tbe warm regard of their jiersonal friends.

FRANK D. RYAN

The Ryan family, of which Frank D. Ryan is a representative
member, was founded in America by bis grandfather, John C'. Ryan,
who came to Sacramento, Cal., from Ireland, around Cape Horn,
in the early '40s and for years was in the brick manufacturing busi-
ness at bis extensive yards in this city, south of Y street and the
railroad. The father of our subject was Frank D. Ryan, Sr., an
attorney at law in Sacramento and well known throughout tbe state
as a prominent politician. He is a past grand president of the Native
Sons of the Golden West, past president of tbe Eagles and also
of tbe Young Men's Institute, and past exalted ruler of the Elks.
In his family were one son, Frank D., Jr., and three daughters,
Estelle Regina, Ruth Marie and Irene Eleanor. Estelle is tbe wife
of L. E. Starkweather of Walnut Creek. The mother was Miss Ella
Boutwell, born near Roseville, Cal.

The younger F. D. Ryan was born in Sacramento, which was also
the birth city of his father. Raised under such favorable surround-
ings, with the opportunities of education and culture as a foundation,
in the capital of this naturally-favored state, be passed bis youth,
equipping himself for tbe serious portions and problems of life.
After eight years spent in tbe Christian Brothers' College at Sacra-
mento, be attended tbe city high school for two years, and then for
three years studied in the Santa Clara College. After the years
of excellent training at these institutions he was a year in the govern-
ment survey. Then followed four years with the Capital National
Bank, from which he resigned bis position April 18, 1911, and imme-

h^^r^'Z^^<^^^^

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 523

diately opened the Ryan's Palace of Sweets, at No. 725 K street,
which is said to he the finest confectionery and ice cream establish-
ment in northern California. Fitted in solid mahogany, the panels,
frames and plate rail present a beautiful l)ackground to the walls
which are lined with large mirrors, and the large onyx soda foun-
tain with large mirror and mahogany background perfects the ar-
rangement, giving the entire scheme an appearance of beauty and
splendor. It is also equipped with richly furnished quarters in the
balconies, which are given over for special parties or for club gather-
ings of a social nature. The personal popularity of the ])roprietor
and the artistic elegance of the establishment combine to make it
a commercial success, as well as a beautiful addition to the business
center.

Mr. Ryan was married Octol)er 16, 1909, to Ethel Rocca ITolden,
daughter of Frederick Holden, a native of Sacramento and in busi-
ness as an electrician in that citv.

HERRERT A. FAIRBANK

An official connection with the California Fruit Distributors af-
fords notable evidence of the prominence to which Mr. Fairbank has
attained in the horticultural activities of the state. Further testi-
mony concerning the same appears in his forceful association with
the Producers' Fruit Company of Sacramento. The organization
of this prosperous concern came as the result of his initiative. Suc-
cess came through his laborious application and care in every detail.
From the year 1892, when his energetic efforts made effective the
opening of the business, up to the present time, when the company
ships an average of seventeen hundred cars of fruit per annum, the
history of the business has been one of steady growth and prosper-
ous development. In the early years of the company's existence he
held the office of vice-president, but in 1908 he was elected presi-
dent, and this office he still holds, while in addition he has served
from the first as manager of the concern and has handled with skill
the constantly increasing business.

Although he came to the west from Texas and prior to his resi-
dence in the Lone Star state had been engaged in business in South
Dakota, Mr. Fairbank claims Illinois as his native commonwealth.
His birth occurred April 19, 1860, his parents having been John B.
and Ruth B. Fairbank, being descended from Jonathan Fayerbanke,
of Dedham, Mass., whose father came from England to Massachu-
setts about 1631. Primarily educated in the grammar schools of
Jacksonville, 111., he later took the regular course in the high school

524 HISTOEY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY

and was graduated in 1876, after which he continued his studies in
Illinois College for three years. Upon starting out to earn his own
way in the world he went to Sioux Falls, S. Dak., and engaged in
the wood and coal business until 1883. During the two following
years he carried on a lumber business at San Antonio, Tex., but
in 1885 he disposed of the enterprise, closed out his interests there
and removed to California. In San Francisco he served as secre-
tary of the California Fruit Union until 1888, in which year he re-
signed and removed to Sacramento, the center of his subsequent
business activities. In this city he acted as manager of the Na-
tional Fruit Association, a concern composed of twenty-seven eastern
firms, organized under their above title through his personal ef-
forts. The position with them he resigned in 1892 in order to de-
vote his time to the organization of the Producers' Fruit Company.
The establishment of a home of his own dates from the resi-
dence of Mr. Fairbank in South Dakota, where at Sioux Falls, Sep-
tember 6, 1882, he was united with Miss Lillian E. Buck, a popular
and cultured yoimg lady of that city. One daughter blessed their
marriage, Gladys, now the wife of W. H. Dement and a resident of
Berkeley. The religious s^inpathies of the family are with the
Congregational Church and they have contributed with constant
generosity to the missionary movements* of the denomination. In
his political views Mr. Fairbank always has supported the Eepub-
lican party, but at no time has he sought official honors or aspired
to the activities incident to public life. Of recognized culture and
breadth of mind, he has been a welcomed guest in the most select
circles of the community. The Sutter Club has received his sup-
port as an active member and his social relations are enlarged
through membership in the Union League of San Francisco. The
Masonic Order has received his sympathetic support in the varied
philanthropies that mark its existence, he being a member of the
Knights Templar and Shrine, while in addition he has maintained
fraternal associations with the Woodmen.

HUBEET J. HUMBEET

An engineering experience extending into different portions of
the United States and Mexico has established the reputation of Mr.
Humbert as an expert in his specialty and gives to him a standing
abundantly justified by his talents. While his association with the
business interests of Sacramento covers a comparatively brief period
only (he having come to this city during the year 1908), already he
has won the prestige connected with occupative ability and the in-
fluence established by a previous gratifying record. It was his good

HISTOEY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY 525

fortune in youth to receive excellent advantages and thus his natural
talent found rational development under the supervision of efficient
instructors. After he had completed the studies of the St. Louis
schools he matriculated in the Polytechnic of that city and there took
a thorough course in engineering, so that he received the training nec-
essary to the success of later labors. His parents, Frederick and
Augusta (Ochs) Humbert, gave him every advantage within their
means and in the city of St. Louis, where he was born January 11,
1871, he received the training so indispensable to the most complete
mental development.

As an erecting engineer connected Avith the St. Louis branch
house of the New York City firm widely known as the De La Vergne
Machine Company, Hubert J. Humbert acquired a valuable experience
in his chosen occupation. During 1895 he resigned from that position
and engaged with the Consumers' brewery in St. Louis, where he
held the position of assistant engineer for eighteen months. Next he
transferred his services to the Anheuser-Busch brewery of St. Louis
in whose large plant he served as assistant chief engineer for seven
years. When finally he resigned from that company he went to Mexico
and became chief engineer in a brewery at Monterey. Two years were
spent in Mexico and he then returned to the States, where in New York
City he engaged as erecting engineer with the De La Verg-ne Machine
Company, continuing in that very important place until 1908, the year
of his location in Sacramento. Here he engaged with the Butfalo
brewery as assistant chief engineer, a position that he has filled with
the intelligence, fidelity and efficiency characteristic of him in every
business connection. In addition he is manager and a director of the
Sacramento Pump Manufacturing and Supply Company, engineers,
machinists and founders, operating a large i)lant at No. 1800 E street,
and carrying in stock a complete assortment of centrifugal pumps for
all purposes as well as refrigerating plant supplies. The company
has as its president H. I. Seymour, wliile E. McElwaine is secretary
and treasurer.

The discharge of personal business duties has left Mr. Humbert
little leisure for participation in public affairs, but in every place of
his residence, whether east or west, he has kept in touch with civic
progress, has contributed to municipal prosperity and has been a fac-
tor in the general welfare. Politically he votes with the Eepublican
party in general elections, while fraternally he is identified with the
Masonic fraternity and Legion of Honor. When he came to California
and settled in Sacramento he brought with him his cultured young
wife, whom he had married in St. Louis November 26, 1896, and who
bore the maiden name of Lena Dieterle. Their position since has
been one of prominence among the most refined circles of Sacramento
society, where their worth, education and attainments make them hon-
ored g-uests.

526 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

GEORGE H. MAYER

Exceptional success in the management of the interests con-
signed to his supervision proves that Mr. Mayer possesses talent of
an high order. His long retention with and frequent promotions by
a company of vast influence and worldwide enterprises prove that,
in entering its service after having engaged temporarily in other
activities, he found a congenial occupation and one well suited to
his ability. The experiences of early life were not different from
those of other youths who, uncertain of their own preferences in
occupative employments, accept any available opening until they
prove their own abilities and ascertain their own inclinations. It
was not long, however, before the desired opportunity came to him
and since that time he has won steadily increasing recognition in the
line of his specialty. At this writing and since October of 1910 he
has acted as manager of the Sacramento branch of the Standard Oil
Company and as special agent for the famous organization he has
won considerable prestige throughout the state.

A graduate of the high school of Reading, Pa., his native city,
Mr. Mayer has supplemented the study of text-books by habits of
thoughtful reading and observation, so that he now possesses a fund
of information and a general knowledge unsurpassed by many imi-
versity graduates. Travel throughout his native country and abroad
has added to his mental outlook and broadened his judgment, giv-
ing to him a cosmopolitan culture that renders his presence a dis-
tinct acquisition to the most refined circles of society. For a time
during young manhood he engaged as bookkeeper with a large firm
in Reading, but dissatisfied with the position he left it and took up
a more remunerative engagement as traveling salesman for a large
cigar manufacturer. Meanwhile he had acquired great proficiency
in nmsic and his high standing in that art led to his selection as
musical director in one of the most prominent military colleges of
the east, where he remaned until 1900, tlie year of his first asso-
ciation with the Standard Oil Company.

First as clerk and then as bookkeeper, Mr. Mayer passed two
>ears in the San Francisco office of the Standard Oil Company.
During 1902 he had the distinction of being chosen the first specialty
salesman on the Pacific coast and as such he continued for two
years. In 1904- he was sent to South America in the interests of the
house. Returning to California in 1905 he was sent immediately
to Honolulu for the purpose of establishing the company's busi-
ness on the Hawaiian Islands. Several years were devoted to the
interests of the company at that distant point and it was not until
March of 1909 that he had the work so svstematized as to render

HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 529

longer residence unnecessary. Coming again to San Francisco, he
soon was sent to Tacoma, Wash., in the interests of the company
and after several months was transferred to South America for
the puriDose of looking after very important interests of the com-
pany which were just developing in that country. Returning to
San Francisco in 1910 he went to San Jose as special agent of the
local branch, and after four months he was transferred to the Sac-
ramento office as manager of all of Northern California, Southern
Oregon and east to the Utah line. In this responsible position he
has made good and his efficiency is a matter of common knowl-
edge among officials in charge of the western work of the Standard
Oil Company. With all of his business cares he has found leisure
for prominent participation in Masonry and is a member of the vari-
ous bodies, including the Knights Templar, Ancient and Accepted
Scottish Rite, and is a life member of Islam Temple, N. M. S., San
Francisco. Locally he is a member of the Sutter Club, the Cham-
ber of Commerce, and various other bodies. Politically he has
been independent, voting for the man and the principle rather
than for any certain party. In religion he has been an attendant
of the Episcopal Church and a generous contributor to the phil-
anthropies and missionary movements of the denomination.

WILLIAM A. JOHNSTON

To be reckoned among the influential and successful citizens of
a community requires both industry and good business judgment and
seldom does a man retain his position without the possession of innate
honesty and regard for others. The fact that throughout his career,
which was cut short August 14, 1911, William A. Johnston received
naught but esteem and friendship from his many associates through-
out Courtland and Sacramento county in general, bears witness to the
altruism and unwavering honor which formed the leading attributes
of his character. His father, William Johnston, who was born in
Wilkinsburg, Allegheny county. Pa., eight miles from Pittsburgh, emi-
grated to Califoraia as a member of a train comprising three hundred
people in 1849, a year whose experiences were engraven upon the mem-
ories of those who answered the summons of the western gold fields.
After mining in Eldorado count>" about a year with varying success,
he purchased a squatter's claim consisting of a quarter-section sev-
eral miles south of Sacramento, and engaged in farming, his executive
ability and good citizenship playing a prominent part in the progress
of the community. As a (xranger. he occujiied the highest chairs in

530 HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

the state organization and twice served as delegate to the National
Grange. For some years he was president of the Grangers' Co-Opera-
tive Business Association, and from the time of its founding until
his death he served as vice-president or president and director of the
People's Savings Bank of Sacramento. He was one of the officers of
Franklin Lodge, F. & A. M. From 1871 to 1873 he served as a mem-
ber of the Legislative Assembly, and from 1878 to 1882 as a member
of the state Senate, of which body he was chosen president pro tern. In
1883 he received membership in the State Board of Equalization and in
his earnest and single-hearted service to the public won unanimous com
mendation. As a staunch Republican he rendered material support
to his party and both iu i^ublic and private life was deemed a man of
broad and generous principles, his death in 1905 being the occasion of
sincere sorrow on the part of his many friends and colleagues. His
wife, Elizabeth Hite, was a woman of rare tact and unfailing sym-
pathy and in all her husband's interests expressed the deepest con-
cern, her death, which also occurred in 1905, depriving the household
of its mainspring of atfection and tenderness.

William A. Johnston was born November 11, 1858, at Hood,
then called Richland, upon his father's Sacramento county farm and
supplemented a grammar and high school education by a course in the
Pacific University at San Jose, graduating in the class of 1882. For
a time he assisted his father, who presented him in 1892 a tract of
one hundred acres, which the young man stocked with cattle and
horses, also continuing agricultural pursuits. Later he added to
his holdings one hundred and three acres, and by means of keen
business judgment and firmness of purpose in all his dealings he won
a place among the largest stock raisers in the county. The new town
of Hood is laid out on a part of this place.

On September 5, 1885, Mr. Johnston was married to Miss Lizzie
Richards, who was born in Sacramento county, her death occurring in
April, 1890. Two years later, on July 3, 1892, at Clarksburg, Yolo
county, he married for his second wife Miss Carrie Connor, a native
of Courtland, Sacramento county, Cal., whose parents Hamilton S.
and Amanda (Wilson) Connor, were natives of New Hampshire and
Iowa respectively. Her father came to California via Panama in
1858 and her mother crossed the plains with her father, George Wil-
son, making the journey with ox-teams in 1852, the trip consuming six
months. Mr. and Mrs. William A. Johnston had three children : Mrs.
Matie Hollenbeck, whose husband rents from Mrs. Johnston the one
hundred and three-acre tract belonging to the estate; Glenn William,
who is a student in Atkinson Business College, Sacramento; and
Dwight, who attends the Richland i^ublic school.

Mr. Johnston was a Republican of progressive spirit, and was
a consistent and energetic member of the Franklin Christian Church.

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 531

His widow has many times proved herself capable of the trust left
her, not only giving a mother's attention to her afnbitious children,
but managing her affairs with i;nquestioned business ability.

ISAAC J. TRAINOR

For twenty years and more connected with the ice business in
Sacramento and vicinity Isaac J. Trainor, senior partner of the firm
of Kane & Trainor, has experienced a career of personal endeavor
and well merited success which has marked him an exemplary and
valued citizen of his community. His is the story of a self-made man.
Born in Broderick, Yolo County, Cal., September 18, 1861, he is
the son of H. C. and Rose (Toland) Trainor, natives of New York
state and Boston, respectively, who were pioneers of California.
The son was reared in Sacramento, where he received his education
in the public schools. His first employment was on a survey corps,
with whom he worked for two years, and then for twelve years he trav-
eled extensively, selling goods all over the Pacific coast. On March 23,
1893, he embarked in the wholesale and commission business in connec-
tion with the Union Ice Comijany and the National Ice Company, and
then for ten years was junior partner in the firm of Kane & Trainor,
which business he was largely instrumental in organizing. Mr. Kane
passed away in December, 1909, and soon afterward W. H. Quaas
became a member of the concern. In connection with the two above
mentioned companies they also handle the Buffalo Brewing Com-
pany's ice. To the details of this business Mr. Trainor has always
given close attention, having brought to the task the experience
gained in a valuable business career which had taught him the pe-
culiarities of men of all classes.

February 6, 1895, Mr. Trainor married at Sacramento Anna
Stephenson, a daughter of C. H. Stephensou, D.D.S., of this city,
a young lady of many accomplishments who has developed into a
matron of many attractions and much usefulness in the community
in which their lot is cast. Dr. Stephenson died December 25, 1905,
regretted by a wide circle of acquaintances. While Mr. Trainor
is not in the ordinary sense of the word a politician, he is deeply
interested in public affairs and well informed concerning them, and
he consistently supports such men and measures as he believes prom-
ise most for the public good.

532 HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

CHARLES S. ROBB

Although by uo means oue of the earliest settlers of California
nor a pioneer in the accepted meaning of that term, Mr. Eobb claims
the honor of having been identified with the state ever since the year
1871. With the exception of a brief period of railroad emplo^inent in
Nevada, he has remained in the state ever since the time of his ar-
rival, and he dates his residence in Sacramento from 1875, when he
established a home in this city and entered upon a residential connec-
tion with the town that has continued up to the present time. Rail-
roading has been his chosen occupation in life, and until his retire-
ment from the service he was counted one of the most popular and
efficient conductors on the Southern Pacific system, for his long ex-
perience, innate courtesy and broad intelligence admirably qualified
him for the many responsibilities of the position.

Born in McHenry county. 111., January 8, 1848, Mr. Robb is a son
of William Scott and Rowena (Whittemore) Robb, natives of Peter-
boro, N. H., and New York state respectively. As a boy he attended
public and private schools in the home neighborhood, and when
eighteen years of age he began to give his entire attention to the task
of assisting in the cultivation of bis father's farm. During October
of 1870 he married Miss Candace Snyder, a young lady who was born
in Cuba, N. Y., but from the age of thirteen was reared in McHenry
county, 111., and who enjoys with him the warm esteem of their circle
of acquaintances. Shortly after his marriage and when twenty-three
years of age he came to California and settled at Emigrant Gap,
Placer county, where he engaged in mining for six months. From
there he went to Reno, Nev., and secured emplo\Tnent with the Central
Pacific Railroad Company. Returning at the expiration of one year
to Emigrant Gap, he continued to work as fireman on the Central
Pacific road for two years, with headquarters at that point. Next he
was transferred to a run out of Sacramento as brakeman and after
eighteen months he was promoted to be conductor on a freight train.
When the name of the road was changed to the Southern Pacific he
continued among the old and valued employes, and in recognition of
efficiency of service received promotion from conductor on a freight
route, where he had been for seven years, to the charge of a passenger
train. From that time until his resignation in January, 1909, he con-
tinued among the most trusted and honored of the employes of the
company.

The family of Mr. and Mrs. Robb consisted of two daughters, the
younger of whom. Miss Mary, resides with her parents at the family
iiome. No. 2030 Twenty-third street, Sacramento. The older daughter,
Myrtie Rowena, is the wife of D. W. Carmichael, a prominent real

^^/^^J(jZo^

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 335

estate agent residing in Sacramento. For years Mr. Robb took a
very warm interest and an active part in the Order of Railway Con-
ductors. Politically he has been staunch in his allegiance to the Re-
publican party, but owing to the nature of his life occupation it never
was possible for him to hold official positions or identify himself
prominently with public affairs, hence his association with the city
has been that of a private citizen only, one who is desirous of ad-
vancing the general welfare and who possesses a firm faith in ultimate
civic prosperity. During the period of his railroad service he invested
in oil lands and real estate, and since his retirement he has devoted
considerable attention to the supervision of these interests.

EDWARD TWITCHELL

The i^ioneer instinct has been strong in the Twitchell blood. It
was that which led the first representatives of the name in America
to leave the comforts of European civilization and identify them-
selves with the stern environment of New England. The same love
of the frontier appeared in the history of a New England couple,
the husband, Capt. Timothy Twitchell, from New Hampshire and
the wife, Susan (Watson) Twitchell, from Vermont, who gave up
home and friends and sought the unknown territories of the south,
there to make a temporary home in the ancient city of Pensacola,
Fla. During the sojourn of the family at that point a son, Edward,
was born November 8, 1828. There were two other sons, George
and Amos, equally talented as the one previously named, but their
ability led them into different lines of activity and one became a
very successful physician, the other a scientist. Capt. Timothy
Twitchell was a seafaring man ; as early as the '20s he sailed around
Cape Horn to the California coast, as well as up to the shores of
Alaska, trading in hides, horns and tallow, and he is known to
have put in at the Bay of Monterey.

Concerning the early life of Edward Twitchell little is to be said.
It presented the same round of struggle, the same lack of advan-
tages, the same deprivation of comfort and the same willing endur-
ance of hardship which characterized the lives of the people during
the early half of the nineteenth century. No break came in the
monotony of labor and isolation until the discovery of gold in Cali-
fornia. That event changed the entire life of the young man in
Florida. An expedition was organized comprising people from his
part of the southeast. Joining the party he traveled by boat to
Mexico and then rode on horseback across that country, taking boat

53(5 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

on tlie Pacific side and sailing north to the harbor of San Francisco
in August, 1849. The trip, thongh necessarily one of great hardship
and privation, was not without its share of pleasure and interest to
the young man whose previous knowledge of the world had been
limited to his own little corner thereof.

While it was primarily for the purpose of mining that Mr.
Twitchell came to the west, we find that the occupation did not
engage his attention for any protracted period. Even when at the
camps he found the trade of a carpenter more profitable than looking
for gold. Having learned and had experience as a civil engineer in
New Hampshire in 1848, under a celebrated surveyor, upon his
return to Sacramento he became deputy to Gi-en. Horace Higley,
surveyor-general, and for twenty-five years he remained in the office,
meanwhile working under General Houghton and others. For a
time he was a surveyor and miner in the White Pine district, in
Nevada. During the early days he did considerable surveying in
Sacramento, Berkeley, Alameda and Oakland, and at one time owned
pro])erty in these cities, as well as in Fresno and Yolo counties.
While in the government employ he made the first survey of Lake
Tahoe, also, surveyed in New Mexico and Arizona, surveyed and
named Twitchell Island, and had other important expeditions. For
many years he owned a large tract of land on Sherman Island. In
his last years he had retired from business cares, but still took part
in civic affairs and gave earnest support to movements for the
local advancement. He died February 8, 1912. He was a member
of Sacramento Society of California Pioneers.

The marriage of Mr. Twitchell and Margaret Woodland was
solemnized in Sacramento December 20, 1870. They became the
parents of three children. The only son, Edward W. Twitchell,
M. D., is a prominent physician of Sacramento. The elder daughter,
Blanche, is the wife of James H. Jennings, son of an honored pio-
neer of San Francisco and himself a well-known resident of that city.
The younger daughter, Ethel, married Prof. W. D. Briggs, who is
connected with the English department of the Leland Stanford Uni-
versity at Palo Alto. Mrs. Twitchell was born in Louisiana, but
at the age of six months she was l^rought by her parents across the
plains to California, the journey covering four months. The family
traveled up the Mississippi river to St. Louis, thence joined an
expedition overland, and finally arrived at Fort Sutter during
August of 1849, and Sacramento has been Mrs. Twitchell's home
ever since. Not long after arriving her father, James W. Woodland,
who was the first assessor of the city of Sacramento, was shot and
■killed during a squatters' riot that occurred on the corner of Third
and J streets, Sacramento, he having taken no part in the trouble,
but happening to turn the corner just as the parties came together,
and a stray bullet hit and killed him. The fact that he had just

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 539

left his home after the birth of an infant son added to the sad
event. Later E. B. Crocker bought the old Woodland homestead
and on the ground he erected a building now known as the Scudder
House. When Miss Woodland began housekeeping in her own home
as the bride of Mr. Twitchell, her mother, Mrs. Jane (Alexander)
Woodland, joined her there and afterward remained an inmate of
the Twitchell residence, where she died in 1905 at the age of eighty-
six vears.

ISIDOR SCHAD

Among those many able sons of Switzerland who came to this
fertile land to build up their own business and live free, independent
lives is Isidor Schad, a member of an old and much respected family
in that country. From an earlj^ age he showed himself to be a cap-
able, industrious lad, always eager to do better, larger things, with an
exceptional trait of adapting himself to any kind of work which pre-
sented itself.

Born Sejitember 13, 1857, in the canton of Solothurn, which is in
the northwestern part of Switzerland, he there attended school. When
he was fourteen years of age he was brought to the United States by
his parents, who located in Eldorado county, Cal., and here he at-
tended school until he reached the age of sixteen, learning the English
language. Ambitious to do for himself, he soon found work on the
Pierce ranch in Solano county, a property comprising thousands of
acres, where he labored for about seven years, meanwhile acquainting
himself with the different phases of the work and learning the country
and its customs. He left this emplo^Tnent to join his brother Thomas
on the old homestead in Eldorado county, as his father at that time
needed them on the farm, and he remained there until after his
father's demise. It was in 1888 that he located in Sacramento and
bought out a restaurant ; in the following year his brother Thomas pur-
chased an interest in the business, and their interests have since been
conducted under the name of Schad Brothers. Their place became
popular and dependable and was continued at No. 309 K street with
increasing success for twelve years. Subsequently they maintained a
-similar place at No. 424 K street, on the ])resent site of the large
department store of Weinstock & Lubin. The latter place was con-
ducted for eight years, and in the meantime Isidor Schad ]iurcliased
and operated the Fashion stables. He has always been a lover of the
horse, and although the stable has been sold he still keeps a few fine
specimens. During his years of business activity Mr. Schad has
worked steadily to bring his varied interests to the point of prosperity.

540 HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

and in 1908, with the satisfaction of having won a hard-fought battle,
the brothers retired from the restaurant business in order to devote
their time to the development and reclamation of their land on Sher-
man island and to looking after their large real estate holdings in
Sacramento. Besides the interests above mentioned, Mr. Schad and
his brother purchased a half interest in the St. Francis hotel, which
they still own and which is proving a profitable investment.

Mr. Schad is serving his eighth year as a trustee and secretary of
Reclamation District No. 341, on Sherman island, having been a
landowner on the island since the project was started to reclaim the
ten thousand acres. He also owns land in and is trustee of District
No. 1002, where the owners are reclaiming seven thousand acres of
land twenty miles south of Sacramento. A Republican in politics, Mr.
Schad is one of the most public-spirited and zealous citizens in the
city. In fraternal circles he unites with the Benevolent and Protective
Order of Elks, in which he is most popular.

Mr. Schad was married to Augusta Grossherr, a native daughter
of Sacramento, where they make their home, among many sincere
friends, who ever find a most hospitable welcome at their home. His
onlv child is named Eleanor.

THOMAS SCHAD

The name of Schad is one that is very popular and well known
in the city of Sacramento, members of that family having been as-
sociated with its business life for a quarter of a century or more, and
always exhibiting characteristics that have been trustworthy, honor-
able and persevering. Thomas Schad and his brother Isidor have
united their interests in this city to such an extent that they are gen-
erally known as the Schad Brothers, and as such are proprietors of
the well-known St. Francis hotel here, which is one of the largest
hotel buildings in the city.

Like his brother, Thomas Schad is a native of Solothurn, Switzer-
land, having been born there June 4, 1866. He was quite young when,
in 1871, he was brought by his parents, Jacob and Ida Schad, to Eldo-
rado county, Cal., where he grew to manhood, attending the local pub-
lic schools and afterwards helping his father on the homestead in that
county. It was after his parents' death that he came to Sacramento
and became interested with his brother in business and real estate
operations. He has become most successful, owning a large amount
of real estate and being partner with his brother in the ownership of
the large ranch on Sherman island. After nineteen years of deter-
mined effort in the conduct of the Palace restaurant, in which they

HISTOEY OP SACRAMENTO COUNTY 541

were successful, the brothers purchased a half interest in the St.
Francis hotel, which is also proving a successful venture. The latter
interest does not consume all of Mr. Schad's time, for he is also
actively interested in the improvement of the real estate which he
owns with his brother, including the reclamation of a ranch in District
No. 1002 south of Sacramento.

For his wife Thomas Schad chose Daisy Hunger, formerly of
Placerville, and they have one child, Thomas Schad, Jr., who is a
student at the Christian Brothers college in Sacramento. Mr. Schad
is a stanch Republican in his political views, taking a deep interest in
the cause and welfare of his community and country, and giving of his
time and means whenever needed. He is an active member of the
Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks.

It is fitting to add that the St. Francis hotel, which the Schad
Brothers own and of which Thomas Schad is the manager, is modern
and up-to-date in every particular, equipped with all convenience for
the comfort of their guests, and situated in a very central and beauti-
ful part of the city.

SIDNEY GILL THORP

The associations of childhood and youth were such as to famil-
iarize Mr. Thorp with machinery of all kinds, for he passed his
early life in the great manufacturing town of Manchester, England,
where he was born December 6, 1883, and where for a long period
representatives of the name had been identified with the avocations
that brought fame and prosperity to the city. He was the only son
of John and Ann (Harding) Thorp, natives of Yorkshire and
Cheshire respectively. From his earliest recollections he was inter-
ested in the o]ieration and control of machinery and as soon as he
had completed the studies of the city schools he began to serve an
apprenticeship to the machinist's trade. Under the direction of the
firm that made the original type of a certain kind of cotton-spinning
machinery, he studied the intricacies of the occupation and acquired
considerable efficiency as a workman. To complete the trade, how-
ever, required an apprenticeship of seven years and he was eager to
come to America; therefore at the expiration of five years he relin-
quished his connection with the firm and cast in his destiny with
the far west, coming in 1903 to Sacramento, where he has since re-
sided. During the first four years of his association with this city
he was employed in the machine shop of the Southern Pacific Rail-
road and later he spent two years as a draughtsman with the same
company.

542 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

In the meantime a desire to acquire a knowledge of some other
occupation had been formulated in the mind of Mr. Thorp, who
in December of 1909 retired from the railroad service and allied
liimself with the Weinstock-Lubin Company, proprietors of one of
the largest department stores of Northern California. For a time
he held the position of floorwalker. In order that he might famil-
iarize himself with the art of salesmanship he later served in various
retail departments and with accurate precision studied the different
stocks. When qualified for greater responsibilities he was promoted
to be assistant superintendent of the establishment and in this posi-
tion he has a general supervision of all of the employes in the
establishment. In business he is proving himself to be efficient, intel-
ligent and capable, attentive to the smallest details, yet grasping
in their entirety the largest plans made by the company for the
development of the concern. An unfailing courtesy and attention
to the wishes of customers characterize him, while a progressive
temperament leads him to promote the latest improvements adopted
in the business world. Not only is he progressive and popular in
commercial circles, but socially he also has a high standing and as
a member of the Sutter Club his name has been associated with prom-
inent civic enterprises and select social functions of the capital city.

The marriage of Sidney Gr. Thorp was solemnized in Grace Pro-
Cathedral, San Francisco, by Bishop Nicholls, January 11, 1911,
and united him with Miss Ethel Gillett, a graduate of the Leland
Stanford University and one of the most popular and promising
young ladies in Sacramento. Mrs. Thorp is a daughter of Hon.
James Norris Gillett, who was born at Viroqua, Wis., September
20, 1860, came to California in 1884 and settled at Eureka. From
1897 to 1899 he represented the Eureka district as state senator.
During 1902 he was elected to congress and at Washington his
service was so effectively beneficial to the state of California that
he was re-elected, his second term ending in 1906. The next year
witnessed his election on the Republican ticket as governor of Cali-
fornia and he continued as chief executive imtil 1911, meanwhile
devoting considerable attention to the securing of the Panama Expo-
sition for San Francisco and also aiding to secure an appropriation
of $18,000,000 to construct the state highway from the Oregon bor-
der to the boundaries of Mexico. Since the expiration of his term
as governor he has devoted his attention largely to the preparation
for what promises to be the greatest exposition the world has ever
known, besides looking after his varied interests, making his home
in Oakland. Mr. and Mrs. Thorp are members of St. Paul's Epis-
co]->al Church and not only lend their influence and support to the
philanthropies of the congregation, but to all worthy movements
for the betterment of the conditions of the citizens of their adopted
city.

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 545

GEORGE AYASHINGTON HIPPLE

Well known in Sacramento as the proprietor of the Superior
Garage, George W. Hippie has acquaintances in all parts of the civil-
ized world, and has had an experience in some respects unique. He
was born in St. Paul, Minn., August 3, 1877, and spent his childhood
at Glencoe, that state, and in the public schools of that town he
received his education. After leaving school he was for three years
a hotel clerk in Minnesota and Iowa, and later was identified for
some time with the business interests of his sister, becoming her
manager after the death of her husband. On both continents she was
known as "Papinta" the Fire Dancer. For eight years he traveled
with her wherever she booked, all over the civilized world, and re-
mained with her until her death. She appeared in the leading theaters
in America and on the Eastern continents. For thirty- two consecutive
weeks she appeared at Hammerstein's, New York, which was a longer
engagement than that of any other artist in her line. She was billed
sometimes as the Myrriad Dancer and was the first dancer to use
electrical eifects. She died in Germany November 21, 1907, while
on one of her professional tours.

After his sister's death Mr. Hippie returned to Contra Costa county,
Cal., where she had owned a valuable stock ranch of one hundred and
sixty acres and which she had bequeathed to him. For two years he
carried on the ranch, which was devoted to the breeding of thorough-
bred horses, but subsequently he sold both ranch and stock. It was
in the fall of 1910 that he established the enterprise of which he is
now the owner, known as the Superior Garage and located at Nos.
1209-1215 J street, Sacramento, where he transacts a general garage
and auto-vehicle business. His establishment is one of the best known
and one of the largest in Northern California and under his popular
yet conservative management his business is constantly increasing.
The garage is 80x160 feet in dimensions, and is thoroughly equipped
in every particular. Mr. Hippie is distributing agent for the Marion
automobile, and has the agency of this make of car in eleven counties
in California.

In his political s^ipathies Mr. Hij^ple is a Repulilican. Frater-
nally he affiliates with Alamo Lodge No. 122, F. & A. M., of Walnut
Creek, and he is also identified with Martinez Chapter No. 31, R. A. M.,
and Onward Lodge No. 106, K. of P., of Oak Park.

546 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

DAVID AHERN

The Celtic origin of the family appears not only in the name of
Mr. Ahern, but also in the cheerful energy, the genial tact and the
physical alertness with which he fills the responsible office of county
sheriff. However, while claiming Ireland- as the home of his ancestors
and Sacramento as the center of his personal business activities as
well as his home from boyhood, he is a native of an old southern
city that wielded a wide influence in the prosperous era prior to the
Civil war. The imperishable memories of childhood cluster around
the Old Dominion and the then flourishing city of Richmond, where
he was born September 22, 1859, being a son of John and Katharine
Ahern. The family had been established in the new world by the
father, who, born in county Cork in 1830, left Ireland in early life
and crossed the ocean to America, where he hoped to find better op-
portunities for advancement. For some years he was employed in
the Tredical Iron Works in Virginia and made Richmond his home,
but in 1864 he came via Panama to California and settled at Sacra-
mento. For many years, indeed, almost until his demise in 1900,
he engaged in construction work along the lines of the Southern
Pacific Railroad.

After having attended public school between the years of six
and thirteen, David Ahern then turned his attention to the learning
of a trade and the earning of a livelihood. As an apprentice he
learned the trade of a horse-shoer under John Doyle, with whom he
continued for thirteen years, meanwhile developing into a skilled
and capable blacksmith. When finally he left the old shop it was
to embark in blacksmithing for himself and from that time up to the
present he has continued at the head of a large shop of his own. The
demands of the shop have been constant. The necessity of earning
a livelihood and the desire to accumulate something for old age kept
him at unceasing toil until finally he allowed public affairs to interest
him, thus creating a fortunate diversion in his life of hard work.
During 1893-94 he served acceptably as fire commissioner. From 1906
until January, 1911, he represented the first district as a member of
the county board of supervisors, having been elected on the Demo-
cratic ticket.

The satisfaction afforded to the people through the loyal, clean
and conscientious service of Mr. Ahern in the office of su])ervisor
led to the mention of his name as a candidate for the shiievalty by
his intimate friends, but was fought by the bosses of both parties.
In spite of this, however, he received the nomination in the Demo-
cratic convention and although the county is nominally twenty-five

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 547

himdred Republican, he received a majority of one thousand, tlie
fight being won on his record as a public official.

Since his election he has given his time to the exacting duties
of sheriff, in which he has proved to be a strict upholder of the law,
an impartial administrator of justice and a successful guardian of
the peace. Various organizations have had the benefit of his mem-
bership, included among these being the Sacramento Turners, Elks,
Eagles and the Young Men's Institute. By his union with Miss Mar-
garet 0 'Toole of Sacramento, solemnized December 22, 1891, he has
an only daughter, Kathaleen, who is a graduate of the Sacramento
high school, and is popular among the younger social circles.

PHILIP SCHELD

To those who but casually observe the mere fact of success the
life of Philip Scheld reads like a romance, but the student of human
nature readily detects that there is less romance in his career than
tireless industry and persistent application. It is the testimony of
his friends that his large degree of success comes from personal
application to the duty in hand. Step by step with the most labor-
ious energy he rose from a position of commercial insignificance to
a high standing among the business men and the bankers of Sacra-
mento. It has been his interesting experience to witness the devel-
opment of the capital city. Here he first landed during the latter
part of March, 1850; here he spent infrequent intervals of labor dur-
ing the pioneer era ; and here, still in the pioneer period of the
'50s, he identified himself with the brewery business that by his own
industry and sagacity brought him a fortune. Here later he rose
to an influential position among the bankers and in 1901 was elected
president of the Sacramento Bank, whose early growth he had pro-
moted through liis wise services as a director.

The town of Giessen in the grand duchy of Hesse-Darmstadt,
Germany, is the native place of Philip Scheld, and October 13, 1827,
the date of his birth into the home of John and Kate Scheld. For
several successive generations the heads of the Scheld family had
followed the wheelwright's trade and this likewise remained the
life occupation of John Scheld, but in addition he conducted a small
farm. From the age of six until he was fourteen Philip Scheld at-
tended the government school of his home town and after leaving
school he helped his father on the farm. June 4, 1845, he and his
brother, Henry, took passage on the sailing vessel, Neptune, at
Bremen and on the 11th of the next month they landed at Philadel-

548 HISTOEY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY

phia, where Henry worked as a cabinet-maker and Philip found
emploAauent in a baiery for several years, later going to Baltimore.

News of the discovery of gold in California caused Henrj' Scheld
to join a party of twenty-four young emigrants, who came west via New
Orleans, Monterey, Durango and Mazatlan, thence by sailing vessel
to San Francisco. For years he engaged in mining, but afterward
settled in Eureka and became one of the most successful business
men of that town. Shortly after he landed in the west he sent a
letter to his brother, Philip, in Baltimore, advising him to come
immediately and the advice was taken without delay. To this step
Mr. Scheld attributes much of his good fortune, for the west pre-
sented opportunities that were not possible to residents of the east.
February 4, 1850, he left Baltimore on the steamer Philadelphia,
and proceeded to Panama. His personal effects were conveyed across
the isthmus on the back of a mule, but he was obliged to walk the
greater part of the distance. On the west coast of the isthmus lie
took passage on the ship California, which cast anchor in the harbor
of San Francisco on the 24th of March. From that city he paid
$16 for the river trip of one and one-half days on the steamer Hart-
ford to Sacramento, whence he traveled with a team of four oxen
to Coloma, Eldorado county. Meanwhile his brother had left that
place and no one knew his whereabouts, but by chance they met
several weeks later at Volcano, where a comjiany was attempting to
flume out Volcano Bar.

With another young emigrant, Daniel Troy, as a partner, Mr.
Scheld contracted to do the baking for a hotel at Coloma, but they
soon found the proprietor was in an unfortunate financial condition.
In the end they were obliged to take the hotel as their only wages.
There they continued business until the need of .larger quarters
obliged them to build a larger house. Later they erected the Sierra
Nevada hotel, which is still running. All of the supplies for the
hotel were purchased in Sacramento and hauled to Coloma by wagon.
On the day of the great fire he was buying in Sacramento as usual,
but had started on his return trip before the fire broke out, so that
he did not learn of the disaster until the next day. Shortly after-
ward he sold his interest in the hotel and removed to Sacramento,
where he imderwent the hardships incident to the great flood of
1852. For a time he engaged in teaming between Sacramento and
the mines, but finally, in 185.3, he bought a brewery on East M street,
rebuilt the plant and developed the Sacramento Brewery, which is
one of the most profitable properties of the kind in the state.

The marriage of Philip Scheld took place April 7, 1858, and
united him with Miss Margaret Fritz, who had settled in Sacra-
mento during the jirevious year. She was a native of Germany and
was born near Mayenee on the Rhine. The only child of their union,
Adol])li, is a prominent citizen of Sacramento and a director in the

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 549

Sacramento Bank. Since 1857 Pliilip Scheld has been identilied with
the Turn Verein. In 1863 he joined Confidence Company No. 2,
Volunteer Fire Department of Sacramento, and when the need of
volunteer work no longer existed he became a member of the Ex-
empt Firemen. Besides his large interests in and around Sacra-
mento, he invested heavily in Southern California property and still
has valuable holdings in Los Angeles county. For thirty-three years
or more he has been a stockholder and director in the Sacramento
Bank and when W. P. Coleman passed away in 1901 he was chosen
to succeed to the responsible ollice of president. Notwithstanding
his advanced years he still maintains an active interest in the man-
agement of the bank, which benefits constantly by his wise counsel
and shrewd insight into affairs.

EDGAR M. SHEEHAN

The president of the Sacramento Valley winery is one of the
native sons of the ca]iital city whose rising success furnishes evi-
dence as to local possibilities and as to his own inherent qualities of
mind. The twentieth century has marked an advance in the instal-
lation of new industries and the expansion of old-established plants.
Out from a past of commercial lethargy has arisen a present of
activity. Growth is the keynote of present upbuilding and the creed
for future development. The winery takes rank among the recent
accessions to the business life of the city, having been organized in
May of 1910 by Mr. Sheehan, who has been the only manager as well
as the first president of the concern. "With an excellent location, a
conservative management and a necessary amount of capital, future
development is certain. There is therefore every reason to believe
that the winery will develop into one of the most successful ]->lnnts
of the kind in this portion of the state.

As the name indicates, the Sheehan family comes of Celtic an-
cestry. The first representative in California, T. W. Sheehan, was
born in Countv Cork, Ireland, in 1844, and at a very early age crossed
the ocean to Maine, where he found employment at Augusta. From
that city he left in 1862 for service as a soldier in the Union army.
With his regiment he participated in a number of fierce battles and
remained at the front until after peace had been declared. After
he had received an honorable discharge from the army he came to
California in 1866 and settled in Sacramento, where he secured em-
ployment as a carriage-painter. Later he served as a deputv sheriff
until 1871, when he engaged as a bookkeeper with the Sacramento

550 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

Union, a popular daily of the capital city. Worth and fidelity won
recognition in the newspaper office and he was promoted to be
manager, which responsible position he filled until his retirement
from all business activities in 1905. The following year occurred
his death. During early manhood he had married Mollie F. Lynch,
a native of New York. Among their family of five children Edgar
M., born in January of 1871, was first in order of birth. As a- boy
he attended the public schools and completed his studies in the high
school in 1888, when he entered into business affairs.

A valuable experience while connected with the Sacramento
Union came to Mr. Sheehan through his service as a reporter on
the daily and a contributor to the editorial department. After a
time he was delegated to travel for the paper and still later he was
given a. position in the business department. Through these various
positions he gained much valuable information not only concerning
the operation of a great dail3% but also in regard to general business
matters. In 1904 he accepted a place with the California winery as
head of the publicity department, but resigned the ensuing year from
that department in order to enter upon the more important duties
of general manager and vice-president. In an official capacity his
service was most helpful to the business and in addition the expe-
rience enabled him to successfully organize the Sacramento Valley
winery, which he manages with notable skill and comprehensive
alertness.

The environment of boyhood, the influences of the home and the
relations to the church, were such as to cause Mr. Sheehan to identify
himself with the Roman Catholic faith in his very early life and
from that time to the present he has been devoted to the cause,
generous to its philanthropies and loyal to its doctrines. His wife
was formerly Miss Virginia Milne, whom he married in Sacra-
mento April 25, 1908. In political views he holds to Republican
principles and gives his ballot to the nominees of that party. The
Sons of Veterans have numbered him among the active members
of their post in Sacramento, while his social and fraternal relations
have been further enlarged through an influential connection with
the Sutter Club.

WILHELM R. H. SCHEUNERT

With the experience acquired through residence in Germany,
the land of his birth, and in America, the chosen home of maturity,
Mr. Scheunert gives his preference to the land of the free and par-
ticularly is he devoted to the great western country. As the chosen

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 551

place of his home and the eentei- of his business activities, he cher-
ishes the utmost loyalty to Northern California, with whose pro-
gress he has been familiar for a long period. Although now more
than sixty years of age he retains much of the physical alertness
and all of the mental acumen characteristic of earlier life. Not only
is he probably one of the oldest commercial travelers in this part
of the state, but in addition he ranks as one of the most successful.
In the line of his specialty he has built up a large trade in Northern
California and Nevada. By so doing he has enlarged the business
of the wholesale cigar factory in Sacramento, where his brother,
Emil, remains to superintend the city trade.

Through a lifetime of exceptional activity Wilhelm Sclieunert,
Sr., held a prominent position among the business men of Zduny, a
town of Prussia, not far distant from the borders of Russia. Not
only did he own and operate a flour mill in the village, but in
addition he managed other important enterprises and also served
efficiently as city trustee, being indeed a citizen of such prominence
that his demise was mourned as a public loss. His wife, Wilhelmina.
also resided in Zduny until her death. Their son, Wilhelm R. ?I.,
was born in Prussia November 10, 1849, and attended the national
schools of Germany, as well as private institutions of learning in
his native kingdom. Following the iisual custom of the country he
was sent to serve in the army. It was at the time of the Franco-
Prussian war and he therefore saw service not only in camp, but
also on the battle-field. During 1870-71 he was honorably discharged
with the commission of sergeant.

Almost immediately after his return home from the wars Mr.
Scheunert began to make preparations to emigrate to the new world.
Without any means except sufificient for traveling expenses, he
started on the long ocean trip to New York City and this was fol-
lowed by the journey across the continent to San Francisco, where
he found employment. In a few months he came to Sacramento
and secured work as a barber. Eighteen months later he went to
Virginia City, Nev., and embarked in the cigar business, but in
1875, after the big fire, he removed his business headquarters to
Sacramento, the center of all subsequent acti-vities on his part. Since
1876 he has been identified continuously with the cigar business as
a manufacturer and jobber. He organized the business as Scheunert
Bros., Inc. With him in business is his brother, Emil, born in
Prussia in May of 1858, educated in Germany and California, and
employed for a time in a dry-goods house that specialized in ladies'
furnishings. For several years he engaged extensively in farm pur-
suits in Mexico, but owing to the yellow fever he was forced to
leave that country. After a visit of a few months at his old German
home he returned to Mexico to close out his affairs and then joined his
brother in Sacramento, where since he has engaged in the cigar

552 HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

business. Fraternally he holds membership with various organ-
izations, including the various degrees of Masonry up to the Nobles
of the Mystic Shrine. The older brother has been connected prom-
inently with the Knights of Pythias as well as other societies. In
1878 he was united in marriage with Miss Emma Goepel, daughter
of Herman Goepel, who in the early days was a well-known resident
of Sacramento.

JOHN LESKER PATTERSON

Within three miles of Folsom lies the well improved fruit farm
which has been the home of Mr. Patterson for a considerable period
and which through his well-directed efforts has acquired a reputation
for productiveness and profitable operation. In coming to Orangevale,
for such is the name of the district, he first made a visit of inspection
from his Nebraska home and later removed to the property he still
owns. Continued identification with the locality increases his faith in
the soil and his devotion to the higher development of the community.
While he has inspected many other parts of the state and at one time
remained for two years in San Joaquin county, he believes Sacra-
mento county to be the peer of all and the center of a vast horticul-
tural section whose possibilities as yet are only partly appreciated.

Of Pennsylvanian birth and parentage, John L. Patterson was
born at Uniontown, Fayette county, February 14, 1859, and at the
age of eleven years, in 1870, he accompanied his parents to Iowa, set-
tling upon raw land in Madison county. While helping his father he
was also given fair schooling, and not only completed the grammar
grade, but also attended a high school and later took a course of
study in the Baptist college at Pella. For a time he engaged in
teaching school. During young manhood, in 1884, he removed to
Nebraska and settled at Kearney, Buffalo county, where he bought
and still owns residence property. While still in Iowa he had learned
the trade of a stationary engineer and knowledge of the occupation
enabled him to operate an engine with success for five years. He also
taught in the Kearney Industrial school for six years.

During the period of his residence at Kearney Mr. Patterson met
and married Miss Adelaide Stout, who was born and reared in New
York state; her death occurred in 190.3 and her body was interred in
Folsom cemetery. Surviving her are the two daughters born of the
union, Irma and Ona, who are attending the local schools. The
family came to California during 1897 and settled at Orangevale,
where Mr. Patterson had bought ]iroperty on a iirevious trip to the
west. The place had been planted to fruit trees, but there were no

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 555

other improvements. His first task was the building of a substantial
house. Later other improvements were made and adjacent property
was purchased, until now he owns sixty acres, all in fruit. Six and
one-half acres are in oranges, seven acres in prunes and the balance
in pears, almonds, olives and grapes. From 1898 until 1900 he acted
as superintendent of a ranch of two thousand acres and meanwhile
made his home on the property, which is situated in San Joaquin
county, but in 1900 he resigned the position in order to take up the
personal supervision of his Orangevale ranch. In addition to im-
proving this property he has bought and sold real estate and has
promoted many enterprises for the benefit of the locality. A move-
ment which received his early and constant support was that looking
toward the starting of a bank, and it was characteristic of him that
he should be among the first to subscribe to the capital stock. Since
then he has continued a stockholder in the Bank of Folsom and now
serves as a member of the board of directors. He is president of the
■Orangevale Water Company, which is installing a new system of
piping to supply water for irrigation and domestic use in the colony.
The present wife of Mr. Patterson, whom he married in 1905, was
Mrs. Nora (Raper) Gibbons, who was born in Placer county and
reared in Colusa county. She was educated in Pierce Christian col-
lege at College City, graduating in 1887 with the degree of B. S.
Her parents were Robert and Frances (Allen) Raper, who crossed the
plains in 1864 and settled in Colusa count.y. The father is now living
in Orangevale, but the mother died in 1909. After her graduation
Miss Raper became the wife of 0. J. Gibbons, and of that marriage
three children were born, as follows: Aris, of Oakland; Robert L., a
graduate of the State Agricultural school at Davis and now liorticul-
tural inspector of Sacramento county, and Ruth, who is attending high
school in Sacramento. Politically, Mr. Patterson believes in Repub-
lican principles, and is progressive in his tendencies. Ever since
young manhood he has been interested in educational progress and no
one in his district maintains a closer affiliation with such work than
does Mr. Patterson, who believes that the public schools are the most
important factors in our national development. He and his wife are
active members of the Orangevale Grange, of which he is past master
and Mrs. Patterson treasurer, and these progressive organizations
they have not only promoted, but they have also organized them
whenever possible. While living in Nebraska Mr. Patterson became
associated with the Independent Order of Odd Fellows at Kearney
of which he is past grand, and he is also past chief patriarch of the
encampment, as well as a member of the Uniform rank of the order,
in Nebraska. Mrs. Patterson is president of the Orangevale W. C. T. U.

55« HISTOEY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY

JAMES EUTTEE

A studj' of the lives and activities of the pioneers of Sacramento
county discloses no name more worthy of honorable mention than that
of the late James Eutter, who was identified with California as a per-
manent resident from the year 1852 until his death. An early ac-
quired knowledge of the trade of carpenter proved helpful to him
after he left his native eountrj^ and crossed the ocean to the United
States, for this occupation and kindred pursuits enabled him to be
self-suijporting from the first. Notwithstanding the fact that he had
reached an age justifying his complete retirement from all business
cares and the further fact that he had accumulated a competency
through his arduous undertakings in the past, he continued to the
last actively interested in all life's activities, personally overseeing
his varied enterprises and showing the same persevering energy char-
acteristic of him during earlier years.

Descended from a long line of Anglo-Saxon ancestors, and himself
a native of Cornwall, England, James Eutter was born August 15,
1827, and received such advantages as English free schools afforded.
As he came toward manhood and studied conditions at home he saw
no prospects for the future, and the depressing conditions of labor in
his native land led him to seek the better opportunities of the new
world, where he landed in New York City May 15, 1849. It was not
his intention to remain in the eastern metropolis, and he soon took
his way westward to Buffalo. There he boarded a lake vessel bound
for Chicago. On his arrival in that then insignificant city he found
conditions unattractiA^e and the demand for workmen small, so he pro-
ceeded to St. Louis, where he found temporary employment. Next he
filled a position in Quincy, 111., and from there removed to Galena in
1851. The following year he came across the plains by ox-teams, ac-
companied by his young wife (this being their bridal tour), the trip
consuming the entire summer, but fortunately bringing no accidents
or disasters. In October, 1851, he was married in Galena, 111., to
Miss Thomasine Penberthy, a native of Cornwall, England. She was
reared in England and when eighteen years old, in 1848, came with
her parents to Galena, 111. Of this union three children were born,
only one of whom is living. She is Agnes E., the wife of L. M.
Landsborough of Florin. They have five children. Thomas E., Leon-
ard B., Amy L. (Mrs. McCraney), William Lloyd and Georgia I.

For a period of six years after his arrival in California and his
taking up of active labors Mr. Eutter followed the carpenter's trade
in the city of Sacramento. During 1858 he removed to Florin, a small
villag-e southeast of the capital city, and here he made his home until
his death, meanwhile becoming the owner of one hundred and eighty

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 557

acres of valuable land and improving a homestead attractive in ap-
pearance and productive in returns. To him belongs the distinction
of having planted the first vineyard in Sacramento county. He
further has the distinction of having shipped the first raisins out of
the county and sent the first grapes to the eastern markets. Years
ago, when methods of irrigation were crude, he put in the first pump-
ing plant in the entire state and this same undertaking, which was
watched by the citizens with considerable skepticism, proved so satis-
factory that others soon followed his example. In making new de-
partures in agriculture or horticulture he indeed proved a pioneer.
Fond of experimenting, he made a special study in early days of the
soil, the climate and the crops best suited thereto. Some of his ex-
periments cost him considerable sums and yet proved impracticable,
but so many of them were successful that in the end he reaped large
returns from his new undertakings. Nor was the work helpful to
himself alone. Other pioneers, studying his methods, imitated
his plan of cultivation and found in him an authority concerning hor-
ticultural subjects. Thus he acquired prominence unsought. In Ms
desire to promote the welfare of the country he gave freely of time,
means and influence, and in his declining days he reaped the rich re-
ward of years of self-sacrifice and intelligent endeavor.

HUGH J. SMILEY

On the other side of the world, in Australia, in the city of Mel-
bourne, Hugh J. Smiley, long of Sacramento, was born November
25, 1858, a son of Rankin and Catherine Smiley. His parents went
from England to Australia in 1857. His father attained eminence
there in politics and long held the office of Immigration-General, and
now lives in London; his mother has been dead many years. The
son was educated in public and private schools in Australia and in
1882 came to the United States and located in San Diego, where he
was for a year in the real estate business with his uncle. From
San Diego he went to San Francisco and identified himself with the
interests of another uncle who was in the stock business. In 1884
he came to Sacramento and entered the plumbing shop of the South-
ern Pacific Railroad, where he learned the plumber's trade. He was
then placed in charge of the air-brake department of the coast di-
vision with headquarters in San Francisco. After having been in
the employ of that corporation for twelve years, he devoted two
years to the installation of the water system in the Tesler coal mines
near Livermore, Cal. Then he engaged in the plumbing business

558 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

in Sacramento, bnj'ing a fine property on the lower Stockton road at
its intersection with Cypress avenue, where he erected a home and
a shop. He now owns four houses in this neighborhood, some prop-
erty near Stockton and sixty acres of land in Mexico.

In 1892 Mr. Smiley married Miss Ada L. Fassett of Sacramento
county, daughter of the Hon. Louis H. Fassett, of Sacramento county,
who filled the office of supervisor two terms and represented his dis-
trict one term in the California Assemblj^ They have one son. Earl
B., born September 19, 1891, a graduate of the Sacramento high
school, who is associated with his father in business. Mr. Smiley
affiliates with the Eagles, the Odd Fellows, the Grange and the
Fraternal Union of America, and Mrs. Smiley and their son are
members of the Baptist Church.

JOHN F. COOPER

Romance often found its way into the privations and perils expe-
rienced by the pioneers of the west and it was not lacking from life's
activities with Mr. Cooper as boy, youth and man, nor has its pleasant
glow wholly faded from the gold-tinted horizon of his memories as,
retired from the strenuous tasks of former years, he finds leisure to
reflect upon the past and enjoy its many interesting recollections.
From the far-distant past there come to him memories of the family
home at Lexington, Ky., where the father, Archibald H. Cooper, M. D.,
engaged in the practice of medicine for a considerable period and
where his own birth had occurred December 17, 1840. Genealogical
records indicated that the family had been established in America
during the colonial era and descended from English ancestors, but the
American representatives fought on the side of the colonies during
the Revolution. Their devotion to the country has been imitated by
every generation of descendants and jiatriotism is a family char-
acteristic.

The Kentucky doctor had established a home of his own during
early manhood and had chosen as his wife Miss Elizabeth A. Mc-
intosh, a native of Kentucky, descended from Scotch and English
progenitors and like himself a representative of a Revolutionary fam-
ily. Her death occurred in 1854, two years after her arrival in Cali-
fornia. One of her sons had died of cholera while they were crossing
the ]3lains and that boy, Louis, lies in an unknown grave. Another
son, David, a soldier in the Civil war and in the Indian struggles along
the western coast, died in Sacramento in 1901 and was buried with
Grand Army honors. A daughter, Laura, died in 1907 and her hus-

HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY 561

band, George F. Nourse, passed away the following year. Shortly
after the discovery of gold in California the children of this family
had seen their father and uncle depart for the west and later re-
ceived word that they had started stores at Mud Springs^a^nd Dia-
mond Springs, to both of which places they had given their names.

Deciding that he would remain in the west the doctor sent his
brother-in-law, John Mcintosh, back to Kentucky to bring the balance
of the family across the plains. A large company of emigrants was
gathered together. Twenty-seven wagons were required for the
people and supplies. The boy of twelve years, John F. Cooper, rode
the entire distance on a little white mule and he vividly recalls the
hardships of the journey, the dangers from cholera, the perils from
Indian and Mormon outbreaks and the countless vicissitudes marking
such an expedition. The party was unusually fortunate and after a
quick trip of three and one-half months arrived safely in California
August 27, 1852. The majority of the relatives took up residence in
Colusa county, but John F. Cooper's family made their headquarters
at Sacramento. His second memorable experience was while serving
as cabin-boy on board the ship, Witchcraft, from San Francisco to
New York by way of the Horn. At New York he shipped for return
passage on the clipper Swordfish. Upon his return to the west he
collected fares on the steamer Clinton, phdng between Oakland and
San Francisco.

While at Stockton in 1854 the young lad was fortunate in winning
the friendship of Prof. W. L. Wright, head of the department of
mathematics in Yale College. The older man took an interest in the
self-reliant youth and aided him in his efforts to secure an education.
Nor was this the extent of his benefactions. He had previously bought
the Eough and Eeady Island ranch and at his death he willed one-half
of the estate to young Cooper, who thus found it possible to attend
the Benicia high school for three years and later completed his educa-
tion in the Sacramento schools. Meanwhile he learned the trade of
a printer and worked in every department of the business with the
Sacramento Bee and Repiihlican. A life-long fondness cherished for
music found expression when he took up its study under Professors
Winter and Mansfeldt. Under their superior instruction he became
proficient in both vocal and instrumental music. The organization of
the Philharmonic Society was largely the result of his energetic efforts
and for many years he was honored with its presidency. Besides hav-
ing charge of music in the Sacramento public schools, he was organist
of the Methodist Episcopal Church for eight years, held a similar
position in the Presbyterian Church for twelve years and at the
Jewish Synagogue for seven years. One of the results of his efforts
was the formation of the Sacramento chorus of one hundred and fifty
voices which were added to the San Francisco chorus of fifteen hun-

562 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

dred voices for the Camilo Urso Concert under the leadership of Carl
Zerahn.

After over thirty-five years as proprietor of a music store on J
street, Sacramento, in 1893 Mr. Cooper sold these interests. As evi-
dence of his influence in musical circles it may be stated that his suc-
cessors incorporated the business under the title of the Cooper Music
Company, the name being considered one of the valuable assets of the
house. Since he relinquished his associations with musical affairs Mr.
Cooper has bought and improved a number of fruit farms, but these
he has sold from time to time. In former years he owned interests in
mines in Mexico, California and Nevada. For a time he made his
headquarters in San Francisco, where with his brother-in-law, George
F. Nourse, he started the Overland Freight and Transfer Company in
1873. The company collected freight for the railroads and shipped to
Australia, China, Japan and other foreign points. Even up to the
present the business is still flourishing, but Mr. Cooper sold his interest
and returned to Sacramento because the San Francisco climate proved
unpleasant to him. Through his personal efforts the Capitol Sacra-
mento Transfer, Van and Storage Company was incorporated in 1899
and in 1902 he purchased his partner's interests, thereupon becom-
ing sole proprietor of the concern. While he still manages the busi-
ness he has practically retired from business cares, and he has also
retired from the fraternal activities that once engrossed much of his
time, for in former years he was an active member of the Knights
of Pythias, Improved Order of Red Men, Foresters of America, Inde-
pendent Order of Odd Fellows, and other organizations.

The marriage of Mr. Cooper and Miss Joanna Powelson, a native
of Philadelphia, Pa., was solemnized in Sacramento October 19, 1869.
Mrs. Cooper is the daughter of a California pioneer who died while
still in young manhood. Afterward her mother became the wife of
Captain Cunningham, a Mississippi river captain of the early days,
but later until his death a captain on a Sacramento river steamboat.
When a girl Mrs. Cooper studied music under Mulder Fabri, a world-
famous instructor. No expense was spared in the cultivation of her
rich soprano voice and she became one of the most popular soloists
in Sacramento. Her two daughters. Misses Laura and Ruby Cooper,
are also accomplished musicians and prominent in musical, literary,
golf, tennis and other club affairs of the city.

LOUIS H. STEWART

It may be said that the entire life of Louis H. Stewart, the man-
ager of the Sacramento branch of the Central California canneries,
has been passed in or near a fruit cannerJ^ Born in Healdsburg,

HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 565

Sonoma county, during the year 1868, he was the son of Joseph E.
and Harriette (Fiero) Stewart, and in this vale of fruitage and
bloom known as the Valley of the Sotoyome, he practically finished
his school days and childhood at seventeen, and was prepared for
work. He found his first job in T. S. Merchant's fruit canneries in
that place, and held it for five j^ears, a portion, or the latter portion
of that period being the foreman of the establishment. In 1890
he was employed with Miller & Hotchkiss, fruit canners and packers,
also in Healdsburg, and he remained in that place until 1894. His
next change was to Geyserville of that county, a warm-belted fruit
region, where he took charge of the Walden & Co. fruit canneries
until 1901. He then removed to Sacramento, became foreman in the
Sacramento branch of the Central California canneries, and two
years after was appointed manager.

Mr. Stewart is as successful as a manager as he was as a fore-
man. The same care in detail and the same faithfulness in all the
obligations that ever burden the business man receive his closest
attention. Under his direction are three hundred and fifty people
busy handling their part of the great pack of fruit that passes
through those canneries every season. He was married in San
Francisco February 22, 1893, "to Miss Effie Willis, and their chil-
dren are Freda, Norma, Charlotte and Willis. The family have a
pleasant home at No. 1228 0 street. Fraternally the father is an
Odd Fellow and in religion .is a Baptist, two characteristics believed
in the west to make for the best citizenship. Also, he is Repub-
lican in his politics, but this does not detract from his civic perfec-
tions, as he aids all movements for the upbuilding of the city, where
his business interests are centered.

JOHN STUDARUS

About the middle of the nineteenth century Jolni Studarus left
his native place in St. Gall, Switzerland, and crossed the ocean to the
United States, settling in West Virginia, where he married Mary
Reich. On their farm in Hancock county, that state, a son, Jolm, Jr.,
was born April 12, 1852. No part of the world at that time so deeply
engrossed the attention of men as did California, and the Swiss family
soon determined to cross the continent to the unknown regions of the
west. The necessities of such a long journey were loaded in a wagon,
and with an ox-team for motive power the "prairie schooner" slowly
bore the family across the vast expanse of unsettled countrv until
finally the destination was reached in safety. The trip had con-

566 HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

sumed more than six months of the year 1853, and they located in
Eldorado county, continuing there until 1855. Settlement was tlien
made near Perkins, Sacramento county, the father eventually acquir-
ing title to vast tracts of raw land near Mills Station. He proved a
successful farmer and horticulturist, and his ranch became valuable
with the passing of the years. Believing the soil and climate favored
horticultural efforts, he experimented with the raising of fruit and
was one of the pioneers in that industry in the whole valley. Both
parents died on the old home place. Nine children were born of their
marriage, and all but one are living in California. The eldest of the
children, Mrs. J. Broder, of Folsom, crossed the plains to this state.

John Studarus was next to the oldest of the parental family, and
the old homestead in Sacramento county has been familiar to him
from his earliest childhood years. Upon it he learned needed lessons
in agriculture and from it he was sent during the winter months to
the country school of the district, where he received a fair education.
After he reached the age of twenty-two he began working on ranches,
and during two years saved $900 from his wages. At the expiration
of that time he turned his attention to the shipping of cobblestones to
Sacramento and found that business quite profitable. Later he bought
two hundred and fifty acres near Mills, and for four years he de-
voted himself to the improvement of the place. Coming from there
into the village of Mills, he bought five acres of ground and established
a mercantile business, besides which he built and conducted a hotel.
For years he has served as postmaster of Mills, and always has sup-
ported Republican principles.

The erection of a large business house in 1911 has given Mr.
Studarus excellent advantages for the management of his mercantile
establishment, and, by a division into different rooms, he has an
abundance of space for the care of the mail and the other duties de-
volving upon a postmaster. On the completion of the new store and
before it had been stocked witli merchandise, the owner gave a ball
and banquet, to which he invited the people of the entire country. A
free entertainment was given, and the guests came from miles in
every direction. Many of the guests were yoimg people whose only
desire was the enjoyment of the banquet, but there were also present
not a few of the older people, some of whom had been acquainted with
Mr. Studarus since his boyhood years and had enjoyed his friendship
through all the intervening era. Fraternally he has been connected
with the Independent Order of Odd Fellows since 1885. His marriage
took place at Mills December 25, 1879, and united him with Miss Sine
Lauridson, who was born and reared in Denmark. They became the
parents of four sons, but one of these, John, Jr., died when only two
years of age. Howard passed away in 1909, at the age of nineteen
years, when he had just completed the high school course in Sacra-

HISTORY OF SAORAMP^NTO COUNTY 567

mento. Lawrence, a young man of excellent education, is now em-
ployed in Seattle. Henry,, a graduate of Heald's Business college,
San Francisco, who is married and lives at Mills, assists his father
in the management of the business.

BENJAMIN WELCH

The earliest period in which cognizance can be had concerning
the Welch family found them identified with Yorkshire, England, and
genealogical records show that they became transplanted in the north
of Ireland, where several successive generations lived and labored.
Prior to the first struggle with England they crossed the ocean to
the settlements along the Atlantic coast. The first representative
of the name in New England was James Welch, a brave soldier in
the Revolutionary war and a man whose noble attributes of charac-
ter gave to his descendants an inheritance of incalculable value.
Aniong his children was a son, James, who followed the sea and
acquired ample means through the persistency of his efforts and
the sagacity of his judgment. By marriage he became connected
with one of the most ancient families of New England, his wife,
Lucinda Brackett, having traced her ancestry to Scotch forbears
who settled along the Atlantic coast as early as 1636. The Brackett
family was closely related to George Cleves, the famous pioneer of
the city of Portland, Me., and an early settler whose vision of the
future was prophetic.

On Peaks Island in Casco bay near Portland, Me., Benjamin
Welch was born in August, 1827, a grandson of James Welch, the
Revolutionary soldier. At the age of sixteen he began to work in
the Portland Locomotive and Car shops, a plant engaged in build-
ing motive power for the Atlantic & St. Lawrence Railroad (after-
ward known as the Grand Trunk). For five years he served an
apprenticeship or worked for wages in the shops under the super-
intendeney of Horace Felton and John Sparrow. In the spring of
1852 he came to California via Greytown and the Nicaragua river.
The ship on which he sailed north cast anchor at San Francisco on
the 26th of March and he found employment in that city. March 4,
1855, he left San Francisco for the Kern river mining district and
also visited mines in the San Joaquin and Bear valleys. Next he
entered the employ of the Sacramento Valley Railroad Company
as a car-builder and for seven years he remained with them, mainly
at their Folsom shop. Later he assisted in the construction of the
San Jose road and made his headquarters at Seventeen-Mile house.

568 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

Through a personal friend, T. D. Judah, chief engineer of the
Central Pacific Railroad, Mr. Welch was engaged by Mr. Huntington
as car master and general superintendent of construction. The first
shop which he built was 20x150 feet in dimensions and gave employ-
ment to six men during the first year. With additions 130x130 this
shop was used until 1867, when a shop 60x200 feet was erected. The
next year a building was constructed 90x230 feet, with an L 90x40
feet, which was soon followed by another, 100x200, and the round-
house. At a cost of $2400 he built in 1865 his famous snow-plow,
which was in successful use for many years. Another of his im-
portant tasks was the reconstruction of the American river bridge
which had been destroyed by fire. During 1869 he completed the
invention of a framer and tenon machine, which saved much time
and labor in the construction of cars. The tourist car, which later
came into general use throughout the world, was constructed in 1870
after his plans, the original models and later improvements having
been exhiljited at the Railroad Exposition in Chicago held during
1884. The Pullman Company adopted the models and carried on
the manufacture of the cars. Mr. Welch continued for years at the
head of the shop employing about two thousand workmen and when
finally he retired to private life it was with the highest reputation
for success in his chosen field of activity.

In connection with railroad affairs Mr. Welch held many posi-
tions of honor and trust. For many years, beginning in 1870, he
was a member of the Car Builders' Association. The committee on
brakes, of which he was a member, held a session at Burlington,
Iowa, that continued for thirty days in 1886, then met again the
following year. Among the most staunch of his friends in railroad
circles was A. J. Stephens, master mechanic and superintendent of
motive power. Other railroad men of high ability reposed in him the
fullest confidence and he enjoyed intimate personal relatio7is with
many of the master spirits in railroad develo]iment of that day and
generation. To friends and workmen as well he has been known
for years as Uncle Ben, a familiar title that was given him in rec-
ognition of his kindly spirit, friendly nature and generous helpful-
ness. Early in manhood he became a Mason, identifying himself
successively with Union Lodge No. 58, F. & A. M.; Sacramento
Chapter No. 3, R. A. M. ; Sacramento Commandery No. 2, K. T., and
Sacramento Council No. 1. The benevolent principles of the order
received exemplification in his own philanthropic temperament.

The marriage of Ben.iamin Welch occurred January 4, 1860, and
united him with Mrs. Ellen Marsh, nee Boobar, a native of Maine.
Their union was blessed with four sons who attained years of ma-
turity, namely: George Henry, Walter Hatch, Frank Cummings and
Benjamin Bradford. The eldest of these, George H., was born in
Sacramento August 5, 1861, and received his education in the public

^-<^--^-^/;:^:w"--^w^<^^:^^<2^

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 571

schools of Howes Academy. During 1881 lie began to work in tlie
car-builders' department of the Southern Pacific Railroad and tliere
learned the trade. From 1886 until 1888 he acted as assistant fore-
man of the same department in Los Angeles, after which he served
for four 3'ears as a car-builder in the Oakland division. During 1892
he was transferred to (;)gdeu, Utah, as assistant foreman of the car-
builders' department, from wJiieh place in 1894 he was transferred to
V/adsworth, Nev., as foreman of the same department. October 7,
1895, he returned to Sacramento and since then has held the re-
sponsible position of gang foreman in the car-building department.
Through his long association with the Southern Pacific Railroad he
has proved trustworthy, intelligent and capable and has added pres-
tige to an honored family name.

The Masonic order, whose ennobling principles appealed strongly
to the elder Welch, also has the active co-operation of George H.
Welch, who is an influential member of the blue lodge and a faithful
exponent of the philanthropic creed of the fraternity. In addition,
he has been actively connected with the Knights of Pythias. Politic-
ally he has given steadfast allegiance to Republican principles. In
religion he is of the Protestant faith and a contributor to various
church enterprises. By his marriage, September 9, 1884, to Miss
Small of Oakland, he is the father of three children. The eldest son,
Edward N., is now proprietor of a garage in Sacramento. The other
son, Ben, is ten years the junior of bis brother and is now a student in
the Sacramento schools. The only daughter, Helen, is the wife of
Frank McCormick, and resides in Sacramento.

ISIDOR COHEN

Adventurous experiences in many localities came to an end with
the permanent settlement of Mr. Cohen in Sacramento, wliicli place
had won his liking during previous brief sojourns and thus became
the eventual inducement affecting his decision to establish here a
permanent business headquarters. Like the majority of the German
people, his talents have led him into different lines of mercliandising
and in his youthful years, when he had no capital whatever, he earned
a livelihood through the strenuous existence of a jieddler. Through
all of his changes of residence and bis variations in forms of work,
he has retained his deep devotion to the Jewish religion and his love
for the race of which he is a member. This does not prevent him
from being a true and loyal citizen of his adopted country. His in-
terest in national issues is constant and his belief in Republican prin-

572 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

ciples leads him to support that party in all national campaigns.

Near the city of Posen, Germany, Mr. Cohen was born April 17,
1843, being a son of S. and Sarah Cohen, whose residence in the father-
land continued until death. His early educational opportunities were
small indeed, for the necessity of self-support forced him to leave
school to take up occupative labors. The trade which he learned, that
of a baker, occupied him until he left Germany at the age of seventeen
and came via Hull, England, to America, settling in New York City
and securing work as a baker. Next he took up peddling and thus
earned enough to pay his passage to California in 1863, when he
traveled via Nicaragua and there took the Moses Taylor to San
Francisco and thence came to Sacramento. As a peddler he visited
the principal mining camps of Eldorado county. In about six weeks he
returned to San Francisco, where for one year he sold fruit at the
Metropolitan theatre. Upon his return to Sacramento he bovight a
cigar and fruit store, but this he sold at the expiration of about
twelve months, returning thereupon to New York City via Panama
and resuming business pursuits there with a partner. A year later
he removed to Williamsburg, N. Y., where for two years he carried
on a store. Next he engaged in merchandising in Chicago. 111., after
which he was similarly occupied successively at Silver City, Idaho,
for six months, and then located in Virginia City, Nev. A few months
later he was burned out in the big fire of 1875 with a total loss, after
which, in January, 1876, he became a permanent resident of Sacra-
mento and began anew.

As an assistant in the establishment owned by his brother, Ben-
jamin Cohen, a dealer in carpets and oil cloth, Mr. Cohen remained
for nine years, meanwhile saving his earnings so that finally he was
able to buy out a cigar store on J between Fifth and Sixth streets.
Two years after he had bought the business he disposed of it and
spent three months in European travel. Upon his return to Sacra-
mento he bought from Edward Busch the present cigar store at
No. 326 J street, and at this place he since has conducted a jobbing
and retail business in cigars and tobacco. In all of his travels and his
sojourns in various parts of the country he has retained his devotion
to the tenets of the Golden Rule, and has been a liberal and active
contributor to various charities, both private and institutional. Fra-
ternally he is connected with the Elks, the B. B. 's and the Independent
Order of Odd Fellows, while in politics he is a staunch Republican
and a patriotic supporter of the institutions of his adopted country.

There is no ostentation, no attempted display or show in the acts
of Isidor Cohen. By hard labor and close attention to his own busi-
ness, he has acquired a modest fortune. The spirit of true, gen-
uine philanthropy seems to have been born in him. His deep interest
in the welfare of the poor little orphans has made him a central figure
in the bestowal of permanent charity for the care of the helpless

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 573

oriohan children of this community. The Orphans' Home is largely
indebted to his beneficent acts for its existence. He established com-
fortable quarters for the boys at the earliest stage, and later founded
an orchard, and garden, where the older boys and girls might learn
the art of agriculture ; also provided choice cows for their dairy. The
expeuse of conducting each and all of these is borne by Mr. Cohen.
Recently he conceived and put into execution the idea of having those
orphans old enough to work, cultivate the gardens and orchai-ds,
and after the products necessary for the use of the home, the surplus
should be sold and the proceeds credited to the producers on their own
account. These amounts are given to the producers in proportion to
their earnings, and placed in a savings bank to the credit of each.
The first statement of accounts showed that ten or twelve had bank
accounts ranging from $5 to $20 each. There is no man in this com-
munity who has a more charitable heart than Mr. Cohen, who now
devotes his entire income to pure and unselfish charity.

PETER A. FITZGERALD

On our Independence Day, in 1865, Peter A. Fitzgerald, who was
to become an American citizen, a leader in American enterprise and a
director of American thought, was born in Ireland. He was educated
in Ireland, Scotland, England and France. He came to the United
States in 1888 and, locating in San Francisco, took up educational
work, teaching special branches to private pupils. Later he taught in
the Christian Brothers college at Oakland one year and in the Chris-
tian Brothers college at Sacramento one year.- In the period 1891-
1901 he was a clerk in the freight department of the Southern Pacific
railroad at Sacramento. Then he was called to the management of
the California winery, with which he was employed one year. Later
he was for five years with the John Breuner Company and then for
one year with the Ruhstaller br-ewery as traveling agent. Resigning
that position, he was for several months in 1908 in business in Tono-
pah, Nev. Later he became the owner and is the editor and publisher
of the Yolo Independent, a weekly newspaper, in Sacramento. The
Yolo Independent was started in 1895, and has been published as a
weekly paper ever since, devoted to the interests of Yolo county. Mr.
Fitzgerald edits the paper on strictly independent lines, taking up
measures of reform, progress and all methods for the advancement
of the moral, educational and commercial importance of the com-
munity.

The lady who became Mr. Fitzgerald's wife June 26, 1893, was

574 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

Miss Mollie F. Walsh, a native of Ireland, who came to Sacramento
in 1887. She has borne her husband two children, Gerald and Ger-
aldine. Politically Mr. Fitzgerald is an independent ; he affiliates with
the Royal Arch chapter, and he and his family are communicants of
the Catholic church. Devoting his time exclusively to newspaper
work, Mr. Fitzgerald is in a position to give his public spirit full
sway, and there is no good work for the uplift and benefit of his
communitv that he does not aid with his time, meaus and influence.

WILLIAM BARTON BRADFORD

A study of the Bradford genealogy indicates that the family were
identified with the pioneer element in every portion of our country.
Beginning near the shores of the Atlantic they followed the westward
drift of migration and always were to be found in the vanguard of
civilization, developing land, building up villages and aiding in the
transformation of forest or prairie into regions of productivity and
scenic charm. Some remote ancestor had erected a mill on one of
the Connecticut streams and around it were built a few houses, thus
starting a hamlet known as Bradford Mills, but later called merely
by the title of Bradford. There occurred the birth of George Brad-
ford in 1790 and there he early learned lessons of endurance of hard-
ship and self-reliance in labor. The location and period alike pre-
cluded educational opportunities, yet he was fortunate enough to
attend a neighl)oring school for some years prior to the age of thirteen.
After that his information was gained solely by experience, reading
and observation.

When the great valley of the Mississippi was in the infancy of
its development George Bradford traveled along much of its length
and studied its possibilities. Settling in New Orleans he began to
operate keel boats on the river and for some five years continued to
do a freighting business with his small crafts. At the expiration of
that period he disposed of his interests in the south and settled at
Washington, Daviess county, Ind., where he soon acquired varied com-
mercial connections. For a time he owned a mill. The distilling
business also engaged his attention. Mercantile pursuits contributed
to the variety of his occupations, while the ownership and cultivation
of land kept him in close touch with the most important occupation
of the county. While living at Washington he met and married Miss
Mary Bruce, a native of Mason, Ky. During 1856 he followed his
sons to Cnliforuia and after having made the trip via Panama to San

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 577

Francisco he proceeded to Sacramento, where lie made his home
until his death.

Born in Washington, Ind., February 10, 1826, William Barton
Bradford spent the years of bo>-hood in attendance upon the country
schools of the period and in helping with the work on the home farm.
Possibly he might have settled on an Indiana farm and passed his
entire life in that state had it not been for the discovery of gold in
California. As soon as he had lieard the exciting tales brought by
messengers from the far-distant mines he decided to come to the west
and the year 1849 found him en route for Panama, whence he came
to San Francisco. His first exi)erience as a miner occurred at Geor-
gia's bar on the American river in 1850 and proved not especially
encouraging. An unprofitable summer in the mines was followed by
return to San Francisco and a trip on the ocean from there to Port-
land, Ore., where he remained for one year, returning in the fall of
1851 via the Oregon trail to Sacramento, where he bought a team and
engaged in the hauling business with his brother, James B., for
eighteen months, with headquarters at Diamond Springs.

An experience of six years in the teaming business was followed
by the removal of Mr. Bradford to Yankee Jim's, but later he came
back to Sacramento and bought a livery barn on Eighth and K streets.
His ventures had ]>roved so successful that when he resumed mining
he had a large sum with which to work. Howe\-er, an experience in
the mines at Last Chance pro\'ed so disastrous that he lost $45,000
within eighteen months. It was then necessary to start anew. Dissolv-
ing a long-continued partnership with his brother he bought one hun-
dred and sixty acres in the fall of 1859. During the following year
he bought a team, drove to Aurora and engaged in the general mer-
cantile business for three years. Following 1864, however, he resided
continuously on the ranch which he bought in 1859 and which lies near
Bruceville, Sacramento county, operating it until liis death, August
17, 1912. A specialty was made of the grape industry, one hundred
and twenty acres being in vineyard and the balance of the ranch, forty
acres, in pasture. To an unusual degree he met with success in the
development of his vineyard and the sale of the annual product. The
re]mtation of his grapes extended throughout the surrounding country
and the crop always commanded the highest market prices.

The first wife of Mr. Bradford was Jennie Smith, a native of
Minnesota and his faithful heli^mate from their marriage in 1872
until her death in 1900. Later he was united with Mrs. Amanda (Hall)
Utter, a native of Newport, Ind., and a woman of attractive qualities
of heart and mind. She was a widow of Dowty Utter, with whom she
crossed the plains in an overland stage in 1860 to Sacramento county.
Mr. Utter engaged in farming near Franklin, this county, and here he
passed away in 1870. Four children were born of this marriage. As
earlv as 1849. Mr. Bradford was initiated into Masonry and he was

578 HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

one of the very oldest members of the bhie lodge in his county. Dur-
ing young manhood he voted with the Eepublican party. At the time
of the Civil war he was an ardent admirer of Abraham Lincoln, whom
he twice supported in presidential elections. He continued to vote
the Republican ticket until 1896, when his views concerning the silver
question led him to cast his ballot for William Jennings Bryan. Re-
ligious movements had his generous support and enthusiastic interest.
From the year 1880 he was connected with the Methodist Episcopal
Church, and he gave to the denomination his zealous co-operation and
the influence of his consistent character and upright life. Mrs. Brad-
ford has been no less interested in religious progress and advancement
than was he, and by her life and benefactions continues to bear testi-
monv of her faith and interest in the work of the Church.

PLEAS G. MIKLE

With the development of that progressive suburb of Sacramento
known as Oak Park the name of Pleas G. Mikle is intimately associ-
ated. To him belongs the distinction of having bought the first prop-
erty west of Thirty-fifth street, of having erected the first brick build-
ing in the suburb and of having operated the first hotel or restaurant
in the place. The association with the new addition, begun in the
incipiency of the movement, has continued up to the present time and
has brought him some, discouragements but also many successes. The
only heavy loss whicli he has experienced since coming here was in
connection with the destruction of his hotel property by fire August
13, 1911. At the same time the catastrophe destroyed his moving-
picture theater in an adjacent building. The loss of $15,000 would
have discouraged many a man to the point of complete retirement
from business, but Mr. Mikle was not so easily disheartened. Without
even a momentary hesitation he decided to rebuild and to invest'
$15,000 in a fireproof theater, for he believed no location would prove
more advantageous for such a building than the one in which already
he had met with both success and losses.

In view of the fact that Mr. Mikle has made his own way in the
world from the age of eleven years, his present high standing fur-
nishes silent testimony as to his energy and capability. His parents,
Martin B. and Delia (Marcum) Mikle, died many years ago, and after
he had spent the first eleven years of his life on the farm in Wayne
county, Ky., where he was born, he started out to earn his own liveli-
hood. Without education or friends or means, he had many discour-
aging experiences in youth. Life to him presented few joys. The

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 579

burden of toil fell upon him at an age when the majority of lads are
attending school or enjoying wholesome recreations, but it was his
lot to drift from farm to farm, working at first for board and cloth-
ing. After a time he learned the blacksmith's trade and this he
followed for two years with the street car company of St. Louis.
After coming to California in 1890 he made brief sojourns in San
Diego and San Francisco and then spent twelve years in the black-
smith department of the Southern Pacific Railroad Company in Sac-
ramento, resigning that position in order that he might identify him-
self with the new addition of Oak Park. Here he operated a hotel
for twelve years, until it burned to the ground in 1911, and here he
has identified himself closely with all movements for the local up-
building. In addition to his property at this point he owns real estate
in other parts of Sacramento. In fraternal relations he has been a
worker with the Independent Order of Odd Fellows. Politically he
votes with the Democratic ticket in national elections, but in local
campaigns he supports the best men, irrespective of their partisan
views.

The new Mikle theater has a frontage of one hundred and twenty
feet on Thirty-fifth street, Oak Park, and while erected mainly for
the exhibition of moving pictures, it also is provided with facilities
for vaudeville. Competent critics pronounce this theater to be one of
the safest playhouses in California. Absolutely fireproof from the
ground up, it has the further advantage of being provided with exits
six feet wide on both sides of the building, as well as in the rear,
while there are also exits from the front of the theater. The operat-
ing box from which the pictures are thrown is a model of fireproof
construction. It is made of reinforced concrete lined with hollow til-
ing, and is built with every precaution for the safety of the patrons
of the theater. The mechanisra is so perfected that the slightest spark
of flame will close the operating doors, thus smothering the flames
completely in the box. All of the Aviring is laid in conduits, which
does away with the danger of fire from grounded electric sparks. A
complete fire equipment is also on hand, ready at an instant's notice
to provide for any emergency.

The color scheme of the interior of the theater is dark red and
green, with wainscoting of a beautiful blue tint. More than five hun-
dred chairs of handsome design, built with steel uprights, were pro-
vided, these being the latest improved opera type, noiseless, ample
and comfortable. In opening the theater the management purchased
two of the finest motion picture machines on the market. These are
known as the Motiograph and are of the latest 1912 models, project-
ing pictures that practically are perfect. The machine is fitted with
automatic shutters that close at the first sign of fire, a feature that
adds greatly to their expense, but is abundantly compensated for by
the feeling of security possible to patrons. The stage is of am]>le

580 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

height and width to render possible the production of vaudeville or
even of stock pieces, while dressing rooms on either side of the
stage and retiring parlors for the patrons of the theater complete the
luxurious equipment of the new and popular playhouse.

J. P. DARGITZ

Varied enterprises have engaged the versatile talents of J. P.
Dargitz at different periods of his useful and honorable career, but
since his removal to Sacramento during 1910 he has devoted himself
almost wholly to three very important movements, viz. : the organization
and upbuilding of the California Almond Growers' Exchange, which
he served three years as secretary and manager ; the California Cured
Fruit Exchange, organized in December, 1912 ; and the Sacramento Clay
Products Company. The latter is the successor of the Silica Brick
Company, which was organized in 1910 and which he served as secre-
tary and as director and which expended more than $100,000 in the
task of construction and preparation for the opening of their immense
plant. In 1912 they organized the Sacramento Clay Products Com-
pany, which took over the entire Silica Brick plant and of which
Mr. Dargitz became vice-president and director. Among the various
manufacturing institutions of this city the Sacramento Clay Products
Com]iany is one which promises very large results in the future
development of the city and contiguous territory. About two years
were devoted to construction work on the parent plant at a vast
expense, in order that the finest possible facilities and most modern
equipment might be provided for its successful oi^eration. The fac-
tory now employs a large force of men and is turning out front
(or face) brick and fire brick, as well as hollow building blocks and
partition tiling. With a modei-n ]ilant and a desirable location from the
standpoint of superior quality of clay and easy access to markets, the
company has every prospect for a gratifying growth. The reduced
price at which the superior output can be furnished to builders and
contra,ctors in Sacramento will have a positi^-e and large influence
upon the permanent character of all future building operations in the
capital city.

Nor is the Sacramento Clay Products Company more important
in its chosen field of endeavor than the CaliTornia Almond Growers'
Exchange in its special enterprises, and both owe much of their favor-
able promise to Mr. Dareitz. The latter orgn nidation was incorporated
during May of 1910 and has its principal o'''Vi' it Nos: 425-426 Ochsner
Building, Sacramento. Co-operative in purpn ■f\ its aim is to increase

HISTORY OF SAC!RAMENTO COUNTY 583

production and development as well as to secure the more satisfactory
preparation of almonds for the markets. Before the company was
established the almond marketing for California growers had been
conducted largely through the dried fruit packing houses of 8an
Francisco, who used this as a side line and frequently for the purpose
of making friends among the trade, whom they could induce thereby
to purchase large quantities of dried fruit. These packers secured
the almonds ready for market from the grower and then after adding
more or less profit for themselves, paid brokers to sell the almonds
to the wholesale trade of the country. The wholesale trade or jobbers
in turn distributed to the retailers and the retailers finally sold to the
consumers. A large portion of the cost to the consumer was made up
of profits to various people, through whose hands the almonds passed
after they left the grower and before they reached the consumer.
The markets also were juggled so that the price was unstable
and not unconunonly growers would receive from ten to twenty per
cent difference in price for the same grade and quantity of almond
on the same day, because they happened to live on different sides of
the same county road and were not equally posted as to what the
buyer wanted to do. The speculative feature of the business was
therefore equally detrimental to the grower, the trade and the con-
sumer, and this is probably one of the reasons which has helped to
make the organization a vital force in the community prosperity.

At present sixteen districts of the principal ahnond growing sec-
tions of the state are organized and these are tied together in a mar-
keting organization known as the California Almond Growers' Ex-
change. The president of this concern for three years, B. F. Walton,
of Yuba City, is one of the oldest farmers and best-known business men
of the state. He was succeeded as president by George W. Pierce, of
Davis, a prominent orchardist. The manager, J. P. Dargitz, has devoted
a number of years to a study of the almond question from a standpoint
of the markets as well as from its productive features. As a result of
his study he has become a local authority on the subject. During 1910
the exchange controlled thirty-five per cent of the crop of the state and
by this means was enabled to steady the market, also had a very large
effect in maintaining prices and establishing a solid foundation for the
future of the business. For 1911 the exchange handled at least fifty per
cent of the crop of the state. The output was marketable promptly
and the growers received the highest prices ever obtained, while the
good will of the trade was secured. In 1912 the largest crop of al-
monds the state ever produced was marketed at satisfactory figiires
and was sold in forty-eight hours. The business has been handled
sagaciously, so as to please the trade as well as the growers. T. C.
Tucker, the efficient sales manager, under Mr. Dargitz, has made two
tri]-)s throughout the country and as far as New York, introducing the
business and bringing the trade in touch with the producing end of the

584 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

almoud industry. His experience with the California Fruit Growers' Ex-
chauge in Chicago and with the California Fruit Exchange in Cali-
fornia, before coming to the Almond Growers' Exchange, has given
him a general grasp of the field and situation, and he naturally succeeded
to the management in December, 1912, when Mr. Dargitz retired. The
work of this organization has stimulated almond planting until
the nurseries of the state are not able to supply the desired trees
in sufficient quantity for planting and the future of the industry prom-
ises very bright indeed.

In November, 1912, the producers of dried fruits in California
were being forced to sell their products at less than cost or not able to
sell at all. With the success of the almond growers before them they
naturally turned to J. P. Dai-gitz to help them out and at their urgent
solicitation he left the Almond Growers' Exchange December 1, 1912,
and became manager of the California Cured Fruit Exchange, just
organizing. Its success in the few months since has been amazing to all
interested and it bids fair to prove one of the greatest movements for
the benefit of the producers of dried fruit ever started in California.

The manager of the Exchange is a member of an old eastern
family and was born in Mansfield, Ohio, September 8, 1859, being a
son of Marion and Tabitha J. (Mykrantz) Dargitz. During early
boyhood he was a pupil in the public school at Ashland, Ohio, but
in 1870 the family removed to Clarence, Iowa, and until 1876 he was
a student in the grammar and high schools of that place. Afterward he
taught for fiA^e j^ears in Union county, Iowa. Leaving the schoolroom for
the railroad business, he became an agent on the Iowa division of the
Chicago, Burling-ton & Quincy Railroad and afterward was promoted
to be traveling auditor. The life of a railroad man, however, soon
])roved imsatisfactory and he determined to seek a dit¥erent field of
activity. Going to Chicago, he matriculated in the Chicago Homeo-
pathic Medical College and after four years of study was graduated
in 1889 with the degree of M. D. and an excellent standing. For
three years he practiced medicine at "Wellsville, Allegany county,
N. Y., after which he removed to Waukesha, Wis., and conducted a
homeopathic sanitarium. During 1893 he removed to the Pecos valley
of New Mexico and not only practiced medicine, but also bought
land which he developed into a fine farm. In leisure hours he devoted
himself to a correspondence course in Bible study.

The greater climatic and other advantages offered by California
led Mr. Dargitz to this state in 1896 and here he taught school, prac-
ticed medicine and preached the Gospel in Modoc county for eighteen
months. Afterward he devoted himself exclusively to ministerial
work for a time and served as pastor of the Christian Church at
Lakeport, Lake county, until 1900, when he resigned the charge in
order to enter the state work of the church as an evangelist. During
1904 he retired from active ministerial and evangelical labors in

;^CC.€A^ ^

HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 587

order to take up colonization activities. His attention had been drawn
to the superior qualities of the soil in the San Joaquin A^alley and he
had bought eight hundred acres near Acampo. There he established
the Christian colony and devoted his attention to making- known the
attractions of the location to eastern people, desirous of engaging in
horticultural work in California. When he severed his connection
with the colony in 1910, it was for the purpose of removing to Sacra-
mento and devoting himself to the upbuilding of the almond industry,
also to the promotion of the Silica Brick Company. In politics
he is a Eepublican of the progressive type. His marriage occurred
May 25, 1881, and united him with Miss Clara McDuffie, a native of
Union county, Iowa, where the ceremony was performed. They are
the parents of three children, of whom only the youngest, Miss Doro-
thy, remains at home. The eldest, Mrs. Florence Botts, resides at
the Christian colony, where the family own valuable landed interests.
The only son, Jesse L., also has a family home and fruit orchard in the
colonv.

HARRY A. NAUMAN

Identified with the business interests of Sacramento since 1889,
and recognized as one of the leading men of affairs in the city, Mr.
Nauman came to the west in 1886 after a brief period of clerkship in
large cities further toward the east. From the first he found much
in Sacramento to interest him. The location of the place he considered
exceptionally favorable, and in opportimities it compared so favorably
with other places of his temporary sojourn that he determined to make
his permanent home in the city. Since then he has witnessed its
growth and contributed to its upbuilding. As a man of business,
familar with commercial enterprises and progressive in temperament,
he has exercised an influence among associates and has won the
esteem of those with whom he has had business dealings.

Born in Manheim, Lancaster county. Pa., August 23, 1864, Harry
A. Nauman is a son of Peter and Elizabeth (Eeiff) Nauman and
descends from an old family of colonial prominence and German stock.
His advantages were those offered by the public schools of Pennsyl-
vania. During 1882 he started out to earn his own way in the world
and since then he has depended solely upon his own efforts. For two
years he held a clerkship in Pittsburg, Pa., then in 1884 went to
Kansas City, Mo., where he clerked in a dry goods store until 1885.
Later he spent a year in Denver, Colo., as a clerk in a dry goods store.
Coming further west, he settled temporarily in San Francisco and

588 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

earned his livelihood as a salesman in a furniture store. Eighteen
months were spent in San Francisco and a similar period in Stockton,
Cal., where he also engaged as a salesman. Upon his arrival in Sac-
ramento during 1889 he found employment as salesman in the furni-
ture store of Ingram & Bird, with whom he continued for fourteen
years, meanwhile winning a host of warm friends through his uni-
form courtesy and accommodating disposition. When he finally re-
signed as salesman it was for the purpose of starting in biasiness for
himself, and the firm of Bath & Nauman soon became well-known
vmdertakers of Sacramento, where they continued until 1909 in a
profitable partnership. Since then Mr. Nauman has been alone in
business, his undertaking parlors being located at No. 1811 G street.
The marriage of Mr. Nauman and Miss Clara Ault was solem-
nized in Lebanon, Pa., August 18, 1892. They are the parents of three
children. The daughter, Clara, is a graduate of the Sacramento high
school. The sons, Harry A., Jr., and C. Wesley, are now students in
the local schools. Politically, Mr. Nauman votes with the Republican
party and supports its principles with characteristic earnestness.
From 1905 imtil 1909 he held office as city trustee, representing the
Seventh ward. His fraternal associations are numerous and include
membership in the Odd Fellows lodge and encampment, the Knights
of Pythias, Improved Order of Red Men, Moose, Foresters of Amer-
ica and Ancient Order of United Workmen, in each of which, with the
exception of the encampment, he is past officer. With his family he
holds membership with the Central Methodist Episcopal church.

JOSEPH W. JOHNSON

Historical records indicate the early identification of the Johnson
family with the American colonies and the long association of the
name with New England. With the spirit of expansion characteristic
of the nineteenth century the generations then resident in the east
became scattered throughout the entire country, and one worthy mem-
ber of the family exchanged the stern and rigorous climate of Maine
for the balmv breezes of the southland. In him were the necessary
requisites of the pioneer, physical fortitude in hardships, rugged
health, tireless energy and an ability to adapt himself to any outward
circumstance. As a bov he had been familiar with scenes along the
Kennebec river near the city of Augusta, Me., and he was born at
Hallowell, February 22, 1817, son of Samuel Johnson, who was a
native of Scotland and served under Gen. Andrew Jackson throughout
the Seminole war. He married Miss Moody, also a native of Scotland,

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 589

and they became the parents of Joseph W. Johnson. With the en-
thusiasm of youth he had left the scenes of early years and had sought
the then undeveloped state of Arkansas, where he had settled in
Hempstead county, near Washington. There he met and married Miss
Pauline K. Fontaine, a native of that state, born January 21, 1824.
The young couple settled on a farm and took up agriculture in the
primitive manner in which it then was conducted. Into their humble
farm home came children to bless with their presence and brighten
with their hopes. Death, too, came into the home and took an infant
son, Michael J. Two children comprised the family when in 1852 the
journey across the plains was begim. One of these, born November
8, 1848, near Washington, Ark., became one of the most successful
educators of Sacramento, and forms the subject of this article. The
other, Hon. Mat F. Johnson, at one time held the office of superior
judge of Sacramento county.

The journey across the plains required six months and was filled
with hardships. Not only was there a scarcity of feed for the ox-
teams, but the travelers themselves were on short rations. To add to
the- difficulties, Indians in the neighborhood of the expedition threat-
ened the lives of the emigrants. With a feeling of deep gratitude
the family at last found themselves safely under shelter in Los An-
geles. They selected a location at El Monte, twelve miles from IjOs
Angeles, where they remained from the fall of 1852 until the fall of
1856, meanwhile engaging in farming and stock raising. The father
was a man of deep religious spirit and splendid education for his day.
For years he did not limit his attention to agriculture, but preached
the Gospel as opportunity afforded, and taiight school in many local-
ities. After leaving El Monte he made a brief sojourn at Watson-
ville, Santa Cruz county, and in 1858 settled in Sonoma county, whence
the following year he removed to a farm at Cacheville, Yolo county.
The flood of 1862 caused him heavy losses in stock. During 1861 he
taught school in Colusa county. The same occupation engaged much
of liis attention throughout his remaining years. During the latter
part of 1869 he began to teach in Sonoma county. Next he taught in
Lake county. Returning in 1871 to Sonoma, county, he taught at
Fulton until shortly before his death, which occurred April 16, 1879.
His wife passed away November 7, 1874. Besides their son who died
in Arkansas, they lost two other sons, John Llewellyn having died at
Franklin, Sacramento county, at the age of two years. Charles lived
to maturity, and at the time of his demise, November 27, 1899, he was
manager of a mercantile business at Portland, Ore., where his wife
and three children still make their home. The sons still living are
honored and successful. Julian, who was born at El Monte, is prin-
cipal of the Sutter grammar school in Sacramento; George, born at
Watsonville. Santa Cruz county, has charge of the bonded warehouse
at St. Helena, Napa county, and Edward, born in Sonoma county, is

590 HISTOEY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY

connected with a telephone company in Oregon, having his head-
quarters at Portland.

Upon the completion of the studies taught in Sonoma college, a
Presbyterian institution of learning, Joseph W. Johnson entered upon
educational work, to which he since has devoted his life and in which
he has met with signal recognition. For a time he taught in Point
Pleasant school district, for two years he was connected with the
schools of Modoc county, and for four years he had charge of the
schoois of Cloverdale, Sonoma county, after which he was engaged
to teach in Sacramento. Since June of 1879 he has been principal of
the Harkness school. His long retention in the position furnishes
ample testimony as to the efficient character of his services and his
devotion to educational work in this city. He possesses the rare qual-
ity of imparting knowledge clearly, easily and effectively, so that
those who study under him are mentally enriched by his ability as an
instructor. Among other teachers, as well as among the patrons of
the school, his standing is the highest and his reputation the most
enduring. Aside from his duties in school he has found leisure for
association with a number of organizations of note, among these being
the Sequoia Camp of Woodmen of the World, Columbus Chapter of
the Eastern Star, Sacramento Lodge No. 40, F. & A. M., Capital
Lodge No. 87, L 0. 0. F., and he is past noble grand member of Occi-
dental Encampment No. 42, I. 0. 0. F., having been chief patriarch,
and is a member of Confidence Lodge No. 78, K. of P. and is past chan-
cellor commander.

The marriage of Professor Johnson took place Jime 13, 1872, and
united him with Miss Belle Campbell, who was born in Pettis county,
Mo., and who died December 7, 1909. There were two daughters in
the family, of whom Miss Belle, a member of the Saturday club and
a popular society woman, now presides over her father's home. The
other daughter, Edna Pauline, married H. Taubner Goethe, a farmer
and stock-raiser living in Napa countv, where he owns four hundred
acres of choice land. The family of Mr. and Mrs. Goethe consists of
two children, Edna Elefa and Taubner Johnson.

FEANCIS E. McKENZIE

The immediate subject of this notice is manager of Henry's Law
and Collection Company, at No. 606 I street, Sacramento, Cal., one
of the oldest and most reliable institutions of its kind in the city.
Francis E. McKenzie was born at London, Ontario, Canada, July 14,
1880. His father, Eoderick McKenzie, was a pioneer there, and rep-

^^■^^^

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 593

resented one of the old and honored families of that province; and
his mother, Jane (Simmons) MeKenzie, was descended from ancestors
of high social and business standing.

In the public school and high school of his native city, Mr. Me-
Kenzie was carefully educated. His first venture into business life
was in connection with the enterprise of one of the leading wholesale
clothing concerns of London, and his career at Sacramento dates
from the year 1899. In the year last mentioned Mr. MeKenzie be-
came identified with Henry's Law and Collection Company, for the
management of which he showed a peculiar adaptability that early
marked him for the success he has achieved. In 1909 he purchased
the business, and since then has been the sole owner. In 1906 he
married Miss Annie Davies, of Florin, Sacramento county. Frater-
nallv he affiliates with the Elks.

WILLIAM LADD WILLIS

William Ladd Willis was born in New York City, the son of
Charles T. and Jane S. Willis. One great-grandfather, on his father's
side, was LjTiian Hall, one of the signers of the Declaration of Inde-
pendence, and the other, who lived at Newton, N. J., spent his for-
tune in raising and equipping a troop of horse for the patriot army,
and was a friend of General Washington. The latter passed through
Newton on his way north in 1779 and stopped to take dinner with his
friend. It happened that it was the time of christening the son of his
host, and Washington became one of the sponsors, and the boy was
named George Washingion Willis. The mother of the subject of this
sketch was the daughter of one of the early merchant princes of New
York, Thomas S. Walsh.

Charles T. Willis died when his son was seven years old, and the
family moved to Unionville, N. Y., where the son grew to manhood.
His school education was gained at various academic institutions .and
at Troy (N. Y.) university. In the winter of 1860-61 he embarked in
wholesale business in New York City, but the Civil war breaking out
in the spring the general depression of business and the failure of
many western firms to whom his firm had extended credit, forced him
to close up his business at a heavy loss. He embarked in various
lines for some years, and in 1871 came to Sacramento county, where
he engaged in farming near Elk Grove, and teaching, until 1892. He
then ijecame a member of the editorial staff of the Record-Union, and
continued the association for thirteen years. In 1879 he was tendered
an appointment on the county board of education, of which he re-

594 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

mained a member for twenty-three years, or until Ms removal to
Auburn, where he resided for nearly two years and then returned to
Sacramento, this city having been his home ever since.

In 1886 Mr. Willis was selected by the state board of education to
comi^ile the state speller, which had been in use in the schools for
twenty years. He also assisted in the compilation of the first set of
state readers. In the past four years he has been connected with the
Carmichael Company in the real estate business. In 1872 he married
Mrs. Emily Haines of Middletown, N. Y^., by whom he had three chil-
dren, Mrs. Jennie L. Brothers, now of Berkeley; Mrs. Clair Morrill,
of Suisun, and William B. Willis of New Y^ork, an architect in the office
of McKim, Mead & White.

JOSEPH EDWARD WALKER

The city of Sacramento numbers among its prosperous and
enterprising citizens Joseph Edward Walker, whose place of busi-
ness, located at Nos. 1018-20-22 Fifth street, is one of the most flour-
ishing places in the city today. He is the son of John L. Walker,
a native of New Y'ork City, who early moved to Calumet, Mich.,
where Joseph E. was born.

John L. Walker was for seventeen years a timber contractor
for the Calumet & Hecla Copper Company, at Calumet, Mich.- whither
he had removed, and at the end of that period he went to Neihart,
Mont., where he was the timber contractor for different coal com-
panies in the state. He is now living retired in Sacramento, his
wife having died in Montana. Before her marriage she was Agnes
Mosher, whose birth occurred in Montreal, and to her union with
John L. Walker there was born a family of eight children, of whom
Joseph E. was the fifth in order of birth.

On November 25, 1883, Joseph Edward Walker was Ijorn in
Calumet, Mich., whence he removed with his parents to Neihart,
Mont. After completing the course in the public schools he learned
the trade of baker in Neihart, going from there to Arizona, where
he followed the trade of baker and cook, and for one year was with
the Greene Consolidated Copper Company, at Cananea, Mex., in
this capacity. From there he went to Los Angeles about 1902, hold-
ing positions with several ■ of the leading hotels and cafes there.
Next he was chef in Eureka, Cal., until the rush to Goldfield, Nev.,
when he decided to remove thither, and opened a restaurant in the
new camp. Such was his success there that he later ran two busi
nesses of this kind, also having restaurants at Manhattan, Ely
and Wonder. It was in 1908 that he finally located in Sacramento

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 595

as liis permanent place of residence, aiul starting the restaurant
which he called the Gilt Edge Cafe in the old Newburgh mill on
Fifth street, he built up a most prosperous business, selling it out
a year later at a good profit. This place has been remodeled into a
business place from the old mill place, but it remained for Mr.
Walker to use his energy and excellent taste in fitting it for a cafe,
such as he finally owned. After selling this place he opened the
Bon Ton Cafe on K street, which proved a profitable undertaking,
and a year later he sold it for $12,000, this in itself indicating the
exceptional ability Mr. Walker had for conducting and Ijuilding up
a business of this sort. Since New Y'ear's Day, 1912, he has con-
ducted the Walker's Cafe, having remodeled the building on Fifth
street, where it is located, and by placing new fixtures and giving
it the finishing touches which only an experienced hand like Mr.
Walker's could accomplish, he enjoys most satisfactory returns. It
is now the largest cafe in the city, giving proof of his close apjilica-
tion to the details of the work and his unusually clever executive
ability. He has profited by his more than ten years' experience in
this line of work in many progressive cities in the country, and was
quick to see the opportunity of a fruitful field for his laliors in the
city of Sacramento.

Mr. Walker's first marriage occurred in Eureka, Cal., when he
married Miss Kittie McGrath, a native of Eureka. Her death oc-
curred twenty months after her marriage in Goldfield, Nev. In July,
1908, he married in Ely, Nev., Miss Carrie Rindahl, born in Michi-
gan, and to this union has been born one child, Naomi. Mrs. Walker
is a popular member of the Ladies of the Maccabees, while her
husband unites with the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, and also
the Order of Eagles. A staunch Republican in i^olitical principle,
he is actively interested in all civic movements for the advancement
of the general welfare, and as the successful and progressive pro-
prietor of his most profitable business fills the place of a patriotic
citizen.

GEORGE MOORE TAYERNER

The president of the Bank of Elk Grove, who also enjoys the
distinction of having been one of the original promoters and founders
of this prosperous institution, claims identification with the Native
Sons of the Golden West by reason of his lifelong association with
Sacramento county, where his birth occurred January 23, 1877, in
the home of Thomas Moore and Esther Ann Taverner. The Anglo-
Saxon lineage of the family is indicated by the genealogical records.

596 HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY

which furnish authentic proof concerning the identification of uianj-
successive generations with England. The shire of Devon was the
native place of Thomas Taverner and April 5, 1833, the date of his
birth. English schools afforded him fair educational opportunities
and prepared him for the task of self-support. While his kindred
were content to remain amid scenes familiar to their entire lives,
his own aspirations turned toward America and in 1850 he crossed
the ocean to the new world, locating first in St. Thomas, Ontario.
Only a few years had passed since the discovery of gold in Cali-
fornia and the tide of emigration still flowed toward the Pacific
coast in great volume. Induced to join the pioneers of the west,
he came via the Horn to San Francisco in 1852 and thence to Sac-
ramento county, where he settled at Elk Grove.

The sturdy, persevering nature of the young Englishman was
displayed in his determination to acquire land. Although he came
without moneyed capital, his was the no less powerful capital rep-
resented by a determined ambition and willing hands. The wages
of his work as a rancher were frugally saved. Little by little he
accumulated a small sum of money. This was invested in raw land.
From that small beginning he rose to a position among the largest
laud-owners in Sacramento county, where at the time of his death,
January 10, 1893, he held the title to twenty-eight hundred acres.
The unusual success won by his persistent efforts proved his fine
qualities of mind and his energy of character. Throughout all of his
life he adhered to the doctrines of the Church of England, in wliich
faith he had been reared in the home land. Politically he voted
the Republican ticket after he became a citizen of the United States.
Deeply interested in Masonry, he held membership with Elk Grove
Lodge, Sacramento Chapter and Council, also the Sacramento Com-
mandery, K. T., and for j'ears he was a leading worker among the
Masons of Sacramento county and a generous contributor to the philan-
thropies of the order.

The marriage of Thomas Taverner took |)laoe in Sacramento in
1873 and united him with Miss Esther Ann Hirst, a native of Lan-
cashire, England, by whom he became the father of four children.
The two daughters are Mrs. C. V. Upton, of Elk Grove, and Mrs.
C. L. Bader, of Sacramento. One son, John T., is now in Nevada,
while the other son, George M., has spent his entire life in and near
Elk Grove, having in early life engaged with his father in the rais-
ing of sheep, which he followed alone after the death of that parent.
Eventually he disposed of his flocks and October 24, 1910, effected
the organization of the Bank of Elk Grove with a capital stock of
$25,000, a considerable portion of which is held by himself. As a
financier he is keen and capable, progressive yet duly cautious, and
the institution of which he is the head has proved a distinct help
to the commercial development of the town. Ever since attaining

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 597

his majority he has voted with the Republican jjarty. For some
years he has beeu prominent in Elk Grove Parlor of Native Sons,
in which now he officiates as past president. Like his father, he
is an admirer of Masonic principles and a contributor to the philan-
thropies of the order, in which he ranks high among the members of
Elk Grove Lodge, No. 173, F. & A. M., of which he is past master,
Sacramento Chapter No. 3, R. A. M., Sacramento Council No. 1,
Sacramento Commandery No. 2, K. T., Isaac Davis Lodge of Per-
fection No. 4, A. & A. S. R., and is also a member of Islam Temple,
N. M. S., of San Francisco.

JOHN L. WOODS

Genealogical records indicate a long and honorable citizenship
of the Woods family in Maryland, where descendants of the oi:iginal
settler still are to be found prominent in business and active in public
affairs. Several branches of the family have been transplanted from
the early eastern headquarters into various portions of the west, and
one of these branches is worthily represented by John L. Woods, an
honored pioneer of California. It has been his privilege to witness
the development of the west since the year 1852, when he first came, a
boy of ten j-ears, from his native city of Baltimore in company with
his parents. He recalls the appearance of Sacramento in 1852, prior
to the fire and the great flood, and as he contrasts its aspect then
with its present beauty and its substantial construction he realizes
afresh the magnitude of the transformation wrought by the intelligence
and enterprise of the citizens. When he was sent to the schools he
found them occupying buildings poorly constructed and illy equipped,
while the method of instruction was far inferior to that of the present
century. It will therefore be seen that he had few advantages from
an educational standpoint, yet he impresses a stranger as a man of
broad information and varied knowledge. His father, John Lee
Woods, who was born in Baltimore in 1816, had enjoyed excellent ad-
vantages in that cultured city, but svhen he exchanged a city home
for frontier existence he was unable to prevent his family from under-
going hardships and privations, with few of the advantages his am-
bitious spirit craved for them. When he died in 1897, at the age of
eighty-two, it was with the realizatioii that the removal to the west
had proved to the distinct advantage of the family in their ultimate
enjojTuent of the great prosperity that came to the country. His
wife passed away in 1896, at the age of eighty-three years.

Although a blacksmith bv trade, John L. Woods devoted much of

598 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

his active life to mining, and he' has worked in the mines of California,
Colorado, Montana and Alaska, meanwhile experiencing many hard-
shijos and at times incurring actual danger from the hostility of the
Indians. This was particularly the case while he mined in Montana
during 1866, at which time the enmity and the attacks of the savages
reached their climax. Considerations of health led him to discontinue
mining many years ago, but he still owns an interest in a very valu-
able mine at Grass Valley. Upon leaving the mines and coming to
Sacramento in 1886, he embarked in the mercantile business on
Fourth street and continued in the same place for five years. Upon
selling out the business he began to manufacture eider, and for twenty-
two years he conducted a large business in that line, meanwhile fur-
nishing the most of the cider sold in San Francisco. It was Ms
custom to sell to wholesale firms, which entailed less annoyance than
small sales to retailers. While he still owns the business, he no
longer gives it his personal attention, having practically retired from
all active cares. During 1872 he married Miss Mary Higgins, who
was born in Ireland and died in California. Of their five children the
sole survivor is Mary, the wife of Robert E. O'Neal and the mother
of one son, Robert Lee O'Neal. His second marriage took place in
1891 and united him with Mrs. Josephine C. Lewis, who was born in
New York and accompanied her parents to California at an early age ;
her father, Michael Van Norman, died in February of 1897, while her
mother, at the age of eighty-nine, is still living. In her family there
are five generations now living, while Mr. Woods proudly claims four
generations on his own side. As he has been devoted to his family
and true to his friends, so also he has been loyal to the commonwealth
of his adoption and the land of his birth. At the opening of the
Civil war in 1861 he offered his services to the Union, and was ac-
cepted at Auburn, Cal., where his name was enrolled as a private in
a California regiment of volunteer infantry. The regiment was not
called to the east, hence saw only little of active service. Upon the
organization of the Grand Army of the Republic he became interested
in its philanthropies and patriotic enterprises and for years he has
been prominent in Sumner Post No. 3, of which he served as com-
mander at one time. Fraternally he has been a member of the For-
esters and an officer in the local camp.

JAMES ALLEN WILDER

The honor of lifelong identification with California and the dis-
tinction of influential association with the agricultural interests of
Sacramento countv mav be claimed bv James Allen Wilder. In ad-

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 599

dition, he is proud of the fact that his father, Benjamin Wilder, was
one of the pioneers of that memorable year of 1849. The family of
the mother, who bore the maiden name of Elitha C. Donnor and who
was born in Spring-field, 111., October 11, 1832, was even more early in
its efforts to reach the coast, and the sad fate of their expedition
aroused a wave of sympathy throughout the entire world. They had
started for the coast in 1846, when Mrs. Wilder was a girl of fourteen.
Unfortunately, delays prevented them from completing the journey
ere cold weather commenced. They were confronted by the fear of
being obliged to spend the winter on the east side of the mountains.
Their alternative was the attempt to cross the Sierras. They chose
the latter, and most of tlie party perished in the snows of the moun-
tains, but this youug girl was one of the survivors who, almost starved
and well-nigh exhausted, reached the American settlements on the
12tli of March, 1847. She had been snowed up in the Sierras for
months. During 1854 she became the wife of Benjamin Wilder, who
was born in Rhode Island March 27, 1821, descended from colonial
residents of New England.

The schools of Rhode Island and those of Springfield, Ohio, af-
forded Benjamin Wilder exceptional advantages for that day, and
when only seventeen he was able to successfully teach school, which
work he pursued for the ensuing five years. At the age of twenty-
two he traveled south to New Orleans and secured employment as a
bookkeeper, but in 1848 he returned to Springfield, Ohio. The news
concerning the discovery of gold in California caused a change in his
plans, and he forthwith began to prepare for a trip to the coast.
From 1849 until 1852 he worked in the mines, and then for two years
he ran an old-fashioned stage coach out from Sacramento to Jackson,
Amador county. During 1855 he began to be interested in the stock
business and in 1856 he bought a Spanish grant comprising five thou-
sand two hundred and twenty acres, but unfortunately he lost the
place in 1861, all being wrested from his possession with the excep-
tion of one section of land. Discouraged by his ill luck, he returned
to the mines, where he remained about ten years. Again, in 1872, he
resumed agricultural pursuits, and this time he settled in Franklin
district, Sacramento county, where he engaged in raising grain and
stock until the infirmities of age necessitated his withdrawal from
active labors. His death occurred in 1898 at the old homestead. His
wife still continues to reside at the old family home, having been a
resident of California for sixty-six years.

During the sojourn of the family at Camp Pocahontas, a mining
camp in Eldorado county, James Allen Wilder was born March 25,
1862. As a boy he lived at Placerville, the same county, and attended
the public schools. When his father settled on a farm he began to
assist him in the cultivation of the land and the care of the stock.
Eventually he was trusted with greater responsibilities and long before

600 HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

his father's demise he had relieved him of the greater share of the
heavy tasks on the farm. Since the death of his father he has con-
tinned farming operations for himself, owning two hundred and fifty
head of cattle as well as other stock, besides which he is also running
his mother's islace of four hundred and eighty acres of land. Sep-
tember 6, 1911, he was united in marriage with Mrs. Ora Mary Brj-ant,
who was born at Fort Scott, Kan., and has made California her home
since 1890. Upon the farm he has made improvements as needed, and
the property now ranks as one of the best-improved in the vicinity
of Bruceville. Having worked with steadfast devotion on the farm,
he has had no leisure for participation in public affairs, and has taken
no part in the same aside from voting the Republican ticket. The
only fraternity in which he has become an active member, the Knights
of Pythias, receives his cordial co-operation in benevolent and civic
enterprises.

LLOYD G. WARREN

In view of the fact that he is still at the beginning of what prom-
ises to be an exceptionally useful career, the success that already has
rewarded the i^urposeful and intelligent efforts of Mr. Warren easily
places him among the most efficient business men of Sacramento,
where as president and manager of the Warren Lumber Company he
holds a leading association with a growing commercial concern of the
capital city. It has been a matter of surprised comment among new
acquaintances to observe in him a most accurate judgment as to the
relative merits of different qualities of lumber and a keen discrimina-
tion in the making of purchases for his yards. Such qualifications as
he possesses would lead to eventual success in practically every line
of enterprise, but indicate especial adaptation for his chosen calling,
in the pursuance of which he is winning the confidence of customers
and the regard of other men of business.

The Warren family was established in the west many years ago
and claims identification with commonwealth activities from the period
of pioneer privations and hardships. Mr. Warren himself is a native
of San Francisco and was born April 2.3, 1890, into the home of
Samuel I. Warren, an industrious workingman of the western metrop-
olis. The religious associations of the family governed the education
of the son, who was instructed not only in common branches of study,
but also in the history and doctrines of the Roman Catholic church,
and he has been a lifelong member of that denomination. After he
had completed the course of study in St. Ignatius college he began
to earn his own livelihood, securing employment in 1906 with the Bel-

HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 603

lingham Bay Lumber Company. From a very humble position lie was
quickly promoted to a post of greater trust and responsibility. When
be left that company it was for the purpose of going to Washington,
and there he engaged with the commission house of W. R. Grace &
Co., at Seattle. During March of 1910 he resigned and immediately
afterward organized the commission firm of L. G. Warren & Co.,
which he managed until August of the following year. Upon selling
out the business he removed to Sacramento and purchased the inter-
ests of the Tiernan-Diuning Lumber Company. The name was changed
to the Warren Lumber Company, of which he is the president and
manager, his large business talent being devoted with intense earnest-
ness to the problem of increasing the sales of the company and en-
hancing its popularity among customers through the strict adherence
to the most honorable business methods. He is also engaged in the
automobile tire business as proprietor of the Republic Rubber Com-
pany of Sacramento, handling the Republic tire.

In Sacramento Mr. Warren was united in marriage with Miss
Gertrude Casey, a native of this city, and they have a daughter. As a
baritone Mr. Warren has had considerable experience in amateur
opera, playing the leading parts in "Mikado," "The Gondoliers,
"King Zim of Zanzibar," and also taking the part of Pontius Pilot
in the Passion Play production given in San Francisco in October,
1909. Giving his attention very closely to business, it has not been
possible for Mr. Warren to enter the arena of political activity, yet
he has kept posted concerning national issues and has been stanch in
his allegiance to the Democratic party.

EDWARD E. REESE

Three -generations of the Reese family have been identified with
American history and have contributed their quota to the material
upbuilding of the west. When David Reese was a child six years
of age he accompanied his parents from Wales, their native land, to
the new world, landing in New Orleans, from which point they went
to St. Joseph, and from there traveled overland to Utah and settled
on raw land in the vicinity of Salt Lake. The next removal was
made in 1862, when the family came to California in a "prairie
schooner" drawn by oxen. As the years passed by David Reese
became one of the most prominent citizens of Sacramento county
and wherever known he was honored for those sterling traits of
character that attracted all. Every avenue of frontier activity
reaped the benefit of his tireless enthusiasm and intelligent interest.

604 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

Largely through his instrumentality was effected the organization
of the California Fruit Union, in which he served as a director and
which had as its aim the direct shipment of fruit from grower to
eastern consumers. Later he organized the Florin Fruit Growers'
Association, this being the first concern of the kind organized in or
near Florin.

Business activities and personal friendships cemented by years
of intimate association brought also to David Reese their share of
political prominence and local leadership in the Republican party.
During 1902 he was elected sheriff of Sacramento county on the
Republican ticket. At the expiration of the first term he was re-
elected, this time on an independent ticket. Prior to the expiration
of the second term his death occurred in February of 1910. In fra-
ternal affairs he had been prominent, holding an influential position
with the Elks, Improved Order of Red Men, Independent Order of
Odd Fellows, the Grange and the Fraternal Brotherhood. Crowned
with success in his personal affairs, he left at his death a valuable
estate, which included twelve hundred acres of land located in various
parts of California.

At the time of his removal to the state David Reese was un-
married and later he was united with Miss Mira Kilgore, a native
daughter of California, and now a resident of Sacramento. They
became the parents of four sons and two daughters, the youngest
of whom, Miss Nellie, remains at the old home with her mother. The
other daughter, Ethel, is the wife of Frank Didion, who holds a
position in the D. 0. Mills bank in Sacramento. Percy D. is asso-
ciated with the Palm iron works in the capital city. John K., also
a resident here, is engaged in the real-estate business. Frank L.
is a veterinary surgeon in Colusa. Edward E., who was the oldest
child of the family, was born in Sacramento county August 2, 1880.
He entered the University of California and completed his educa-
tional preparation for business responsibilities, graduating in 1903
with the degree of LL. B. He then returned to Sacramento to
serve as a deputy sheriff under his father. After three years in
that capacity he was made under-sheriff and continued as such until
the death of his father, whom he succeeded by appointment, filling
out the unexpired term of one year. Since his father's death he has
managed the estate. During the session of the state legislature in
the thirty-ninth general assembly and the special session following
he was employed as a bookkeeper to the sergeant-at-arms. Like
his father he is staunchly Republican in political views and like
him also he has membership with the Fraternal Brotherhood, Benev-
olent Protective Order of Elks and the Independent Order of Odd
Fellows. In addition he is connected with Sunset Parlor No. 26,
N. S. G. W.

The marriage of Edward E. Reese was solemnized April 29,

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 605

1906, and united him with Miss Pearl Howard, a native of Sacra-
mento and a daughter of M. A. and Annie Howard, the former an
influential citizen, a leading politician and for thirty years or more
a well-known hotel man of the capital city. Mr. and Mrs. Reese are
the parents of two children, namely: Dorothy, born February 5,
1907; and Howard E., November 18, 1910. For three years Mr.
Reese was a member of the Hospital Corps of the Second Regiment,
N. Gr. C. At the time of the disastrous San Francisco fire Mr.
Reese served for thirty-one days as a member of the hospital corps
of the California National Guard and his services were distinctly
helpful in aiding to bring order out of chaos as well as civic and
personal hope out of the general gloom.

JOHN AUGUSTUS SWINNEY

Orphaned by the death of his mother when he was four years old
and by the death of his father when he was fifteen, John Augustus
Swinney was obliged to take up the battle of life when still a young
boy, and his subsequent career shows that he made a good and
valiant fight and won success, to which he is undoubtedly going on
to other successes decisive and notable. Mr. Swinney was born at
Red Bluff, Cal., June 27, 1869. In his home neighborhood he at-
tended public school, thus gaining the basis of the education which
has helped him to such achievement as he has made. Beginning- as
a boy to work at ranching he was thus employed for several years.
In 1891 he came to Sacramento and entered the service of Arthur F.
Dray, for whom he worked eight and a half years. The succeeding
nine years of his life were devoted to the business of the Burns coal
and wood yard. On May 8, 1911, he formed a partnership with Wil-
liam Reed, and they are conducting a large business, which jiromises
much for the future. Serving faithfully as he has done in every
department of such a venture, Mr. Swinney is peculiarly fitted to take
the general management of the concern, and in all that he does for
the advancement of the enterprise he is ably aided by his partner.

In Sacramento Mr. Swinney found not alone business triumph.
He found, as well, a wife, in the person of Elizabeth "Windrick, a
native of Sacramento county, whom he married in 1899. He is a
member of Loyal Lodge, I. 0. 0. F., of Sacramento, to all important
interests of which he is devoted. In his political affiliation he is a
Republican, ardent in support of the men and measures of his party.
His interest in the city and county is such that he is a citizen of very
helpful public spirit.

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

ST. JOSEPH'S ACADEMY

There is assuredly no more important element in the progress of
a communit}^, in its welfare and moral standing, than education, and
in this particular there are few if any states in the Union which are
equipped with such splendid schools of learning and culture as Cali-
fornia. In Sacramento there is located a private school which has
contributed no small amount to the development of educational
progress, and this school, which is known as St. Joseph's Academy,
ranks among the best-equipped, having for its teachers the most cul-
tured and intelligent ladies in the Sisterhood. It is a ladies' semin-
ary, and has a career which dates back to the early history of Sac-
ramento.

On October 2, 1857, Rev. Mother Mary Baptist Russell of St.
Mary's hospital, in San Francisco, was interested in founding the St.
Joseph's convent and school, located at Seventh and K streets, the
site now occupied by the postoffice. A few years later she was en-
abled to purchase the block between F and Gr streets on Eighth and
Ninth streets, and here was erected a large building which served for
both grammar and primary schools. The systematic conduct of these
schools early commanded recognition and the attendance so increased
that larger and more commodious quarters were required. In 1872
the present large building was erected and in 1875 it was incorporated
imder the name of St. Joseph's Academy.

The courses include primary, grammar, high school and academic
studies, and there are various departments which embrace business
and commercial courses, music, painting and embroidery, every op-
portunity being afforded to the ambitious and clever student to develop
latent talents and acquire the culture and knowledge which go to
create the charming and refined personality. There are now about
four hundred pupils in attendance, and the school is presided over by
the Sisters of Mercy, who not alone provide the intellectual training
which as a matter of course is an essential part, but also add the
requisite of a quiet, refined manner and unselfish Christian living
which has proved the superior element that has influenced their pupils.
The school is beautifully situated and every precaution is taken to
insure a healthy environment for the girls, the best-known methods
being followed in every particular, and it is needless to say that the
graduates rank among the most accomplished and intellectual women
of the state.

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 609

FRANK J. BETPIEL, D. D. S.

Familiarity with every department of dentistry brings to Dr.
Bethel an enviable position not only in the city of Sacramento,
but also throughout the entire valley. Enjoying early educational
advantages of a high order, he supplemented these by later inde-
pendent researches and thus gained a critical knowledge of his
chosen profession. Indeed, it may be stated with justice that he
owes his splendid mental attainments to self-culture rather than to
university training, although he received exceptional advantages in
one of the most popular state educational institutions of the central
west. Not content to be only a practitioner of past methods, he has
continued to be a diligent student of dental progress and has kept
in touch with every modern phase of development in the science.
As a result of years of intense application, supplementing an active
practice and broad experience, he has become a specialist of note and
is accorded an unsurpassed re^jutation as a diagnostician in dentistry.

Born in Mapleton, Bourbon county, Kans., June 13, 1868, Dr.
Bethel passed the days of youth in his native county, where he at-
tended the public schools of Fort Scott. Very early in life his
aspirations were turned toward the dental profession. It became
liis ambition to acquire a practical knowledge of the science. With
that object in view he matriculated in the Iowa State University
at Iowa City and there continued his studies until he graduated in
1890 with the degree of D.D.S. The first two years of experience
were gained while engaging in practice at Denver, Colo., from
which city he came to California and opened an office at Bakersfield.
During the five and one-half years of his residence in that city he
built up a large practice and won a high reputation for professional
skill. A later identification with San Francisco was followed in 1903
by removal to Seattle, Wash., where he engaged in practice for six
years and meanwhile won an enviable standing among his confreres
in that growing city of the northwest. During 1909 he established
the organization known as the United Dentists, of which he since
has officiated as president and which ranks among the leading pro-
fessional organizations of Sacramento. In its creation the prin-
cipal object in view was the giving of skilled, efficient and satis-
factory service to patrons at reasonable prices, and this has been the
secret of the growing business and enviable reputation.

During the previous period of the Doctor's residence in Cali-
fornia he was honored with an appointment. May 28, 1901, by Gov-
ernor Henry T. Gage as a member of the state board of dental
examiners, and he continued to devote considerable time and atten-
tion to the duties of the office until 1903, when the necessity of

610 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

superintending some interests and investments in the state of Wash-
ington caused him to remove to Seattle, and he then resigned from
the ijosition. Throughout his active life, notwithstanding the press-
ing duties associated with professional practice and continued study,
he has found leisure for co-operation with Masonic activities and
also has been a leading local worker with the Elks. While not con-
nected with any denomination, he is in sympathy with Christian
efforts and has contributed frequently to movements for the religious
and moral upbuilding of the community, as well as to such measures
as will advance local educational interests. The Republican party
has had tlie benefit of his ballot in national elections, but his interest
in public affairs has not developed a partisan spirit or a desire for
office, being rather that of the progressive and public-spirited citizen,
whose aim is the advancement of his city along every worthy line
of progress.

WILLIAM M. POWERS

Of the carpenter force of the Southern Pacific Railroad Com-
pany William M. Powers, late of Sacramento, was a well known
member from 1886 until 1900. His health began to fail in 1898 and
his life came to a close October 30, 1900. He was born in Illinois
in 18;J9, was reared and educated there and there acquired a prac-
tical knowledge of the carpenter's trade. In 1861, when he was
about twenty-two years old, he enlisted in the Federal army, for
service in the Civil war. He did gallant duty as a soldier during
the entire period of his enlistment and received honorable discharge
from the service. The last twelve years of his life were passed in
the service of the Southern Pacific Railroad Company, in which he
might have remained many years longer had he not passed away
untimely in his sixty-second year.

In 1879 Mr. Powers married Miss Mary E. Adams, a native
of North Carolina and a descendant of old and honored families
of that state. She bore him four children, three of whom survive.
His i)arents were natives of Maine and he numbered among his an-
cestors New England Yankees, who in successive generations amply
proved themselves to be devoted and patriotic citizens and success-
ful men of affairs. With all who knew him he was deservedly pop-
ular and many a former comrade rememljers him as one who is
ever readv with the friendlv hand in time of need.

.^:z>i.^i^^:'^>■t^-^

HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY 613

FEEDEEICK E. SHAW, M. D.

A favorable opportunity to engage in professional activities as
resident physician at the Sisters' hospital was the immediate cause of
the location of Dr. Shaw in Sacramento, where at first in this posi-
tion and later as a private practitioner he has won his way to an
enviable standing among the men of his calling in the capital city.
Those competent to speak with authority assert that his knowledge
of materia medica and surgery, backed by a broad general fund of
information in every sphere of thought, places him in sympathetic
association with the most talented members of the profession in his
city, while also enabling him to appreciate with delicate intuition the
manifold openings which make the future rich in promise to students
of the science. Scarcely yet in the prime of manhood, many years of
professional usefulness may be predicted for him, with a growing
reputation abundantly merited by his judicious studies of the science
of therapeutics, by his skill in diag-nosis and by his discriminating
accuracy in the selection of remedial agencies for the relief of pain
and the conquering of disease.

A son of Charles F. and Mary Shaw, and a member of an old
honored eastern familj^, Dr. Frederick. E. Shaw was born at Haver-
hill, Mass., September 6, 1879, and received his education in the splen-
did institutions boasted by the old Bay state. During 1896 he was
graduated from high school and he then studied in Phillips academy
at Exeter, N. H., for a year, after which he relinquished the classical
course for professional specialties. He began to take medical lectures
in Tufts Medical college at Boston, Mass., where he remained a dili-
gent student of therapeutics and surgery until his removal from the
Atlantic coast to the shores of the Pacific. Immediately after his
arrival in San Francisco he resumed the studies of his preferred
science and availed himself of every opportunity for the enlarging of
his mental equipment for professional work. During 1908 he was
graduated from the Cooper Medical college and immediately afterward
he came to Sacramento, where he and his wife, formerly Miss Lyla
Marie Kimball, of Haverhill, Mass., have won a host of warm i^ersonal
friends in the most cultured social circles.

Eeared in the faith of the Eoman Catholic church, devoted to her
doctrines and well-informed concerning her history. Dr. Shaw has
been a generous contributor to her many splendid philanthropies and
has assisted with characteristic liberality those movements tending
toward her larger usefulness or more complete equipment for work.
The Young Men's Institute and the Knights of Columbus number him
among their leading members, and in the latter he now officiates as
grand knight. Political matters have not interested him to the point

614 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

of enlisting partisan preferences, his attitude being independent and
his ballot favoring men and measures rather than any special party.
In the fall of 1911 he was elected a member of the board of education
of Sacramento, serving until July 1, 1912, when the new charter came
into effect and abolished the old board of education. During his
service as trustee he raised the schedule of teachers' salaries to that
of the leading cities of the state, and established a school of manual
training and domestic science at Oak Park. During his term he was
also instrumental in abolishing many imsanitary conditions in the
schools, secured the passage of a bill for building two new open-air
kindergartens, and was active generally in building up the schools in
all departments. The Sutter and University clubs have brought him
into touch with many of the most influential citizens of Sacramento,
and his participation in club activities has been constant and helpful.
With the interest which a successful practitioner always feels in his
chosen profession, he has interested himself in studying the latest
developments of the science, in perusing literature pertaining to the
subject and in keeping in touch with the work of the various organiza-
tions to which he belongs, these being the American Medical Associa-
tion, the Sacramento County Medical Society and the Northern Dis-
trict Medical Association.

FRED J. JOHNS

The identification of many successive generations of the Johns
family with England remained unbroken until James T. Johns in
5^ouug manhood left Great Britain for the newly discovered mines of
the far west. In common with the majority of the ambitious Argo-
nauts of that period, he embarked in mining pursuits, but he continued
in the same industry for a much longer time than many and he also
met with a fair degree of success in his ventures. For many years
he held a position as foreman for the North Star Mining Company,
and meanwhile he acquired mining stock of his own, so that ultimately
he owned large interests in two gold mines in California. Among
the miners of the early days he bad a high reputation for accuracy
of judgment and energy of temperament. Nor was a loyalty of devo-
tion to his adopted country less in evidence among his most pro-
nounced qualities. At the time of coming to this country he was a
mere lad, and it was not until 1876 that he established domestic ties,
his marriage in that year uniting him with Miss Elizabeth Adams,
who had the distinction of being one of the first white children born
in the northern part of California. During the early development of
Nevada county her father, William H. Adams, held rank as a prom-

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 615

inent man of affairs, a leading politician and for several terms the
incumbent of the office of sheriff.

In the family of James T. Johns there was but one child, Fred J.,
whose birth occurred at Grass Valley, Nevada county, Cal., September
13, 1878, and whose schooling was had in the little town where he
was born. Quite early in life he studied telegraphy and after he
had acquired accuracy in the art he became operator at Grass Valley
for the Western Union Telegraph Company. At the expiration of six
years he resigned that position and began to assist Ms father in
mining affairs. In October, 189G, he came to Sacramento and turned
his attention to the realty business as a salesman for the Carmichael
Company, and it was not long before he had proved his value in that
connection. It is characteristic of him that he judges real estate
values with almost unerring precision and he possesses the further
qualification of finding without delay the kind of property a would-be
buyer prefers. On the 1st of April, 1909, he opened an office on K
street for a general real estate and brokerage business, but later he
removed to No. 1023 Ninth street, where he has every modern con-
venience desirable in the management of his business or in the per-
sonal comfort afforded by his quarters. Besides being associated
with the Independent Order of Odd Fellows and the Benevolent Pro-
tective Order of Elks, for years he held official positions with the
Native Sons of the Golden West. During 1905 he was appointed a
member of the committee that was instrumental in promoting the
celebration and electrical parade commemorating Admission Day in
Sacramento.

The marriage of Fred J. Johns and Miss Flo Robinette of Sacra-
mento took place in this city in 1902. They are the parents of three
children, namely: Fred R., born December 18, 1904; California, who
was born September 9, 1906, on Admission Day, and was named in
commemoration of this date, and Marjorie, born July 25, 1908. Mrs.
Johns gives earnest and capable assistance to the work of the English
Lutheran church, with which she is associated as a member, and in
addition she is also a member of the Tuesday club. Her father, Jolm
L. Robinette, was the founder of the California Odd Felloiv, the official
organ of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows in the state, and
was one of the leading state workers of that organization. At the
time of his death, in September of 1899, he was so influential and so
prominent in the order that, had his life been spared for a few more
years, he would have received the very highest honors within the
power of the fraternity to bestow. In his demise the order sustained
a heavy loss and his home city also was deprived of one of its most
loyal and patriotic men.

616 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

CHARLES WERNER

To attain success in any field of labor the qualities of persever-
ance and concentration are requisite, and particularly is tliis true
of a career which demands the mastery and enforcement of technical
details. In the field where he has labored for many years, Professor
Werner has won merit which is unquestionably due him and by his
wide circle of patrons in Sacramento and former locations is known
as a man of sterling qualities, fully worthy of the trusts which are
l)laced in his keeping.

Born April 13, 1861, in Magdeburg, Germany, Charles Werner
grew up in his native city and when seventeen he graduated from
high school, whereupon he entered a college of dermatology and
academy of coiffure, completing his studies in 1881. Fully prepared
for the work in which he desired to engage he then went to St.
Petersburg, Russia, and continued in business for two years, then
going to Vienna, Aiastria, where he continued to follow his profes-
sion. A year later he located in Stockholm, Sweden, from there
going to Christiana, Norway, where he followed his profession for
about one year. Upon receiving an excellent offer from a leading
hair-dressing house in London, he removed to that city and during
the succeeding two years spent his winters in London and his sum-
mers in his employer's branch shop in Boulogne-sur-Mer, France.
In 1884 he became connected with a large and fashionable concern
in New York City, remaining in that metropolis through the winters
and during the summers was employed at the Casino at Newport,
R. I. In 1889, having met with unqualified success in his profession
and his services being desired by leading houses throughout the
LTnited States, he resolved to establish a business in the west, and
to that end journeyed to San Francisco, where he spent two years
prior to opening his present attractive quarters, equipped with all
modern appliances necessary in the exercise of his vocation. He
is well and favorably known as a leading hair and scalp specialist
in the Sacramento valley, and backed by years of training and
experience enjoys increasing success.

March 15, 1891, Professor Werner was united in marriage with
Miss Minnie Herberger, of San Francisco, the ceremony taking place
in that city, and throughout the years that preceded her death,
September 24, 1907, their mutual interests enabled them to enjoy
perfect companionship. Mr. Werner is an active member of the
Independent Order of Red Men and the Fraternal Brotherhood and
maintains a deep interest in all public matters of importance. Po-
litically he is an Independent, prompt to recognize the merits of
prospective candidates, and as a Protestant, is sincere and practical
in his religion.

S— V . ^ju/y^;=eitt?2<-e.>«<^--<:--^^

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 619

EDWARD C. KAVANAUGH

An assoeiatiou with the Native Sons of the Golden West comes
to Mr. Kavanangh by reason of his nativity in California, where he
was born at Michigan Bluff, Placer county, July 29, 1872, into the
home of Edward and Ann Kavanaugh. The family descends from
a long line of Celtic ancestry. His father, who was born and
reared in County Kerry, Ireland, crossed the ocean to America dur-
ing 1838 when very j'oung in years and poor in purse, but rich in
hope and courage for the future. After twelve years as a farm
laborer in Illinois, he was induced to cross the jolains to California
through hearing remarkable reports concerning the discovery of
gold. Joining a large expedition of Argonauts during the spring
of 1850 he entered upon a journey of long duration and innumer-
able privations, but which finally reached a safe conclusion at Hang-
town, Eldorado county.

The country was filled with miners, some joyful over discov-
ered gold, some disai^pointed concerning hopes long deferred. The
population was cosmopolitan. Hither had come people from every
quarter of the civilized world. As a consequence of the sudden
aggregation of newcomers there was little attempt at law and order.
In his old age the elder Kavanaugh used frequently to narrate in-
teresting incidents concerning the problems faced by those pioneer
communities temporarily collected at mining camps. He himself
did not remain long at Han.gtown, but soon drifted to other min-
ing camps and as early as 1851 became a permanent resident of
Michigan Bluff, where his death in 1894 terminated an identifica-
tion of forty-four years with the mining interests of the west.

At the age of sixteen years, after having concluded the studies
of the public schools, Edward C. Kavanaugh became interested in
mining and for a long period he was directly or indirectly con-
nected with that industry, but in 1893 he turned his attention in large
degree to other activities. For two years he was engaged as clerk
in the Forest Hill hotel in Placer county. This place he purchased
in 1895 and conducted the inn besides managing several mines. Upon
selling the hotel in 1904 he removed to Sacramento and embarked in
the wholesale liquor business with J. S. Casey under the firm name
of Casey & Kavanaugh. During May of 1911 he bought out the
interest of his partner and has since been sole proprietor of the
place at No. 401 J street. In addition he operates mines in Placer
and Tuolumne counties. Throughout all of his life he has been
a devoted and generous member of the Roman Catholic Church,
while since attaining his majority he has given his ballot in the in-
terests of the Democratic party. During November of 1897, at

620 HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

Forest Hill, Cal., lie was united in marriage with Miss Anna Mc-
Hale, and three sons have blessed their union, namely: Emmet and
Edward, who are pupils in the Christian Brothers College; and Allen,
who attends the Sacramento public schools.

JEROME F. BRICK ELL

Two different eras in his life found Mr. Brickell a newcomer ii
Sacramento. The occasion of his first trip to the west occurred
during 1858, when he followed tlie usual tedious and eveu dangerous
mode of travel across the plains and eventually landed in an as-
piring town of tents, the temporary abode of a cosmopolitan throng
of people attracted to the coast by the discovery of gold. Returning
to his old home in the middle west during the year 1865, he passed
many years of energetic activity in Michigan and Missouri, and not
again did he return to the far west until he was practicalh'' about
to retire from business activities, having disposed of his farm in
Missouri. The second trip was radically different from that made
forty-five years before. All of the comforts of twentieth century
travel were his to enjoy. Nor was the city of his destination at all
similar to the hamlet of his memory. No old familiar faces remained
to greet him. Beautiful homes had replaced the temporary abodes of
his former experiences. Substantial business blocks had replaced
the shacks of the '50s. On every hand were evidences of wealtli and
culture. With gratification he viewed the remarkable transforma-
tion wrought by the energy of citizens during the passing years
when the west was coming into her own.

Among the thirteen sons and daughters forming the family of
Thomas Jefferson and Elizabeth Brickell there are nine still living,
and one of these is Jerome F., who was born and reared on the
old homestead near Niles, Mich., and attended the schools of that
city and Kalamazoo. Upon starting out for himself he came to Cali-
fornia in 1858 and engaged in teaming between Sacramento and the
mines of Placer county, continuing in that occupation until he re-
turned to Michigan in 1865. Meanwhile, in 1861, he married Miss
Mary A. Collier, who was born in Massachusetts, but accompanied
relatives to California at a very early age and grew to womanhood
in Placer county. For a time she taught school there. Upon his
return to Michigan Mr. Brickell engaged in the livery business at
Niles for five years. Next he removed to Missouri and bought a

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 621

raw tract of two hundred and eighty acres, to the development of
which he devoted many years of unwearied toil. When eventually
he felt himself no longer equal to the many responsibilities connected
with agriculture he disposed of his holdings in Missouri and in 1903
again came to Sacramento, this time establishing a home in Oak
Park and investing largely in property at this point. The results
proved the wisdom of his investiuents. Early in 1907 the Oak Park
Realty Company was incorporated, with Jerome F. Brickell as presi-
dent and Thomas E. Brickell as secretary. While still connected with
the business, Mr. Brickell has retired from heavy responsibilities and
is in a financial position to enjoy the fruits of his former efforts. The
firm has handled an immense amount of real estate and has largely
limited its efforts to Oak Park, the upbuilding of which it has pro-
moted in a material degree.

During the period of his residence in Missouri Mr. Brickell was
a local leader of the Democratic party. While he was never an
aspirant for office, he maintained a deep interest in public affairs,
and at one time, upon the solicitation of leading Democrats of Macon
county, he consented to accept the nomination for county treasurer.
Duly elected to the office, he filled it for four years with marked
efficiency. His interest in educational movements was imchanging.
For years he served as one of the school directors of his township.
In religion he favors Baptist doctrines and gives generous support
to the missionary movements of the denomination.

Edgar J. Brickell, son of Jerome F. Brickell, was born at Niles,
Mich., February 17, 1867, and received a public school education in
Missouri, later attending a college at Dixon, 111., from which he was
graduated in 1890. After leaving college he was employed in the
express and freight department of the Burlington Railroad Company
for four years. Next he spent three years as a clerk in a clothing
and men's furnishing store, while he also taught school in Macon
county. Mo., for four years. The mercantile business at Clark, Mo.,
engaged his attention for five years, and for three years he con-
ducted a grocery in St. Louis, Mo., from which city, in 1908, he
came to Sacramento for the purpose of identifying himself with the
Oak Park Realty Company. During February of 1911 he severed his
connection with the real estate firm and opened a modern grocery on
the corner of Thirty-fourth street and Park avenue, where now he
has built up a gTOwing trade, and he holds a reputation for honesty
in all business transactions. Like his father, he is of the Baptist
faith, and like him, also, he favors Democratic principles in politics.
In fraternal matters he holds membership with the Knights of
Pythias. During 1891 he was united in marriage with Miss Elizabeth
M. Clarkson, who was born and reared in Macon county. Mo., and
received a fair education in the schools of that locality.

622 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

WILLIAM LAUGHLIN KNIGHT

The sincere but unostentatious devotion to duty that charac-
terized the life of Mr. Knight holds out much for the encouragement
and emulation of young men struggling to gain a foothold in the
business world. His the painstaking discharge of every responsi-
bility and the untiring ardor for work that forms the foundation of
every success, whether small or great. Both in the discharge of
civic duties and in gallant army service (for he was a captain in the
Civil War) he proved himself equal to every emergency, dependable,
resourceful and resolute, the possessor of sterling qualities inherited
from a long line of New England forebears and exhibiting also the
traits more peculiarly associated with the breezy and bustling boom-
ers of the west. A generation of development had transformed the
entire Pacitie coast while he was working his way with patient in-
dustry from a lowly position on the Southern Pacific Railroad to a
post of honor and trust, whose duties he discharged with such zeal
and intelligence that when finally advancing years and failing health
caused his retirement he was not only granted a pension, but in ad-
dition he received many testimonials of praise in recognition of his
fidelity and uprightness of character.

Descended from ancestors long and prominently connected with
the vicinity of Eyegate, Vt., and the son of a prosperous farmer
who gave liberally of time and means to the cause of religion in
his community, William Laughlin Knight was born in 1835 at the
old Vermont homestead and there he passed the uneventful years
of boyhood and youth. Upon attaining his majority and being thus
free to carry out any wishes he had formed concerning future ac-
tivities, he came to California and in 1856 settled at Diamond Springs,
Placer county, where for some years he was employed in the in-
terests of mining properties, his special work being the supervision
of the irrigation ditches. As soon as war was declared between the
the north and the south he offered his services to the Union and was
accepted as a private, assigned to duty and stationed in the northern
part of the state, where various sanguinary contests with the In-
dians gave him an experience of the horrors of war. Through con-
scientious devotion to duty and gallantry in service he won promo-
tion from the ranks to the captaincy of Company D, Second Cali-
fornia Infantry, and at the close of the war he was still command-
ing his company near the Indian hunting grounds.

Coming to Sacramento at the close of the Civil AVar Mr. Knight
entered the em])loy of the Southern Pacific Railroad Company as
a brakeman, from which he received promotion to the position of
conductor. A subsequent promotion placed him at the head of the

^^^^ (^^^-^.^ti^^r^

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 625

local ticket department, where he had the distinction of being the
highest-salaried employe of the company at the time. Later he
became associated with the office of the traveling ticket agent and in
that position made frequent trips to the east in the interests of
the railroad company. After a total service with the Southern Pa-
cific of more than thirty-nine years he was placed on the retired list
and granted a pension, but he was not long sjDared to enjoy the com-
forts of release from business activities. On the 24th of September,
1906, his earth life came to an end with his peaceful passing into
eternity. For years he had been a devoted member of the Baptist
Church and his last days were cheered by the Christian's hope, —
cheered also by the sympathetic ministrations of a large circle of
friends, prominent among whom were old soldiers of the Civil War.
For years he had been a leading worker in the Grand Army of the
Republic and at one time he was an officer in the George H. Thomas
Post at San Francisco.

Surviving Mr. Knight are his two children, Lillian and Ralph,
both residents of Sacramento. In this city, January 24, 1867, oc-
curred his marriage to Miss Mary D. Reid, of Broderick, Y^'olo
county, daughter of James and Margaret Reid. The father, who
owned large tracts of land in Y^'olo county, remained an employe in
the boiler shops of the Southern Pacific Railroad for many years,
but finally retired when advanced in age. At the time of his death
he was ninety-four years old. Ralph Knight, who is head of the
drafting department with the Southern Pacific Railroad, is a lead-
ing member of the Christian Science Church in Sacramento and fra-
ternally has been associated with the local lodge of Odd Fellows.
Possessing ability and force of character, he is deservedly winning
a high ]ilace in the citizenship of his native city.

RAY D. McFARLAND

The proportion of native sons of California engaged actively in
commercial enterprises is as yet comparatively small. Even more
rare is it to find an instance of two generations, father and son, both
born in our state, both reared within its lioundaries and both educated
in its schools, both later following similar lines of business activity
and impressing their forceful characters upon associates and acquaint-
ances. Such in brief was the personal history of the late Thaddeus
J. McFarland, a native of Vallejo, Solano county ; such are the present
prospects and the business possibilities of Ray D. McFai'land,- also a
native of California, and now identified with the printing and pub-

626 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

lishing business in Sacramento county, following the occupation which
engaged the attention of his father for a long period.

The son of an adventurous and resourceful jjioneer who had been
attracted to the Pacific coast by tales concerning the riches of the
mines, the late T. J. McFarland became familiar with frontier con-
ditions at au early age. As he became more matiire in years he saw
the gradual advancement of the state, witnessed the slow but sure
development of its resources and grasped the possibilities of the com-
monwealth. No citizen was more loyal than he and his devotion to
the state was one of the most pronounced attributes of his character.
Through the medium of his paper he often dwelt upon the opportun-
ities afforded by the coast country, the attractiveness of its climate,
the charm of its scenery and the high character of its citizenship.
While praising the loyalty of others and always disclaiming any merit
of his own, he was entitled nevertheless to mention in the annals of
his locality, for he was a true patriot and a progressive citizen. Early
in manhood he had married Mary F. Dudley, who was born in Illinois
on New Year's Day of 1861. Since his demise, which occurred in the
year 1896, she has resided in Folsom.

Ray D. McFarland belongs to the younger generation of rising
professional men, for he was born January 24, 1881. An excellent
education secured in the Folsom grammar school and the Sacramento
high school qualified him for responsibilities awaiting him. Early
training in a newspaper office fitted him for journalistic work, so
that when his father passed away he was able to assume the difficult
task of acting as his successor as editor and manager of the Folsom
Telegraph. For several years he has been managing editor and pub-
lisher of The Live Stock and Dairy Journal of Sacramento, and in
addition he serves as president of the Agricultural Publishing Com-
pany, owning the publication and printing plant. Besides his connec-
tion with and financial interest in the paper he owns the Bank build-
ing and the Folsom postoffiee building, as well as a neat and tasteful
cottage.

Mrs. McFarland, formerly Miss Carrie Hansen, was born in
Sacramento county February 21, 1887, and is a young lady of educa-
tion and culture, a hospitable hostess, welcoming friends to her home
with simple dignity and genuine pleasure. Together with Mr. Mc-
Farland she is prominently connected with the local chapter of the
Eastern Star, while he further holds membership with the Masons,
Eagles and the Native Sons of the Golden West. The principles of
the Republican party have received his ballot ever since he attained
his majority. Political aifairs are well understood by him, while
his mastery of national ]iroblems is so complete that he is regarded
as one of the best-posted Republicans in his home town.

HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 627

JACOB NELSON

Prominent in the agricultural and educational circles of Isleton,
Sacramento county, Cal., is Jacob Nelson, who, as a member of the
local school board, is rendering good service to his fellow townsmen
and to the school children of this and future generations.

Mr. Nelson's father, Christian Nelson, was a native of Norway,
and upon coming to America made his way to California, where he
arrived in 1859. The family settled in Alameda county, Cal., and
here Jacob Nelson was born in 1864. While still a babe, his parents
moved to a ranch in the Montezuma Hills, near Denverton, Cal., and
there he grew to manhood, receiving his education in the public
schools. Having become familiar with the life of a ranchman, he
adopted that as his vocation, and his ranch is numbered among the
most productive and best in the county. In 1895 Mr. Nelson mar-
ried Georgietta Knott, whose father, George Andrew Knott, was a
native of Maryland. He came to California in 1852, crossing the
plains in the manner of the pioneer emigrants of that time. His
jnarriage to Janet Craib, a native of Scotland, occurred in 1858; they
settled on Andrus island in 1865, and it is on this ranch that Jacob
Nelson and his wife are now living. Mr. Knott died in 1899, and his
wife followed him in 1902.

The lodge of Free and Accepted Masons of Franklin, Sacramento
county, includes Mr. Nelson in its membership, while the Onisbo
Chapter No. 164, 0. E. S., claims both Mr. and Mrs. Nelson. He
also affiliates with Isleton Lodge, I. 0. 0. F. As a farmer, Mr. Nel-
son takes high rank in his community, and as a citizen he is ready
at all times to encourage any proposition for the advancement of the
interests of his community. He and his estimable wife hold the
esteem of the entire community.

CHARLES KIRKPATRICK DAVIS

This prominent citizen of Isleton, Sacramento county, Cal., was
born on his father's ranch in this county in 1861, was educated in
the public schools and was early initiated into the mysteries of
farming. Hugh Davis, his father, was born in Canada in 1834 and
immigi-ated to Illinois, when sis years of age, and there grew to
manhood. He came to California in 1855 and located in Sacramento
countv. About two years later he took up one himdred and seven

628 HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

and thirteen one-hundredths acres of government land where his son
Charles K. now lives. In the early days no levee had been built to
protect the lands thereabout from the encroachment of water, and
Mr. Davis suffered seriously from the floods of 1861 and 1862. He
died May 1, 1871, his widow in 1909.

It was on the ranch above referred to that Charles K. Davis
was born. He married Hilda Johnson, a native of Sacramento
county, Cal., and they have five children, Angle, Christene, Charles
K. J., Marion and a child still unnamed. As a farmer he takes
rank with the best in his vicinity. His principal crop is fruit, but
he gives much attention to growing fine vegetables which invariably
bring the highest market prices. Besides his ranch, he owns one
hundred and seventeen acres of land near Walnut Grove. He has
taken an interest in public affairs and been an active Republican.
At different times he has filled township offices, notably those of
roadmaster, tax assessor and member of the school board, and he
is at this time and for years has been serving ably as a deputy
sheriff. He is a member of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows
and of the Free and Accepted Masons.

F ELTON LOWRY

The fact of having been reared in Ohio and the additional op-
portunities afforded by subsequent travel through almost every por-
tion of the United States give to Mr. Lowry a comprehensive knowl-
edge of our country. As a result of his study and observation he
still adheres to the opinion formed many years ago that California
stands without a rival in its resources, its climate and its material
possibilities. Emplo;^^nent with railroad companies took him through-
out the west when he was still a young man and enabled him to
gain a broad information as to every section of the region west of
the Rocky Mountains, but no place visited by him has offered in-
ducements sufficient to weaken his faith in or lessen his affection
for the commonwealth of his choice.

Born at Zauesville, Ohio, July 20, 1838, Feltou Lowry was the
son of John and Elizabeth (France) Lowry of Pennsylvania, who
removed to and operated a farm in Vinton county, Ohio, and he still
has living in the Buckeye state one brother and three sisters. Not
content to remain there but allured to the west by reports concern-
ing its opportunities, in the spring of 1860 he bade farewell to home
and relatives and traveled via the Isthmus of Panama to San Fran-
cisco and came on to Sacramento. It was not his fortune to possess

()jIl^ ^2^rMy>^

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 631

any capital nor to have enjoyed a good education, but he was a young
man of tireless energj' and force of will. To such, employment
comes as an open sesame to their ability. He first tried his luck at
mining at Indian Diggings, Eldorado county. Later he helped build,
a bridge at Live Oak, of which he was the toll-keeper. Subsequently
be went to Reese River, Nev., where he engaged in carjientering, and
while there he helped in the erection of the Reese River court house.

During the progress of the Civil War Mr. Lowry enlisted in
Company K, Eighth Regiment of California Volunteers, and at the
time of the riots served in San Francisco, being mustered out at
the close of the war. He then returned to Sacramento and resumed
work on the Central Pacific Railroad. Beginning at the bottom he
soon became foreman and finally became assistant sui^erintendent
of grading. For six years he remained with the same company.
Meanwhile he helped to build the line to Salt Lake and reached and
completed the end of his contract during May of 1869. In the latter
part of the same year he entered the employ of the Southern Pacific
Railroad Company, and served as superintendent of construction
through the San Joaquin valley, remaining on that division until
the completion of the road to its Los Angeles terminus.

The task of grading roads in other parts of California brought
Mr. Lowry profitable emi^loymeut for a number of years. At one
time he was dispatched to grade the road toward Imperial Junc-
tion and the Colorado river. When he had three hundred men in
camp as helpers the war department wired Major Dunn not to al-
low men to tamper with the bridge at Fort Yuma or to lay rails.
Notification was sent to Mr. Lowry, but at one o'clock in the morn-
ing he had all of his three hundred men up and ready to assist
him. A flat car loaded with rails was forced on the bridge and
the rails were then thrown off. Twenty soldiers threatened to shoot
them, but Mr. Lowry claimed that a man was under the car and it
was absolutely necessary to throw off the rails in order to save his
life. Under these representations the work was allowed to be con-
tinued. In a short time the rails were laid and there the matter
ended so far as Mr. Lowry was concerned, the officials of the road
later taking up the question with the government employes.

After having built more than three hundred and fifty miles of
road for the Southern Pacific Company Mr. Lowry left its employ
and turned his attention to other enterprises. For four years he
acted as traveling representative for the Atlantic D^Tiamite Com-
pany of New York City and during that period he traveled exten-
sively in every part of the country. At one time he owned four
thousand acres of range land in Kern county and maintained thereon
a herd of some fifteen thousand sheep, but years ago the flock was
sold and the land disposed of. During 1892, associated with Tur-
ton & Knox, he had the contract for the building of the levee from

632 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

the Pioneer mill to Twelfth street iu Sacramento. After completing
this, with the same men he built part of the Central Canal in Colusa
county. The company also built forty miles of railroad between
Merced and Oakdale, fifty miles of road between Bakersfield and
Asphalt, and one hundred and fifty miles on the west side of San
Joaquin valley, from Newman south, and twenty-five miles between
Burbank and Chatsworth Park, all for the Southern Pacific Rail-
road. As superintendent for the Pacific Improvement Company he
laid out and superintended the building of a seventeen-mile drive
at Monterey, and alone he contracted for and built many sections
of road for the Southern Pacific Railroad, besides which he has
built many levees along the Sacramento river. Eventually Mr. Lowry
retired from contracting and in the twilight of his active existence
he enjoys the comforts rendered possible by years of intelligent ex-
ertion. He is now the oldest railroad contractor in the state.

At Adah, Ohio, Mr. Lowry was married March 27, 1890, to Miss
Ida Sisson, who was born in Port Smith, Ark., but was reared in
McArtbur, Ohio. She was the daughter of George and Sarah (Syl-
vester) Sisson, the latter the youngest daughter of a Revolutionary
soldier, a member of the Daughters of the Revolution, and a resident
of Adah, Ohio. Four children were born of the union of Mr. and
Mrs. Lowry, Eva, Fondalite, Agnes and Georgia, all of whom reside
with their father at No. 1610 K street, Sacramento. Politically Mr.
Lowry is a Republican and is a member of Sumner Post, G. A. R.
In 1912 he was a candidate at the primary election for supervisor
of the third district, but failed of election by fifty-three votes. The
family are communicants of the Christian Church and earnest sup-
porters of religious and philanthropic measures.

GEORGE THISBY

On the old Thisby homestead on Andrus Island, Sacramento
county, and the place on which he still resides, was born George
Thisby on September 24, 1873, son of George and Rebecca (Elliott)
Thisby. The parents came to California in 1850 via Panama, and
as early as 1852 settled on Andrus Island. The country was wild and
in many parts society was unorganized. The father's experience in
some respects was remarkable; he ran the first craft on the Sacra-
mento river and was otherwise interested in pioneer doings. He
was descended from an old English family.

After leaving school George Thisby, Jr., began to work on
ranches and he was thus employed during all the years of his early

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 635

maubood. In 1897 he went to Alaska, where he Uved a strenuous
and adventurous life through five memorable years. Then returning
to California, be settled down to farming on bis ranch near Walnut
Grove. In Sacramento in 1905 be married Miss Lillian Campljell,
a native of Placer county, Cal., daughter of David Campbell, who
is now deceased, and bis wife, Mary J. (Wiley), who still resides in
Auburn. Two children have been born to Mr. and Mrs. Thisby:
George C. and Mary Jane, aged in 1913 six years and four years
respectively. In everything pertaining to the public welfare of his
community Mr. Thisby is deepl\' concerned. While he is not active
as a politician be has been elected trustee of Georgiana school dis-
trict and is trustee of Reclamation district No. 556. His home-
stead is a fine ranch of two hundred and twenty-one acres, highly
improved in every respect and devoted to the cultivation of fruits
and vegetables. Mr. Thisby was made a Mason in Franklin Lodge
No. 143 and is a member of Isleton Lodge No. 108, L O. O. F., of
which he is past grand. In politics he is a Republican.

JOSEPH SANER

For many years, and indeed from the time of his immigration to
the new world until his death, Mr. Saner was identified with the dairy
and ranch interests of Sacramento county. Such was his frugality,
such bis tireless perseverance and such his native shrewdness that
ultimately he acquired large holdings in ranch lands. Not a little of
his success was due to the sterling good sense and practical co-opera-
tion of his wife, who since being left a widow has carried forward the
enterprises begun by her husband and has proved the possession of
fine business qualifications as well as an intimate and thorough
knowledge of every detail connected with ranching. The plans which
lie laid with the boi^eful spirit of middle age she is carrying forward
to completion and in these important tasks she has enjoyed the will-
ing aid of her children, the eldest of whom have reached an age which
renders genuine helpfulness possible, while the youngest are able to
assist in the lighter tasks of the ranch.

There were not only kindred aspirations and harmonious tem-
peraments to unite Mr. and Mrs. Saner in a happy wedded life, but
in addition they shared an affection for the same native country and
the same childhood associations. Familar to their early days were
the lofty peaks of the Alps and the simple beauty of the lakes which
give to Switzerland an abiding majesty of landscape. Mr. Saner was
bom in Canton Solotburn, Switzerland, March 23, 1860, while the

636 HISTOEY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY

birth of Mrs. Saner occurred September 24, 1865, her maiden name
having been Mary Bisig. Both had few educational advantages, but
began to labor for self-support while yet quite young. Both cherished
longings for the liberty of America, and both crossed the ocean in
1883, coming direct from New York City to California and settling
in Sacramento county. Mrs. Saner saw the United States for the
first time on the 25th of April, 1883, and on the 9th of March, 1887,
became the wife of Mr. Saner, who had been employed at dairjdng
for the four preceding years.

The young couple took up agricultural pursuits on a rented tract,
owned by Mr. Harvey, and there they worked frugally, industriously
and efficiently for four years. As a result of their efforts they were
able to buy a place of their own. In 1901 they purchased the Steele
ranch of four hundred and fifteen acres located on Dry creek, and
three years later, in 1904, they added to their holdings by the pur-
chase of the Davis tract of three hundred acres. Still later one hun-
dred and eighty-two acres were bought, making nearly one thousand
acres, all of which Mr. Saner managed with recognized thrift and
intelligence. In the management of the broad acres his wife, since
his death. October 14, 1908, has been as efficient as was he, and her
capable mind and willing hands insure profitable returns from the
cultivation of the land. Eight children came to bless their union,
namely: Frieda, born December 8, 1888; Ameli, August 4, 1890;
Joseph, April 15, 1893; Eobert, May 18, 1895; LiUie, April 3, 1897;
Harry, May 29, 1898; William, November 28, 1899, and Evelina, De-
cember 8, 1903. Many sorrows have come to Mrs. Saner, and her life
has had its share of trouble, but none was more difficult to bear than
the tragic death of her youngest child, Evelina, who was lost in the
destruction of their home by fire, October 27, 1905. With supreme
courage she has borne this terrible bereavement and with firm Chris-
tian heroism she has triumphed over disaster and distress, so that
she presents to all the example of a cheerful life and an industrious,
optimistic temperament.

WILLIAM A. LANGLEY

The bicycle and motorcycle trade now engages talent and capital
no less noteworthy than those demanded by the automobile trade, with
which it is allied. Prominent in this line in Sacramento is William
A. Laugley, No. 1025 Tenth street. Mr. Langley was born in Abing-
ton, Mass., April 9, 1873, a son of Herman A. and Bosette Langley,
and while yet quite young was taken by liis parents to Astoria, Ore.,

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 637

and there he attended the public school until he was fourteen years of
age. Then, young as he was, he went to Shoal Water Bay, Wash.,
and was for four years employed in a lumber mill. This brings his life
story down to 1891, in which year he came to California and, locating
at Lodi, engaged in the bicycle trade, operating a store there till 1900,
when he came to Sacramento. Here he has continued in the same
line, having the sole agency for the Excelsior autocycle and the Pierce
motorcycle.

The machines handled by Mr. Langley are considered as good as
any in the market, and so thoroughly does he understand their con-
struction and operation that, having the confidence of the buying
public, he is able to sell them against any and all competition. A
feature of his business is the repairing of bicycles and motorcycles.
In his repair department he employs only skilled workmen, and his
materials are as good as can be obtained, while his charges are as
reasonable as are consistent with good service and the adequate profit
essential to the success and permanency of any business of whatever
character.

On May 10, 1902, Mr. Langley married Miss Ellen V. Price of
Sacramento. He is credited by those who know him well with the
possession of an admirable public spirit which so influences him as to
make him a liberal and helpful citizen, alive to the best interests of the
community. In his political afiSliation he is a Republican.

HERBERT EDAVARD YARDLEY

During the long i^eriod of his identification with his present
line of business Mr. Yardley has developed an undertaking establish-
ment that stands in the very front rank of institutions of the kind
in Sacramento. When in 1893 he piirchased the undertaking business
of Clark & Booth and assumed the management of the place of which
he remains the proprietor, he was brought into associations different
from those of former business connections, but he proved equal to
all emergencies and soon acquired a comprehensive knowledge of
every detail. Personal qualifications admirably adapt him for suc-
cessful business pursuits. Tactful in manner, accommodating in
disposition, quick in decision and sagacious in judgment, he belongs
to that class of citizens whose presence has been most beneficial to
the advancement of the capital city along lines of permanent progress.

The honor of being a member of the Native Sons of the Golden
West comes to Mr. Yardley through his birth in Yolo county, where
his parents, James and Elizabeth Yardley, had established a home on
the then frontier. The death of both of the parents in their early

638 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

maturity left the son, who was born in January of 1868, an orphan
ere he was old enough to fully comprehend the great loss incident
to such a bereavement. An aunt, Mrs. W. H. Wright, residing in
Sacramento, took him into her home and sent him to the grammar
school and later to the high school, so that he was prepared for the
responsibilities of self-support. When only fifteen years of age he
secured a clerkship in the drug store owned by Frederick Kolliker,
and for ten years he continued in the same establishment, meanwhile
receiving merited promotion from time to time. When finally he
resigned his connection with the establishment it was for the pur-
pose of starting a drug store of his own, and that business he con-
ducted on Eighth and J streets until 1893, when he sold out and
entered the undertaking business.

With his wife, who was Miss Russia Lubeek, and whom he
married in Auburn, this state, in 1896, Mr. Yardley occupies a posi-
tion of accepted prominence in the social circles of Sacramento.
Various organizations, fostered by the most cultured citizens of the
town, have received his co-operation and intelligent aid. Notwith-
standing the pressure of business duties he always has taken the
leisure necessary for a study of national issues and political condi-
tions. In general elections he gives his support to the Republican
party. The Elks and the Independent Order of Odd Fellows receive
Ms hearty assistance in their progressive projects for fraternal up-
building, while socially he belongs to the Sutter club. An expert
marksman and fond of hunting as a recreation, he enjoys the pastime
in company with other members of the Glide Gun club. Perhaps no
organization has enlisted his sympathetic co-operation in larger de-
gree than Masonry. For years he has been a disciple of the order,
a participant in its philanthropies and a believer in its uplifting
principles of brotherhood. Beginning with the blue lodge, he rose
through the various degrees until he became associated with the
Knights Templar and Nobles of the Mystic Shrine, and as such he
maintains a leading part in Masonic affairs in his home city. Mr.
Yardley is a man of wide enterprise, giving generously of his time and
means toward every enterprise that has for its object the upliuilding
of his adopted city, in which he has achieved a marked degree of
success in his individual as well as public undertakings that he has
fostered.

THOMAS EMORY BRICKELL

The well-known Oak Park real estate man whose name appears
above is a brother of Jerome F. Brickell and has lived in Sacramento
since 1906. He was born in Niles, Mich., a son of Thomas Jefferson

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY G41

and Elizabeth Brickell, was educated in i)ublio schools and was grad-
uated from the Niles high scliool in 1877. After leaving school he
was for a time an assistant to his fatlier. When he was only nine-
teen years old he came to California and located at Truckee, where
he was for three and a half years manager of a general store.

E'rom Truckee Mr. Brickell went to Spokane, Wash., where he
lived twenty-tive years, variously employed, but always busy and
prosperous. He operated one farm seven years and was secretary
and treasurer of the Fidelity Mortgage Com])any of Spokane ten
years. When he came to Sacramento in 1906 he hel})ed his brother
incorporate the Oak Park Realty Company. Politically he is a
Democrat and at different times in Washington and California has
been offered important public offices which he has refused to accept,
yet while his personal ambitions have impelled him to this course he
has been active and influential in political work. Since 1880 he has
been identified witli the Inde))endent Order of Odd Fellows and for
a time he atfiliated with the Modern Woodmen. He is a helpful mem-
ber of the Methodist Episcopal church. As a citizen he is public-
spirited to a degree that makes him very useful to his community.
It is ]irobable that he inherits some of his ratlier remarkable busi-
ness ability from ancestors who made their mark on civilization of
their time and locality.

Miss Clara Vincent became Mr. Brickell 's wife <ind they hav(^
liad three children, two of whom survive: Harry, of ' San Francisco,
and Lilah E., at home; the oldest child, Emory, who was cliief clerk in
one of tlie departments of the Southern Pacific railroad, having died
aged twentv-four vears.

ROBERT PAPER

As a rancher for many years in Colusa county and later as a horti-
culturist in Sacramento county, Mr. Raper has gained a thorough
knowledge of the soil in this section of the state and also of its
adaptability to varied products. Himself a pioneer of the '60s, hav-
ing crossed the plains a number of years prior to the spanning of the
continent by the first railroad system, he has witnessed the progress
made by the west during the past one-half century, nor has his own
part in the slow work of agricultural evolution been insignificant or
unworthy of honorable mention. On the other hand, he was one of
the large number of patient tillers of the soil without whose intelli-
gent efforts and unwearied industry the ])resent degree of prosperity
could not have been reached.

While Illinois was vet a frontier state and the large steamers on

642 HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY

the Mississippi foi'med the principal means of transportation for the
people of the north and south, Robert Raper was born in Fayette
county, January 3, 1839, and was reared in Hancock county. The
educational advantages which he enjoyed were excellent for those
days. Later he enlarged his fund of information through close read-
ing and self-culture. Early in manhood he established a home of his
own, being united in marriage April 18, 1861, with Miss Caroline F.
Allen, a native of Henry county, Iowa. The young couple began
housekeeping on a farm, but soon they began to be interested in re-
ports concerning California, and it was not long before they decided
to seek a home in the far west. During the summer of 1864 they
traveled across the plains with a wagon and mules and notwithstand-
ing the hostility of the Indians they reached their destination without
delays or attacks.

Shortly after his arrival in Colusa county Mr. Raper rented a
tract of raw land on which he raised wheat and barley. Later he
bought four hundred and twenty acres of unimproved land and this
he cultivated for a number of years. When he disposed of that place
he purchased three hundred and twenty acres, which he cultivated for
several years. Meanwhile he began to realize the need of better
educational advantages for his children, and desiring to live where
he could send them to first-class schools, he sold his country honie,
moved to College City, bought a lot and built a residence. For about
twelve years he engaged in farming near the town, but continued
meanwhile to occupy the village home until the children had com-
pleted their studies.

The World's Fair attracted Mr. and Mrs. Raper to Chicago dur-
ing the summer of 1893, and they enjoyed the splendid exhibits from
their own state, as well as from other parts of the country and other
regions of the world. Desiring to see something of the east, they
traveled on to New England and found much to interest them there.
After they had visited several of the most important eastern cities
they spent some time among old friends in Iowa and Illinois, thence
coming back to California, which seemed more desirable than ever
before as a place of residence. Their enjo>anent of the east did not
lessen their affection for the home of their choice. Prior to that trip
they had sold out in Colusa county and bought ten acres at Orangevale,
three miles from Folsom, Sacramento county, which tract he had
planted to apricots, almonds and prunes. On his return from Chicago
and the other cities of his visitations, Mr. Raper built a substantial
house on the place and made other improvements. Shortly afterward
he bought two adjacent tracts, thus giving him forty acres altogether,
of which ten acres are in Tokay grapes. Another tract is utilized for
hay and pasture.

The only son of Mr. Raper is 0. L. Raper, a prosperous farmer of
Glenn county. The eldest daughter, Nora M., is the wife of J. L. Pat-

HISTOfJY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 643

terson, a prominent rancher of the Orangevale district. The second
daughter, Jennie Q., is Mrs. G. C. Clare, of Mendocino county, and the
youngest, Lou, is the wife of W. T. Eddy, who at this writing carries
on the Eaper ranch. The wife and niotlier passed away December 15,
1909, leaving to her loved ones the memory of a kindly heart ever
ready to succor those in need and willing hands ever ready to minister
to the wants of her family. The uplifting teachings of Christianity
were exemplified in her daily acts of kindness and words of love. Mr.
Raper also has been a consistent believer in the Gospel and a devoted
member of the Christian church. As a member of the school board
for thirteen years he worked effectively to promote educational inter-
ests. Politically he has been identified with the Republican party, but
in principle he always has been an ardent Prohibitionist and has dis-
played his belief in the cause of temperance both by precept and
example.

ANDREW YOUNGER

In an environment far different from that to which in maturity
and age he has been accustomed Andrew Younger passed the years
of his early life. Born at King Horn, Fifeshire, Scotland, June 27,
1826, he grew to manhood in his native shire, against whose rugged
shores beat the ever-restless waves of the North Sea. Familiar to
his boyish eyes was the sight of sailing craft moored in some quiet
harbor and the presence of sailors and fishermen in the small sea-
ports of the shire. However he might be fascinated by tales of the
sea, he did not choose the life of a sailor, but after he had attended
school for a few years and had gained a knowledge of the conmion
branches he began an apprenticeship to the trade of blacksmith.
The trade mastered, he became a journe>Tnan and worked for wages
in his native land. At the age of thirty years he came to the United
States, accompanied by his young wife, and together they began the
difficult task of identifying themselves with a country whose customs
and methods of business were radically different from those of their
own Scotland. Some years after they crossed the ocean his brother,
William, also emigrated from Scotland and settled in Illinois. Agri-
culture remained his occupation, and in 1909, after a prosperous ex-
perience as a farmer, he passed away at his home in Woodford
county, III, where he had resided during practically all of his as-
sociation with the new world.

An experience of seventeen years as a lilacksmith at Peoria, Ill-
gave Andrew Younger a reputation for efficient work and honoralile
citizenship. The failure of his health led to the suggestion that he

644 HISTORY OP SACRAMENTO COUNTY

remove to California, Accordingly, he disposed of his interests in
Peoria and came to Sacramento, where for one summer he worked
in the blacksmith shop of the Southern Pacific Railroad Company.
Next he followed his trade in San Francisco with various firms. In
1880 Stephen Uren sent for him to come to Sacramento and take a
position as assistant foreman in the Southern Pacific blacksmith shop.
Returning hither he entered upon the duties of the position, which he
continued to fill until his retirement from all occupational activities.
As a workman he was efficient, painstaking and trustworthy. His long
retention in the one position is indicative of his recognized ability.
Since his retirement in 1900, at the age of seventy-four years,' he has
spent his winters at his comfortable home. No. 1427 G street, Sacra-
mento, while in the summer he visits in Portland, Ore., with his
eldest son, who is superintendent of the railway motive power at that
point. Fraternally he holds membership with Union Lodge, F. & A.
M., in Sacramento, and formerly he was actively associated with the
Independent Order of Odd Fellows. While inclined to be independent
in politics in local campaigns, he usually votes the Republican ticket
in national elections, and is proud of the fact that the first ballot
he ever cast in the United States was in favor of Abraham Lincoln
for president. This was during his residence in Peoria and at the
time of Lincoln's first election as executive. In his old Scotch home
he was reared in Presbyterian doctrines and always he has lieen in
deep sympathy with the work of that denomination.

Before leaving Scotland for the new world Mr. Younger mar-
ried Marguerite Smitli Hamer, a native of England. They became
the parents of five children, one of whom, a daughter, died in infancy.
The eldest son, Thomas W., resides in Portland. The second son,
Andrew, Jr., is a teacher of pattern-making in Cogswell college,
San Francisco, and the youngest son, Joseph H., is employed in the
book-binding department of the state printing office at Sacramento.
Mrs. Marguerite Long, the only daughter who survived to maturity,
is a graduate of the Sacramento high school and is a teacher in the
Sacramento public schools. In lier family there are five children,
namely : Andrew, of the United States navy, now stationed in China ;
Hiram, of Sacramento; Russell, also serving in the navy; Marian,
wife of E. W. Stebbins, a mining engineer of Oakland, and Jessie,
who is tlie wife of Hamlinton Hawlev, a banker of Oakland.

JOHN N. LARKIN

An lionored pioneer whose first identification witli California
dated liack to the '50s, John N. Larkin left the impress of his force-
ful personality and keen mind upon the annals of Sacramento county.

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 645

Through the influence of his efforts as a newspaper editor and puh
lisher he accoiuplished much in behalf of the permanent upbuilding
of the community in which he held citizenship. Indeed, it would be
possible to mention very few names more intimately associated with
early history than was his own, and certainly no resident was more
loyal than he to the county and the commonwealth. His entire per
sonal influence and also his editorial position were used to advance
the prosperity of the west. As a writer he was clear and forcible.
His meaning was never obscured by complicated expressions, but was
made intelligible to all. In wit he was pungent and in humor respons-
ive, yet his editorials were not caustic, acrimonious or unkind ; on the
other land, his writings usually expi-essed his own hearty and com-
panionable nature and gave visible evidence of a disposition so genial
as to attract the admiration of all, from the aged pioneer to the lad
just out of school.

John N. Larkin was born in Brooklyn, N. Y., June 11, 1840, and
in 1855 came for the first time to Sacramento, where an older
brother, Henry, was at the time a part owner of the Sacramento
Union. When the birthday number of this paper was published
March 19, 1911, commemorating the sixtieth anniversary of the
founding of the publication, Mr. Larkin contributed the following
article in relation to the early history of the well-known periodical:
"My first introduction to the Sacramento Union was during the first
week in May, 1855, when I faced the 'case' to receive my first instruc-
tion in type-setting. The publishers and proprietors of the Union
were James Anthony, Paul Morrill and Henry Larkin (the latter a
brother of the writer), under the firm name of James Anthony & Co.
They were all in harness at that time, Anthony as bookkeeper, Mor-
rill doing the 'make-up' and Larkin working at the case. They em-
ployed the best writers on the coast, and the paper soon became a
power in the state, the peoi>le having confidence in its honesty and
integrity. The office was at that time on J street between Front and
Second, and what was then the counting room is now used by a
produce firm as a storage for potatoes, onions and other truck.

"In December, 1859, I left for my home in New York, arriving
there on Christmas morning. The year 1864 again found me in
Sacramento and I found the Union in its new home on Third street.
The journal had l)y this time become known throughout the country,
its fearless attacks on corporate power attracting much interest
throiaghout the entire Union. Its influence in the state was certainly
phenomenal. Through its efforts Newton Booth was nominated and
elected chief executive of the state, despite the desperate efforts of
the Central Pacific railroad to defeat him. The battle between the
railroad company and the Zhiion was a bitter one, and a paper called
the Dnili/ Rernrd was placed in the field in an effort to crush the
Union. The eifort was a failure, and the only way to quiet the Union

646 HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY

was to purchase the plant outright, for its editorial columns were
not for sale. This the company did, and the paper was combined
with the railroad journal and appeared thereafter as the Record-
Union, many of the old-timers frequently referring to it as the
'Wrecked-Union,' and the hybrid heading remained until a new
management tore off the barnacle and restored its old and respected
name. The name looks good and sounds good to the last of the
Mohicans of the tribe of 1855, and may its life be a long and pros-
perous one."

During the early years of his residence in the west Mr. Larkin
tried mining without success and he therefore devoted his attention
princiiJally to his trade, being foreman in the composing rooms of
the Bancroft Book Company in San Francisco for several years, also
filling a similar position with the San Francisco Post and the Sacra-
mento Union. Earl.v in 1875 the men who owned the Union sold out,
and Mr. Larkin then decided to embark in the newspaper business for
himself. On the 8th of March he published the first number of the
Sacramento Evening Herald, but this paper was discontinued at the
expiration of four months. Next he started the Simday Leader,
which for several years in the '80s was the official county paper and
profited from the public advertising. The Weekly Leader was personally
superintended by Mr. Larkin until shortly before his death, when his
son, William H., succeeded to the management. Through all of his
mature years he was a stanch Eepublican, but with the exception of
a term as clerk of the police court he never accepted political honors.
When Sacramento was a village and he was young, he was considered
one of the best amateur minstrels in the west and sustained a high
reputation as a song and dance artist. However, it was as a pro-
moter and organizer of manly sports that he will be remembered
best by lovers of those relaxations which tend to build sturdy men
and keep them sound. He organized and for a long time managed
the Alta baseball team, the superior of any team on the coast in the
days when a free fight was a fitting close to every game. Until the
days when he was last stricken he occupied a particular seat in the
grandstand when league games were on, freely criticising the plays,
and comparing the artists with those of old who blazed the way.
Few men in the city had more warm personal friends than he pos-
sessed. The newspaper writers of the city always were ready to
rally to his assistance when he announced a special edition, and it
was only a few years before his death when one of those specials
contained an article from each member of the reportorial staff of
both daily papers.

After an illness of almost three months resulting from a para-
lytic stroke, John N. Larkin passed away May 22, 1911, at the family
residence, No. 1021 Twenty-second street. The funeral was held
under the auspices of the Benevolent Protective Order of Elks, to

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 647

winch he had belonged for years, and interment was made in the city
cemetery. City Justice W. A. Anderson, whose acquaintance with
Mr. Larkin dated back further than that of anyone else in Sacra-
mento, adjourned the police court as a last testimonial of respect
for his old friend, who had once served as a cleiic of that court. In
referring to the passing of his old-time friend Mr. Anderson offered
this tribute: "John Larkin was a remarkable character. Forty years
ago, when the call of Abraham Lincoln came for more troops after
the disastrous battle of Bull Run, John Larkin was one of the men
that answered the call: 'Yes, Father Abraham, we are coming, five
hundred thousand strong.' I, too, was one of those who ran away
from college and enlisted in the service. John Larkin was part of
the history of Sacramento, where he has always borne a splendid
reputation. Of course, he had those peculiar traits of character that
we denominate crankism, but I think sometimes that crankism is akin
to genius. Many years ago he founded the Leader, and it has re-
flected his own individual ideas. It is a pity that a man so useful
should be stricken down, but he lived more than his allotted time
of three score and ten (a year over that) ; still, he is a man who will
be missed in this community. My associations with him always have
been of a friendly, social and very intimate character."

Surviving Mr. Larkin are his widow, formerly Miss Sallie Fern,
and a son, William H., and daughter, Florence E. The son was
born in Sacramento December 17, 1866, and attended school here and
in San Francisco and Oakland. For three years he clerked in the
law office of Henry E. Highton of San Francisco, after which he
learned the printer's trade. From that time he was associated with
his father, whom he succeeded as publisher of the Leader and man-
ager of the job office with its modern equipment and valuable plant.
During 1902 he married Miss Jeannette Cantrell, of Yolo county, and
they are the parents of two daughters, Mary Louise (born in 1904)
and Jeannette Josephine (born in 1907). Mrs. Larkin is a member
of the Tuesday and Saturday clubs, while Mr. Larkin is identified
with the Masons, Independent Order of Odd Fellows, Improved Order
of Red Men, Native Sous of the Golden West and Fraternal Broth-
erhood, while in addition both he and his wife have been connected
prominently with the local lodge of

GEORGE W. HOTCHKISS

George W. Hotchkiss, the subject of this sketch, was born in
New Haven, Conn., October 16, 1831. He came to California in the
ship Susan G. Owens, arriving in San Francisco October 8, 1849.

648 HISTORY OF SAORAMENTO COUNTY

He came to Sacramento as a clerk for Scrautou & Smith, who had
brought from the east a house frame and stock of goods for a gen-
eral store. They erected the second permanent building in the city
near Third and J streets. They paid $500 a thousand feet for lumber
to comjilete their st'ore, and young Hotchkiss acted as both clerk and
cook. In speaking of his experiences he says: "I think it was the
last ])art of December, 1849, that I went one morning to the slough
four or five hundred feet back of the store to get a pail of water,
and found the water just cutting through the bank, and, yelling for
help, I tried to scrape enough mud with my foot to hold the water
back, but had to run for the store, where all floor goods were at once
placed on the counter, and within an hour or two the water washed
the under side of the floor. This was the big flood of '49 and '50,
wlien the water stood eight feet deep a couple of blocks to the south
of us. For a month or more all our travel was by whale boat. As
the waters receded teams tried to enter the streets, until in March
there were at least a dozen teams of oxen and many horses, which
it was impossible to save after they mired, that died and dried up
in their tracks."

In July, 1850, Mr. Hotchkiss went to the mines and set up a
tent store, doing well in it, but his father's letters telling of failing
health made him homesick, and there was also "the girl I left behind
me" writing letters saying she would be glad to see him. He took
passage for Panama in the bark St. Mary's, walked across the Isth-
mus and caught tlie steamer Folsom for Havana, assisting during the
trip in burying twenty-eight of his fellow passengers who died of
cholera. For twenty years he was a member of the Western Asso-
ciation of California Pioneers, which disbanded in 1911, when only
fifteen members were left, with an average age of eighty-seven years.
He is now secretary-treasurer of the Illinois Lumber Dealers' Associa-
tion, at Chicago.

ELISHA SAMPLE DRIVER

Born in Indiana April 18, 1829, E. S. Driver of Antelope, Sacra-
mento county, was the sou of John and Abigail (Mills) Driver. De-
prived of the love and gaiidance of his parents when he was scarcely
more than a babe, he was taken into the home of an uncle and treated
as one of the family until 1836, when he was about seven years old.
He then went to Henry county, Iowa, and there made his home with
an uncle until 1850. At that time he was lured to California by ac-
counts of fortunes made by gold seekers who had come hither, and on
March 25, 1850, he started from Iowa with an ox-team and provisions

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HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY CM

for the overland journey. His experiences tlirough the Indian country
were trying, having to fight the redskins on four different occasions,
but he finall}^ reached California on August 1, halting at llangtown,
now Placerville. Until 1854 he worked in different mines along the
American river, but not with such success as his imagination had pic-'
tured ; so he came to Sacramento and engaged in teaming to the mines,
which promised an income sure and steady if not large. He busied
himself thus till 1857, most of the time quite profitably, so that lie
was able to buy twelve hundred acres in one body near Antelope,
Sacramento county, and go into farming and stock-raising which, with
dairying, have commanded liis attention to the present time. Alto-
gether he followed the dairy business aliout fifteen years, milking as
high as one hundred and fifty cows, and manufacturing butter for
eight years, following the latter enterprise by cheese making and dis-
posing of his product in Sacramento. His success as a rancher en-
abled him to amass a comfortable fortune and he is now living in well-
earned retirernent, though he is still giving watchful supervision to
his property, which is now devoted to raising cattle, mules and hogs.
He is assisted in the management of the ranch by Ricliard Clemons.
his son-in-law.

In Sacramento county, Feliruary 12:2, 1860, Mr. Driver married
Miss Mary E. Forsyth, who was l)orn in Missouri and crossed the
plains with her parents in 1853. Mrs. Driver passed away in Sacra-
mento in 1903. Of the children born to Mr. and Mrs. Driver the fol-
kiwing are living: Philip, a lawyer in Sacramento; Grant, who is
mining in Alaska; William S., a real-estate dealer of Sacramento;
Frank, also a lawyer in Sacramento; Charles, a rancher in this county;
Clarence, a rancher at Warner Lake, Ore.; Mrs. Birdenia Clemons,
who, with her husband, is included in her father's household; Abbie,
the wife of William Lewis, of Antelope; and Lester, a rancher near
the old home. Two children are deceased, Mrs. Elizabeth Dunlap, who
died at the age of thirty-two, and John when sixteen years old. Poli-
tically Mr. Driver is a Republican and has long been active in the
local work of his party, in which he has heen influential and helpful.

CHARLES P. NATHAN

The imposing three-storv store of Charles P. Nathan, corner of
J and Sixth streets, Sacramento, tells the story of the cominsr of the
proprietor of that establishment to the state capital. He landed in
this countrv from his native Germanv at the asre of seventeen, inex-
perienced, hut with a good common school education, and he had what
every bov of his race inherits, an inclination to work. Young Nathan
was variouslv employed in the eastern and southern states for three

652 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

years, and the year 1869 found him in Califoruia. The $3 he had
in his pocket when he lauded on American soil had grown a little, so
he started in a little store, in a small way, the business that now
looms up three floors in Sacramento city. It is one of the largest
stores in Northern California, modern in every respect, and is a
department store, a city emporium. It was practically begun in 1904
and finished in 1909, being changed and remodeled at different times.

Charles Nathan was married October 26, 1873, to Miss Anna
Joseph, the daughter of Michiel Joseph, a clothing merchant in Sac-
ramento. He died in 1876, and his wife in 1911. In the Nathan fam-
ily were born four children. Birdie, now the wife of Dr. Arthur Lach-
men, professor in the University of Oregon for several years, but
now head of the Arthur Lachmen Wine Company of San Francisco.
They have two daughters, Gertrude, aged twelve years, and Ruth;
aged six. Mrs. Lachmen was born July 25, 1874, and graduated from
the San Francisco high school. Lillian Nathan was born in Sacra-
mento July 27, 1878, and graduated from the state university, and is
now the wife of Morris Ballin, a wholesale manufacturing and furnish-
ing goods merchant of San Francisco. Their two children are Edwin,
aged -five, and Richard, two years old. Mitchell W. Nathan was born
in Sacramento September 26, 1879, graduated from the University of
California, and is now general manager of the C. P. Nathan store in
Sacramento. Mr. Nathan practically has always been associated with
the business, and under his competent management the establishment
thrives commercially. In May, 1905, he was married to Miss Isabell
Hammond of Sacramento, formerly of Utica, N. Y. They have a
daughter, Caroline, born in May, 1906. Mitchell W. Nathan is a di-
rector of the Sacramento Chamber of Commerce, and was president of
the "100,000 Club" organized for the purpose of lifting Sacramento's
population to that figaire. Emile Nathan, the youngest son, was born
December 3, 1883, and after passing through the city schools, gradu-
ated from the University of California. He was an earnest student
and prominent in class debates. He is now manager in a ladies' de-
partment in the store and spends much of his time in New York select-
ing for the store. In 1909 he married Miss Lillian Cottrell of Berkeley.
a fellow university student. Mrs. Charles Nathan comes from a fam-
ily of high educational attainment, many of its members being gradu-
ates of well-known institutions, and her brother had the distinction of
receiving his college degree, in France, from Emperor Napoleon III.

Mr. Nathan is largely interested in real estate and farm lands,
owning six hundred and forty-five acres five miles from the city and
three hundred and twenty acres fronting on the Sacramento river,
besides which he owns the entire store property. He has practically
retired from active business, and spends much time in Paris and New

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 653

York City, although his winters are spent in California. Mrs.

Nathan's mother died in June, 1911, at the age of eighty-one. She
left an estate valued at one-lialf million dollars.

JEREMIAH K. BEEDE

The varied occuiaations that engross the attention and kindle the
aspirations of men represent the different ideals formed in their
youth, the different environments of their early years and the
different talents and tastes implanted in their minds by nature.
The occupation in which Mr. Beede has been exceptionally success-
ful, that of telegraph operator, reflects his own personal preferences
and inclinations, but his identification with such work began with
the apparent chance which seems to govern the lives of many. An
opportunity came when he was a mere lad, undecided as to future
occupational preferences but anxious to earn his own livelihood, to
act as messenger in a telegraph office in San Francisco and while
in that position he learned the art of telegraphy, making such
praiseworthy advancement that he determined to follow the occupa-
tion as a i^ermanent source of income. Nor has he had reason to
regret the decision made in early life, for he has proved efficient
and capable as an operator and has risen by successive steps to the
management of tlie Postal Telegraph and Cable Company at Sacra-
mento.

The childhood of Jeremiah K. Beede was passed uneventfully
in the city of Newburgh, N. Y., where he was born January 13, 1868,
and where he passed many happy days in becoming familiar with the
attractive environment of Orange county and the Hudson river. At-
tendance at school was not neglected and he made satisfactory pro-
gress in his studies. During 1881 he came to California with his
parents, Napoleon and Sarah (King) Beede, and settled with them
in San Francisco, where for the next two years he studied in the
public schools. The necessity of self-support caused him to relin-
quish his studies at the age of thirteen years, when he engaged
as a messenger with the Western Union Telegraph Company of San
Francisco. After four years in the one position he entered the
employ of the Oregon Railway and Navigation Company as an
operator, remaining with them from 1887 until 1889. During July
of the latter year he came to Sacramento as operator for the Postal
Telegraph and Cable Company. Such was his efficiency and capa-
bility that at the expiration of six months he assumed the manage-
ment of the office, which he has since filled to the satisfaction of all

654 HISTOKY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

concerned. For some years lie has been an interested member of
the National Union, and Tehama Lodge, No. 3, F. & A. M., also
Sacramento Chapter No. 3, E. A. M. At the time of his removal
to Sacramento he was unmarried, and two years later he established
a home in this city, choosing as his wife Miss Hester Dashiell, a
native of Dixon, Solano county, by whom he has two children, Bennen
King and David Leonard.

WILLIAM JAMES ANDREW

The congenial environment and profitable labors that have char-
acterized the identification of Mr. Andrew with Sacramento county
form a striking contrast to the scenes and privations incident to his
early experiences in life. The jDlace where he was born December 22,
1864, was a farm on Prince Edward Island, lying near the mouth of
the St. Lawrence river and in the gulf of the same name, not far from
the storm-tossed shores of Nova Scotia and equally close to the prov-
ince of New Brunswick. The imagination will readily comprehend the
isolation and loneliness of his youth, the lack of educational advan-
tages and the necessity of arduous labor to secure a subsistence. The
death of his mother when he was a very small child made his loneli-
ness the more noticeable, for he was taken into the home of relatives
and deprived of the companionship of those whom he had held most
dear.

When manhood brought the possibilities of a change into the life
of Mr. Andrew he sought the opportunities of the vast west and dur-
ing 1889 arrived in California, where he became one of the very first
settlers in the Orangevale colony. With a brother as a partner he
bought twenty acres of unimproved land. Working together, they
brought ten acres under cultivation to varied fruits and planted the
other ten in oranges. Ultimately William J. acquired the brother's
interest, since, which time he has built a substantial packing house and
four buildings, thus transforming the once unimproved tract into a
beautiful homestead. Few men of the colony are more familar with
citrus culture than he, and it has been one of his specialties to bud
and propagate orange trees. In addition to managing and packing
his own oranges, he has taken charge of ranches owned by others,
packing and shipping their oranges. Without question he is one of
the men to whose energy the development of Orangevale is due, and
very justly he has an enviable reputation in the district.

In his marriage Mr. Andrew became connected with an honored
pioneer family of Sacramento county. At Orangevale, December 22,

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HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 657

1893, be was united with Miss Maude Camlield, who was born near
Sacramento and reared and educated in tbis county. Sbe is the,
daughter of E. D. and Mary (Frame) Camfield, natives of New York"
and Indiana respectively. Both crossed the plains with ox teams. The
father died in 1890 and the mother resides in Orangevale. One child,
Vera, blesses the union of Mr. and Mrs. Andrew. The family are
active members of the Orangevale Methodist Episcopal church and
contribute not only to its maintenance, but also to the support of many
other movements for the upbuilding of the locality and the advance-
ment of the community religiously, morally and educationally. In
political views Mr. Andrew is a Republican of the progressive type
and a participant in public affairs, but at no time a candidate for
office. One of the organizations in which for years he has been in-
terested is the Grange, but there are also many other enterprises and
organizations of value to the country in which he bears a decided in-
terest. A man of sterling worth and unquestioned integrity, he main-
tains the confidence of the community and has many warm friends
in the district.

mel^t:lle dozier, Jk.

Reliance on his own intelligent judgment and confidence in his own
resources are absolutely necessary to the achievement of permanent
success, and these qualities have entered largely into the progress made
by Mr. Dozier, Jr., in his chosen calling. Possessing large ability,
which had been broadened by excellent educational advantages, he
entered into avenues of western activity and speedily rose to prom-
inence. This advance represented no prestige of wealth or environ-
ment and no aid of adventitious circumstances, but the results obtain-
able by devotion to duty, force of will and energy of temperament.
During the period of his connection with railway companies he gave
skilled service and uniform satisfaction, but eventually the induce-
ments to enter business for himself became so alluring that he re-
signed the excellent position he then held and in 1911 organized the
Dozier Construction Company, of which he since has acted as jiresi-
dent and general manager.

The distinction of being a native-born son of California belongs
to Mr. Dozier, who was born in Santa Rosa and educated in the gram-
mar and high schools of Los Angeles, also in the University of Cali-
fornia, where he took an active part in college activities and athletics
and from whose engineering department he was .graduated in 1899,
with the degree of Bachelor of Science. An opportunity to put into
practice the theories acquired in school came to him immediately

658 HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

after graduation, when he went to Santa Barbara as assistant en-
. gineer in charge of the construction of the coast line of the Southern
Pacifie railroad. Until 1901 he continued in that place, after which
he became assistant engineer at Los Angeles in charge of the con-
struction of the Pacific .Electric railroad. From 1904 until 1906 he
served as chief engineer of the maintenance of way for the Pacific
Electric railroad and the Los Angeles Interurban Railway Comiaany.
Coming to San Francisco in 1906, he incorporated the Vallejo-North-
ern Railway Company and as president and chief engineer located
and planned the electric system which is now being constructed be-
tween San Francisco and Sacramento, but two years later resigned in
order to accept a place as assistant general manager of the Northern
Electric Railway Company, and with that road he continued until a
determination to embark in business independently induced him to
tender his resignation.

The Dozier Construction and Engineering Company of Sacra-
mento, organized the summer of 1911 by Mr. Dozier, has made a speci-
alty of reclamation, railroad and concrete construction work. During
the brief period that has elapsed since its incorporation the company
has received many contracts for the construction and improvement
of reclamation districts throughout the Sacramento valley. In addi
tion.to the construction of the sewer system in the town of Winters,
Yolo county, the new company has located two railroad systems
whose combined length will extend from San Francisco to Red Bluff
throughout the west side of the Sacramento valley. This company has
also recently completed the construction of portions of the electric
railroad connecting Sacramento and Woodland, and is at the present
time engaged, among other things, in the development of municipal
water systems. The Dozier Construction and Engineering Company
has recently combined with the Haviland & Tibbetts Engineering
Company of San Francisco as Haviland, Dozier and Tibbetts, civil
engineers, thereby extending, to a great extent, the scope of its en-
gineering work. With large financial credit and unimpaired coiu-
mercial footing, the organization appears to be on the threshold of a
business career of permanent influence and growing importance, and
its labors in the material upbuilding of this part of the state already
have assumed proportions greater than presaged in the early visions
of the manager and founder.

The marriage of Mr. Dozier and Miss Elizabeth Kinsey was sol-
emnized in Oakland, this state, on New Year's day of 1902, and has
been blessed with two children, Elizabeth and Janet. So busy has
been the life of Mr. Dozier and so engrossing his enterprises that he
has had no leisure for participation in politics and has been con-
nected with public affairs in no manner except through his private
business interests. His genial, companionable disposition has found
pleasure in social and fraternal activities and he has greatly enjoyed

^./^.^<^^<2^

HISTOEY OP^ SACEAMENTO COUNTY 661

his membership of the Sutter club of Sacramento, at the same time
retaining his membership of the Jonathan club of Los Angeles. In
addition he holds membership with the Benevolent Protective Order of
Elks. Personally he represents the ideal tj-pe of western business man,
alert, keen and vigorous, quick to discern an opportunity and equally
eager to grasp the same, a progressive citizen and true patriot, mani-
festing in every public measure the spirit which has made California
great and which is bringing to her men of action and of thought the
regard of the world.

JILES SANFOED BOGGESS

During the colonial period of our national history the
family became identified with the upbuilding of the south, and in the
early part of the nineteenth century there was a distinguished state
senator of Georgia who bore the name of Ahaz Jefferson Boggess. In
addition to his service in the state assembly he filled other offices, in-
cluding that of sheriff. He was also an officer in the Mexican war and
a prominent man in public affairs, filling many positions of responsi-
bility. At the time of his death he was serving as state comptroller.
The Civil war was then in progress and during the discharge of his
duties as a state official he contracted typhoid fever, which terminated
fatally. Afterwards his widow, Marguerite, came to California and
made her home with her children in Sacramento until her death, which
occurred at the residence of James Holland, corner of Eighteenth and
G streets. Among their descendants one of the most distinguished was
a grandson, J. Holland Laidler, who was killed in the Philippines, and
in whose honor the Spanish war camp of Sacramento received its
name.

xVt the old family mansion at Carrollton, Carroll county, (xa., Jiles
Sanford Boggess was born March 26, 1853. When the Civil war began
he was old enough to realize its sufferings and to undergo its hard-
ships, but not large enough to bear arms for his native commonwealth.
Its disastrous results long lingered in his mind, the wreck of the fam-
ily fortune, the loss of estates, the suffering of privations and the
starting out anew when at last the war had ended. He earned a live-
lihood by operating a sawmill, but in the fall of 1876 he sold the mill
and came to California. April 12, 1876, he had been united in mar-
riage with Miss Martha Whittle, a native of Carrollton, Ga., and a
woman of gentle, self-sacrificing disposition, noble in character and
tender in devotion to her family. The young couple arrived in Sacra-
mento in 1876 and began housekeeping here, while Mr. Boggess earned

662 HISTOKY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY

a livelihood bj- lighting the gas and oil street lamps. During 1878 he
relinquished that position and moved to a ranch in San Joaquin county,
where he remained for six years. Upon selling out he took his wife
east and south and spent a year in travel. On their return to Sacra-
mento he engaged in the grocery business for two years and later
for three years he acted as superintendent of the James McNasson
ranch of fourteen hundred acres.

Coming to Oak Park in 1890, Mr. Boggess erected the fifth house
in the suburb and his death occurred at his Oak Park home. No. 3318
Orange street, September 6, 1910. For four years he had been a mem-
ber of the firm of Tinnon & Boggess. Meanwhile he also was a local
leader 'in the Democratic party and for ten years had served as a
member of the county central committee, also for eight years attended
every county and state convention of his party. For a period of four
years he served as road overseer under Morris Brooks and for two
terms he was deputy constable under C. B. Lightfoot, later filling the
office of constable for sixteen years. With all of his family he held
membership in the Oak Park Baptist Church. Fraternally he held
membership in the Improved Order of Eed Men. Surviving him are
his wife and four children, three children having preceded him in
death. Those living are, Ahaz C, Adelia, Marguerite, and Herbert
Gardner. All continue to reside in Oak Park, where the older son
resides with his mother and continues his father's business, and the
younger son is identified with a brother-in-law in the contracting busi-
ness.

One who knew Mr. Boggess well and honored him deeply said of
his passing: "His was a noble, generous nature. He had an eye
that could see distress and a heart that was constantly attuned to
relieve it. He did not leave much of this world's material goods,
but left a wealth of kind, noble and generous deeds that will live long
in the memories of those who knew him. He did not believe in keep-
ing the alabaster boxes of his love and kindness sealed up until his
friends were dead. He believed that the man who scatters the flowers
of s^anpathy and affection in the pathway of his fellowmen, who lets
into the dark places of life the sunshine of human sympathy and
happiness is walking the right path of life. There was a daily beauty
about his life that won every heart. In temperament he was mild and
conciliatory. He gained confidence when he seemed least to seek it."

In his family Mr. Boggess was devotion itself. The happiest
hours of his life were passed in the society of wife and children.
Nothing pleased him more than to bestow upon them some appre-
ciated gift. In their joys and personal affairs he maintained an un-
ceasing interest. His older son, after completing his studies in the
Sacramento high school and the University of California, became an
assistant to him in his business, gained a thorough knowledge of the
same and was able to succeed him at the time of his demise. The

HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 663

younger son also was given tirst-class educational advantages and
aided in his preparation for the responsibilities of life. The daughters
became accomplished Christian women, active workers in the Oak Park
Baptist Church, and their sincere characters prove the value of wise
parental training as well as the influence of an honorable ancestry.
Adelia is the wife of Frederick G. Rees, D.D.S., who was born at
The Dalles, Ore., March 10, 1882, the son of a pioneer Baptist min-
ister at one time quite well-known throughout the west. Orphaned at
an early age, he made his home with grandparents at Loyalton, Sierra
county, Cal. After two years in the Loyalton high school he entered
the San Francisco College of Physicians and Surgeons, where he took
the regular dental course, graduating in 1904. Since then he has
engaged in professional work with the exception of eighteen months
in the gold fields of Nevada. For six months he practiced at Loyalton,
but desirous of a larger sphere for professional work in 1906 he came
to Sacramento, where he has since had his office in Oak Park. Decem-
ber 23, 1906, he married Miss Adelia Boggess, by whom he has two
children, namely: Jiles Denton, who was born November 16, 1907;
and Frederick Lewis, December 17, 1909. Fraternally he is con-
nected with the Independent Order of Odd Fellows and the Knights
of Pythias, while in religion he is of the Baptist faith.

William M. Kennedy, who married Marguerite Boggess, was born
on Prince Edward Island, Canada, November 22, 1877, and at the
age of seventeen went to Boston, where he learned and followed the
trade of carpenter. Desirous of broadening his education he attended
school in Boston and also took a night course in study in architecture,
graduating with a high standing in that profession. From Boston he
traveled west to Spokane and after six months in that city traveled
south to California, where he has since made his home in Sacramento.
For a time he engaged in carpentering, but in 1906 he began to take
contracts and now he ranks among the leading men of his occupation
in the entire county. In addition to having contracts for houses in Oak
Park, Davisville, Sacramento and other places, he has recently had
a contract for a $43,000 building for Louis Schindler opposite the
postoffice. Another recent contract was for the elegant residence of
P. Eoeman on the Upper Stockton road. Several fine bridges for the
county were erected by him' and he also had the contract for the Oak
Park postoffice. While giving close attention to the details of his
work, he does not neglect any duty that falls upon a public-spirited
citizen. Although not a partisan, he is loyal in citizenship and well
posted regarding national problems. Upon the death of his father-
in-law he filled out his unexpired term as constable and for four years

664 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

he also acted as deputy constable in Oak Park. In fraternal relations
he holds membership with the Improved Order of Red Men and the
Independent Order of Odd Fellows. His only living child, Wilma, was
born in September of 1910. Another child died in infancy, these hav-
ing been born of his union, February 18, 1906, with Marguerite Bog-
gess. With his wife he is an earnest communicant of the Oak Park
Baptist Church and a liberal contributor to its maintenance, while
Mrs.' Kennedy is also very active in the work of the Rebekahs of Oak
Park.

CLARENCE M. GRIFFETH

The manufacture of ice cream and butter is conducted now along
scientific lines, and there is no man in the business in Northern Cali-
fornia who is more progressive or more determined to do the very
best in his field of labor that can be done than Clarence M. Griffeth,
whose establishment, built up from a small beginning, is located at
.No. 2008 N street, Sacramento.

Born in Sacramento July 13, 1884, Mr. Griffeth was educated in
the public school and at a modern business college, and then for ten
years was employed by his father, M. B. Griff eth, in the latter 's
grocery at Seventeenth and M streets. Early in 1910, with his father
and mother, he began his present enterprise in a 10x12 room at the
rear of his father's store, with no machinery but an ordinary crank
freezer which he operated by hand. In three months he had a com-
mercial freezer and a motor, and in April, 1911, moved to his present
commodious quarters, where he has the most up-to-date plant of its
kind in the city, making and selling on an average four hundred and
fifty gallons of ice cream daily.

In October, 1911, Mr. Griffeth began the manufacture of creamery
butter. In order to excel in this branch of his enterprise he took a
special course in butter-making at the California state dairy farm at
Davisville, which included special instruction in the handling of
cream. He is now contemplating the enlargement of his place of busi-
ness and the introduction of very material improvements, in order to
meet the steadily increasing demand for his ice cream and butter.
Although he gives the greater part of his time to the manufacturing
business, he is also interested in his father's grocery business.

September 17, 1905, Mr. Griffeth married Miss Mabel Ljman of
Sacramento. He is a member of the Native Sons of the Golden West.
As a business man he is ])ublic-spirited and progressive, having at
heart the best interests of the community.

^ji:{8.a<^

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 667

JOHN F. BEDWELL

In Poinsett county, Ark., at Crowley Ridge, Jolin F. Bedwell was
born March 14, 1868. His father, Samuel K., a man of good abilities
and a millwright by trade, built the first flour mill at Memphis, Tenn.,
and other pioneer mills of different kinds in that vicinity. In 1871
the family moved to Fulton county. Ark., where the mechanic turned
farmer and lived until April, 1908, when he died. His wife, formerly
Eveline Lampkins of Tennessee, bore him six children, of whom our
subject was the youngest.

When John F. Bedwell was eleven years of age he left home to
paddle his own canoe, going to Newport, Ark., where he worked on a
farm two years. Then, at the age of thirteen, in 1881, he came to the
Pacific coast and located in Los Angeles, where he found employment
in a nursery at which he busied himself until he was sixteen. After
that he was a fireman in the employ of the Southern Pacific Railroad
Company, and as such worked on trains between Los Angeles and
Bakersfield and Los Angeles and Barstow two years and between
Los Angeles and Colton one year. Then he resig-ned his position
to go into the real estate business, and he and his partner put on
sale one of the first tracts exploited at Pasadena. For eight years
he operated successfully, buying and selling land in large and
small jiarcels, for himself and others; then he disposed of his in-
terests in Los Angeles and vicinity and went to Arizona. He car-
ried on business in various parts of that state until 1900, when
he went to San Francisco and was for four years a salesman in
a music store. After that he was similarly employed in Sacra-
mento two years. January 1, 1907, he opened a real estate office
in Sacramento, and in 1909 John F. Fleisher became his partner
in the handling of large holdings in Sacramento, Placer and Sut-
ter counties. Their offices are at No. 704 J street, Sacramento,
and at Pleasant Grove, Sutter county, and in their undertakings
they are meeting with merited and unusual success.

The present Mrs. Bedwell was in maidenhood Lucy Jones, a native
of Sacramento. By a former marriage Mr. Bedwell has three children,
as follows: Edna, Mrs. Melliken, of Fresno; William Wilbur, em-
ployed on the transport Sheridan, plying between San Francisco and
Japan, and Irvin F., who is serving in the United States navy.

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

0. II. MILLER

As a factor in local material and commercial npbnilding' the
Sacramento Valley Development Association under the secretarial
supervision of 0. H. Miller has wielded a permanent influence and
exercised a beneficial effect. Great as were the achievements of the
pioneers in the original settlement of the locality, it was reserved
for the progressive minds of the present generation to secure the
greatest local advancement and upon the foundation of past ac-
complishments to erect the superstructure of twentieth century pros-
perity. Possibly few men have been more helpful in their efforts
and certainly no one has displayed more persistent application than
Mr. Miller, who as secretary of the association named and also in
the capacity of a private citizen has been instrumental in securing a
betterment of conditions in the valley.

The Miller family was identified with the very early history of
Chicago. The records show that John Miller was instrumental in
securing the incorporation of the city of Chicago during the year
1833. Afterward for years he there engaged in extensive business
enterprises. Among his children was a son, Capt. Tobias Charles
Miller, a native of Chicago and a graduate of Knox college at Gales-
burg, 111. To him came the distinction of being chosen as a member
of the first government exploring expedition sent into the west undei'
the auspices of the department of the interior. Although only six-
teen years of age at the time, he endured the hardships of the long
trip across the plains with uncomplaining fortitude and proved a
distinct help in the compilation of important data as well as in the
blazing of a path for future emigrants. Four times he crossed the
plains with emigrant or government expeditions, and his knowledge
of the west was exhaustive.

Shortly after the opening of the Civil war Tobias Charles Miller
enlisted as a private in the Chicago Board of Trade Battery of Fly-
ing Artillery, and for three years he served at the front with his
regiment, taking part in many notable engagements, among them the
battle of Gettysburg. As a result of a bursting shell he was seriously
wounded at Gettysburg, after which he was commissioned captain in
recognition of meritorious services. At the time of the assassination
of President Lincoln he was stationed at Nashville, Teun., as a mem-
ber of the staff of his cousin. Gen. John F. Miller, who at that time
was in charge of troops in Tennessee. At the expiration of the war
he was chosen the first United States marshal in Tennessee, with
headquarters at Nashville, and for some years continued in that
office. Later he served by appointment as United States internal
revenue collector. Before he retired from office he had become inter-

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 669

ested iu the lumber business in the south. About 1882 he came to
California and settled in Contra Costa county. For many years he
was one of California's foremost citizens, serving in the constitu-
tional convention and also as United States senator from this state.
His death occurred August 13, 1898.

While living in the south Captain Miller had married at Nash-
ville in 1868 Miss Malona Hanks, a native of Ohio and a very near
relative of Nancy Hanks, the mother of Abraham Lincoln. Prior to
her marriage she had engaged in teaching school for a number of
years. Of her four children, the eldest, John Grant Miller, born
June 21, 1870, is a resident of Contra Costa county and has charge
of the old homestead of one hundred and fifty acres. The yoimgest
son, Orson H., was born at Twinsburg, Summit county, Ohio, August
20, 1882, and has been a resident of California from his earliest
recollections. During boyhood he attended the schools of Clayton,
Contra Costa county, and Berkeley. After starting out in the news-
paper business he was connected successively with the Berkeley
Gazette, Chico Enterprise and the Marysville Appeal, the last-named
being one of the oldest newspapers in the whole state. Since 1906 he
has devoted his attention to the secretaryship of the Sacramento
Valley Development Association. In fraternal affairs he holds mem-
bership with the Independent Order of Odd Fellows. March 8, 1903,
he was united in marriage with Miss Mary E. Douglass of Berkeley.
Two children were born of this union, Frances Ruth on January 15,
1907, and Robert Lincoln on March 7, 1912.

HERBERT F. SMITH

That successful wood and coal dealer of Sacramento, H. F.
Smith, whose place of business is at No. 2814 J street, was born in
San Francisco March 8, 1877, a son of Harry and Ann (Beaver)
Smith. His father is living in San Francisco, but his mother has
passed away. Mr. Smith gained his early education in Santa Cruz
and later attended school in Sacramento. For a time after laying
aside his books he was variously employed. At length he secured
a position with the California Fruit Canning Association, which he
retained for some years. After that he went into the service of the
California Winery, for which concern he traveled five years. Then
as a member of the grocery firm of Hart &, Smith he had two years'
experience in the branch of commerce indicated. His present en-
terprise was undertaken in October, 1911, and has been prosecuted
thus far with great success.

670 HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY

June 5, 1906, Mr. Smith married Anna E. Rudech, of Sacra-
mento, who has borne him two children, Gregory B., March 14,
1907, and Ellen Beatrice, October 20, 1910.

May 7, 1898, Mr. Smith enlisted in Company F, SLxth Keginient,
California Volunteer Infantry, and served one year in the military
operations in which our government was then engaged. In polities
he is independent; he is a member of the United Commercial Trav-
elers Association, No. 140, of Sacramento; and he and his family
are communicants of the Catholic Church.

RYAN & CIPPA

A thorough knowledge of the undertaking business and an intelli-
gent sui^ervision of the details connected therewith characterize the
well-known firm of Ryan & Cippa. Formerly located at Nos. 1017
and 1019 Fourth street, Sacramento, in 1913 they located in their
present commodious quarters at No. 1214 K street. In addition to
being well located the parlors are elegantly furnished and the chapel
is large and well suited for its purpose. Since forming the co-partner-
ship Messrs. Ryan and Cippa have gained a growing prestige in the
commercial circles of the city. Henry P. Ryan, the senior member
of the firm, was born February 23, 1870, in Sacramento, where his
father, Thomas P. Ryan, engaged in business from 1860 until 1908.
The public schools and business college of the city enabled him to
secure excellent educational advantages, but at a very early age he
left school in order to learn the rudiments of the printer's trade.
In the composing room of the Sacramento Bee he learned to set type
and later acquired a knowledge of other departments of the occupa-
tion, remaining with the same paper for a period of twenty years.
His identification with the undertaking business began in 1906, when
he embarked in business with William Crowell. At the expiration
of two years he purchased the interest owned by his partner and then
continued alone until 1910, when the partnership of Ryan & Cippa
was formed.

April 19, 1892, H. P. Ryan was xmited in marriage with Miss
Mary Wetzel, of Sacramento, and they are the parents of three sons,
Henry M., Thomas J., and Charles A., the two eldest of whom are
now working as printers with the Sacramento Bee. For years Mr.
Ryan has been actively identified with the TyjDographical Union.
The Native Sons of the Golden West number him among their inter-
ested members. Other organizations to which he belongs are the
Young Men's Institute, the Knights of Columbus and the U. P. E. C.

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 673

lu religion he is in synipatliy with Roman Catholic doctrines and has
been a generous contributor to the work of the church.

The junior member of the firm, Fred T. Cippa, is likewise a
native son of Sacramento, his birth having occurred here May 20,
1874. His father, Thomas Cippa, came to America via Australia from
his native Switzerland and after landing in San Francisco in the
spring of 1866 proceeded direct to Sacramento. At the time of his
arrival in this city he was eighteen years of age. Beginning entirely
without means he worked his way forward to a substantial degree of
success. On the Marysville road seven miles from Sacramento he
owned a ranch of one thousand acres, where he not only tilled the soil
and raised grain, but in addition made a specialty of the dairy in-
dustry. It was in 1866 that he became a resident of this county and
during the next forty years he was prosperously connected with gen-
eral agriculture in the locality, meanwhile having the co-operation
of his family in the acquisition of substantial success. After he came
here fee remained single for some years and then was united in mar-
riage, becoming the father of eight children, of whom Fred T. is
the second eldest.

Farm pursuits and attendance at school filled the youthful years
of Fred T. Cippa, but upon attaining his majority he started out to
earn his own way in the world. For three and one-half years he
worked at the butcher's trade with Friend & Long. Next he began
10 learn the undertaking business with Clark & Booth and continued
with them for a short time. His next position was in the employ of
W. F. Gormley, an undertaker, with whom he remained for eight and
one-half years. During seven years of this period he served as deputy
county coroner. His present business relations with Mr. Ryan were
formed in 1910 and have been both enjoyable and profitable. Like
Mr. Ryan, he is identified with the Native Sons of the Golden West
and like him also he holds membership with the Young Men's Insti-
tute and Knights of Columbus, while in addition he is connected with
the Fraternal Brotherhood. For three years he served in Company
E, California National Guard, and at the time of the great fire in
San Francisco he was stationed with Troop B in that city for one
month.

WILLIAM A. STRAND

Thorough knowledge of the electrical business acquired by a
long experience while in the employ of others abundantly qualified
Mr. Strand for the capable management of like affairs when he
began for himself independently. Since he embarked in business in

674 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

Sacramento he has enjoyed a steady but rapid progress until now
the establishment of which he is sole proprietor ranks among the
largest of its kind in all of Northern California, having the trade
not only of people in Sacramento, but also of many residents of
adjacent communities. Three different departments unite to form
the business, one of these being the sale of electrical supplies, anotlier
being the furnishing of special designs in fixtures, while the third is
the taking of contracts for the wiring of residences and business
blocks, for motors, or anything pertaining to electricity.

Very soon after the discovery of gold in California a youth
from Stockholm, Sweden, crossed the ocean to America and united
his destiny with those of other pioneers of the vast and undeveloped
west. This young man, by name William Alfred Strand, possessed
the rugged constitution and sterling mental attributes necessary to
life in a frontier comnumity, and he became well known in San Fran-
cisco, where for years he carried on a general mercantile store.
While he did not acquire great wealth, he was jarospered in his
business undertakings and at the same time he won the friendship
of those with whom he had commercial relations. Some years after
he left his native land and settled in California he married a young
lady of Swedish birth. He passed away in San Francisco, and she
is now residing in Alameda. They became the parents of six chil-
dren, four of whom are now living.

The son who bears his father's name is a native of San Fran-
cisco and was born October 27, 1880. Upon the completion of his
schooling he secured employment at any occupation promising an
honorable livelihood and it was not until shortly afterward that he
entered the business in which his interests since have been centered.
This was the starting to learn the electrical trade in the plant of
the Edison Light and Power Company, of San Francisco. For
four years he continued with that concern and then, when eighteen
j^ears old, started an electrical business in the same city, known as
the Golden Gate Electrical Company, which he conducted with sig
nal success for three years. On February 16, 1900, he was united
in marriage with Miss Addie Giovanni, a resident of San Francisco.
The wedding tour of the young couple consisted of a trip to Oregon,
where Mr. Strand had secured a position as superintendent of con-
struction of new telephone lines in a logging camp twenty-five miles
from Portland. At that camp, which was known as Lacenta, he re-
mained for two years and meanwhile, October 29, 1901, his daughter,
Violet, was born. After returning from that place to San Francisco
he was engaged for one year as foreman for the Snell electrical
works.

Coming to Sacramento about 1903 Mr. Strand became associated
with Scott, Ljanan & Stack as foreman and for four years he con-
tinued in the same ca]iacity, eventually resigning in order that he

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 675

might embark in business for himself. October 8, 19U7, the firm
of Strand & Vining opened an electrical store at No. 609 J street,
Sacramento. The quarters were small, but amply large enough for
the insignificant business of those days. In 1908 the junior member
sold out his interest to Mr. Strand, who soon afterward moved to
larger and better quarters at No. 524 Oak avenue, and still later into
the present new building, which' was built for him at No. 1012-14
Sixth street, meanwhile carrying on a growing trade and winning
the confidence of all with whom he has dealings. It is the concensus
of opinion that he has the most complete and up-to-date display-rooins
of electrical fixtures that may be seen on the Pacific coast, and also,
that he is the largest contractor in his line of business in the Sac-
ramento valley. Notwithstanding the pressure of business demands
he has found leisure to keep posted concerning politics and gives
his support to the Republican party in all general elections. With
his family he is an attendant upon the services of the German
Lutheran Church and contributes to the maintenance of the same.
Besides their daughter he and his wife have a son, Alfred William,
who was born in Sacramento August 29, 1905. In fraternal rela-
tions Mr. Strand holds membership with the Independent Order of
Odd Fellows, the Improved Order of Red Men, the National Union
and the Loyal Order of Moose, while Mrs. Strand has been promi-
nently associated with the Rebekahs and the Ladies Auxiliary of the
Foresters and the Druids, in which latter she officiates as past
president. Mr. Strand is also an active member of the Chamber of
Commerce.

HERMAN RYDBERG

The old and honorable trade of mirror-making is one requiring
peculiar skill and experience and only those succeed in it who have
given it careful and patient study. One of the successful mirror-
makers of California is Herman Rydberg, No. 2116 Fourth street,
Sacramento. Mr. Rydberg was born in Smaalan, Sweden, May 16,
1869, and was there educated and initiated into the mysteries of
mirror-making. When he was eighteen years old he went to Aus-
tralia, where he worked at his trade until 1906. From Australia he
came to San Francisco and engaged in business on his own account.
After eighteen months' successful experience there, he came to Sac-
ramento and established a place for the manufacture of mirrors at
First and I streets under the name of the Sacramento Mirror and
Glass Beveling works. In April, 1911, he moved his establishment to
Fourth and U streets, where he erected a fine factory, covering a

676 HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY

ground space of 30x80 feet, fitted up with new machinery and all
essentials for the successful manufacture of fine mirrors and the
accurate beveling and artistic decoration of glass. His business gives
constant employment to four men.

March 26, 1909, Mr. Rydberg married Miss Lucy Smith, a native
of Scotland, who had come to Sacramento. They have a son, George,
who was born March 27, 1910. Politically Mr. Rydberg is a Re-
publican; he affiliates with the Masons and the Fraternal Brother-
hood, and he and Mrs. Rydberg are attendants upon the services of
the German Lutheran church, toward the maintenance of the varied
interests of which they are liberal contributors.

ROBERT ARMSTRONG

A genuine love of plants and a pronounced ability in their prop-
agation, as well as an intuitive perception of artistic effects, ad-
mirably qualified Mr. Armstrong for his chosen occupation of
landscape gardener. The striking success of his efforts as evidenced
in grounds which he laid out in different parts of the United States
proves that he possesses natural qualifications for the work. Such is
his ability and such his judgment of the ensemble that, with the
first study of grounds and environments, he is prepared to render
a prompt and correct opinion as to the location of drives and walks,
the planting of shrubbery and trees, and the choice of flowers for the
attainment of the most beautiful and picturesque results. As the
architect of buildings must study the relation of his proposed
structure to its environment, so the architect of landscape effects
must use the nicest discrimination, the keenest judgment of harmony
in colors and the most sagacious faculties of observation in order that
the grounds and gardens may form an appropriate setting for their
environment ; and such has been the aim of Mr. Armstrong in all of
his responsilile tasks contributory to the beautifying of our country.

Of English parentage and ancestry, Mr. Armstrong was born
in Cumberland, in the north of England, June 23, 1860, and received a
public school and academic education. Immediately after his
graduation from Evans Academy in 1876 he was apprenticed to the
nursery business with Little & Balltayne, one of the largest firms of
the kind in Cumberland. Under capable oversight he learned every
detail in regard to plant life and the culture of flowers, so that when
he completed his trade and left the nursery in 1882 it was with a full
preparation for successful activities. As a journeyman nurseryman
he was employed at Edinburgh, Scotland, until March of 1884, when

^r<^^<yf^ tfr^x::^^.

^-yC^

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 679

lie crossed the ocean to America and settled temporarily in Boston.
For a few months he was employed in laying out grounds and caring
for the gardens owned by C. Johnston, a wealthy merchant of that
city. During July of the same year he went to Newport, R. I., where
he became superintendent of the grounds and gardens surrounding
the mag-nificeut mansion of August Belmont. Upon resigning from
that position in September of 1886 he went to New York City and
secured an excellent position as manager of the plant department
with the J. M. Hodgson Floral Company on Fiftli avenue, where
he continued until 1891.

Coming from the east to California in 1891, Mr. Armstrong en-
gaged with Timothy Hopkins, the florist of Menlo Park, as superin-
tendent and manager. For five years he filled the position with
recognized ability and when he left it was to go to Fernwood as super-
intendent of the W. J. Dingee estate. Remaining at that place until
1901, he then went to Santa Barbara and laid out grounds for the
residence of numerous millionaires, including I. G. Waterman, T. C.
Underbill, James Murphy, E. C. Driver and John Davidson. In 1904,
as manager for the Abbott Kinney Company, he was engaged to draw
the plans for the beach town of Venice. During 1906 he had the
contract for laying out the Athletic grounds at Hollywood and the
Arroyo Seco at Pasadena. After a number of years of successful
activity in Southern California he moved to Oakland during 1910 and
was given charge of planting and developing the holdings of the
Oakland Water Company near Piedmont, Alameda county. During
May of 1911 he came to Sacramento, where he otficiated as landscape
gardener at the capitol grounds from May 15 to August 15 and since
the latter date he has acted as general manager of the Eastlawn
cemetery and conservatories.

The marriage of Mr. Armstrong occurred in Cumberland, Eng-
land, in June of 1882, just before his removal to Scotland and united
him with Miss Martha Heward. They became the parents of five
children. One of the daughters, Lillian, is Mrs. Owens, of Chester,
England, and the other, Mrs. Amy White, is living in Los Angeles.
The eldest son, John, a capable young man, is chief clerk in the East-
lawn conservatory store at Sacramento. Thomas is an electrician with
the Southern Pacific Railroad Company at Sacramento. The young-
est, Heward, is a student in the schools of Cumberland, England.
Since becoming a citizen of the United States Mr. Armstrong has
voted with the Republican party. Fraternally he was made a Mason in
Doylestown Lodge No. 245, Doylestown, Pa., is a member of Corinthian
Chapter No. 51, Santa Barbara; Los Angeles Commandery No. 9, K.
T., and a member of Aahmes Temple, N. M. S., Oakland.

680 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

ALFRED BORCHARD

There crossed the ocean to the United States during the year
1887 an enterprising German named Augaist Borchard, who, accom-
panied by his wife, Louise, sought the larger opportunities offered
by the new world and established a temporary home in the city of
Erie, Pa., remaining there for two years. Their family comprised two
children, but of these Alfred is the sole survivor, the other having been
taken from the home by death when quite young. During the year
1889 the family made the long journey across the continent to San
Francisco and bought a home in the western metropolis, from which
point for years August Borchard traveled on the road as a commer-
cial salesman. Later his business interests took him to Alaska and
he was a traveling salesman in that country for four years, returning
thence to San Francisco, and during 1910 established his home and
business headquarters at Sacramento. In this city he is a partner of
his son in the Sacramento Inlaid Floor Company. In addition he owns
an interest in the Inlaid Floor Company of San Francisco, a leading
concern of its kind and in no wise connected with the newer institu-
tion in the capital city. During his long residence in California Mr.
Borchard has formed a wide circle of acquaintances throughout the
state. As a man of tine mind, unusual business qualifications and hon-
orable principles of action, he has won and retained the confidence of
commercial associates, while he has been equally popular in the orders
of Moose and Foresters. His wife, a woman of culture, is a leading
member of the Sacramento Lodge of Rebekahs and the Saturday club.

Born in Mecklenburg, Germany, in the year 1885, Alfred Borchard
received the advantages of a thorough English education in the schools
of San Francisco, and he had the further benefit of a course in a busi-
ness college. After leaving the college he began to study the drafting
business, but a year later turned his attention to cabinet work and
interior finishings. For some years he worked under contractors, and
later began to take contracts of his own. During June of 1911 he
joined his father at Sacramento and formed the partnership now
known as the Sacramento Inlaid Floor Company. A factory for the
making of inlaid floors was established on Fifteenth between L and M
streets. Business was started without delay. The product manufac-
tured met with immediate popularity. The prospects were so bright
that the firm was obliged to seek larger quarters, and is now located at
No. 2413 I. Much of the favorable prospects for the business is
due to the energy of the yoimger member, who supplements the cau
tion and conservative policy of the senior member by his own prog-
ressive plans and enterprising activities, the two thus working together
harmoniously and profitably. In fraternal connections he holds mem-

(2%«^. -^ . ^I^^i^

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 683

bership with the Improved Order of Red Men. The Home Products
league has in him a well-informed member and progressive leader.
February 22, 1909, he was united in marriage with Miss Mabel Sam-
uels of San Francisco. They are the parents of a daughter, Dorothy,
born in San Francisco December 14, 1909. Mrs. Borchard has been a
resident of California throughout her entire life, and is the owner of
a tract in Humboldt county called Shelter Grove. The ocean place
comprises three hundred and sixty acres and forms a natural harbor
that is said to be one of the very best along the entire coast.

FRANK C. CROKE

Indications of the commercial insight possessed by Mr. Croke
are furnished iabundantly by the position which, ranaided by extran-
eous circumstances or advantageous environment, he has won for
himself at the very outset of his business career. Perhaps the most
favorable circumstance in his early life of preparation and training
was the fact that his father, Thomas Croke, had engaged in the furni-
ture business for a considerable period and taught him not only to
detect the most minute differences in qualities of lumber, but also
trained him in the art of salesmanship and the foundation principles
of the calling. Thus he started out in the employ of others, fortified
with an excellent vocational training, a thorough high-school educa-
tion and a course at the University of Notre Dame, Indiana. Supple-
menting these important elements in business progress with personal
tact, sagacity and energy, he has been able to engage in his chosen
calling with an ever growing success.

The childhood memories of Mr. Croke cluster around the home
of his parents, Thomas and Margaret Croke, in the city of Denver,
Colo., where he was born May 25, 1884, and where he early learned
the lessons of honor and integrity that formed the basis of later
business connections. After he had graduated from the high school
in 1899 he assisted his father in the furniture business as a salesman,
remaining in that position until 1905, when he started out for him-
self. Going to Seattle, Wash., he engaged with the Century Furniture
Company as a salesman. At the expiration of two years he resigned
his position and made a trip of exploration through Alaska, where he
spent one year, principally engaged in mining. Upon his return to
the United States he settled in San Francisco and became salesman
with the Harry J. Moore Furniture Company. From that city in 1908
he came to Sacramento as manager of the Campbell Furniture Com-
pany and for about three years he continued in the same position, but

684 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

during September of 1911 he acquired the business, incorporating
it as the Frank C. Croke Furniture Co., of which he is president
and manager. Since then he has devoted his attention to the building
up and maintenance of a complete stock of house furnishings, being
located at No. 413 K street, besides having three large vrarehouses
for surplus stock and duplicate goods. The business has grown from
the nucleus established in 1850 by John Campbell. Business enter-
prises interest Mr. Croke more deeply and appeal to him more
strongly than political affairs and he therefore has given preference
to the former, taking no ]iart indeed in partisan matters and voting
independently at general elections. By his marriage he became united
with Miss Katharine McLaughlin, of Denver, Colo., September 27,
1905, and they have won a large circle of friends in the society of
Sacramento since thev came to this city to make their home.

JOHN A. PIERCE

Any mention of the iirogressive, far-visioned men who have as-
sisted in the development of Orangevale could not fail to include the
name of John A. Pierce, who has been a resident of the district
since 1897 and meanwhile has brought under splendid improvement
two fruit ranches, one of which he now owns and occupies, the other
having been sold some years since. In coming to the Sacramento
valley he not only found an opportunity for financial advancement,
but also was enabled to escape the rigorous climate of his native
land. It is therefore a source of constant satisfaction to him that
in early life he left Canada for the States and later was induced
to seek a home near the sunset sea. His success is a tribute to his
own native abilities unaided by influence or means or even education,
for he was a member of a family in luimble circumstances and it
was impossible for him to secure the advantages of a high school
education. However, habits of close reading have enabled him to
acquire a fund of information not always possessed liy college
graduates.

In the ca])ital city of Prince Edward county, Ontario, tlie town
of Pictou, Mr. Pierce was born September 13, 1867, and at an early
age he came to the United States in the hope of im])roving his
circumstances. For some time he held a position at Joliet, 111., and
while working there he was married, January 15, 1894, to Miss
Maude Irwin, who was born in Canada and passed the years of
early life in the same neighborhood where lived her future husliand.
The young couple were not satisfied with the jirospects afforded by a
continuance of day wages in Illinois and they resolved to seek a

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY ()85

location iu California. During 1897 they came to Sacramento county
and shortly afterward jourchased ten acres at Orangevale. The
land contained a few unimportant improvements, but its later con-
dition resulted almost wholly from his incessant labors. After he
had improved the tract he bought ten acres adjoining and planted
the new purchase in fruit trees, making altogether ' a splendid prop-
erty which he ultimately sold at a neat advance.

After he had disposed of his first ranch Mr. Pierce bought ten
acres where he now resides. Here he planted oranges, prunes and
grapes, selecting first-class varieties of each. The vines and trees
are now in thrifty bearing condition and return to their owner a
gratifying interest on his investment. In addition to the liome place he
owns twenty acres of adjacent land, all of which is under cultivation
to fruit trees. During 1907 he erected one of the most substantial
residences in Orangevale, this being a commodious two-story house
containing all of the modern improvements and furnished with a
simple elegance reflecting the refined tastes of the family. On the
ranch there is also a iiacking house with modern equipment, and
Mr. Pierce also has erected other outbuildings, all of which are neat
and well-kept, making of the place one of the best improved in the
entire district. Besides this property he owns three residence lots
in the city of Sacramento.

In the family of Mr. Pierce there are five children, Arthur C,
Irwin J., Charles L., Kenneth and Marguerite. The family holds
membership with the Folsom Presbyterian church and contribute
generously to its maintenance. Political affairs do not interest Mr.
Pierce, who, however, keeps posted upon all national problems.
During campaigns he supports those whom he regards as the best
men, regardless of their party views. Personally he has no desire
for official honors, and the only time he ever consented to serve in
a public position was some years since, when his deep interest in
educational affairs led him to consent to serve as a member of the
school board. In that office he labored for the upbuilding of the
local schools. In fraternal connections he holds membership with
the subordinate lodge of Odd Fellows at Folsom, also is a Master
Mason and a member of Folsom Lodge No. 64, F. & A. M., while
with his wife he participates in the activities of the Eastern Star
chapter in that place.

DAVID FRANKLIN FOX, D. Y. S.

In his chosen occupational activities as veterinarian Dr. Fox has
gained a reputation that is not limited to his home city of Sacramento,
but extends throug-hout the state. The accuracv of this statement

686 HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY

appears in Ms identification since January of 1899 with the state
board of veterinary examiners, which position brings to him weighty
responsibilities as well as a wide reputation among the members of
his profession. Many honors have been conferred upon him in recog-
nition of his efficiency and skill in veterinary work. The California
State Veterinary 'Medical Association on three different occasions se-
lected him as president and in that capacity he proved an accurate
]:>arliamentarian, a tactful leader and a consistent exponent of all that
is most progressive in veterinary surgery. Other honors have been
conferred upon him, not only in the state society, but also in the
American Veterinary Medical Association, of which for years he has
been an active and interested member, serving as member of the
executive committee, and for three years has been resident secretary
for California and is first vice-president of the Association of Veter-
inary Faculties and Examining Boards of North America.

Descended from an old family of southern lineage. Dr. Fox was
born near Delphi, Ind., October 5, 1864, and is the son of Jacob J.
and Sarah (Dillman) Fox, natives respectively of Maryland and In-
diana. During boyhood he was a pupil in graded schools in In-
diana. He can scarcely recall a time when he was not interested in
stock and especially in horses. Even in early youth he showed a decided
skill in veterinary science and this led him to devote himself to the
work as a life occupation. In order to secure the very best possible
opportunities he took a course of study in the Chicago Veterinary Col-
lege, from which he was graduated in 1891 with a high standing for
thoroughness and efficiency. Coming west immediately after his grad-
uation he began to practice in Salinas, Monterey county, Cal., but at
the expiration of two years he removed to Sacramento and here he
since has been located. Since 1904 he has owned and occupied a val-
uable property at No. 1415 J street, where he has a frontage of thirty-
one feet and a depth of one hundred and sixty feet. On this property
he has erected a three-story brick office building, a portion of which he
occupies for his own offices. In conueetion with this he has a veter-
inary hospital, where he gives care and treatment to animals brought
to him.

Along other lines besides those directly connected with his occu-
pation Dr. Fox has been prominent and active. September 30, 1905,
he received an appointment from the then adjutant-general, Hon. J. B.
Lauck, as Veterinarian to the First Squadron Cavalry, National
Guard of California, and at the expiration of three years of ser-
vice he was again appointed to the position. Although never a
seeker after office, he staunchly supports Eepublican principles by
ballot and influence. Fraternally he holds membership with Sac-
ramento Lodge No. 6, B. P. 0. E., also Union Lodge No. 58, F. &
A. M., and Naomi Chapter, 0. E. S., and since 1892 he has been
connected prominently with the Independent Order of Odd Fellows,

'^J^nn/W ^^-^^J^J^^^^vi^^

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY C89

having served as delegate to the grand lodge of Odd Fellows, and also
receiving all the other honors within the power of the local lodge to
bestow. During 1892 he was united in marriage with Mrs. Laura
(Brown) Flood, of Knights Landing, this state, a lady of education and
culture, a popular member of the Tuesday Club, likewise a leading
worker in the lodge of Rebekahs and the local chapter of the "Rastern
Star.

HENRY ECKHARDT

The period from 1833 to 1853, representing the first twenty years
in the life of Henry Eckhardt, was passed uneventfully by him in his
native land of Germany, where he received such advantages as the
public schools offered at the time and also gained a thorough knowl-
edge of the trade of a gunsmith. At the expiration of his apprentice-
ship he began to work as a journeyman. The openings available for
future occupational labors in Germany were not alluring; therefore
he sought the opportunities of America and never afterward did he
have reason to regret the decision that gave him citizenship in this
country. Immediately after crossing the ocean he went to Columbus,
Ohio, and found emploAmient at his trade. There he married and
there his wife died at the age of twenty-two years. Two children
were born of that union, namely : "William H., now a resident of San
Francisco; and Katherine, now the widow of James McNiff. After
the death of his first wife he married Miss Minnie Huber, who resided
during girlhood at St. Joseph, Mo., and died at Sacramento in 1875,
leaving no children.

From 1870 until his retirement from business in 1896 Mr. Eck-
hardt carried on a gun store in Sacramento, where he had a host of
friends in commercial circles. In his chosen occupation he had no
superior in the city. His knowledge of tire-arms of all kinds was
thorough and his advice was sought daily even by skilled marksmen
and experienced hunters, all of whom united in testifying as to his
broad information along these lines. Retiring from business largely
on account of ill health, he went abroad with his family and spent
some time in Europe in the hope of deriving physical benejfit there-
from. His death occurred in Sacramento March 13, 1909, and was
recognized as a distinct loss to the citizenship of the place. In the
early part of his identitication with Sacramento he had been one of
the leading members of the Turn Verein and the Independent Order
of Odd Fellows.

In the city of Sacramento, March 5, 1876, occurred the marriage
of Henrv Eckhardt and Fredericka Huber, a sister of his second wife.

690 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

One son came to bless their union, Harry Frederick, who was born
October 14, 1881, and received the best educational advantages offered
by his native city, besides attending Heald's Business College in San
Francisco until his graduation from the institution. During 1898 he
went abroad with his parents and traveled for a year on the continent.
After his return to California he matriculated in the department of
pharmacy at the University of California, where he remained until
his graduation. Afterward he took the complete covirse of study in
the Pennsylvania College of Pharmacy, the oldest institution of its
kind in the United States. Upon leaving the Philadelphia institution
after his graduation he returned to Sacramento and secured a posi-
tion in a drug store, where he had charge of the department of phar-
macy. Later he worked in other coast cities as a pharmacist. More
recently he purchased one hundred and fourteen acres of fruit land
six miles from Dixon, Solano county, fifty acres of the tract having
been i^lanted to fruit of different varieties and the whole forming
an investment both practicable and profitable. To assist him in the
care of the ranch his uncle, Conrad Huber, has removed with his
family from Nebraska and will establish a permanent home in the
west, thereby giving to the young owner capable assistance in the
many responsibilities incident to the care and cultivation of the large
acreage in fruit trees. Fraternally he has been actively connected
with the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks. While living in
San Francisco temporarily he became a member of Parlor No. 1,
Native Sons of the Grolden West, in that city. Mrs. Eckhardt owns an
elegant and attractive residence at No. 1817 M street, Sacramento,
as well as business property at Nos. 523-525 K street, and is numbered
among the popular women of the city, having a host of friends among
the people in whose midst she has lived for many years. Aside from
her brother Conrad, no member of her family resides in the west ; one
sister, Carrie, who is the widow of Louis Hafner and formerly made
her home in Sacramento, now is living in Germany, while another
sister, Lena, Mrs. Nicholas Kiefrider, is a resident of the city of
Philadelphia.

SIDNEY S. ALBRIGHT

An important business has been develojied within the past few
years through the energetic and intelligent efforts of Mr. Albright,
who although a resident of Sacramento since the siunmer of 1903
did not embark in business for himself until six years later. The
business which he selected was the one with which he was the most
familiar and in which he had received skilled instruction during a

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 691

sojourn in various large eastern cities, viz: tlie painting of car-
riages and automobiles. Adopting a conservative policy lie started
iu business in small quarters on Twenty-fourth street, engaging in
carriage, wagon and automobile building and repairing, as well as
trimming and painting, Imt the trade grew with unexpected rapidity
and to i)rovide accommodations for the vehicles iu his charge he
was forced to double his groupd space and also to utilize two floors
insteatl of one. With the enlarged space he is now able to store
all cars and carriages given to him for painting, and he thus has
the facilities desired for prompt and satisfactory work in the line
of his specialty.

Prior to his removal to the west Mr. Albright had lived for
some years at South Bend, Ind., but he is a native of Crawford
county, Ohio, and was born near Biicyrus. His father, who still
resides in Ohio, was in former years a man of considerable jiromi-
nence and as early as 1876 he built flour mills at Berwick, Seneca
county, and Holgate, Henry county, which he operated under his
personal supervision for a long period of successful business effort.
The family is an honored old family of the east and traces its his-
tory back to the colonial period. Several generations were identified
with the material upbuilding of Pennsylvania. In a small village
of that state, Jacob Albright, a great-uncle of Sidney S., established
a congregation and erected an edifice known for years as the Al
bright Church. The building still stands and is now used by the
Evangelical denomination in its religious services.

At the age of sixteen years Sidney S. Albright began to learn
the trade of a carriage-painter. From that time to the i)resent he
has allowed no outside matters to turn his attention from his chosen
occupation. It was always his ambition to learn the trade under
the most competent workmen and he therefore considered himself
fortunate in serving an apprenticeship in shops famed for the
quality of their work. At different times he was employed at his
trade in Dayton, Ohio, and Jackson, Mich., as well as New Y'^ork City,
where he had advantages of an exceptional nature along the line
of the trade. For six years he was engaged as foreman of the
Studebaker paint shop in South Bend, Ind., and from there he re-
moved to California, where for six years he was employed as fore-
man of the painting de]5artment of the carriage shop owned by
A. Meister & Sous, finally resigning the ]iosition in order that he
might begin in business for himself.

While living at South Bend, Ind., Mr. Albright there married
Miss Verna Rench in November of 1898, Mrs. Albright being the
daughter of a man prominent in public affairs and widely known in
Michigan. The family of Mr. and Mrs. Albright consists of two
children, Howard S. and Jewell Verne, ten and six years of age
respectively. The family attend the services of the Christian

692 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

Science Church in Sacramento, in which Mr. Albright is a member
of the board of directors. Long a thoughtful student of religion,
he has found in this church the doctrines that accord with his per-
sonal views and he gives to its upbuilding the most devoted effort
and most generous assistance. At no time has he been active in
politics nor a seeker after official honors, but he keeps well informed
regarding national problems and gives the Republican party the
influence of his ballot in all general and local elections.

LOUIS F. BREUNER

The president of the John Breuner Co., Louis F. Breuner, of
Sacramento, Cal.. was born in the city of Sacramento, state of Cali-
fornia, on the 15th day of August, 1869. He is the son of John and
Katharine (Keuchlerj Breuner, both natives of the Fatherland.
John Breuner came to the United States in 1849, and to California
in 1852, locating at Sacramento, where he established the well-
known furniture firm of John Breuner Co. It is difficult to point to
a better instance of what may be accomplished by perseverance and
principle than is presented in the history of John Breuner, who, in
spite of the many serious and discouraging obstacles encountered
in the way of fire and floods, rebuilt his store which now stands as
a commendable monument to his undaunted and honest business
methods. John Breuner was a leader in his profession, and his
genial disposition held the respect of the entire community until
his death in 1890.

It was in the public schools of Sacramento that Louis F. Breuner
was educated. He was compelled to leave school at the early age
of eighteen years on account of the impaired health of his father,
which caused much responsibility of the latter 's extensive furniture
interests to fall upon the young shoulders of Louis and his brother
John, Jr. When the father passed away the sons continued the
business under the name of John Breuner. A few years later,
through the untiring and energetic efforts of Louis and John, Jr.,
a magnificent building was built, which now stands as an orna-
ment to the city of Sacramento. The business was greatly enlarged
by the addition of new departments, ranking the firm as a strictly
house furnishing establishment and one of the largest on the
Pacific coast.

Louis F. Breuner is a man of honorable and progressive char-
acter, numbering his friends by the hundreds, not alone in his own
town and state, but the eastern states as well, where his business

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 693

interests take him yearly. He has always taken a keen interest in
the development and prosperity of the city and is one of the leaders
in any movement proposed for the good of the community at large.
Being the incumbent of high positions of different kinds, Mr. Brenner
has been in the public eye practically all his life.

Mr. Breuner has been closely affiliated with Masonic work for
the past fifteen years, being a Knight Templar and a life member
of the Shrine. He has been a member of the Grand Commandery
of the Knights Templar of the state of California, for ten years
and over, having been elected in April, 1910, to the highest office
of the Grand Commandery, that of Grand Commander of the State,
which he held for one year. He has the distinction of being one of
the youngest men to hold this position, such honors in the past
having fallen to the lot of men in older years.

Mr. Breuner was the youngest man called to the presidency of
the Chamber of Commerce, which office he held with signal ability
during the period of 1900-2. He is past president of Simset Parlor
of the Native Sons of the Golden West, with which order he has
been identified since becoming of age. He is an Elk, Woodman
of the World, and a member of the Sutter Club of Sacramento and
the Union League and OljTupia Clubs of San Francisco. On -Time
14, 1893, Mr. Breuner married in Cincinnati, Ohio, Clara F. L.
Schmidt, a native of that city. They have five sons.

STEPHEN JOSEPH ROONEY

The genealogical records of the Rooney family lead back to Ire-
land, where, August 14, 1826, John Rooney was born to the union
of John and Ann (Garland) Rooney, lifelong residents of the Emer-
ald isle. In a large family he was the youngest child, and the death
of his father leaving the family in discouraging financial condition
was the cause of his early inurement to labor. From his childhood
daj's he has been familiar with hard work, and even now, although
far beyond the usual period of activity, he has not allowed himself
to lead a life of ease and indolence. At the age of twenty-one years
he sailed from Liverpool to New York, where he landed without
special incident. From there he proceeded to Boston, near which
city, at Roxbury, he visited a sister, Mrs. Mary Hoey. Two months
later he joined a brother, Peter, in Alabama. November 20, 1849,
he sailed from New Orleans for Chagres, Panama. From the Isthmus
he proceeded up the Pacific ocean to San Francisco, where he landed
January 27, 1850. On the 2d of February he arrived in Sacramento.

694 HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY

It liad been the intention of Mr. Eooney to engage in mining, and
be lost no time in hastening to the camps indicated by current
rumor to be the most flattering in prospects. For nine months he
remained at Georgetown, Eldorado county, and tliere lie met with
exceptional success. About that time a friend from Alabama, Jolm
Hopper by name, obtained from him and his partner, Mr. Smith,
the sum of $10,000 without security. The money soon was lost, and
the two men thus involved in the loss were forced finally to take as
total reimbursement the equity in one hundred and sixty acres in
Sacramento county. On the land they sowed a crop of barley that
brought them almost $10,000, so that much to their surprise they lost
nothing by their unfortunate loan. The Alabama mine in Eldorado
county, owned by Mr. Eooney, yielded as much as $800 per day, and
by 1853 he had netted $25,000. With that surprising amount to his
credit, it was natural that he decided to establish a home of his own.
Returning to Alabama in 1853 he married Miss Mary Clark, who was
born in Ireland and came to the United States in 1850 with her
mother.

The family of John and Mary (Clark) Rooney included four
sons and one daughter. The eldest, John, Jr., died February 4, 1885,
at the age of twenty-four years. Peter W. married Mary Powers.
Stephen J., of this review, is next in order. James married Miss
Mary Brown of Sacramento and they have eight children. The only
daughter, Mary, is the wife of Thomas O'Neil of Sacramento. The
father, who died in this county, was widely known among the early
settlers of the county. Prior to the Civil war he supported Stephen
A. Douglas, but in 1864 he voted for Abraham Lincoln for president,
believing the hojie of the country to rest in that great statesman and
patriot. After 1868 he regiilarly voted the Democratic ticket at
all elections.

At the homestead on the Coloma road, five miles from Sacra-
mento, occurred the birth of Stephen Joseph Rooney and there he
passed the uneventful years of childhood. After having completed
the grammar school studies he entered Sacramento institute and later
was a student at St. Mary's college in San Francisco. Interested
in agriculture, he gave his mature years to the raising of farm
products and the growing of hops. At one time he served as deputy
under Sheriff O'Neil of Sacramento county. In common with the
other members of his family he cherished a devoted allegiance to
the RoTuan Catholic church. November 23, 1887, he was united in
marriage with Miss Mary Tackney, a native of the county and the
daughter of John and Maria Tackney, natives respectively of Canada
and Ireland. From an early day the family lived in California,
where Mr. Tackney followed the occupation of a hotel keeper. There
are three living children in the Tackney family, namely: Mrs.
Eooney, residing at No. 1114 Twenty-fifth street, Sacramento; Mrs.

HISTORY OF SAC'RAMENTO COUNTY 695

A. Westlake, also of Saurauiento, and Oliarles. Mrs. Roouey is the
motlier of three children, viz.: William J., born February 12, 1889;
Stephen J., Jr., September 18, 1891, and Margaret, August :], 1893.
The daughter is an accomplished musician and teaches tliat art in
the capital city.

During- the excitement caused l)y the discovery of gold in the
north Stephen Joseph Rooney determined to go to Alaska and at-
tempt to regain a fortune his father had recently lost. With tliat
ardent hope he followed his brother and Lee Brown to the gold
fields in 1898. When he had landed at Skagway he assumed charge
of a pack-train between that harbor and Lake Bennett. However,
from the very outset misfortune seems to have marked him for her
own. A number of valuable pack animals had been lost with the
steamship Corona. A quantity of forage and provisions was losti
in another vessel which went down. Finally, when his high hopes
had begun to sink beneath the weight of repeated reverses, he fell ill
with spinal meningitis and died far from the loved ones at home. The
body was brought back to California by his brother and was interred
in a local cemetery amid expressions of dee]) regret on the ])art of
his host of early friends, all of whom united in deploring the demise
of this popular citizen and in tendering to his family their most
sincere sympathies in their bereavement. Since his death Mrs.
Rooney has continued to reside in Sacramento, where she has en-
gaged in raising hops, having met with a fair degree of success.

STEPHEN WILLIAMS HAYNIE

For many years Stephen A^'illiams Haynie was jjerhaps as well
known in Sacramento and its tributary territory as any man who
traveled in and out of that city. He was born in Virginia in 1834 and
died in Sacramento August 1, 1910, in his seventy-sixth year. In
1846, when he was a lad of twelve, he went to Baltimore, Md., where
he remained until 1850, when he made his first trip to California. He
returned east three years later and remained until 1868, when he
came again to California, this time locating at Sacramento, where
except for brief absences he passed the remainder of his life. By
trade he was a ship carpenter, but during the Civil war he was in
the employ of the national government and for seven years he was
a traveling representative of the Sacramento Bee, one of the best-
known newspapers in California. He had also some jiractical ex-
jierience in ranching.

In 1856 Mr. Havnie married Miss Margaret A. Hall, who was

696 HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY

born on board a vessel en voyage from England to tbe United States,
of parents who were descended from old English families. She bore
her husband three children, one of whom has passed away. Those
living are Millard F. Haynie and Mrs. Annie B. Fickett, who live in
Sacramento and afford her much comfoi't in her declining years.

GEORGE PHILIP HARTMANN

To many of the early settlers of Sacramento the name of George
Philip Hartmann was knowii as the s^nionym for all that was pa-
tient in industry, purposeful in action, honorable in business and
patriotic in citizenship. An identification with Sacramento cov-
ering onl}'- a little less than one-half century brought him into as-
sociation with the pioneers of the city and gave him an intimate
knowledge of the measures and civic projects that ultimately brought
their return in permanent prosperity. Although he came to America
with little knowledge of the language and even less knowledge of
the customs of the people, out of adversity and poverty he struggled
forward to competence and success. Nor was he the sole member
of his family who gave of his time and influence to the country of
his adoption, for he had a brother, Frank, who crossed the ocean
during early youth and became a soldier of the Union army, fight-
ing for the stars and stripes.

Descended from pure Teutonic ancestry unmingled with alien
races, George Philip Hartmann was born in the city of Darmstadt,
Hesse-Darmstadt, Germany, January 1, 1828, and received excel-
lent educational advantages in that prosperous German city. Upon
starting out to make his own way in life, crossing the ocean to
America, he settled in St. Louis, Mo., about 1850 and there secured
employment at his trade of a butcher. However, the west was then
appealing to young men by reason of its great mines and other
possibilities and in 1852 he joined an expedition that came across
the plains to Sacramento. After one unfruitful year in the mines
he located permanently in Sacramento and here engaged in the
butcher business. For thirty years he conducted a shop of his own,
having his place of business at No. 418 K street, the present site
of the large department store owned by Weinstock, Lubin & Co.
Meanwhile he established his home at No. 2229 P street in 1892 and
here his death occurred August 12, 1898, thus bringing to a close
a long and honorable identification with his adopted city.

The marriage of George Philip Hartmann and Christine Nehr-
bass was solemnized September 27, 1864, in San Francisco. Mrs.

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 699

Hartmaim was born near Meutz, Hesse-Darmstadt, Germany. At
the age of nine years she left Darmstadt for America in company
with her parents, Wendell and Christine (Fischer) Nehrbass. For a
brief period before coming- to California they sojourned in Buffalo,
N. Y., then a town of insignificant proportions and the market town
of a near-by tribe of Indians. When twenty-two years of age, in
1859, she came to California via the Isthmus of Panama, and after
her marriage began housekeeping in Sacramento, where now she
continues to reside in the home acquired by Mr. Hartmann many
years ago. One of her brothers, Jacob Nehrbass, is still a resident
of Sacramento, where for many years he was connected with the
Southern Pacific Railroad Company. It was the privilege of Mr.
and Mrs. Hartmann to assist in promoting the organization of the
German Lutheran Church in Sacramento and they had the honor
of being its oldest members, as they also were among its most
generous contributors. Not only religious but other enterprises
received the kindly aid of Mr. Hartmann, who possessed a gen-
erous heart and the most philanthropic impulses towai'd those in
need. As far as possible he contributed to all movements of un-
questioned importance in the development of the city and the ex-
pansion of its interests. Various fraternities received his active
co-operation, including the Improved Order of Red Men, the Ex-
empt Firemen and the Chosen Friends.

FRED LeROY martin

Dependent upon its progressive citizens is the permanent ad-
vancement of any community and particularly of such as conserve
the business interests of a prosperous farming region while at the
same time serving their commonwealth as the seat of legislation.
Lacking the natural advantages which give to some western cities
popularity as beach resorts and to others prominence as ports of
entry for the ships bearing the commerce of the world, the capital
city of California nevertheless possesses its own claim to pre-emin-
ence among the great towns west of the Rockies, and far from its
least important claim is that of attracting to its commercial and
financial leadership men of honor, ability and intelligence, men of
intense loyalty to civic progress and displaying a patriotic spirit
without which no community attains a lasting prosperity.

It is not too much to state that the identification of Fred LeRoy
Martin has been helpful to the commercial and financial growth of
Sacramento, with whose business enterprises he maintained a long

700 HISTORY OP^ SACRAMENTO COUNTY

association and to whose banking affairs he has devoted his atten-
tion more recently. A long residence in the capital city has given
him broad ideas concerning its possibilities and an underlying as-
surance as to its future importance. Since the age of ten years he
has made his home in Sacramento, hence his belief in local develop-
ment is not the result of sentiments spasmodically formed, but of
knowledge absorbed through close observation and personal experi-
ence. Of eastern lineage, he was born in Syracuse, N. Y., September
25, 1868, and at the age of ten years came to Sacramento in company
with his mother.

The grammar and high schools of Sacramento, which then as
now held a wide reputation for thoroughness of instruction, gave to
Fred LeRoy Martin the advantages of an intimate acquaintance with
the studies that form the basis of all true education. After he had
completed the high school course he entered upon business affairs.
At the age of seventeen years he became identified as a clerk with
the firm of Thomson, Diggs & Co., wholesale dealers in hardware,
and for twenty-one years he continued with the same company,
meantime rising from a clerkship to a position of trust and re-
sponsibility. During the long period of his association with the
hardware establishment he became prominent in civic enterprises and
also founded a home of his own, his marriage April 29, 1902, uniting
him with Miss Henrietta Schammel of San Francisco. The same
period of business activity was interrupted by an active service of
nine months as captain of the signal corps in the Spanish-American
war, his position giving him charge of all the signal work along the
Pacific coast.

The connection of Captain Martin with banking affairs in Sac-
ramento began during the year 1909, when he was elected president
of the Capital Banking and Trust Company, holding that position
until it became a national bank. He now holds the position of as-
sistant cashier of the California National bank. A sound, conserv-
ative policy, aloof from merely speculative ventures and guided by
keen percejitive qualities, has been his chief characteristic as a
banker and has given him the confidence of depositors demanding the
utmost safety for their moneys. With business and financial matters
demanding his entire time, he has not identified himself with i^ublic
affairs nor has he enjoyed a leisure sufficient for active participation
in politics, yet he has maintained a large circle of friends in every
circle of society and has held ])rominent connection with the well-
known Sutter club of Sacramento, also has engaged in fraternal
work with the local lodge of Odd Fellows and is a leading member of
the organization of Spanish-American War Veterans.

HISTOEY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY 701

HENEY SCHNETZ

For several geuerations in the past America lias been the land
toward which many aspiring yonng Germans have tnrned their eyes
in eager longing, and hither among many thousands of emigrants
came Henry Schnetz at the very opening of manhood's activities, a
youth scarcely twenty-one years of age, unfamiliar with the English
language or with American customs, almost wholly without means,
yet fortunate in having a rugged constitution and a thorough knowl-
edge of a trade. There ensued for him years of indefatigable exer-
tion in the acquisition of a competency and eventually he suffered in
health, from the prolonged continuance of his arduous labors. A
vacation from work being considered necessary for the benefit of his
health, he left California, accompanied by his wife and son, and en-
joyed an European tour of eight months, during which time he re-
visited the scenes of childhood and the home where his father and
mother had spent their last days.

Descended from an old Teutonic family, Henry Schnetz was
born in Germany May 2, 1862, and received the advantages of the
excellent schools of his native land. At the age of fourteen he left
school and l)egan to learn the baker's trade in the bakery owned
and operated by his father, Carl Schnetz, who was an expert in the
occupation and enjoyed a local reputation for skill in the prepara-
tion of food products. Upon the completion of his apprenticeship
he went to Heidelberg and secured work as a baker, remaining there
for three years. During 1883 he crossed the ocean to the United
States and for two years woi'ked in New York City, where in June,
1885, he crossed the continent to San Francisco. In that city and in
Oakland he found employment at his trade. Upon coming to Sacra-
mento in October of 1885 he secured work in a bakery, where he
continued until 1888. Eeturning to San Francisco he first worked
for others and then opened a bakery of his own. At the expiration
of three years he sold his interest in the business to a partner.

When again establishing his business headquarters at Sacra-
mento in 1892 Mr. Schnetz bought an interest in the Pioneer bakery,
and subsequently he bought his partner's interest, thereby be-
coming the sole proprietor. This bakery is the oldest in the city,
having been established at the present location, No. 124 J street, in
1849. The Inisiness developed into one of profit and its management
brought him a fair degree of success. At this writing emplo\anent
is furnished to twenty persons and three wagons are in constant use
for the delivery of orders to customers. With the failure of his
health, which necessitated a lessening of his labors, Mr. Schnetz
sold an interest in the bakerv to his brother. Otto Schnetz, who since

702 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

then has been associated with him as a partner. January 11, 1896,
he was united in marriage with Miss Margaret Probst, a native of
Kentucky, but reared and educated in Santa Clara county. Their
only son. Earl, born March 10, 1900, is now a student in the schools
of Sacramento. The family are earnest members of the Roman
Catholic church and Mr. Schnetz has been a generous contributor to
its maintenance. Since becoming a citizen of our country he has
supported Republican principles in national elections, but in local
campaigns gives his allegiance to the best men regardless of politics.
After coming to California he entered into fraternal activities and
now holds membership with the Independent Order of Odd Fellows
cind the Imj)roved Order of Red Men.

HENRY DEHN

Significant service to the material upbuilding of Sacramento has
been characteristic of Mr. Dehn during the long period of his identi-
fication with the city. Dating his arrival here as well as his first per-
manent location upon American soil from September 2nd of the Cen-
tennial year, he came hither direct from Germany, where he was born
March 10, 1858, and where preceding generations of the family had
lived as far back as the genealogy can be traced. From the first period
of his association with the capital city he was prescient of its possi-
bilities for growth and development. While earning a livelihood
through an assoeia'tion of ten years with the old Sacramento brewery
and during the early '80s also serving as secretary of the Sacramento
Brewers' Association until that organization disbanded, he did not fail
to keep posted concerning the local property valuations and the de-
velopment of the building business. When the eastern part of the
city was still a marsh he bought the block between J and K streets,
extending from Twenty-eighth to Twenty-ninth. The tract appeared
entirely worthless and of course- was purchased at a low figure. Cov-
ered by a slough, its main use had been to furnish a place for the town
boys to swim. By putting in over ten thousand yards of dirt he con-
verted the block into one of the finest business and residence localities
of the eastern district of Sacramento. Here for a time was located the
first electric-car barn of the city, here the first electric car was put to-
gether and from here it began its regular rounds of travel. The old
building still stands on his premises, but has not been used for street
car purposes for many years.

After relinquishing the position in the brewery Mr. Dehn gave
his attention to the taking of contracts and he is now one of the oldest

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 705

rdiitractors of Northern California. Many of his contracts have been
for street work and the huilding of city sewers. As the Sacramento
foreman for the San Francisco Street Improvement Company, he had
charge of the building of the first macadam road on K street. Many
other important improvements were made under his supervision. Per-
haps no one is more familiar than he with the condition of Sacramento
streets, sewer work and building business, and it may be stated as a
fact generally known that all work done under Ms oversight has
proved substantial and permanent. When he first became a citizen
of the United States he entered into local politics and rendered efficient
assistance to the Democratic party in Sacramento, but his ambitions
did not lead him into office-seeking and at no time has he sought
official honors from his fellow-citizens. Of his original holdings he has
sold a portion, but still owns one-fourth of a block of the original
purchase, besides which he has one-fourth block facing Sutter's Fort
on Twenty-eighth street. On this property stood the first printing-
office in Sacramento, also here, facing the alley, once stood the first
hospital of the town. The story is told that in the early mining days
a miner was brought to this hospital who had $40,000 in gold-dust.
While delirious he escaped from attendants, carried his bags of gold
outside and buried the treasure, which has never been found to this
day, although different parties have dug for the gold and for some
time a dredger also was operated in the vain hope of locating the
hidden wealth. When mining was still a very prominent industry it
was the custom of miners to come from the mines with their sacks of
gold and gamble at Sutter's Fort. Some of the dust would be dropped
to the ground and often Mr. Dehn secured the sweepings, which
amounted to more than at first thought would be supposed. Remem-
bering the conditions of the country at the time of his arrival and
noting the remarkable change brought about by slow degrees, he has
been a witness to advancing prosperity and has contributed his own
quota to the steady advancement of the city.

FRANK GREGORY

It is characteristic of the native-born sons of California that they
maintain an intelligent association with all movements for the per-
manent upbuilding of the state, and in this respect Mr. Gregory vies
with others who boast a lifelong identification with the commonwealth.
By reason of his residence in Sacramento, where he was born Febru-
ary 22, 1867, and where he has remained throughout his entire life,
his interest in the capital city is particularly keen. Perhaps few

70() HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

men in the town are better posted- than he concerning measures for
the advancement of the city and county, projects for the making of
necessary improvements and plans for the building of structures
necessary to every community in the transaction of its public business
and the care of its dependent or criminal element. The family of
which he is a member has been very prominent in Sacramento, his
brother, Hon. Eugene J. Gregory, having filled the office of mayor,
while their father, Julius, a pioneer of the city, held an influential
position in its business circles for many years.

Attendance at night schools as well as the regular classes of the
public schools gave Frank Gregory fair educational advantages in the
j^ears of yorith. After leaving school he assisted his father in the
details of the business, but since 1907 he has been associated with the
office of county clerk as deputy. After the appointment of E. P.
Pfund, the present incumbent of the office of county clerk, Mr. Gregory
was retained as deputy, a fact which testifies eloquently as to the
recognition given to his faithful services. Besides serving as deputy
since 1907, he also has been assigned to the duty of acting clerk of
the board of supervisors of Sacramento county for the same period.
The years from 1908 to 1911 were most important in the history of
Sacramento county, for during that jieriod bonds were issued to the
amount of almost $1,500,000, and contracts for construction were let
on bids, which embraced the construction of the new county jail, the
new courthouse, new roads and new permanent bridges.

The immense amount of construction work begun and the large
amount of bonds issued indicate the overwhelming volume of business
transacted in the office of the county board of supervisors. It is, in-
deed, stated authoritatively that the amount of work accomplished
during the service of Mr. Gregory as deputy has more than doubled
that of any ])revious period in the county history or any previous
record made i)y other dei)uties. Such a statement in itself proves the
energy with which he has attended to his duties and the speed with
which he has prosecuted his work, while his accuracy is attested by
the fact that few mistakes have ever been found in any book of the
office, notwithstanding the large volume of the records made. The
work, indeed, is practically faultless, and indicates that the office has
in its deputy a man of dispatch and accuracy, a worker of rare quali-
fications as well as practical common sense. In addition to liis other
enterprises, he served for five years as secretary of the State Anti-
Debris Association, a society organized for the purpose of keeping
clean and open the rivers where hydraulic mining was in constant
operation. The Chamber of Commerce numbers him among its mem-
bers and his identification therewith has been used to i^romote the
commercial prosperity of Sacramento. In fraternal matters he holds
membershiii with the Eagles and blue lodge of Masons, and he is
also a member of the Sacramento Athletic club.

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 709

JAMES MANGAN

A native sou of California and of Sacramento, James Maugau
was born May 18, 1865. His father, Peter Mangan, married Miss Kate
Hennesy, who came from Ireland to California when she was quite
young and with three sisters located in this city. The elder Mangan
came to California in the pioneer days and located in Sacramento,
where he was a blacksmith and a veterinarian. Pie was interested in
local politics and met with success as a business man. He passed
away in 1880, and his son, after leaving the public school, learned the
blacksmith's and horseshoer's trade under the instruction of Harry
Bennett of Sacramento, and he has followed that vocation to the
present time. After leaving Mr. Bennett he was employed as horse-
shoer on Haggin grant, and later for David Ahem in the same
cajjacity, and he continued there until he started a shoeing shop ' in
San Francisco. A year later he returned to Sacramento and bought
an interest in an old shoeing shop with John Wizel. This was located
on Ninth street, and he continued doing business at this location for
four years, at which time he sold out in order to buy out AVinters &
Morgan at No. 1228 J street, which has been his place of business since.
He makes a specialty of the shoeing of horses. In his political affilia-
tions he is a Democrat and he was recently the nominee of his party
for the office of city trustee to represent the Eighth ward. In the pri-
mary election in 1912 he was unanimously nominated as the Demo-
cratic candidate for supervisor for the Third Supervisorial district of
Sacramento. He is a member of the Master Horseshoers' Association,
and he and his family are communicants of the Catholic church. His
mother is his housekeeper; his brothers Frank and Peter Mangan are
connected with the Sacramento fire department; Mary, his eldest sis-
ter, married T. L. Enright of this city; his sister Martha is the wife
of Charles Nichols of Sacramento, and Belle, his youngest sister, is a
member of his household.

As a whole, the immigrants coming to the United States have met
with success, and with few exceptions, compared to our whole popula-
tion, the offspring of these immigrants have been exceedingly suc-
cessful. This fact is well illustrated in Mr. Mangan 's career. He is a
skillful mechanic, a man of entei-prise and progressive ideas and a
public-spirited citizen who loyally does his i^art in the promotion
of the general good.

MANUEL S. filhVA, M. D.

Successful identification with the medical profession indivi<lu-
alizes the personal history of Dr. Silva and gives the prestige of
progressive prominence to his citizenship in Sacramento, where he

710 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

is recognized as a physician of talent and as a gentleman possessing
the highest culture and attainments. Not alone may it be said con-
cerning him that almost the whole of his professional career has been
passed in the capital city, but it may be added further that much of
his life in childhood and youth was passed here, this place having
been the environment of early memories. The culture of institutions
at other points was added to his mental equipment, for he was af-
forded exceptional educational advantages in the Santa Clara val-
ley and in San Francisco. The period of infancy and indeed up to
the age of fourteen years was passed by him under the care of his
parents in the kingdom of Portugal, where he completed the local
high school course. Indeed, practically all of the later scenes painted
on memory's walls are associated with Northern California, and his
devotion to this region presents another example of that high tyi^e
of loyalty characteristic of those who proudly claim themselves to be
lifelong residents of the commonwealth beside the sunset sea.

Born June 19, 1868, in Pico, Azores Islands, where his parents,
Manuel L. and Rosa Silva, had temporarily established a home. Dr.
Silva descends from a long line of Portuguese ancestors. The family
was founded in the new world by his father, a man of great enter-
prise and indomitable courage, who, originally attracted to California
during the '50s by reason of the discovery of gold, remained to em-
bark in farm pursuits in Yolo county, where ranching was yet in a
primitive condition of development and the possibilities of agricul-
ture entirely unknown. The locality presented a remarkable contrast
to that of his early years, which had been spent on the Azores Islands
off the coast of Portugal, in his native town of Pico. With char-
acteristic adaptability of temperament he entered into harmonious
relations with the people around his new home, studied the soil until
he had acquired a thorough knowledge of its needs in cultivation and
prospered to a degree fully merited by toil and enterprise. From
1868 until 1882 he engaged in business in Portugal, where he pur-
chased ocean ships adapted to the carrjang of general merchandise
and with such cargoes he traveled to the Azores Islands, disposing
of the goods and then returning to the mainland for new purchases.
When he returned to California in 1882 he retained his interest in the
Portuguese vessels, but gave personal attention to the development
of a ranch near Freeport, Sacramento coimty, remaining on the Cali-
fornia farm imtil 1886, when he returned to Portugal for the purpose
of giving undivided attention to the management of his ships and
merchandise. Since then he has been active and successful in the
same business.

The return of the family to Portugal made no change in the edu-
cational program outlined for the son, who continued a student in
local schools and the Christian Brothers college until 1885 and then
spent a year in St. Mary's college, Oakland, after which he became a

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 711

student in the Santa Clara college near San Jose, where his classical
education was finished, graduating with the degree of A. B. Later
he took up the study of medicine in the California Medical college at
San Francisco, from which institution he was graduated in 1897 with
the degree of M. D. and an excellent standing. While apparently
well qualified for professional work, he felt his limitations to such an
extent that he took a post-graduate course in the College of Phys-
icians and Surgeons in San Francisco. His degree came from that
institution in 1901, and since then, with the exception of three years
in San Jose, he has engaged in practice at Sacramento, where he
ranks among the most distinguished and efficient physicians of the
city.

The marriage of Dr. Silva and Miss Mary Vieira was solemnized
in Santa Clara, this state, in October of 1892, and has been blessed
with three children. Manuel, the eldest, now a bright youth of fifteen
years, is a student in the Sacramento high school. The younger
children, Joe and Agnes, are pupils in the Sisters convent on Third
and 0 streets. The family are earnest supporters of the work main-
tained b}^ the Roman Catholic church and Dr. Silva has been a
leader locally among the Knights of Columbus. In addition he has
associated himself with the Druids, Eagles and Fraternal Brother-
hood. Stanch in allegiance to the Republican party, his devotion,
although intense, is less conspicuous than his sturdy loyalty to the
nation and his deep affection for the commonwealth.

JOHN H. WENTZ

A comprehension of the baffling intricacies connected with finan-
cial affairs forms a conspicuous attribute of Mr. Wentz, who in be-
coming identified with the banking business has entered a field of
activity for which his natural tastes as well as his mental training
admirably qualify him. While his residence in Folsom and his identi-
fication with the substantial institution known as the Bank of Folsom
cover a comparatively brief period only, already he has established
himself among the permanent, progressive citizenship of the thriving
town and also has acquired an enviable reputation for skilled finan-
ciering. The confidence of business men has been with the bank from
the first and the list of depositors grows with assured steadiness.
Since the organization, during the autumn of 1910, of the Bank of
Folsom it has been under the personal supervision of Mr. Wentz as
cashier and manager, while Isaac Henkle has officiated in the capacity
of president. The directors include a number of sagacious business

712 HISTORY OF' SACEAMENTO COUNTY

men, who guide the investments and guard the safetj' of the loans
with intelligent judgment.

In studying the personal history of Mr. Wentz we find that he
traces his lineage to Germany. His father, Capt. Abial Livingston
Wentz, was born in Ohio and moved to Iowa, settling in Burlington,
where he entered into railroad work. At the beginning of the Civil
war he enlisted as a private in the Twenty-fifth Iowa Infantry, which
he accompanied to the front, taking part in numerous engagements
of great importance to the final results. After the expiration of his
first enlistment he re-enlisted in the Twenty-ninth Iowa Volunteer
Infantry. In recognition of his valor in battle he was promoted
and commissioned captain of his company and served in that
capacity until the close of the war, when he was honorably dis-
charged. Returning to Burlington, he entered the employ of the
Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad and with them rose to be
a conductor, which position he filled until he met death in a rail-
road accident. For years he had been identified with the subor-
dinate lodge of Odd Fellows in Burlington, being Noble Grand of
Washing-ton Lodge, No. 1, that order, at the time of his death; and
he was also a member of the Grand Army of the Republic. He was
known throughout that city as an upright man, a patriotic citizen
and an efficient railroad official. He is survived liy his wife, who
in maidenhood was Ida Elizabeth Grennough, and she still makes
her home in Burlington.

In his native ci-ty of Burlington the excellent public schools af-
forded John H. Wentz fair educational advantages in both the or-
dinary branches and in a commercial course, and later he had the
further advantage of pursuing his studies in Drake University at
Des Moines. These opportunities did not come to him unsought and
undesired, but were the direct result of his own efforts. From the
age of eleven years he had been self-supporting and thus he learned
self-reliance, determination and perseverance in the great school of
experience. For a considerable period of his young manhood he
was employed by Swift & Co., in their offices at Chicago, St. liouis
and Omaha. While in the real estate business in Des Moines, Iowa,
he was married at Mount Ayr, Ringgold county, Iowa, on August
9, 1902, to Miss Edna Pearl Roby, a native of Mount Ayr. They
have an only son, John Roby Wentz. The family came to Cali-
fornia in 1904, and bought property at Sacramento, where Mr. Wentz
later engaged in the real estate business, also being interested in
the jjromotion of the Sacramento' Trust Company. It was in 1910
that he organized and established the Bank of Folsom, which he
has since managed with characteristic fidelity, genuine intelligence
and keen foresight. The increase and development of the bank's
business has been most gratifying to the stockholders, and the com-
munity as well, and it is vmdoubtedly destined to fill a longfelt want

<S/if~2^^ ^-&^^CA-^t^Q__^

HISTORY OP SACRAMENTO COUNTY 715

and to aid very materially in the nplmilding as well as adding pres-
tige to the commercial worth of P^'olsom, wliicli it wonld have l)een
impossible to acquire without its influence.

THOMAS LEWIS

Starting out in life as a Welsh collier boy, working twelve hours
a day, for six pennies, away down deep in the coal mines, and rising
from this lowly occupation to an inventor, manufacturer and bene-
factor to the peojile of this great state, is the story of the man whose
name heads this article, whom destiny has put in a place of prom-
inence among the enterprising citizens of Sacramento. He was born
at Wrexham, Denbighshire, North Wales. An ocean and many thou-
sand miles were between the boy and his destiny, but inevitably they
would meet, and it hapi)ened in 1881, when Thomas Lewis came to
Sacramento.

The parents of Thomas Lewis were John and Ruth (Roberts)
Lewis. They were not rich in this world's goods, but they were rich
in love for their boy and did for him what they could to the end that
his way through life might be less rugged than the one they had
found. He would necessarily have to labor, but labor under fair con-
ditions would be good for him, and they were determined that he
should be able to labor with his head as well as with his hands. Ac-
cordingly, they sent him to school, where he got a glimpse of things
beyond the dull horizon of his daily life. It should be noted that not
all the boys of his acquaintance were thus favored in that time and
place. As a boy of seven he had to go to work in a mine as a door
boy, and thus he was employed until 1875. At this time he and a
partner were working in the bottom of a six hundred-foot shaft,
cleaning out the sump; here an accident happened that was a hair-
breadth escape. A six-foot steel rail used as a balance on the engine
became detached and fell down the perpendicular shaft, but fortun-
ately it entered the side of the shaft above and away from them and
buried itself in the rock. When told of their narrow escape they
thought it over and the next day started for New York.

Mr. Lewis had heard much of America, where all ))eople were
free and where ])oor people might become inde]ieudent by honest work
and wise planning and careful saving. He had often dreamed of
going to that far-off land of promise, and so his dream came true.
He traveled in the east, working at landscape gardening until 1880,
his companion being Joseph Fardo, a Quaker landscape gardenei', and
then they went to British Columbia and Alsaka. After a year spent

716 HISTOEY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY

there he came .to California and settled in Sacramento in 1881. Some
of the ideas he had imbibed in his brief schooling had remained and
certain of them had been developed by his experience with the world.
Not successful in finding employment at his trade, his attention was
directed to the profits to be made at digging sewers and cesspools,
and sewers and cesspools were even more essential to everyday life
than winding paths and banks of bloom, and — was he not in America
to make his way, was he not here to do the best that he could f That
is what he did until he could do better. To some the yielding to such
necessity would have been tragic. He did not look at it in that way.
So he took the chance that offered and he has prospered. Later he
turned to the manufacture of fertilizers and chicken food, and this
venture also has been successful. He has not forgotten the joys of
landscape gardening. His taste for the beautiful in nature is as fine
as ever it was, and he may return to that work, but he is doing so
well and building up such a fine business that it is a credit to himself
and the city. His manufacturing plant is located one and a half miles
southwest of Sacramento, where he makes the Tom Lewis fertilizer,
which is shipped all over California. This product is the result of
twenty years of study and experimenting, and wherever it is used the
fruit produced is superior in size, flavor and quality to that raised
by other commercial fertilizers, and the value can best be recognized
when one is told that he sold twenty-five tons to Morrows, who are
interested in the Armour Packing Company. C. M. Phinney, who
has used his fertilizer on his orange and olive groves in Fair Oaks
for two years, in a letter of recommendation states that the fertilizer
is superior to any other he has experimented with, and that the first
year's use yielded him an orange crop fifty per cent greater than in
any previous year. A seedling walnut, planted eight years ago, by
the use of the fertilizer has grown to very large proportions. It has
branches spreading a radius of forty feet, is about thirty-five feet in
height and is now bearing a large crop of walnuts. Mr. Lewis is
unquestionably a great benefactor to the horticulturists and floricul-
turists of California, and his product is doing more to build up the
farming and fruit interest of the state than any other single article.
In his political ideas Mr. Lewis is independent, trusting all parties
as far as he can, trusting none of them too far. He is a Methodist,
helpful to all of the varied interests of his cosmopolitan and demo-
cratic church. He has married twice, and by his first marriage has a
son, John Lewis, who is a plasterer. His present wife was formerly
Miss Nora Wilson, a native of Nebo, Pike county, 111., daughter of
Austin and Lucretia Wilson, who came to Sacramento, where the
father was a builder. The marriage occurred in 1905 in Sacramento,
and two children were born to them, Bethyl and Anna.

HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 717

EICHAED TIMM

It took Richard Tinini, the present proprietor of the Calif jrni.i
Planing- Mill, situated at the corner of Second and Q streets, Sac-
ramento, years to finish his wanderings and settle down to business.
But he did it and he is none the worse for wear. He was born in
Altona, Holstein, Germany, January 3, 1864, one of the sons of the
household of William and Matilda Timm, prominent citizens of that
sturdy old German state. Children are schooled in Germany and
schooled hard, and the boy Richard had his work in the public schools
and afterwards in the gymnasium laid out for him till he was
eighteen years old. Then be took a medical course at the University
at Kiel and he was ready for the New World and its adventures.
Naturally he went as far west as he could on the American conti-
nent, and in the California mines around Placer county he dug and
shoveled and washed for almost two years. His next appearance
was in Los Angeles, where he filled an engagement as bookkeeper
for Helman, Haas & Co., wholesale grocers. Here he remained for
three years, and another year, spent in Mexico as a correspondent
•in an office, made four years spent in the south before he returned
to the upper portion of the state.

Once more in Placer county, near Lincoln, Mr. Timm was a
rancher, industriously plowing and growing, when the Klondike
discoveries in the north claimed his attention, and Mr. Timm figura-
tively left his plowshare in the mold and stampeded for Alaska.
Over the steep, icy Chilcoot he climbed and for a year he dug and
froze for the dull yellow nuggets. In May, 1898, he was back in
California. Volunteering for the Spanish war, he served in the
regular army, being assigned to Battery A of the Third IT. S.
Artillery. In 1899 he was mustered out, there being no prospect of
any further skirmishes -with Spain, and the discharged soldier re-
turned to Lincoln, Placer county. For two years he was again on
the old ranch, hard at work but ambitious to enter larger interests.
In 1901 he worked at the planing mill of Braunton & Robertson in
Sacramento, remaining at this place for seven years; in fact, he
stuck to it till he became the owner of the establishment. Then he
changed its title to the California Planing Mill. His travels are
over, and with the same industry and care for the details of business
that marked his work as an employe of the mill, he is working as
a proprietor and manager, and meeting success. An event which
while he labored so steadily in the mill during his apprenticeship
was his marriage, which auspicious event took place June 8, 1905,
in Oakland, and the other party to the compact was Miss Caroline

718 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

Puloifer. They have one daughter, Erufestiue, aged five years, who
makes glad their capital city home.

Mr. Timm takes great interest in public affairs around him and
makes his influence felt for the right. He is a Republican of the
Insurgent type, believing first in the people aud the politicians al'-
terwards, if necessary to believe in them at all. He is a member
of the Humane Society, of the Home Products League, the Retail
Merchants Association, and is also a Spanish-American War Veteran.

JOHN RILEY

On the old Riley homestead, on the American river, John Riley,
son of Patrick Riley, was born May 30, 1855. His father crossed the
plains in 18-1!) and arrived at the San Joaquin grant in the spring of
1850. He engaged in farming and followed that occupation and team-
ing until his retirement from active life in 1870. He died in 1879.
His teaming business took him to Forest Hill, Jackson and Placerville,
the last-named locality then being known as Hangtown. Indians were
at times somewhat troublesome in those days, but Patrick Riley had
an Indian friend, Patricia, who, unknown to him, followed him to and
fro as he made trips through the country, sometimes hunting near him
in order to protect him if he should fall into danger. Mary Burke,
who married Patrick Riley and became the mother of John Riley, came
to California with her two brothers, Patrick and Thomas Burke, cross-
ing the Isthmus of Panama on a mule. In the early days of Sacra-
mento she worked as a servant for Dr. Ball several years, receiving a
wage of $100 a month. She bore her husband five children, three of
whom are living. In the prosecution of his farming operations the
father usually employed about a dozen Indians and during harvest
about fifty. He never had any trouble with them, but some of his
neighliors had fights with some of them, and on one occasion, when
defeated red men were crossing the river in retreat, several were
killed.

At the early age of thirteen years, in 1868, John Riley took up the
battle of life for himself. In various capacities he was associated with
the Southern Pacific Railroad Company for a time, and later was a
conductor on the Market and Valencia street horse car line for two
years. Then for two years he was in the employ of H. S. Kirk, drug-
gist, after which, in 1881, he purchased the grocery of Jacob Wagner
at Tenth and E streets, and in November, 1910, he moved to Nos.
421-423 Tenth street, into a building which he still owns.

Kate Webster, Mr. Riley's first wife, bore him three children,

HISTORY OF SxVCRAMKNTO COUNTY 721

Jobu Francis, Herbert J. aud Hazel, aiul she died in 181)7. In 1899
Mr. Riley married Mamie McBride, aud they have children named
Alethea and Beatrice. The family are members of the congregation
of the Cathedral. Mr. Riley, vvhose father immigrated to America
from Ireland, has demonstrated the success of men of Irish blood in
the handling of American affairs.

WILLIAM F. RICHARDS, D. D. S.

The history of the Ricliards family extends back through many
generations of English history and indicates their long identifica-
tion with the mining industry in Cornwall. A century or more has
passed away since Charles Richards began to work as a miner, and
throughout all of his industrious existence he followed that occupa-
tion, together with the occupancy and cultivation of a small farm in
his native shire. After him came his son, John, liorn at the old
homestead AugTist 20, 1826, and early trained to a knowledge of
farming as well as to familiarity with work in the mines of lead,
tin, copper and silver that to this day abound in Cornwall, bringing
large profits to their owners. During 1845 he left the old home for
the unknown possibilities of the new world, and while fortune came
to him later in unstinted measure it was not his happy fate to again
behold the land of his birth. His father, Charles, however, con-
tinued there until death, as did his mother, who bore the maiden
name of Honor Warner and was a memlier of an ancient Cornish
family.

Upon landing in the new world and seeking a place of employ-
ment, John Richards went to the lead mines of Southern Wisconsin,
at ShuUsburg, seventeen miles from Galena, 111., and there he earned
a livelihood by the most arduous of labor. When news came of
the discovery of gold in California he immediately determined to
come to the west. With three fellow-miners and six ox-teams he
started for the Eldorado of his hopes. At St. Joseph, Mo., they
were joined by three other young men, each of whom owned one
team of oxen. The party left St. Joseph April 7, 1849, on their long
journey, which came to a safe conclusion at Dutch Flat on the 9th
of September. The young men at once began to prospect and mine.
Within six weeks Mr. Richards had taken out $5000 in gold, one
single nugget having brought him $252. During 1851 he returned
east, and November 17 of the same year he married Miss Elizabeth
Mitchell, who was born January 31, 18.30, being the daughter of
Joseph Mitchell, a farmer of Lafayette county. Wis. During this

722 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

trip he invested considerable money in cattle and these he drove
across the plains in 1853, with the assistance of seven men.

Shortly after his second arrival in the west Mr. Richards pur-
chased the squatter's right of a Mr. McHenry for $1500, but after-
ward he relinquished the claim upon the advice of John P. Rhodes.
The land was included in the Mexican grant to the Sheldon ranch,
and Mr. Gunn, the administrator of the Sheldon estate, obtained
judgments against other claimants, so that Mr. Richards preferred
to relinquish rather than contest the matter in expensive litigation.
In 1855 he bought about five hundred acres of the same estate, which
he held for many years. In addition he took up about one thousand
acres of government land. About two hundred and fifty acres of
his ranch was bottom land on the Cosumnes, peculiarly rich in its
soil, but subject to the disasters of occasional overflows. Not only
did he raise general farm crops and large herds of stock, but he
also made a specialty of the fruit business and on his land planted
trees of almost every variety of fruit. For years he retained large
mining interests, including profitable quartz mines in Amador county.
On two occasions he and his wife returned east for protracted visits,
the first trip occurring in 1869 and the second during the World's
Columbian exposition at Chicago in 1893. His death occurred in
October of 1896, and two years later his wife also passed away.

There were ten children in the Richards family, but two died
in infancy, and Lizzie Viola was also taken from the home when
still young. The eldest child, Ellen Alfrena, married Lafayette
Miller, but died in 1910. The second child, Emily Jane, is the wife
of Alexander Milne, a rancher and dairjTuan in Sacramento county.
The third daughter, Annie Sophia, became the wife of Henry Band of
San Francisco, now deceased. The two sons are Charles Joseph
and John Lincoln. Mary Hattie is the wife of E. A. Piatt. William
Freeman Richards, born December 22, 1870, on the home farm in
Sacramento county near the village of Sheldon, is the youngest
member of the family circle. After he had completed the studies
of the common schools he entered the revenue service, but later re-
signed the position in order that he might take up the study of
dentistry in Northwestern university, Chicago, 111. When he had
completed the regular course and had received the degree of D. D. S.,
he returned to Sacramento, where he at once bought one-half interest
in the business of Dr. T. B. Reid. Early in 1904 he took over the
remaining interest held by Dr. Reid, and since then he has continued
alone.

The political views of Dr. Richards bring him into active sym-
pathy with the Republican party. Fraternally he is a Mason of the
Scottish Rite degree and is also a member of the Benevolent Pro-
tective Order of Elks. In the line of his profession he is a member
of the Sacramento Vallev Dental association and the State Dental

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 723

association. His family comprises his wife and their only child,
Leland Jerome, born September 16, 1903. Prior to her marriage
November 1, 1902, Mrs. Richards was Miss Clara Kruttschnitt, a
native daughter of Sacramento. Possessing excellent educational
qualifications and the highest culture, she naturally occupies a prom-
inent position in the most select society of Sacramento. The family
of which she is a member has been prominent in many lines of busi-
ness enterprise, and her first cousin, Julius Kruttschnitt, is director
of maintenance and means with the Harriman (Southern Pacific)
railroad svstem.

HERMAN BRAUER

Iowa has furnished to California many citizens of worth and
prominence who have ably done their part in the work of development
that has made this state famous throughout the world. It was at
Muscatine that Herman Brauer was born July 18, 1870, son of a
minister of the Methodist Episcopal church and grandson, in the
paternal line, of a preacher of more primitive times. In May, 1884,
Mr. Brauer 's father, Rev. Herman Brauer, came to Pasadena, which
was the center of his labors as state district superintendent. He was
prominent in church work imtil his death, which occurred in July,
1900. Herman was educated in the public schools and in a business
college, and early entered active life as an employe in a furniture
store, the well-known establishment of N. P. Cole of San Francisco,
in the service of which he rose from a humble beginning to positions
of responsibility. In March, 1897, he was called into the business of
the John Breuner Company, with which he has since been continuously
connected and of which he is the present superintendent. In the busi-
ness of the two stores of this concern he has been a factor fifteen years
or longer, eleven years in San Francisco and upwards of four years
in Sacramento.

September 5, 1901, Mr. Brauer married Miss E. Schuler, a
daughter of Fred and Amelia Schuler, of Oakland, Cal. Mr. and Mrs.
Schuler have since returned to their native land and now live in
Stuttgart. Mrs. Brauer died October 27, 1910, leaving three children,
Dorothea, born July 3, 1896; Hermine, born July 10,' 1898, and Her-
man, born November 27, 1900. Mr. Brauer finds time from his busi-
ness affairs to devote to social and religious affiliations and the labors
of love which they entail. He is a member of the Masonic order, of
the National Union and of the Woodmen, and is an active member of

724 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

the Methodist church and assistant superintendent of his Sunday
school. These and other worthy objects benefit by his generosity, and
his public spirit renders him an admirable citizen, useful in every
relation with his fellow men.

THOMAS jp:;fferson MEALER

This enterprising and progressive citizen of Walnut Grove,
Sacramento county, who is now serving his fellow citizens in his
second term as justice of the peace of Georgiana township, was
born near Franklin, this county, October 12, 1868, the son of Jef-
ferson Mealer, who came across the plains to Sacramento county,
with an ox-team outfit, with the pioneers of 1850, and lived here
until 1904, when he died.

Such education as was available to him Thomas J. Mealer ac-
quired in public schools near his boyhood home. From his child-
hood he was interested in horses and as a young man he handled
and broke them with great success, and he still follows this busi-
ness to a large extent. In 1884 he moved to Santa Clara county,
but after some years returned to Sacramento county and in 1907
bought one hundred and seventeen acres of land on Andrus Island
which he devotes to fruit and vegetable raising, making a specialty
of asparagus and nutmeg melons, besides giving some attention to
the laising of horses for the market.

Near Lodi, in 1895 Mr. Mealer was first married to Margaret
M. Davies, a native of Salt Lake City, the daughter of William T.
and Mentha Davies of Gait, this county. They had two children;
Loyal D. is a student in the Sacramento high school, Darrell T., in the
class 1913 Walnut Grove school. Mrs. Mealer died in 1908, and in
Rio Vista, August 25, 1904, Mr. Mealer married Mary S. See-
horn, a native of A^irginia, who was brought to California in her
childhood. Her father, Russell C. Seehorn, was a teacher in Virginia
and a farmer in California, now eighty-one years of age.

Mr. Mealer is a member of the Elk Grove Lodge of Free and
Accepted Masons and of the Onisbo Chajiter, Order of Eastern Star, of
Courtland; Isleton Lodge No. 108, I. O. 0. F.; Occidental Encampment,
Sacramento ; and Canton No. 1, Patriarch Militant in Sacramento,
while he and his wife are members of the Rebekah Lodge of Isleton.
His sons are both interested in wireless telegraphy and have a station
on the ranch. In everything that pertains to the general advance-

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 727

ineut and develoi)uient of the commi;nity Mr. Mealer is deeply in-
terested and his generous support of many measures for the benefit
of his connnunity and county has amply demonstrated his public
spirit. Mrs. Mealer is a mem])er of Rio Vista CUiai)ter, 0. E. S.

CHARLES AUGUSTUS YOERK

The first representative of the Yoerk family in the new world
crossed the ocean during the year 1832 and became a pioneer of
Ohio, where he and his wife improved a homestead and remained until
their death. While they brought with them to America the greater
number of their children, there was one son, Christopher Frederick,
the father of our subject, who had entered the German army prior to
their departure and it was therefore impossible for him to accompany
tliem. After he had completed his term of service and received his
honorable discharge he married a young German girl and settled in
Wurtemberg, where for many years he followed the butcher's trade.
A spirit of intense loyalty to his community led him to accept civic
positions and for fifty years he served his city continuously in some
official capacity. At the end of his long and honorable service the
city presented him with a diploma. When he passed away at the age
of ninety-two years there was a universal expression of gratitude for
his faithful labors as a citizen and a general appreciation of his
sterling attributes of character.

Born in Wurtemberg, Germany, August 24, 1833, Charles Augus-
tus Yoerk received the advantages of the excellent schools of his
native land. At the age of twenty years, in 1853, he crossed the ocean
to the United States and settled at Philadelphia, where he secured
employment at $6 per month in a meat market. For four years he
followed the butcher's trade in Philadelphia. Ambitious to try his
fortunes in the then unknown west, he gave up his position in the east
and came by the Isthmus of Panama to San Francisco, where he
landed at the end of an uneventful trip of five weeks. From San
Francisco he soon came to Sacramento, April 1, 1857, and secured
employment at the butcher's trade, remaining for seven months. Dur-
ing the great gold rush to Fraser river in 1858 he went to Victoria,
British Columbia, where it was estimated that thirty thousand men
spent the following winter. Because of an uprising among the In-
dians, and having lost his money and even his boots, he remained in
Victoria, and seeing the possibilities along the line of his trade, put
up a tent and began to make sausage. That work kept him busy until
the miners began to disperse and came by boat, sleigh and horseback

728 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

to Portland. Thence they traveled by wagon to Corvallis, Benton
county, Ore., where he engaged in the butcher business, but he soon
returned by horseback to Sacramento, where he and Mr. Schwartz
carried on a meat business for three years.

Upon disposing of his interest to his partner, Mr. Yoerk re
turned to Philadelphia, where, June 22, 1862, he married Miss Mar
garet Lentz. About the same time he opened a market in that city,
but a year later he sold out and returned to the Pacific coast by
steamer, accompanied by his family. Late in 1864 he embarked in
the butcher's business with Louis B. Mohr, and the connection has
continued up to the present time, the firm meanwhile having greatly
enlarged its business, with a corresponding increase in the returns.
Subsequently they incorporated the Mohr & Yoerk Packing Company
and erected the Mohr & Yoerk building on K and Eleventh streets,
which covers a space of 80x160 feet and is five stories liigh. Two
corporations were later formed from the firm, the Mohr & Yoerk
Company and the real estate business of Mohr & Yoerk Realty Com-
pany. Three of the sons of Mr. Yoerk are stockholders and directors
in the companies, and the two eldest, Fred C. and George P., have
the management of the meat market in their charge. The youngest
son, August, is manager of Hall, Lewis & Co., of Sacramento. The
eldest daughter, Carrie R., resides with her mother. The younger
daughter, Louise, married Eugene Neuhaus, a teacher of ijainting in
the University of California. The eldest son, Fred C, was born in
Sacramento May 23, 1865, and married Miss Uzilla Hand of North
San Juan. From boyhood he has been familiar with the butcher's
trade, and he still gives of his energy and time to the business so suc-
cessfully established many years ago. Fraternally he is identified
with the Woodmen of the World and Elks and also belongs to the
Native Sons of the Golden West. In religion he holds membership
with the German Lutheran church, and his parents, as well as the
other members of the family, likewise adhere to that faith. Ever
since the father became a voting citizen of the United States he had
upheld Republican principles and that party received his ballot in
local and general elections. Fraternally he was identified with the
Masons for many years. To his adopted country he proved a true,
loyal citizen, to the state of his adoption he was especially devoted,
believing California's resources to equal those of the most favored sec-
tions of the entire world, while the possibilities of the commonwealth
in his estimation were beyond the vision of even the most optimistic.
His demise occurred August 18, 1912, at the age of seventy-nine, remov-
ing from their midst one of Sacramento's most valued citizens.

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 729

HON. HUGH Mcelroy laRue

Although death has stilled the voice and terminated the forceful
activities of Hon. Hugh McElroy LaRue, it will be long ere his in-
fluence will be lost in the county of Yolo and long too ere the power
of his personality shall cease to be an effective factor in the local
upbuilding. Every line of advancement felt the impetus of his splen-
did mind and energetic spirit, and, while he was a pioneer of 1849 and
very active in the early settlement of the west, he undoubtedly will be
less remembered by his accomplishments during that era than by his
activities of a later date. The ranch near Davis which is now owned
by his heirs and the nucleus of which he acquired as early as 1866,
comprises two thousand and sixty acres, of which one thousand are
under cultivation to barley, wheat and oats. All the grains produce
well in this soil and at times the barley has averaged as high as thirty-
five sacks to the acre. Fifty acres are in almonds and two hundred
and twenty acres in wine grapes form the largest vineyard in the
entire county,producing from six to seven tons per acre. Under a
contract for ten years the vineyard products are shipped to the Cali-
fornia Wine Association. In grapes of the white variety there are
the Burger and the G-reen Hungarian, while of the reds there are the
Alicante Bouschet, Caragnan, Serene, Beclan, Charbono and Mon-
deuse.

As an illustration of what may be grown on the rich soil of the
ranch, and indeed upon any ranch in Yolo county if properly eared for, it
may be stated that the LaRne ranch has the following trees in full bear-
ing: almonds, walnuts, oranges, lemons, tigs, persimmons, pomegran-
ates, olives, pears, peaches, apples, apricots, plums and prunes. Every
acre of the tract is under an irrigation ditch and there is also a
private pumping plant operated by an engine of sixty-horse power.
Eighty head of horses and mules are required in the sowing of seed,
harvesting of crops and ploughing of the ground, and such is the
quality of the soil that it can be ploughed one day after a heavy rain.
Ever since the original owner of the property brought an importa-
tion of jacks from Kentucky there have been fine mules raised on the
ranch, about forty having been the number for the past season. A
specialty is made of Holstein cattle and about two hundred and fifty
head of hogs are raised annually, besides which considerable atten-
tion is also given to horses. For eighteen years Jacob Stihl has
acted as efficient overseer of the ranch, while the eldest son of the
owner, Jacob Eugene LaRue, was retained as manager until his death
in January, 1906, since which time another son, Calhoun Lee LaRue,
has filled the position of superintendent with intelligence and sagacity.

Tracing the genealogy of the LaRue family it is ascertained

730 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

that they were so i^rominent in Kentucky that the county in which
they lived was named in their honor and Hodgenville, the county-seat,
was named for the maternal grandfather of H. M. LaRue. Near this
same town Abraham Lincoln was born on a farm owned by Mr.
LaRue 's grandmother. In the neighboring county of Hardin, same
state, Hugh MeElroy LaRue was born August 12, 1830, being a son
of Jacob Hodgen and Sarah Cummings (McElroy) LaRue. At the
age of nine years he accompanied the family to Missouri and settled
in Lewis county near the Mississippi river. It was not long before
he began to talk about going west. The mysterious unknown regions
beyond the plains seemed to exercise a fascination over his mind. In
1849, before news of the discovery of gold had reached the neighbor-
hood, he joined an expedition of emigrants under the command of
V. A. Sublette and Dr. Couduitt. They crossed the Missouri river at
Boonville and left Independence on the 29th of April, journeying
along the Platte river and through South Pass, thence via Sublette's
cut-off and the Oregon trail. In the short distance of thirty miles they
crossed the Truckee river twent.y-seven times. On the 12th of August
they arrived at the Bear river mines near Steep Hollow. For six
weeks the young prospector remained in that locality, but later he
mined at Grass valley and Deer creek. "With others he built one of
the first cabins at Oleta, Amador county, and worked the first mines.

In those days Oleta was known as Fiddletown, the name originat-
ing in the fact that some violin-players from Arkansas passed the long
and wet winter season at their favorite recreation and the first soimd
heard by the approaching travelers was that of the fiddle. From that
camp Mr. LaRue went to Willow Springs, four miles west of Drytown,
where he carried on a small restaurant until early in March. During
the spring of 1850 he made a trading expedition to Shasta and sold
groceries from his wagon to merchants and miners. Flour brought
forty cents per pound, pork, ham, sugar, coffee, potatoes and rice
from $1 to $1.25 per pound and whisky and brandy about $8 a gallon.
After a second trip to Shasta in June, same year, he came to Sacra-
mento and began to work as a blacksmith and wagon-maker. The
cholera epidemic of that year made it necessary for him to seek other
employment. Renting a part of rancho del Paso on the Norris grant,
he engaged in raising vegetables and later embarked in gi-ain-farming.
As early as 1857 he planted an orchard of seventy-five acres, the first
large one in the valley and one of the first that was irrigated. The
floods of 1861-62 damaged the orchard and the failure of Mr. Norris
following shortly afterward, he bought the orchards, but the floods of
1868 entirely destro^^ed the work of the previous decade.

As early as 1866 Mr. LaRue had inirchased nine hundred acres in
Yolo county and to this he added until the ranch contained more than
two thousand acres. After the floods of 1868 he sold his interest in
the rancho del Paso and gave his time to the Yolo county pro]ierty,

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 731

but made his home iu Sacramento in order that his children might
liave the advantages offered by the citj- schools. When the wine in-
dustry was still in its infancy he became interested in vineyards and
planted one hundred acres to grapes. Other improvements were
made, some of which already have been mentioned, while others,
equally important, are beyond the limits of this space to ]H-esent in
detail. When advancing years rendered active work less desirable, he
turned over to his sons the care of the large property, and retired
to private life, with a record of having raised crops for more than
fifty consecutive years in California. His agricultural experiences
centered in the counties of Colusa, Yolo, Napa and Sacramento.

During 1858 Mr. LaRue married Miss Elizabeth Marion, daughter
of Thomas Lizenby, a pioneer of Lewis county. Mo., and also of
Colusa county, Cal. Mrs. LaRue was a half-sister of Rev. William M.
Rush, D.D., of the Missouri conference of the Methodist Episcopal
Church, also of Hon. John A. Rush, at one time state senator from
Colusa county and later attorney-general of Arizona. Mr. and Mrs.
LaRue were the parents of four sons and one daughter, Jacob Eugene
(who died in January of 1906), Calhoun Lee, Hugh McElroy, Jr., John
Rush and Marie Virginia (who died in 1888). During 1856 Mr. La-
Rue became a member of the Sacramento Society of California Pio-
neers, of which he served as president several times. As master of
the Sacramento Grange he was prominent in another organization
l)rominent in its day. For years he was a member of Sacramento
Lodge No. 49, F. & A. M., and also affiliated with the chapter.

For years one of the leading Democrats of his locality, Mr. LaRue
never lost his interest in public affairs and when he passed from
earth, December 12, 1906, not only his party, but the state as well, lost
a ]iatriotic supjiorter and loyal promoter. During 1857 the Democrats
elected him sheriff of Sacramento county by a majority of eight votes,
but when the election was contested he lost the office. When again he
became a candidate in 1873 he was elected by a large majority. Dur-
ing the sessions of 1883 and 1884 he was a member of the lower house
of the state legislature and served as speaker. As representative
from the second congressional district, in 1879, he served as a mem-
ber of the state constitutional convention. While in the legislature
he supported the bill ]:»roviding for the erection of an exposition build-
ing for the State Agricultural Association, also supi^orted the revision
of the general railroad laws, the county government act, the bill re-
organizing the senatorial and assembly districts and the laws relating
to taxes. During 1888 he was the Democratic candidate for senator
and ran ahead of his ticket, but was not elected.

From 1867 until his death in 1906 Mr. LaRue was identified with
the State Agricultural Association. Three times (1879-1880 and 1882)
he was chosen president of the organization. After 1882 he was a
member of its board of directors. During the expositions he acted as

732 HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY

superiuteudeut of tlie pavilion. WMe president of tlie board, also
wiule speaker of the assembly, be was an ex-officio member of the
board of regents of the California State University at Berkeley. He
was National Chief of Viticulture at the Columbian Exposition held
in Chicago in lb\)o. Elected railroad commissioner from iNorthei'u
California in 1894, he served as president of the board for four years,
besides holding other official positions. With his demise another
pioneer passed from the scenes of his successful industry. Another
link joining the present with the past was burst asunder and another
name was added to those of the illustrious immortals recorded in the
annals of the state.

EDWAED LEAL Da EOZA

In all fields of labor the men who lead are those who have been
fitted by experience for their peculiar offices and it is a refuted theory
that chance plays a part in the progress of those who would attain
influence and prosperity among their fellows.

One of the most able leaders in industrial circles of Sacramento
county is E. L. Da Eoza, who for the past four years has served as
manager of the Elk Grove Winery, which forms a portion of his
father's estate. A native of the Island of St. George, Portugal, Jose
L. Da Eoza left his home country for America at the age of seventeen
years, arriving in New Bedford, Mass. Proceeding to Sacramento,
Cal., in 1881 he became an employe in the service of the Southern
Pacific Railroad Company, but after five years decided to enter a
more lucrative as well as a more agreeable occupation and to that
end investigated a business opportunity in Elk Grove, with the result
that he became associated with John Nevis, who operated a winery in
that section. For nine years he served his employer faithfully, paying
strict attention *to his duties, at the same time learning every detail of
the business. In 1895, having concluded to remain permanently in
the field wherein he had become an expert, he purchased the interest
of Mr. Nevis, undertaking the control of the plant with immediate
success, and until his death, in December, 1909, actively conducted his
afifairs with the assistance of his son. His wife, Amelia (Vierra)
Da Eoza, a woman of courageous nature and rare devotion, was a
native of Portugal. She became the mother of seven children, as fol-
lows: Mabel, Ida, Edward, John, Joseph, Frank and Clarence. The
family suffered a deep loss in the death of the wife and mother
in 1894.

The third oldest of the children in the parental family, Edward
L. Da Eoza, was born in Elk Grove, Cal., October 27, 1891. After a

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HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 733

prelimiuary course in the schools of his home section he became a
student in the schools of San Francisco, two years later, however,
returuiug- to Elk Grove and completing his studies in the high school
of this place, from which he graduated in 1908. He then accepted a
position as bookkeeper in his father's office, and by patient application
and intense interest in all matters pertaining to the success of the
enterprise became an important factor in the business, and after his
father's death he was made manager, fulfilling his duties with ability
and tactful leadership. Fortunate indeed was the circumstance which
led the young man to become associated with the business, for a year
later the responsibility of his father's interests devolved upon him.
Rising to the occasion with quiet confidence in his own powers and a
sincere desire to control affairs to the best of his ability, however,
his faithfulness to his work continued worthy of the highest com-
mendation. In his service are eighteen men, all of whom bear hearty
good will toward their employer, and inasmuch as the capacity of the
plant is a million gallons annually, it may be readily understood that
its management requires the iitmost care and good judgment. The
winery is complete with a full line of machinery, including two steam
engines and boilers, two large stills, a crusher with a capacity of thirty-
five tons per hour, and is admirably located on an eleven hundred foot
spur from the Southern Pacific Railroad. In connection with the
winery there is a ranch of one hundred and eighty acres, one hundred
acres being in vineyard. In addition to the grapes supplied from their
own vineyard they buy about five thousand tons of grapes to siipply
the demand. It is interesting to note that the elder Mr. Da Roza
doubled the business after he bought it, and since his death the busi-
ness has been doubled again. A branch house is maintained on Beach
street, New York City, and a large trade is supplied to the Hawaiian
Islands.

Mr. Da Roza is a member of Elk Grove Parlor No. 41, N. S. G. W.,
Sacramento Chapter No. 42, R. A. M., and is also affiliated with Elk
Grove Court No. 103, Foresters of America. Progressive and public
spirited, he maintains a deep interest in civic affairs and is widely
known as a man of generous principles and unswerving honor.

CAPT. WILLIAM M. JENKS

When Illinois was still in the incipiency of its development
from a frontier region to a cultured commonwealth an eastern family
became identified with LaSalle county. The head of the house-
hold, Livingston Jenks, was a native of Rhode Island, but at a

734 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

very early age he had migrated to Pennsylvania, where he married
Miss Sallie Buffington, a native of that state. While making their
home in Warren Center, Bradford connty, Pa., a son, William
Morgan, was born February 20, 1834. Two years later, in 1836,
the family loaded their household effects in the primitive vehicles
common to that period and traveled across the country to Illinois,
taking up a government claim at Vermillionville, LaSalle county.
The father was a man of considerable ability and not only trans-
formed his claim into a productive farm, but in addition he con-
ducted a small country store and also for thirty years served as
justice of the peace of his township. After lives of usefulness and
honor he and his wife entered upon eternal rest many years ago.
Captain Jenks is a lineal descendant of Gov. Joseph Jenks of Rhode
Island.

An eager desire to obtain an education characterized the youth
of William M. Jenks. His own persevering efforts made possible
academic advantages. Later he studied law and during 1857 was
admitted to practice before the supreme court of Illinois. For a
long period he engaged in general practice in Chicago and Mor-
rison, Whiteside county, 111., whence he removed to Pawnee Rock,
Barton county, Kans., in 1876, hoping to recuperate his strength
by a change of climate and by outdoor employment. During the
four years of this residence in that state he gave his attention al-
most wholly to agricultural pursuits. Upon his return to Chicago
he resumed professional work and also became associated with a
brother in the real-estate business, helping him in investments that
later made a fortune for the brother.

Since June of 1888 Captain Jenks has made his home in Sacra-
mento, where he was admitted to the bar of California about a year
after his arrival and since then has been a member of the State Bar
Association. However, it was only for a few years that he engaged
in professional activities. For some time he acted as secretary of
a corporation engaged in the manufacture of grape baskets. In
addition for several years he was secretary of the nursery firm of
C. W. Reed & Co., and managed the papers necessary to secure in-
corporation for the concern, whose largest stockholder, C. W. Reed,
was his brother-in-law. As a citizen he has been progressive, de-
voted to the welfare of California and intensely loyal in his al-
legiance to the nation. When the Civil War began he immediately
offered his services to the Union and May 24, 1861, enlisted in Com-
pany G, Thirteenth Regiment Illinois Volunteer Infantry, and was
mustered into the service as first lieutenant. In recognition of his
meritorious conduct he was commissioned captain of his company
on August 10, 1863. Although he participated in all of the engage-
ments of his regiment he was injured only once and that proved
to be a mere flesh wound. In the Siege of Vicksburg he was stand-

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 735

ius' by the side of a tlnrteeu-iucli mortar when it exploded and tlie
concussion caused the bursting of one of his ear drums. As a re-
sult of the accident he became slightly deaf, and as a consequence
he gave u}) his profession. At the expiration of his time he was
honorably discharged, June 18, 1864, with his regiment, and he
]-eturned to his Illinois home. For thirteen years he served as
chaphiin of Sumner Post No. 3, G. A. R., at Sacramento, and he has
long l)een prominent in the local work of the Grand Army of the
Republic.

A few months after his return home from the war Captain
Jenks established domestic ties, being united February 1, 1865, with
Miss Mary E. Allison, a native of Vincent, Pa., but from early child-
hood a resident of Mount Carroll, 111. She was a member of the
first graduating class of Mount Carroll Seminary. For years her
father. Rev. J. Y. Allison, was a minister in the Baptist denomina-
tion until his death, which occurred at Pawnee Rock, Kans., at the
age of seventy-five years. The deepest bereavement in the lives
of Captain and Mrs. Jenks came in the loss of seven of their eight
children when they were yet young. The sole survivor, James Wal-
lace Jenks, born in Chicago, 111., July 23, 1882, followed in the
footsteps of his father in giving his services to his country in time
of need. Volunteering in the Spanish-American war, he enlisted
July 27, 1900, in the United States Marine Corps at Sacramento,
being assigned to the navy yard at Vallejo. Three months later
he was ordered to the Philippine Islands and saw service on the
Oregon and Solace and the Island of Guam. On accovmt of an
injury received while in the service he was given his honorable dis-
charge at Vallejo, August 29, 1903, when he returned to Sacra-
mento and became associated with his father in the nursery busi-
ness under the firm title of W. M. Jenks & Son. By his marriage
with Miss Mary A. Crabbe, a native daughter of Sacramento, James
W. Jenks has one son, William Morgan, named in honor of his
grandfather. Among the people of Sacramento Captain Jenks has
an enviable reputation for character, integrity and intelligence.
For years he has officiated as a deacon in the First Baptist Church
of Sacramento and in other departments of the church work he also
has been helpful and prominent.

LEONARD M. LIMBAUGH

The father of Leonard M. Limbaugh, James B. Limbaugh, was
born in Missouri and crossed the plains with ox teams among the
gold seekers of 1849. For five or six years he lived in San Fran-
cisco, then came to Brannan Island, where he lived out the re-

736 HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY

mainder of his days. His first employment in California was as a
miner, but it was not long before he took up government land and
began to raise and handle stock. His wife, who before her mar-
riage was Eliza Jane Craib, was a native of Canada. She died
leaving seven children, all living in California except a daughter in
Philadelphia, Pa.

Leonard M. Limbaugh, a resident of Andrus Island, was born in
San Francisco March 30, 1862, and during his boyhood was taken by
his parents to Brannan Island. After receiving a public school edu-
cation he became a clerk in a general merchandise store at Isleton,
remaining there five years. Four years after his marriage he turned
his attention to farming and has followed this occupation ever since.
Four years ago he bought one hundred acres of land on Andrus
Island opposite Ryde, where he has since lived, devoting himself
to the raising of fruit, vegetables, alfalfa and stock.

The marriage of L. M. Limbaugh occurred in 1886 and united
him with Sallie Poage, a native of LaGrange, Mo., the daughter of
Julius and Sallie (Hatton) Poage. Five sons have been born of
this marriage, as follows: Edwin J., Harold B., Eugene B., Thomas
A. and Albert N., all of whom have been or still are students in
the schools of Sacramento county. Born in Kentucky in 1825, Julius
Poage came to California in 1875 and settled on Andrus Island,
which was his home imtil death. His wife, formerly Sallie Neal
Hatton, was born in Missouri and died in Sacramento.

Mr. Limbaugh has been a member of the board of school trus-
tees and the board of election. In politics he is a Democrat. Mrs.
Limbaugh is a member of the Westminster Presbyterian Church in
Sacramento.

JOHN MARION HARLOW

The once prominent rancher and business man whose long familiar
name is given above was born in Illinois, January 24, 1849, and died
on his California farm in June, 1899, aged about fifty years. His
father long held the office of public administrator of Sacramento
county, but he and his wife have been dead many years and their
names have passed into local history to be listed with those of pioneers.
Mr. Harlow was fifteen years old when he was brought with the re-
mainder of father's family from their old Eastern home to California.
His education, which was begun in public schools in the Prairie state,
was finished here and he associated himself with his father in the lat-
ter's ranching ojierations and remained with liim until he was twenty-
four years old. Then he married Miss Susie M. Bag-nail, a native of

HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 739

England, who survives him. Three years after her husband's death
she moved to Sacramento, where she has a home at No. 2301 P street.
Immediately after his marriage he bought a ranch at Perkins, which
he conducted successfully as long as he lived.

When she was three months old Mrs. Harlow was brought from
her native England to the United States by her father, Cornelius
Baguall. By means of ox-teams they crossed the plains to Salt Lake
City in 1853 and in 1860 they came to California and settled in Sac-
ramento. Both parents passed away in this state. Mrs. Harlow be-
came the mother of seven children, of whom sis are living, as follows :
Mrs. Eva Maguire, of San Francisco; Mrs. Ida Casselman, of Sacra-
mento ; George M., of Perkins ; John, of Sacramento ; Herbert, of Live
Oak, and William, of Idaho.

GUSTAVE ADOLPH KESTLER

The life which this narrative depicts began Augaist 31, 1860, and
closed March 31, 1909, and throughout that entire period was iden-
tified with the city of Sacramento. The earliest experiences of the
child were associated with this then straggling and unimportant
city. Here the boy passed through the grammar and high schools
and here' he entered upon the task of earning a livelihood. Here,
too, when destiny called him into eternity, he closed his eyes upon
the scenes of earth while still in the prime of manhood, when it
might not have been unreasonable for him to anticipate many fur-
ther years of industrious application to his chosen work. It is to
such intelligent and industrious citizens as Mr. Kestler that the city
owes its high standing, growing prosperity and substantial develop-
ment, and as a native-born son and lifelong resident his name is en-
titled to perpetuation in local annals. While in his youth and imme-
diately after leaving school he acquired a thorough knowledge of
the trade of wagon-maker, which he followed afterward, working
with his father for many years and eventually acquiring a business
of his own. The death of his father, Martin Kestler, the pioneer
carriage maker of Sacramento, occurred prior to his own demise,
but his mother still survives and continues to make Sacramento her
home. On the organization of the Oak Park Lodge of the Odd
Fellows he became a charter member and his active connection with
that society continued unbroken until his death, besides which he
also held membership with the tribe of Ben Hur in his home city.
In politics he voted with the Repiiblican party, but took no part in
partisan affairs and at no time solicited official honors, preferring

740 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

to enjoy in Ms home and among Ms friends such leisure as the ac-
tivities of business allowed him. Every movement for the advance-
ment of the city and county received his support and he belonged
to that class of public-spirited citizens whose quiet but positive
identification with righteous and progressive principles makes for
the u])))uilding of a community.

Surviving Mr. Kestler is the lady who from their union in 1888
until his death remained his devoted wife, wise counselor and capa-
ble assistant, and who since his demise has managed the affairs of
the estate judiciously, meanwhile continuing her residence at No.
2608 S street. Mrs. Kestler, formerly Miss Minnie M. Steadman.
was born in Hudson, Ky., and was reared at Laporte, Ind., being a
daughter of Arthur H. and Adeline (Dean) Steadman, natives,
respectively, of England and Kentucky. Deprived of parental care
by the death of both her father and her mother when she was yet
very young, she made her home with friends in girlhood in Indi-
ana and received a common-school education and later at Northern
Indiana Normal at Valparaiso. Since the year 1887 she has been
a resident of California. The early loss of her parents was not the
only bereavement she was called upon to bear, for an even greater
blow came in the death of her devoted husband, and the shock of
the bereavement was doubled by the loss on the very same day of
their only son. Father and child passed away within aii hour of
each other and were interred in adjoining graves. The sou, Harold
D., a lad of unusual intelligence, was born in 1896, and at the time
of Ms death was twelve years and seven months old. As a pupil in
the grammar school he not only won the friendship of all associates,
but also established a record for scholarship and rapid progress in
his studies.

HARRY DOLE OWEN

The associations of a lifetime bind Mr. Owen to Sacramento
county in ties of deepest intimacy. Here he was born in the city of
Sacramento December 26, 1863; here he received a fair education in
the city schools; here he entered upon life's activities as a member of
the great army of farmers whose efforts have transformed the com-
monwealth into a garden spot of beauty and productiveness ; and here
he now owns and occupies a ranch of five hundred acres near Bruce-
ville. The raising of grain is the principal business on the farm, but
stock is also kept, and hogs particularly have proved a profitable
investment. A fine orchard of twenty-five acres of Bartlett pears,
apricots and plums is to be seen on the farm, and the marketing of

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 741

the fruit adds to the auuual income iu a gratifyiug degree. The entire
appearance of the tract indicates the thrift and energy of the pro-
prietor and furnishes silent testimony as to his farming ability.

The Owen family has been identified with American history for
several generations. The first of the name in the new world settled
in New England, according to tradition. The exact date of immigra-
tion is unknown. Suffice it to state that there were a goodly number
of the name to assist in the agricultural upbuilding of the northeast.
Eben Owen was born in Portland, Me., November 26, 1812, and at-
tended the common schools of his native city. At the age of sixteen
he left school and began to assist his father in a general mercantile
store, continuing in the same establishment until he had reached the
age of thirty-six. A desire to see something of the world led him to
New Orleans, where he taught in the city schools for one year. About
that time the discovery of gold brought California into world-wide
prominence, and he determined to join the thousands of Argonauts
seeking fortunes there. By way of the Isthmus of Panama he came
to California in 1849 and landed in San Francisco, whence he pro-
ceeded immediately to Michigan Bar, a mining camp of great tempor-
ary importance. For one year he followed the adventurous and
exciting existence of a miner.

Upon leaving the mines and establishing lieadquarters in Sacra-
mento Mr. Owen opened a wholesale grocery establishment, which he
conducted with remarkable success. In 1857 he sold the business, re-
turned to Maine and at Portland, July 30, of the same year, was
united in marriage with Miss Mary Dole, who was born at Alna,
Lincoln county, that state. Accompanied by his wife, he again came
to California in 1858 and settled in Sacramento, where their happy
wedded life was terminated by the death of Mrs. Owen September 28.
1865. He long survived her, living retired from business activities,
but personally superintending his ]iroperty interests until shortly
before his demise, which occurred October 28, 1892. He left two sons,
Eben B., who is a farmer on a part of the old home, and Harry Dole
Owen. The latter had been of the greatest help to him during his
later years, for he personally cultivated the large ranch of thirteen
hundred acres, attended to the dairy department of the ranch, took
charge of the sowing of the grain, worked untiringly in harvesting,
threshing and marketing the wheat, and proved altogether a genuine
talent for agricultural work. His subsecpient prosperity i^'oves that
he made no mistake when he selected ranching for his chosen occu-
pation. His ranch comprises five hundred and twenty-two acres,
located on the Cosumnes river, about one and one-half miles east of
Bruceville. Irrigation for the ranch is supplied by means of a ditch
from the Cosumnes as well as a pumping plant.

December 15, 1886, H. D. Owen was united in marriage with
Miss Margaret Utter, a native of Franklin, Sacramento county, and a

742 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

woman of capability and education. They are the parents of three
children, namely: William E., born November 16, 1887; Mary Gladys,
May 1, 1889, and Dorothy Grace, who was born November 22, 1894,
and died July 5, 1910, when almost sixteen years of age. Mr. Owen
is identified with the Modern Woodmen of America, and with his wife
and family is associated by membership with the Bruceville Metho-
dist church.

JOHN E. T. PIKE

With the exception of his first nine years Mr. Pike passed all
of his life within the boundaries of the state of California. As he
viewed the remarkable transformation wrought in his home city of
Sacramento and in the surrounding country, he was wont to contrast
the appearance of the village of the pioneer era with the cultured
metropolis of the twentieth century. It was a source of gratification
to him that his father, the late John Pike, was one of those sturdy,
energetic pioneers to whom the west owes the foundation of its
present prosperity, and he might have reflected with like pardonable
pride upon his own honorable identification with civic growth. When
he left his native town of Eastport, Me., where he was born in October,
1852, it was to begin the then long and tedious journey to the remote
and unknown regions along the Pacific coast. With a boy's clearness
of vision and keenness of memory he observed the aspect of the
strange regions through which the family passed en route via the
Isthmus of Panama to their destination, and recollections of the trip
formed one of the most interesting memories of his life. Nor did he
ever forget the frontier schools of Sacramento and the crude system
of instruction then in vogue, which formed a startling contrast to the
educational system afterward adopted.

To the credit of Mr. Pike it may be said that he remained in
association with the same firm for forty years, death alone proving
the cause of ultimate severance. In early youth he entered the office
of the Wells-Fargo Company at Sacramento. Every position from
the humblest he filled at different times until eventually he was made
cashier, and he was filling that responsible post in September of
1910, when death terminated his earthly labors. He allowed few out-
side matters to interfere with the daily discharge of business duties.
Indeed, he took no part in civic projects, much as he approved of all
that were for the benefit of the community. Nor did he take any part
in politics, although he kept himself posted concerning national prob-
lems. Fraternally he co-operated with no organization except Ma-
sonrv, in which he rose to high degree. As a member of Sacramento

HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY 743

Lodge No. 3, F. & A. M., lie first became enlisted in Masonic philan-
thropies. Later he entered the Eoyal Arch Chapter and the Council
of Eoyal and Select Masters. In addition, he became connected with
the Sacramento Commander}', K. T., in which he served as com-
mander, being the youngest commander up to that time. Eventually
he was honored with admission to the Islam Temple, N. M. S., at
San Francisco.

The Pike residence at No. 1712 P street, Sacramento, is now
owned and occupied by Mrs. Pike and her only child, Hattie M., now
Mrs. Clemont Brokaw. She was a native of this city and a graduate
of its schools. Prior to her marriage in 1S78 Mrs. Pike bore the
maiden name of Fannie M. Hackett. She was educated at Napa
seminary and Napa college. She, too, claims Sacramento as her na-
tive city, her father. Dr. Francis M. Hackett, having come from his
native New Hampshire across the plains to California during the
memorable year of 1849, and in this state he established a permanent
home, here being united in marriage with Miss Ellen Merrill, who was
born and reared in Chicago, 111. When fourteen years of age she
came with her parents to California, crossing the plains with ox-teams
in 1849. Dr. Hackett was a pioneer dentist in Sacramento and later
practiced in San Francisco, where he passed away. Mrs. Pike was
educated at Napa seminary and Napa college. Among the oldest sur-
viving settlers who remember Dr. Hackett and his wife they are re-
called as people possessing true worth of character and the sturdy
mental and physical attributes necessary to successful pioneering.

WILLIAM W. HINSEY

Should the query be propounded as to the identity of the most
influential citizens of Fair Oaks, the name of William W. Hinsey
would appear among those of other promoters of the local prosperity.
Indeed, it would be difScult to overestimate the importance of his
labors in the organization and management of the Fair Oaks Fruit
Company. To his capable oversight may be attributed the high finan-
cial standing of the concern among the banks of Sacramento valley
and the satisfactory continuance of a large business among the local
horticulturists. As secretary, treasurer and manager he has been at
the head of the growth, improvements and progress of the establish-
ment, which now owns and occupies seven buildings, including an office,
a warehouse, olive oil mill and packing houses. The present value of
the holdings of the company in real-estate and improvements aggre-
gates almost $100,000. Successful prosecution of the business is indi-

744 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

cated by the fact that the company has paid out to stockholders one
hundred and two per cent of the value of the stock since the plant
was first started, and for the building up of such a profitable industry
universal credit is given to the efficient manager.

During the early history of the now thriving city of Ottumwa,
Iowa, no physician was more highly honored and none more success-
ful in the practice of the profession than Dr. J. C. Hinsey, who made
his home in that town and there reared his family, among them being
William W., born in Ottumwa November 18, 1862. After he had com-
pleted the studies of the connnou schools he took a commercial course
in the Ottumwa Business College and then commenced the earning of
a livelihood through the work of shipping clerk in the wholesale house
of Ottumwa Starch Co. and then for three years with W. A. Jordan
& Son. Recog-nition'of his worth came in his promotion to the posi-
tion of cashier. For several years he continued with the firm, but in
1888 he resig-ned to come to California. On the occasion of this first
trip to the west he settled at Elsinore, Riverside county, and secured
an important position with the real estate exchange.

Upon returning to the old home and resuming business asso-
ciations, Mr. Hinsey organized the Ottumwa Fruit Commission Com-
pany and continued to operate the concern until his second removal
to tiie west, which occurred during the year 1898. During the spring
of 1899 he became assistant manager for George D. Kellogg, a fruit
shipper of Newcastle, in Placer county, and for the ensuing four years
he continued in that village. From there he came to Sacramento
county and settled at Fair Oaks, where later he was one of the promot-
ers and organizers of the Fair Oaks Fruit Company, one of the most
successful concerns of its kind in the entire valley. Immediately after
his arrival in the town he bought a lot and erected a comfortable mod-
ern residence, which he since lias made his home. In addition to other
business identifications with the town he is a stockholder in the Fair
Oaks Bank, the organization of which he helped promote through his
intelligent and zealous endeavors.

Upon coming to California for the first time Mr. Hinsey was
accompanied by his young bride. He had married at Ottumwa Sep-
tember 29, 1888, Miss Carrie E. Logan, a cultured and popular woman
of that city and the recipient of excellent advantages in its schools.
Seven sons were born of their union, but the first-lwrn, Harold, died
at the age of five years. The others are Charles M., George L., Wal-
ter B., Donald M., Philip H. and Ralph R. In politics Mr. Hinsey has
been a Republican, though locally supporting the candidates whom he
regards as best qualified to serve the people regardless of politics.
With his wife he holds membership in the Fair Oaks Methodist Etiis-
copal Church, which for many years he served as treasurer, besides
being a member of the board of trustees. While living in Ottumwa
he was made a master Mason. Perhaps no subject of general impor-

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 745

tauce interests him more tliau that of education. Favoring good
schools, he has aided in securing them through a service of years as a
member of the school board and his influence has accomplished much
toward the advance locally of the standard of instruction and dis-
cipline, both of which points are emphasized in the management of the
Fair Oaks schools.

MRS. KATHERINE B. FISK

It is natural that earnest devotion to the welfare of California
should characterize Mrs. Fisk, for she has been a resident of the state
from her earliest recollections, and here she has led a useful, con-
tented and prosperous existence, exhibiting in the management of her
landed interests a capability and energy equalled by few. To her life
has presented no opportunity for leisure, but has been a sphere for
useful activities, and the oversight of her well-improved homestead
and her varied business interests, as well as attending to her social
duties and the rearing of her children, has left her little time for
leisure. While she is the possessor of ample means, the supervision
of the estate left by her husband at his death and the management of
her broad interests fill her days with useful activities, although she
still has time for the duties and obligations that fall to her as a mem-
ber of the Tuesday club, besides which she takes an active part in
other social functions of Sacramento.

Descended from an old and prominent Norse ancestry, Mrs. Fisk
is the daughter of Ole O. and Tobina Lovdol, natives of Arndol, Nor-
way, who immediately after their marriage immigrated to Missouri
and located in St. Jose])h, where Mr. Lovdol became a successful
merchant tailor. In 1869 he removed with his family on one of the
first through overland trains to California, and purchased a farm on
Riverside road, later buying additional acres in Sacramento and Y'olo
counties. He made a specialty of hop growing and was one of the
largest as well as a pioneer hop grower of California. He became the
owner of over five hundred acres of land, all devoted to the growing
of pears, alfalfa and hops. During 1896 he lost his wife, and in 1908
his own demise occurred at the age of eighty-four years. To his
descendants he has bequeathed the heritage of an honorable life and
tireless industry. Starting as a pioneer, he improved the grain land
so that it yielded manifoldly. By his capable management he ac-
cumulated a competency and rose to a position of prominence among
the hop growers of the state. Of their seven children, only four are
living. Of the sons, Thomas B., 0. A., William E. and George B. are
all deceased excepting O. A. The daughters, besides Mrs. Fisk, are

746 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

Ovedia, Mrs. F. L. White, and Emma, Mrs. W. E. Beardslee. They
both reside iu Yolo county.

Mrs. Fisk is herself a native of St. Joseph, Mo., and was two years
of age when the family moved to Sacramento. Here she was given
the opportunity of attending the grammar and high schools of Sacra-
mento, where she availed herself of the privilege of acquiring a prac-
tical education. Mrs. Fisk owns two hundred and sixty acres of very
valuable land at Lovdol Station in Yolo county. At her home place
on Riverside road she owns fifteen acres which for years was devoted
to the raising of hops, but more recently has been put under cultiva-
tion to pears. From 1885, when she became the wife of Charles A.
Fisk, a native of Toronto, Canada, she was his helpful assistant until
his death in 1909, when she succeeded him in the management of the
property, and in addition she maintains a wise oversight of the Yolo
county tract, which is now in hops and alfalfa. Besides the manage-
ment of her own interests she is one of the executors, with her two
sisters, of the estate of her brother William E. Lovdol, these vast
acres in Yolo and Sacramento counties being still intact and operated
as an estate. Mrs. Fisk is a stockholder in the Sacramento Valley
Trust Company and the Tuesday Club House Association, as well as
the Ramie Fiber Company of Berkeley. Four children were born of
her marriage, but of these one, Thomas E., died in early life. The
daughter, Ethel, now Mrs. H. C. Whitman, resides with her on the
ranch, and the oldest son, Charles A., assists her in the care of the
place. Ernest is a student in the high school.

F. L. ATKINSON, M. D.

A native of Illinois, Dr. F. L. Atkinson was born in Galena,
Jo Daviess county, June 28, 1860. He was educated in the public
schools of Galena, the Platteville Normal and Valparaiso University,
after which he entered the medical department of the University of
Michigan, and completed his medical course at Rush Medical College,
Chicago. Graduating in February, 1885, with the degree of M. D.,
he came to San Francisco on May 1 of the same year, and after travel-
ing over the coast and through the northwest, he located permanently
in Sacramento. Here he has remained ever since, practicing his
profession. On June 6, 1886, he was elected health officer by the
City Board of Health, being the first physician chosen to that im-
portant place within the history of the city. He afterwards became
assistant county physician and dispensary physician. Dr. Atkin-
son was elected a member of the Board of Education of Sacra-
mento in 1897, and served in that position four years. During his
service here he took an active interest both in a sanitarv and edu-

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 747

catioual way iu the city schools aud their iuiprovemeut. lie was
the first member of the Board of Education in Sacramento to raise his
voice against the obnoxious fraternities of the high schools, aud the
fact that the matter went to the legislature and was enacted into a
law restraining these improper and harmful institutions, proved the
wisdom of the Doctor's judgment.

Dr. Atkinson believes in a thorough and a practical preparation
for the duties of any trade, calling or profession. With this in view
for his own training he has traveled widely over the United States,
Canada, Europe and Africa, studying in the hospitals of New York,
Chicago, London, Paris and Vienna. He is a member of the Amer-
ical Medical Association, the State Medical Society of California, and
the Sacramento Society for Medical Improvement, having been sec-
retary and president of the last mentioned organization. He is sur-
geon to the Northern Electric Railway Company for this city. Hav-
ing been an owner of swamp and overflowed lands he naturally takes
much interest in the reclamation of such tracts, and has devoted
much time to the study of the Sacramento river, with reference to the
reclamation of its overflowed shores as well as its navigability. He
is at present trustee for Reclamation District 900, which comprises
twelve thousand acres of swamp and overflowed land in Yolo county
directly opposite Sacramento City. The territory is known as West
Sacramento. It was virtually through Dr. Atkinson's efforts that
$2,500,000 was brought to Sacramento to develop these lands. He
believes in the great possibilities of Sacramento and the Sacramento
valley and is a powerful "booster" for these localities. While his
time is given to the. i^ractice of medicine and surgery he finds time
to look after his city real estate and landed interests.

Dr. Atkinson was married ip Sacramento in August, 1888, to
Mrs. Florence E. Hodgdon, a native of Sacramento, the daughter of
William P. Todhunter, one of the pioneers of Sacramento. Frater-
nally Dr. Atkinson was made a Mason in Sacramento Lodge No. 40,
F. & A. M., and is also a member of all the Scottish Rite bodies. He
is also a charter member of the Benevolent and Protective Order of
Elks, the Woodmen of the World, Red Men and National Union.
Politically he has always been a Republican and has taken a deep
and active interest in the success of the party and in securing for the
county a clean and progressive administration of public affairs.

JAMES FRASINETTI

Foremost among the qualities which are essential to permanent
success are both optimism and perseverance, controlled by unswerving
honor, and to the possessor of these attributes fortune denies nothing.

748 HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

Keen in business and industrious to a marked degree, James Fra-
sinetti, sole proprietor of the Florin winery of Florin, Cal., today
occupies a position for wliicli he is fully equipped, and among his as-
sociates is regarded as a man of influence and firmness of purpose. A
son of beautiful Italy, which has produced many of our best known
and most prosperous citizens, his birth occurred November 22, 1872,
in Montemurro, in the province of Basilicata, which was also the
birthplace of his father, Constandino. The latter was united in mar-
riage with Carmella Galanti, of Montemurro, and of the six children
born to them, all natives of Italy, five are living.

Settling in New York City, Constandino Frasinetti engaged in
the manufacture of candy for eight years, after which he came to San
Francisco, Cal., and continued in the business for the succeeding two
years. In 1887 he took his family to Sacramento, where he followed
his trade successfully until 1897, when he returned to New York City.
He passed away November 14 of that year, being survived by his wife,
who died in J,905.

Though but five years old when the family came to the United
States, James Frasinetti bears vividly in memory the wonderful
scenes through which he passed on his way to the new land, and in
spite of the' lure of his mother country has remained loyal to the home
which has given him both contentment and prosperity. Until the age
of fourteen he attended public school in New York City, taking ad-
vantage of his educational opportunities with the foresight character-
istic of his race, and, upon his graduation, willingly participated in
the support of the family. In 1885 he accompanied his parents to
California and assisted his father -in the candy business, learning the
confectioner's trade and becoming an expert in the art of candy
making. In 1899 he established a winery in Florin, where he has
since resided. The site of his present vineyard was a grain field when
he located upon it, and he set out the vines and erected the buildings.
Most of his products, which include a general line of fine wines and
brandies, are shipped to New York City, and are in universal demand,
owing to their superior quality.

On May 28, 1893, Mr. Frasinetti was united in marriage in New
York City with Miss Rose Cassieri, who was reared and educated in
Italy. Six children lend their contrasting personalities and ambitions
to the interest of the family circle: Constandino, familiarly called
"Christie," his father's chief assistant, was born in 1894; Angelo,
born in 1902; Joseph, in 1904; Carmella, in 1906; Amelio, in 1908, and
Thresa, in 1910. Mr. Frasinetti and family are known to be both gen-
erous and thoughtful regarding those less fortunate than themselves,
and deservedly rank among the leading citizens of the community.

HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY 749

RUSSELL WELLINGTON MILL

Wlieu representatives of the Mill family sought larger opportun-
ities than those afforded by their native England they crossed the
ocean to Canada. The rigors of a stern climate unfortunately gave
little recompense for the larger agricultural and social liberties ac-
corded by the newer country. Ultimately James M. and Sarah (Wat-
ers) Mills gave up their friends and associations in Canada and came
to California in the hojDe of finding equal opportunities combined with
a more genial climate than their home land could boast. The pres-
ence of relatives at Hollister induced them to settle at that point, and
near there Mr. Mill for years engaged in ranching, while also finding
an occasional opportunity to follow his trade of a carpenter. Eventu-
ally a home was established at Pacific Grove about 1887 and in that'
city Mrs. Mill passed away in 1890, after which her husband joined his
son at Sacramento and took up carpentering in this city.

At the old home near Hastings, Canada, Russell Wellington Mill
was born December 2, 1869, and when but little past six years of age
he left forever those scenes familiar to his earliest memories. During
January of 1876 he arrived in California with his parents and after-
ward attended school at Hollister, eventually comjileting his studies
in the Pacific Grove schools. After he left school he began to learn
the carpenter's trade at Pacific Grove and in 1890 he came to Sacra-
mento, where later he was joined by his father. In this city he
learned every detail connected with mill work during the thirteen
years of his connection with the firm of Bassett & Minford. When
their plant was destroyed by fire he secured employment with another
firm. Meanwhile, June 28, 1900, he married Miss Edina Scott,
daughter of Thomas and Nettie Scott and a lifelong resident of Sac-
ramento, where for years Mr. Scott has carried on a retail phunbing
establishment.

It was during 1904 that Mr. Mill embarked in business for him-
self. His first purchase consisted of what was known as Campbell's
mill on Fifth street, and there he built up a growing and profitable
trade in his line. Evidence of his increasing prosperity appeared in
his purchase of a tract on Third and V streets, where his plant now
occujiies almost a block of very valuable land. During 1910 he erected
a modern and well-equipped mill, which when run at its full capacity
furnishes employment to eighty hands. In the mill may be found
every feature of modern plants of its kind. The equipment facilitates
the prompt and satisfactory handling of lumber from which to manu-
facture sash, doors and interior finishings for residences. Under the
title of the Sacramento Planing Mill and Furniture Company the firm
has been incorporated and has risen to a front rank in the line of its

750 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

specialties. The success of the venture is due to the untiring energy
and wise management of the proiarietor, who gives his entire time to
the supervision of the mill and allows no extraneous matters to de-
tract his attention from the business. Politics has never entered into
his life, nor has he taken time for participation in fraternal activities,
with the sole exception of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, to
which he has belonged for twenty years, and which has received his
helpful generosities in many of its philanthropies.

GEORGE W. FICKS

With every passing year the ranks of the Grand Army of the
Republic grow thinner and the diminishing corps of the survivors
walk with less of the military erectness characteristic of their younger
days. Prominent among the veterans of the Union army now living
in Sacramento we mention the name of George W. Ficks, who is af-
fectionately and familiarly known by the title of colonel, although no
epaulets adorned his uniform as he fought with desperate earnestness
during the long and sanguinary encounters with the Army of the
Potomac, nor did a grateful country reward his services with other
than the honorable mention given to thousands of lads who, like him-
self, left home and friends in order to volunteer in the defense of the
Union. The war has long since become only a memory, but as long as
gratitude exists in the hearts of patriots, so long will the names of
the loyal defenders of the Union be cherished with peculiar tender-
ness in the annals of our history.

Born in Pittsburg, Allegheny county, Pa., November 7, 1846, and
reared in Armstrong and Westmoreland counties, in the same state.
Colonel Ficks lived the life of strenuous activity usual to farmers'
sons, and hence had but few educational opportunities. When scarcely
eighteen years of age he enlisted, in September, 1864, as a private in
Company K, Fifteenth Pennsylvania Veteran Volunteer Infantry, and
was assigned to the Ninth Army corps. Army of the Potomac. His
most memorable engagement was the siege and capture of Petersburg,
and he also had many thrilling experiences while serving on detached
duty, finally participating in the Grand Review at Washington. After
peace had been declared he was honorably discharged during the
summer of 1865, and then returned to Pennsylvania, where he attended
school at Leechburg during the ensuing winter. With the close of
that term his schooling came to an end and he again took up the

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 751

battle of life. Work in a lumber mill at Newcastle was secured ; later
he was employed in a livery stable; in fact, he eagerly grasped any
chance to earn an honest livelihood.

Meanwhile many reports concerning prospects in California had
reached the ears of the young ex-soldier, who finally determined to
seek a livelihood in the west. February 9, 1868, he left Newcastle, Pa.,
for New York City, and there he boarded a ship bound for the Isthmus
of Panama. From that point he sailed by steamer to San Francisco,
and after a few days in the western metropolis he proceeded to Sac-
ramento. Next he went to the timber regions of Butte county and
worked in the lumber mills during the summer, thence going to Rock-
lin. Placer county, where he was employed in a stone quarry during
one winter. A later employment of five months as a brakeman on the
Southern Pacific railroad was followed by a visit of about three
mouths at his old Pennsylvania home, from which he returned to the
employ of the railroad company, continuing thus engaged for eighteen
months. Afterward he secured a clerkship in the dry goods store of
E. Lyon & Co., Sacramento, and for thirteen years he remained in
the same position, resigning in order to become a reporter with the
Sacramento Record-Union under the management of W. H. Mills. For
seven years he continued with the daily pajier, and then served for
four years as United States storekeeper in the Fourth district during
the administration of President Benjamin Harrison. Subsequently
he held a position under Mayor Steinman of Sacramento, which was
followed by, the lease of the Clunie opera house, which he managed
for three seasons. For six years, or until New Year's of 1911, he
held a position in the office of Hon. Charles F. Curry, secretary of
state. At this writing he is the manager of the distributing agency
for the ' ' Tragedy of Andersonville, ' ' which was written and published
by Gen. N. P. Chipman, presiding judge of the appellate court.

The marriage of Colonel Ficks took place in Sacramento Novem-
ber 10, 1872, uniting him with Miss Inez Huff, who was born and
reared in Placerville, this state, and who passed away February 22,
1908, leaving two daughters. Two sons, Miles Grant and Frank, had
died in childhood. The elder daughter, Edna Inez, is the widow of
John D. Bauman, an importer of New York City, who lost his life in
the sinking of the Titanic April 15, 1912. The younger daughter,
Blanche, is the wife of George F. Roberts, and lives in Bisbee, Ariz.
During the long period of his residence in Sacramento Colonel
Ficks has witnessed the development of the city and his portion of
the state. He has filled many positions of trust and time and again
lias proved the worth of his citizensliip to the higher developement of
the locality. The Republican party has numbered him among its
leading local workers, frequently he has represented its interests by
service as a delegate to county and state conventions and he is now
a member of the county Roosevelt Republican committee. A man of

752 HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

tried worth and integrity, be has proved loyal to his country not
alone on the field of battle during the thrilling era of the Civil war,
but also in the quiet round of citizenship during times of peace, and
with justice he is regarded as one of the useful, patriotic men of his
home city. On May 31, 1913, Colonel Ficks was appointed by Gov-
ernor Hiram W. Johnson, commissioner to represent the state of Cali-
fornia at the national celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the
battle of Gettysburg, Pa.

REV. WILLIAM F. ELLIS

The jiastor of the Church of the Immaculate Conception in Sacra-
mento ranks among the rising young clerg\^nen of the Sacramento
diocese, wliither he came by appointment immediately after he had
been ordained to the holy priesthood in Rome. The family of which
he is a member is noted for the scholarly attainments of its male
rejiresentatives and for their devotion to the cause of the church.
Out of a family of seven there are five now living, all of whom are
men of conspicuous mental endowments and extraordinary intellectual
attainments. The eldest. Rev. J. H. Ellis, is pastor of the church at
Jackson, Amador county, this state. The third, T. H., is now a stu-
dent in the Propaganda University in Rome, Italy. The fourth,
Vincent C, is a student in the Catholic University at Dublin, Ireland.
The youngest, James P., is a civil engineer of superior qualifications.
The father, James Ellis, is himself a man of education and ability.
During young manhood he had married Miss Anne Choie, who died in
Ireland in June of 1911, and who was a member of a distinguished
Catholic family, one of her brothers, Father P. J. Clyne, who died
in Grass Valley, Cal., having been long and successfully connected
with the Sacramento diocese.

The county of Westmeath, at no great distance from the city of
Dublin, Ireland, is the native home of Father Ellis, and July 24, 1881,
the date of his birth. In young manhood he was sent to the national
schools. Religious training, begun with his first instruction by his
parents, was continued after the age of eleven years in the Christian
Brothers college at Mullinger, where he completed the regular course
of study, graduating in 1897. Immediately afterward he entered All
Hallows' college in Dublin, where he took a course in philosophy. The
four years of study in that institution were most helpful and profitable.
With his graduation in 1901 he turned his steiis toward Rome, where
he studied theology at the Irish college and the Propaganda university
and in 1904 was graduated with high honors. May 28 of the same
year he was ordained to the Roman Catholic priesthood in the St.

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO CX)UNTY 753

John Laleran Cathedral at Rome. Under an appointment to tlie Sac-
ramento diocese he came to California, where he became assistant to
Father L. Kennedy in St. Bernard's church at Eureka. From there
he was transferred to Sacramento during December of 1909 as pastor
of the parish of the Immaculate Conception. The first services he
lield in a temporary edifice, which soon was enlarged. At this writing
plans are in readiness for a Romanesque structure of brick, to have a
(capacity of seven hundred persons. The parish property consists of
one-half block, bought in 1909, and bounded by Orange, Sacramento,
Thirty-second and Thirty-thii'd streets. On the corner of Thirty-sec-
ond street and Sacramento avenue he has erected an attractive par-
ochial residence. Soon a parochial school will be added to the group
of buildings, and these, upon the completion of the edifice, will give
ample facilities for the training of children and the religious needs
of the five hundred families comprising the parish. In the parish
there are various organizations for the upbuilding of the church, in-
cluding the Altar and Sanctuary societies. Children of Mary and the
Holy Name society, all of which are proving most helpful as an aid
to the i^astor in his many responsibilities.

DANIEL D. SULLIVAN

A complete enumeration of the citizens identified with the ma-
terial advancement of Sacramento associated with the progress of the
Republican party in the community and helpful in the interests of
labor throughout the state, could not fail to include and give prom-
inence t-o the name of Daniel D. Sullivan, who for many years has
been connected with the state printing office. In many respects a list
of his activities is also a list of measures for the growth of Sacra-
mento. His enterprises have been varied, but always for the better-
ment of local conditions. His activities have been large, but never
for any movement not calculated to develop the permanent welfare of
the region. While aiding civic and district projects, he has not lost
sight of individual needs, but has been active in his aid to charitable
organizations and in his personal help to the poor. As chairman of
the police and fire commission, and as a member of the committee on
safety and health, he has conserved the interests of the people, and
his citizenship has been further made valuable through his service as
a member of the committee that outlined the park system at Haggin
grant, a subdivision adjoining Sacramento on the north.

Born in New York City in 1859, Daniel D. Sullivan is a member
of a family that included ten children, whose parents, Jeremiah J. and

754 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

Annie (Boucher) Sullivan, were natives respectfully of New York
and New Jersey. For years the father followed the trade of a baker
in New York City, but during the Civil war he left his business and
liis home in order to aid the Union. For three years he served with
fidelity and took part in all the engagements of his regiment during
that period, but finally a severe wound incapacitated him for further
service, and he then received an honorable discharge. Some time
after his discharge he determined to leave the east for the newer
fields of the far distant west. About that time the railroad was being
completed across the continent and public interest was aroused in the
development of the coast regions.

The family established a home at Sacramento during 1868 and
the father found employment as a baker, but after five years he re-
moved to San Francisco, where he was made foreman of a cracker
factory. That position he continued to fill until 1882. Both he and
his wife died in San Francisco during the year 1901. Instead of join-
ing the family in the coast city, Daniel D. Sullivan remained in Sac-
ramento, and in 1882 he entered the state printing office, where he
learned the trade of a pressman. From that time to the present he
has been in the same office, and since 1895 he has held the position of
foreman of the press department, where he has twenty men under him
and where he is responsible for much work of great importance. His
eldest son, Elmo D., who married Celia Morton, is also a skilled
printer, and is now employed by the Star Publishing Company of Sac-
ramento. The other children, Athol P., Merced, Loraine, Gertrude E.
and Frank, are still living at home.

At the time of the organization of the State Federation of Labor
Mr. Sullivan actively assisted in promoting the same and from the
outset he was one of the officers. For three terms he was honored with
the presidency, being the only man to whom has been given the dis-
tinction of filling the important office for three terms. At this writing
he is president of the Sacramento Federation of Trades Council. As
one of the founders of Labor Temple, he took a prominent part in a
movement of enduring importance to the cause of labor in the capital
city. Elected the first treasurer of the Temple, he still fills the office,
and in addition he has been a member of its board of directors ever
since the start. For three terms he was honored with the presidency
of the Sacramento Press Union, and in 1907 he served as a delegate
to the National Convention of Pressmen at Brighton Beach. For
years he has been a member of the Sacramento Chamber of Com-
merce, and allusion previously has been made to his work as a mem-
ber of its committees. As a member of the state central committee
since 1898 he has exerted his influence for the upbuilding of the Re-
iniblican ])arty, as he lias also when serving as a delegate to every
state convention of the party held since 1899. In addition, he was'

HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY 755

liouored by being chosen delegate from the fourth district to the
national Republican convention at Chicago in 1904 that nominated
Theodore Roosevelt for the presidency. As a progressive worker in
the party, he has been in sympathy with the plf\tform and principles
of that renowned party leader. The Eagles and Elks number him
among their members, being a life member of the Elks, but his interest
in fi'aternities is less engrossing than that in public affairs and in
labor problems. Accordingly, we find that it is in these two depart-
ments of citizenship that he finds his most engrossing activities and
has reached his gi-eatest influence.

HON. PETER J. SHIELDS

The lineage of the Shields family indicates a long line of Celtic
ancestors and it was not until 184.3 that Patrick Shields transplanted
this branch from the Emerald Isle to the shores of America. At the
time of emigration he was a man of middle age, frugal, purj^oseful
and industrious, but handicapped by lack of means. Accompanied
by his wife, Mary, and their sons, he crossed the ocean to the new
world and proceeded to the then undeveloped regions of the Missis-
sippi valley, where he took up a tract of government laud and en-
tered upon general farming. With the aid of his boys he trans-
formed a raw tract into a productive farm and ultimately acquired
the title to two hundred and ten acres of fertile land, which he had
stocked with a large herd of cattle as well as other stock. His death
occurred in November of 1856, when he was sixty-five years of age.
Surviving him were three sons, of whom Frederick and Dennis sought
homes in the undeveloped lands of Minnesota, while John, who was
born in Ireland April 26, 1835, became a pioneer of California, leav-
ing his Illinois home May 4, 1856, and landing in San Francisco
on the 14th of June after an uneventful trip by way of Panama.
For three months after his arrival he operated a threshing-machine
for the owner, after which for eight or ten months he worked at $3
per day in the mines at Farmers' Diggings and elsewhere along the
American river.

The first association of John Shields with western agriculture
occurred in 1857, when he bought the squatters' right to three hun-
dred and twenty-four acres, covered with brush and timber, and con-
taining a black and sandy loam soil which proved very productive.
Tlie ranch was in Brighton township, Sacramento county, thirteen
miles from the city of Sacramento, and bounded on the north by the
American river. The original Hangiown Crossing was near this

756 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

ranch, but later that name was discarded for the present title of Mills.
All of the improvements on the place were made by Mr. Shields, who
abont 1879 increased his holdings by the purchase of one hundred
acres near the original farm. Twenty acres were planted in a vine-
yard, and the crops were so large that it is said about twenty-four
tons of grapes were harvested from three acres in one season. One
hundred acres were planted to an orchard of peaches, pears, plums
and French prunes. Eventually the owner relinquished his arduous
ranching activities and removed to Yolo county, where he now makes
his home. November 18, 1859, he married Mrs. Elizabeth (Bow)
Lynch, who was boi'n in Ireland, crossed the ocean to Massachusetts
in early life and in 1855 became a resident of California. They had
a family of five daughters and two sons, namely : Mary, who married
Charles Deterding; Lizzie A., wife of M. C. Pike; Alice; Hannah,
who made a specialty of instrumental and vocal music and rose to a
high rank in the profession; Emily, Peter J. and Robert E. Four of
the family are still living. The mother, who possessed unusual abil-
ity, made a specialty of the fruit industry and attained a reputation
as one of the most thorough and prominent orehardists in the entire
state. As an authority on horticulture her advice was sought by
people from all parts of the west. When she died in 1895 the State
Fruit-Growers' Association passed suitable resolutions of regret and
condolence and alluded to her as "the fruit queen of California," a
title which her wise and long-continued labors fully justified.

At the old homestead on the American river Peter J. Shields
was born April 4, 1862. The neighboring schools afforded him fair
advantages. Later he was graduated from the Christian Brothers
college in Sacramento. At the age of eighteen years he took up the
study of law in the office of A. P. Catlin. Three years later he was
admitted to practice at the bar of the state. With professional am-
bitions and youthful hopes he took up the practice of law, only to
find himself forced to abandon practice at the age of twenty-four
and to give attention to the restoration of his health, which had been
seriously injured by over-study. As the best means of physical re-
cuperation he sought outdoor emplo\Tnent and turned his attention
to a careful study of livestock, with such success that he since has
been selected to act as judge in many of the most important stock
shows in the entire country. It is said that his judgment of an
animal is seldom at fault. At a glance he detects their favorable
points as well as the apparently invisible weaknesses which prove a
blemish to their record.

During the period of open-air activities as a means of health
I'estoration, the young man hafd not wholly relinquished all identifica-
tion with city affairs, but still held the office of trustee of the Cali-
fornia state library, to which at the age of twenty-three years he
liad been appointed by Governor Bartlett and in which his service

HISTOBY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 757

was so intelligent that he was again appointed in 1897. When he
returned to Sacramento iu 1895 he became a deputy to the state
librarian, filling the position for nine months. During the next two
years he served as secretary of the California code commission,
■while later for a similar period he held the private secretaryship to
the governor, during the same period likewise serving as secretary
of the State Agricultural Society. Eesimiing the practice of law in
1900 as an associate of Hon. Hiram W. Johnson, the present gov-
ernor of California, he continued in private practice until a few
months later, when he was elected judge of the superior court of
Sacramento county by the largest majority ever given a judge in
that county. While a Democrat in politics, he received a majority of
eighteen hundred, the largest ever given up to that time. The first
election was for an unexpired term, after which he was re-elected by
a very heavy vote and then in 1908 he was chosen judge by the largest
vote given any candidate on either side.

In the office of jurist Judge Shields has proved impartial and
tactful, the possessor of a profound knowledge of jurisprudence and
the exemplifier in his own forceful character of the ethics of the
judicial office. Only an admirable personality could attain to his pop-
ularity and prestige. Democracy, civic duty and good government
are among the causes that have enlisted his intelligence. Sincerity of
purpose has directed his conduct in every relation of life and has
govei-ned his excellent administration of the affairs of his court.
Every movement for the upbuilding of the Sacramento valley has en-
listed his sympathy and he has been particularly helpful in promoting
the reclamation work. Educational activities have benefited by his
wise participation and probably the most important act of his life was
his furtherance of the university farm and school of agriculture, lo-
cated at Davis. From the first he favored the plan for such, an in-
stitution and realized that it could be made most valuable to the
material development of the state. Not only did he aid the cause by
forcible speeches on the subject, but in addition he drew the bill
creating such a school, and through his efforts it was passed by the
legislature. In its present usefulness and future value to state ad-
vancement it is now and will continue to be for years to come a monu-
ment to the sagacious efforts of himself and other high-minded, patri-
otic citizens broad in vision and prompt in action.

JOHN LATOURRETTE

The possession of decided business ability is indicated b\' the
gratifying degree of success that has rewarded the painstaking efforts
of Mr. Latourrette, one of the progressive and prominent business

758 HISTOEY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY

men of Sacramento. From his earliest recollections he has been fam-
iliar with this county. Educated in its schools, trained to a knowledge
of its conditions, familiar with its possibilities and conversant with
its history, he was prepared to enter into its business activities with
every hope of success offered by painstaking industry and forceful
determination. During young manhood he embarked in business for
himself, and his subsequent career has been one of slow but steady
advancement in the specialty selected for his life-work. The business
established by his energy and pushed forward by his progressive
spirit is now incorporated, with himself as secretary, treasurer and
the principal owner, while W. D. Scoville fills the office of president
and Dr. John L. White serves as vice-president.

Brought to the west during his infancy, John Latourrette is a
native of Dajion, Ohio, and was born February 18, 1876, being a son
of Paredes and Eliza (Smith) Latourrette, natives respectively of
Ohio and Pennsylvania. The father was a tinner bj^ trade, and during
early life, while following that occupation, he offered his services to
the Union as a soldier, was accepted, sent to the front, assigned to
the army of the west with an Ohio regiment under General Grant and
for three years remained in active service, eventually receiving an
honorable discharge at the expiration of his term of enlistment. Dur-
ing 1876 he brought his family to California and settled at Gait, Sac-
ramento county, where he opened a tin-shop and later developed the
business into that of general hardware. During 1890 he was be-
reaved by the death of his wife, and of recent years he has made his
home with his son, John, in Sacramento.

Upon the completion of the regular course of study in the county
public schools and a business college of Sacramento, John Latourrette
began to learn the trade of a tinner under his father. At the same
time he gained a general knowledge of the hardware business and
also studied the management of heating apparatus as well as the
putting in of plumbing. At the age of eighteen he was able to secure
a iwsition with Hallbrock, Merrill & Stetson, and for four years he
continued with that firm. Desiring to embark in business for him-
self, he resigned his position and rented a shop in Oak Park, where
he engaged in sheet-metal work, also in plumbing and heating. For
six years he carried on the store alone, after which he was the senior
member of the firm of Latourrette & Fical, continuing in that connection
until July 18, 1910, when the business was incorporated with the
present officers. The house is now one of the largest of its kind in
Northern California, and enjoys an enviable reputation for thorough-
ness of work and honesty in business transactions. Among the recent
]ilumbing and heating contracts awarded the firm may be mentioned
those for Hotel Sacramento, the White and Donnelly building. Forum
building, Sacramento county courthouse, California National Bank
and People's Savings Bank, as well as contracts for various sub-

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 759

stantial residences iu Sacrameuto and Northern California. In poli-
ties Mr. Latourrette always has sustained Republican principles by
his ballot. In fraternal relations he holds membership with the Inde-
pendent Order of Odd Fellows, Improved Order of Red Men, Eagles,
Woodmen and Fraternal Union. On February 24, 1897, he was united
in marriage with Miss Etta Larned, whose father settled at Placer-
ville during the early mining era and became a man of prominence
among the pioneers of the locality. Two daughters, Jessie and Leona,
comprise the family of Mr. and Mrs. Latourrette.

MARK H. EBEL

The artistic ability displayed by Mr. Ebel in floriculture comes
to him as an inheritance, for his father, Frederick Ebel, has few
superiors in landscape gardening and in the appropriate selection
of plants to produce certain desired effects. The two have exercised
an uplifting influence u]3on their art in Sacramento, influencing the
residents to develop taste in the selection of plants, in the arrange-
ments of flowers upon their lawns and in the massing of plants for
display. The beautiful lawns of the capital city arouse the admira-
tion of all visitors and not a little credit for the same justly belongs
to the Ebels, who possess in an unusual degree a genuine love for
flowers and a remarkable taste in the creation of artistic effects in
landscape gardening. The elder florist, who was born in Hamburg,
Germany, and came direct from his native land to Sacramento about
1870, has always made a specialty of landscape gardening, in which
capacity he was employed on the state capitol grounds. While in the
employ of the Crocker family during the early days he assisted in
their important desig-ns for artistic landscape effects and platted as
well as superintended the grounds of their art gallery. Throughout
his entire life he has engaged in the one occupation. No induce-
ments have been sufficient to divert him from the business of his
choice and he is now conducting a florist's establishment on Tenth
and P streets, where he carries a complete stock of cut flowers as
well as every variety of plant life appealing to his large circle of
customers.

At the time of his arrival in Sacramento Frederick Ebel was
a single man, but shortly afterward he was united in marriage with
Miss Dora Stehr, a native of the same German city as himself.
They have lost one of their children, a son, Au.gust, and the surviv-
ing members of their family are Mark H. and Lucy, the latter being
the widow of William Woolston, of Sacramento. Mark H. was born

760 HISTORY OP SACEAMENTO COUNTY

in Sacramento November 10, 1874, received a common-school educa-
tion in his native city and after leaving school worked for his father
for a time, meanwliile acquiring a thorough knowledge of plants
and flowers. For three years he had the management of the floral
business of C. B. Strong & Co., and upon the discontinuation of the
same by the owners he purchased the florist's department, which
he has "since conducted, having been at different locations at various
times since he started in business for himself during 1893. At this
writing he is the owner and manager of the establishment at Nos.
1016-18 Seventh street, where he conducts one of the most attractive
stores of its kind in the citj'. He has established home ties, having
been married September 7, 1911, to Miss Louise Dougherty, of Sac-
ramento, a lady of education and culture, who joins with him in
maintaining an intelligent interest in all movements for the better-
ment of the city. Bv virtue of his birth in Sacramento he has
become identified with the Native Sons of the Golden West, while his
fraternal relations are further expanded through membership with
the Benevolent Protective Order of Elks and the Independent Order
of Foresters. Ever since he attained his majority he has voted the
Republican ticket at national elections and has maintained a warm
interest in public enterprises, but has not aspired to official honors
nor cared to identify himself with partisan politics.

DANIEL D. AMAYA

The list of honored pioneers of California contains the name of
the Amaya family, whose identification with the west has covered a
long period of development. When the Indians still roamed un-
molested through the wide expanses of forests and over the broad
unsettled prairies, they proved a constant source of menace to the
settlers and at times their depredations brought fatal consequences.
One such occurrence happened when Joe Reyes Amaya, Sr., finding
that his stock had been stolen by the savages, hastened alone in pur-
suit of the cattle thieves. At the Big Basin he overtook them and
endeavored to regain his stolen property, but single-handed he was
unable to cope with the Indians and was killed by them. In his family
was a son who bore his own name and who for years followed the
trade of a butcher, but eventually, when out hunting with his son,
Daniel D., he was woimded by the accidental discharge of the gun.
Blood poisoning followed and in three weeks he died. From early life

HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY 761

he bad been fond of bunting game and was an expert marksman,
usually returning from bis bunting expeditions witb abundant evi-
dences of bis skill. Tbrougbout mucb of bis life be made bis bome at
Santa Cruz, tbis state, wbere bis wife was born and reared. Tbey
became tbe parents of eight children, but only two of these are now
living, Daniel D. and Arthur, tbe former born June 26, 1870, at Santa
Cruz, and identified tbrougbout life with the interests of California.

It was not the privilege of Mr. Amaya to receive a thorough edu-
cation, as be began to be self-supporting at an early age and for some
time helped his father in the meat market, also working in a res-
taurant for a time. His first trip to Sacramento was made in 1890,
but be did not then become a permanent resident. Other places claimed
his attention, and be gratified a desire to see more of the state, trav-
eling through different localities and meantime earning a livelihood at
bis trade. In 1897 he returned to Sacramento and tbis city has since
been his home. For two years he acted as manager of tbe Kleinsorge
store and then formed a partnership with William Atkinson in the
meat business, opening a market on Second and M streets. Eventu-
ally he erected a modern business block, in which be opened a market
August 14, 1909, and since then he has continued at the same location,
meanwhile leasing the grocery department. As a business man be
possesses exceptional capabilities. Through energy and sagacious
judgment he is making steady progress and now ranks among tbe
prosperous citizens of Sacramento.

The marriage of Mr. Amaya took place January 29, 1899, and
united him with Miss Adelaide M. Porter, who was born at Live Oaks,
Sutter county, tbis state, and is a woman of education and culture,
and a devoted member of the Christian Science church. The only child
of their union is a son, Arthur Elwood, born January 4, 1900, and
now a student in the city schools. Mrs. Amaya is a daughter of J. C.
and Melissa (Stevenson) Porter, natives respectively of Kirtland,
Lake county, Ohio, and Missouri. At an early age Mr. Porter mi-
grated as far west as Missouri and during his sojourn in that state
he married Miss Stevenson. Later be established a bome in Califor-
nia, wbere be engaged in raising stock and grain. Of later years he
owned and operated a hotel. His death occurred in May of 1907, and
since then Mrs. Porter has made her bome with Mrs. Amaya, who was
one of four children forming tbe parental family, three now living.
Fraternally Mr. Amaya has been identified with tbe Elks and Eagles
for some years and he also belongs to several organizations for busi-
ness development, notably the Butchers' Association. In politics be
is an active, zealous Republican, but never a candidate for office. Be-
sides the ownership of his residence and business property in Sac-
ramento he owns one-half interest in a valuable fruit farm of ten
acres located near Fair Oaks.

162 HISTORY OP^ SACRAMENTO COUNTY

NICHOLAS JOSEPH HULLIN

Possessed of a magnetic and pleasing personality, as well as an
intense power of concentration of energy, Mr. HuUin is peculiarly
titted for his duties as superintendent of the Sacramento Street Rail-
way Company, a position requiring a high degree of tact, ability and
diplomacy, and by his fair judgment and impartial favor enjoys the
esteem of all with whom he is associated. The youngest son of George
and Margaret (Barry) HuUin, the latter natives of Swansea, Wales,
and London, England, respectively, Nicholas J. HuUin 's birth occurred
in Onehunga, New Zealand, February 19, 1860. When a babe he
removed with his parents to Australia, and upon reaching school age
attended private school in Sydney, and afterward in the Society Is-
lands, but soon returned to Sydney. It was in 1879 that he came to
San Francisco, Cal., where he served for a time as machinist with the
Risdon Iron works, and the experience acquired during this employ-
ment has proved of great value to him through life, serving as a step-
ping stone to increased success. As a road machinist he was in the
service of the Market Street Railway Company of San Francisco from
1882 until five years later, when he accepted a position as machinist
with the Sutter Street Railway Company of San Francisco. Resign-
ing the latter position in 1891, he entered the service of the Piedmont
Cable Company of Oakland, Cal., serving first as machinist and after
eight months' service being promoted to master mechanic and super-
intendent of track construction. In 1896 he came to Sacramento, hav-
ing accepted a position with the Sacramento Street Railway Company,
serving first as construction foreman, and a year later became super-
intendent of track construction, filling this position acceptably and
faithfully until his appointment to his present position as general
superintendent in August, 1910.

Mr. Hullin's marriage took place in San Francisco, on April 24,
1884, when he was united with Miss Marie Menjou, a native of Pau,
France, whose parents, Pierre and Claire (Vigneau) Menjou, were
natives of Basses-Pyrenees, France. Five children blessed this mar-
riage. Claire is the eldest. Nicholas is a machinist for the Pacific
Gas and Electric Company. Albert is timekeeper and construction
clerk for the same organization. Philip and Dorothy are students in
the Sacramento public school.

Mr. Hullin lias been identified with the Masonic fraternity for the
past nine years, holding membership in Sacramento Lodge No. 40,
F. & A. M., which in 1909 he served as master. He is also a thirty-
second degree Scottish Rite Mason and a member of Islam Temple,
N. M. S., of San Francisco. He is a past chancellor commander of the

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 763

Kuiglits of Pythias, and is a member of the Confidence Lodge of that
order, and is also a member of Court Twin Peaks, A. 0. F., in San
Francisco. An ardent Republican in his political views, he believes
in the principles of that party, and in a broad-minded and practical
manner lends his aid to the community, his citizenship being beyond
censure. He is widely known as a stanch supporter of all enterprises
relating to the ]mblic good.

CARL KAUFMAN

The distinctive mental endowments that peculiarly adapt the peo-
ple of his race for successful identification with mercantile pursuits
appear among the most prominent attributes in the character of Mr.
Kaufman and lie at the foundation of his present prosperity. It was
his good fortune, when he left his native land of Grermany and came
to the United States at the age of fifteen, to secure employment with
one of the leading firms of Sacramento; and, while his position was
at first the very humble and illy-paid work of bundle boy, he was so
eager to learn, so quick to perceive and so energetic in action that he
soon learned the details of the business and won his way to deserved
promotion, ultimately through the frugal saving of his wages and the
complete mastery of mercantile principles, becoming interested finan-
cially in the business that gave him his first start toward wealth.
Although now in a financial position that would justify retirement and
a life of ease, his love of business is so keen that he continues at the
head of an establishment of note in Sacramento, said indeed to be
one of the finest stores of its kind in all of Northern California.

The family represented by Mr. Kaufman has long been identified
with Hohenzollern, Germany, where he was born in October, 1861, and
where his ]iarents in 1897 celebrated their golden wedding. On that
memorable occasion they were honored by receiving a private com-
munication from Emperor William, through his minister, conveying
compliments and appreciation and also bestowing iipon them a- gold
medal in commemoration of the event. One of the sons of the fam-
ily. Max, came to America at an early age, and by perseverance and
wise management established a profitable ladies' tailoring business in
Portland, Ore. Greatly prospered in the undertaking, he finally
sold out in 1911, and since then has been traveling in Europe.

The dry-goods house of Lipman & Co., with headquarters in Sac-
ramento and a branch store at Virginia City, was the place where
Carl Kaufman learned the mercantile business, working his way up
from bundle boy to bookkeeper. For a time the firm stationed him

764 HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY

at Virginia Cit}', but when that store was closed and another estab-
lishment opened at Portland, Ore., he was brought back to Sacramento.
During 1892 the business was sold to S. Wasserman, who took into
partnership E. D. Davis and Carl Kaufman, under the firm title of
Wasserman, Davis & Co. The co-partnership continued for six years.
Upon the retirement of Mr. Davis at the expiration of that time the
title was changed to Wasserman, Kaufman & Co., and continued as
such until 1898, when Mr. Kaufman disposed of his holdings to the
senior member. The relinquishment of business interests gave him
an opportunity to travel with his family through the east and in
Europe, where he spent two years, renewing the associations of early
life and visiting relatives in the old country. The business of which
he is now the head was started in October of 1908 at its present loca-
tion on Seventh and K streets, opposite the postoffice, and is devoted
to ladies' furnishings, a specialty being made of cloaks and suits, in
the selection of which the owner displays a thorough knowledge of
materials and changing styles. The trade has increased to such an
extent that employment is furnished to about thirty-five persons, the
more experienced of whom relieve the proprietor of the heaviest re-
sponsibilities incident to the management of so large an establish-
ment.

The marriage of Mr. Kaufman was solemnized in 1886 and united
Mm with Miss Sallie Kosmisky, of Sacramento, daughter of a pioneer
family who came to California via the Isthmus prior to the comple-
tion of the first trans-continental railroad. Her father conducted a
wholesale and retail cigar business in Sacramento, where for years he
was prominently identified with the Democratic party and with various
fraternal organizations. Mr. and Mj-s. Kaufman have two sons, Carl,
Jr., and Bernard. The elder, born in 1894, has received high school
advantages in Sacramento, while the younger, preferring business
pursuits, entered his father's establishment as a clerk at an early age.
The family adhere to the accepted religion of the Hebrew race and
have been generoiis contributors to the work of the S^TiagogTie as well
as to many of the great charities maintained by their people in the
new world.

HUGH McWILLIAMS

A love of plant life that found no opportunity^ for development
amid the rugged hills and barren farms of his native Scotland came
strikingly into evidence with the settlement of Mr. McWilliams in
America. Although deprived of the privilege of a thorough educa-

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 765

tion aud untrained in botanical lore as well as unfamiliar by experi-
ence with plants and flowers, be bad an opportunity after coming
across tbe ocean to learn tbe business of a florist and with eager
expectancy he entered into the work in Massachusetts, where he re-
mained for about two years. After he came to the Pacific Coast be
found employment as a landscape gardener and subsequent experience
broadened his knowledge of the florist's art, so that be was fully quali-
fied to win success when eventually he embarked in the business of a
nurserjTuan in Sacramento. His knowledge of the industry is not
only broad but also thorough and he has come to be regarded as a
western authority in matters relative to floriculture.

An isolated farm near Stranraer, Wigtownshire, Scotland, formed
the early environment of Hugh McWilliams, who was born January
15, 1863, and whose limited educational opportunities came solely
through his own determined efforts. From an early age he worked
for farmers in the home community and during that period he ac-
quired a knowledge of cheese-makhig, but did not afterward follow
the occupation. His father, Alexander, a man of high principles of
honor, but of limited means, lived to be eighty-three and always fol-
lowed farm pursuits ; tbe mother, who bore the maiden name of Agnes
McClumpha, died shortly after the demise of her husband. Their
son, Hugh, came to the United States at the age of twenty years, and
learned the florist's trade in the vicinity of Boston, whence in 1885
he came to San Francisco. From January until October be had
charge of the gardens at the summer home of D. 0. Mills near San
Mateo, this state, and later be held a similar position with Mrs. E.
B. Crocker for five years. A sojourn of two years in Sonoma county
was followed in 1892 by his removal to Sacramento.

Shortly after his arrival in this city Mr. McWilliams bought a
very small business known as the Elm nursery, located on Twelfth
and U streets. From that humble beginning he has built up a busi-
ness known throughout this part of the state. The equipment is
thoroughly modern and the assortment of stock extensive and indeed
exhaustive. Not long after he purchased the nursery he bought five
acres adjacent to Sacramento and this new nursery he named Sutter-
ville Heights, utilizing the grounds there as a farm for his growing
business. Of recent years he has not only bad a trade throughout
Northern California, but extending even to Nevada and Oregon. Ship-
ments of flowers as well as plants are made in every direction and
it is noticeable that those who once send in an order afterward be-
come permanent customers, finding that they may place the utmost
confidence in the reliability of the nurser;^T2ian and in the care with
which he fills all orders. The Ramie Fibre Company secured his
services in experimenting in the growing of the ramie plant. He was
successful in its propagation, using tbe same methods he had em-
ployed in raising his other plants. The results of his efforts have

766 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO. COUNTY

been embodied each year iu a report to the government as well as to
the county.

A visit to the home land in 1888 gave Mr. McWilliams a desired
opportunity to renew the associations of youth. When he returned
to California he brought with him from Scotland a brother, Peter,
who is now a valued assistant in the nursery business. September
26, 1894, Mr. McWilliams was united iu marriage with Miss Georgia
P. Shaw, of Santa Rosa, daughter of George P. Shaw, owner of a
general mercantile store at Duncan Mills, Sonoma county. The young
couple established a home in Sacramento and since then have become
well known to a large circle of congenial acquaintances. For two
years Mr. McAVilliams officiated as chief of the Caledonian Associa-
tion, whose activities have enjoyed his interested co-operation and
intelligent support. In addition he has been a leading local worker
in the Glide Gun Club and with the Woodmen of the World and the
Independent Order of Odd Fellows. Often his name has been men-
tioned for various offices within the gift of the Republican party in
his city, but invariably he has declined to become a candidate, pre-
ferring to devote his time and attention to the advancement of his
business interests.

FREDERICK C. CHINN

An ambition for the acquisition of a profound knowledge of the
science of optics has been the impelling influence in the studies of
the popular and successful optician whose name introduces this article,
whose personality is familiar to the people of Sacramento, and whose
professional and business standing as the president of the Chinn-
Beretta Optical Company has brought him into prominent associa-
tion with leading people of Northern California. From youth he has
been a close student of this, his chosen calling and has made a scien-
tific study of every phase of investigation pertaining to vision. The
result of such long-continued concentration has been the attainment
of an enviable reputation in his specialty and this led in its turn to an
appointment as a member of the state board of optical examiners, of
which he officiated as secretary for a considerable period of helpful
association.

Descended from an old and honored southern family, Frederick
C. Chinn was born in the city of Baton Rouge, La., November 2,
1870. While that family, like all others of its locality and generation,
had suffered heavy losses by reason of the devastating effects of the
Ci\dl War, he nevertheless enjoyed exceptional advantages, altliough
these were partly made possible through his own determined efforts.

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 767

An early attendance at the public schools was followed by a period of
study in private institutions, after which he resumed attendance at
a public institution of great value, the state university, where he con-
tinued his. earnest endeavors to acquire an education satisfactory to
his aspirations. The year 1887 witnessed his arrival in San Trancisco
and his fortunate association with the profession of an optician, which
ultimately led to greater successes than even the most glowing dreams
of his youth had prognosticated. Coming to Sacramento in 1897, the
following year he organized the optical company which he now serves
as president and which has the reputation of being the largest firm
of the kind in the world. Besides the establishment at Sacramento,
the com])any owns and conducts stores at Oakland, San Francisco,
Vallejo, Fresno and Stockton, each of which has a gratifying pat-
ronage in its own city.

Necessarily the demands upon his time made by a business so ex-
tensive and engrossing leave Mr. Chinn little leisure for participa-
tion in public affairs, yet he keeps well posted concerning all move-
ments for the general welfare and is especially interested in enter-
prises for the advancement of his home city of Sacramento. In poli-
tics he votes with the Republican jsarty. Fraternally he holds mem-
bership with the Elks and the Knights of Columbus. February 22,
1892, when little more than twenty-one years of age, he was united in
mari'iage with Miss Rose McKenna, of San Francisco. They are
the parents of three sons, namely: Frederick Harold and Boiling
Robertson, who have enjoyed the excellent advantages offered by St.
Mary's College in Oakland, this state; and Francis Conrad, who was
born in 1902 and is now a student in the public schools of Sacramento.

BURTON M. HODSON

A high degree of artistic perfection marks the exhibits of the Hod-
son studios in Sacramento and Oakland. The consensus of opinion on
the part of competent judges indicates that Mr. Hodson possesses ability
as a photographer far above the average. An innate knowledge of
proportion, an instantaneous comprehension of artistic outlines and a
highly developed appreciation of graceful poses form characteristics
admirably qualifying him for success in art. These qualities, while
jiistly belonging to him through inheritance from a gifted father,
have been so developed and perfected through study and experience
that they have brought him professional prominence and local pres-
tige, combining to give him a reputation which has been enhanced
through his ease of manner and affability of demeanor.

768 HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY

When it is mentioued that Mr. Hodson has been actively iden-
tilied with Sacrameuto Parlor No. 3, N. S. G. W., it will be recog-
nized that the success of his work reflects added credit upon his
native commonwealth. Oakland is his native city and July 22, 1875,
the date of his birth, his father having been J. R. Hodson, a native of
Illinois and from youth a photographer of eminent skill. As early
as 1872 the elder Mr. Hodson established a studio in Sacramento,
xlt different times he had art galleries in various bay cities. Eventu-
ally in 1894 he established his studio in San Francisco, where for
a few years he limited his attention strictly to photography, but
the development of his genius led him into the field of portraiture
and he since has become a popular portrait painter of the exposi-
tion city.

At the age of five years Burton M. Hodson accompanied his par-
ents to Sacramento and here he was sent to the primary school,
later to the grammar and then to the high schools,. He can scarcely
recall a time when he was uninterested in photography. The science
appealed to him in early years. The difficult process incident to pro-
ducing a finished picture appealed to his interest. Having made a
life study of the science he is eminently qualified for successful work
in all of its specialties. Reading and research have broadened his
knowledge of art, while practical experience has developed his in-
born tastes until now he occupies a rank of unquestioned prominence
among the photographers of Sacramento and Oakland. From boy-
hood he has devoted himself to his profession. Politics has not di-
verted his attention from his art. Fraternal interests, limited to
membership with the Native Sons and the Sacramento Lodge of
Elks, have not been allowed to infringe upon his constant devotion
to his chosen calling, and it is to this persistent devotion, supple-
menting intelligence, affability and refinement, that he owes his
growing success. Sharing with him in the good-will of acquaintances
is his wife, who prior to their marriage in 1908 in her native city of
Sacramento, was Miss Lillian May Nelson, member of an old and
honored family of the capital city.

AUGUST KAUFMAN

Industry and integrity were the foundation stones upon which
the late August Kaufman erected the superstructure of an honorable
existence, devoted to the welfare of wife and children, and to the
discharge of duties devolving upon him as a citizen of his adopted
country. With the exception of the first eleven years of his life, which

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 769

were passed iu Ms native Germauy, lie was identified with the United
States throughout all of his busj- career. Loyal and patriotic in the
highest degree, he maintained a peculiarly deep devotion for the west,
which was the scene of his mature efforts and his permanent suc-
cesses. Although iu early life he had learned the trades of butcher
and blacksmith, and had followed both of these occupations for a
time, he gained prosperity through the tilling of the soil, and it was
by diligence as a farmer that he acquired the valuable estate left to
his heirs.

Upon crossing the ocean iu company with his mother when eleven
years of age and settling at Boonville, Mo., August Kaufman entered
the public schools in order to acquire a knowledge of the English
language and the education necessary for life's activities. After he
had completed the grammar course be began to assist his step-father
in the butcher business and thus gained a thorough knowledge of the
trade. At the age of twenty-one he came to California and settled
in Sacramento, but after a time removed to Woodland, Yolo county.
Later he established himself in business in Plainfield, where he in-
vented and patented a plow. During 1876 he was united in marriage
with Miss Minnie Krinki, a native of Germany, born January 2, 1852,
but from childhood a resident of the United States. The family lived
for some years in Ohio, near Belmont, and two of her brothers still
reside in that state. Four years before the family came to the western
coast her father, Charles Krinki, left Ohio and sought the, oppor-
tunities of California. "When finally he had established himself on
a firm financial footing in this state he sent for his family, who
came by ship, one brother dying during the course of the voyage.
At that time Mrs. Kaufman was a young lady of eighteen and she
settled at Woodland, living there and at Davisville until the time of
her marriage, which was solemnized in Sacramento.

The united and unwearied efforts of Mr. and Mrs. Kaufman
resulted in the acquisition of a comfortable home and a well-improved
farm at Plainfield. Later they also bought four hundred and fifty-
two acres in Capay. Had his life been spared to a good old age un-
doubtedly a greater prosperity would have crowned his efforts, but
when he lacked just two months of fifty years death removed him
from the sphere of his activities. Later his widow was married to
Emil Kirch, who passed away in 1907. Although bearing a different
name, he was a brother of Mr. Kaufman, the difference being due to
the fact that he was reared in the home of a grandfather and was
given his name. For years he was identified with the Ancient Order
of United Workmen in San Francisco. Both brothers were brought
up in the German Lutheran faith and always remained firm believers
in its doctrines. For years the family have been connected with
that denomination in Sacramento. The widow still owns and occupies
the comfortable familv residence at No. 2511 F street, but her children

770 HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

have left the old homestead to take up the activities of life aud to
estahlish homes of their own. Of the eight children comprising the
faniil.y all but one are still living, namely: Mrs. Rosa Grover, of San
Francisco; Jessie, who married William Born of Sacramento and
has three children; Lillian, who married Frank S. Schoenbackler, also
of Sacramento, and has three children; Minnie, Mrs. Julius Haller, of
Sacramento, who is the mother of two children; Emma, Mrs. Wolga-
niott, who died in 1905, leaving two children, and Albert and Emil,
both of Sacramento. Mrs. Kaufman now leases the ranch of three
hundred and twenty acres purchased through her unremitting labors
aud keen judgment.

LOUIS D. EHRET

The family name borne by Mr. Ehret indicates Teutonic an-
cestry, but he himself claims a lifelong identification with California,
to whose welfare he is devoted with an enthusiasm and loyalty char-
acteristic of his affectionate regard for the commonwealth of his
nativity. The fortunate possession of the western qualities of pluck,
energy and determination, grafted upon the foundation stock of thrift,
economy and patience characteristic of the Grerman race, has en-
abled him to push his way forward in his chosen calling and has
brought to him a high reputation therein. Indeed, as chief engineer
of the Sacramento water works, he not only has made an enviable
record among those directly connected with the plant itself, but he
has risen to a position of distinct importance as one of the most
capable engineers in the entire valley, where it is asserted by well-
informed men that he has few superiors in the efficient discliarge of
occupational duties.

During the sojourn of his parents, Joseph and Pauline Ehret,
at one of the mining towns of Tuolumne county, Louis D. Ehret was
born at Columbia, April 1, 1879, but his childhood memories cluster
around the city of his present residence, for the family removed hither
during the year 1881, and his education was secured in the excellent
schools of the place, while his later acquisition of the trade of a
machinist dates from an apprenticeshi]) in the Southern Pacific rail-
road shops in this city. His father, who was of Uerman parentage
and nativity, received the advantages offered by the excellent schools
of the country aud at the age of fourteen gave up his studies in order
to begin an api^renticeship to the trade of cabinet-maker. At the
exi)iration of his time he followed the trade as a journe^anan in Ger-
man villages, Imt soon becoming dissatisfied with prospects in his
native land he determined to seek the opportunities of the new world.

HISTORY OF SAOEAMENTO COUNTY 771

At the age of twenty-one years be crossed the ocean to New York
City and there boarded a ship bound for San Francisco via the Plorn.
The port of liis destination remained his headquarters for a brief
period, but soon he became interested in mining and for some time
worked in various camps with more or less success. After he estab-
lished a home in Tuolumne county in 1877 he still retained his mining
interests and engaged actively in the occupation in local mines. When
he came to Sacramento in 1881 he entered into pursuits connected
with his early life and engaged as a cabinet-maker in the shops of
the Southern Pacific Railroad Company, in whose employ he re-
mained until his demise, at the age of seventy-three years.

The Southern Pacific shops, with which his father was connected
during the latter period of his life, furnished Louis D. Ehret with
eni])loyment during the period of his apprenticeship to the trade of a
iiiacliinist. On the completion of his time he began to follow the trade
at Mare Island, where he continued in the employ of the government
for three years, meanwhile doing considerable work as an engineer.
Upon his return to Sacramento he secured a position in the Buffalo
brewery as a machinist and engineer. The satisfactory nature of his
services was indicated by his long retention in the employ of the
company. When he resigned in April of 1910 it was to accept an
appointment as chief engineer of the city water works under the
administration of Mayor Beard. Since then he has devoted his time
and attention to the duties of the office, which he fills with character-
istic energy and capability. The demands of his various positions
liave been so numerous and important that he has enjoyed little
leisure for participation in public affairs and his connection with
politics extends no further than the casting of a Republican ballot
at general elections. He was made a Mason in Tehama Lodge No. 3,
F. & A. M., of which he is past master, is a member of Sacramento
Chapter No. 3, E. A. M., and was exalted a Sir Knight in Sacra-
mento Commandery No. 2, K. T. By his union with Miss Agnes
Druck, which was solemnized October 12, 1904, in Sacramento, he is
the father of a daughter and son, Gladys M. and Loiiis D., Jr.

WILLIAM E. GRANT

The ]iroprietor of Hotel Clayton claims Sacramento as his birth-
IDlace as well as the chosen home of his maturity. While at times
the interests of business have required his presence temporarily in
other parts of the west, always he has considered Sacramento as
his home and headquarters. In entering the hotel business he selected

772 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

the capital city as the seat of his operations and chose the Hotel
Clayton, a new and modern building with first-class accommodations,
as his special center of activity. The management of the place
proves the energy and sagacity of the proprietor, whose courtesy
and Chesterfieldian polish supplement a keen business ability and
indicate his adaptability for that difficult undertaking, the successful
operation of a modern caravansary. The Clayton is a commodious
building with one hundred rooms, equipped with modern conveniences
and supplied with every requisite for the comfort of the guests, who
after having been entertained here once are ready to return should
business or pleasure bring them back to Sacramento.

In this city Mr. Grant was born September 9, 1866, lieing a sou
of George Robert and Mary Helen (Van Arden) Grant, natives of
New York state. As early as 1862 the father became a pioneer of
the Sacramento valley, and from that time until his death, which oc-
curred June 19, 1889, he followed general farming, meanwhile ac-
cumulating large tracts of unimproved land in Placer and Sutter
counties. Since his death the wife and mother has resided in Sacra-
mento and now makes her home with her son, William E. Of her
other children all are living except George Robert, Jr., who died in
1894. The remaining members of the family are as follows : Mrs.
Mildred Pierce, a widow; Sarah 0., the widow of the late Robert
Prazee, who for twenty years or more was connected with the Sac-
ramento police force; Julia A., the widow of Leroy L. Crocker, a
fruit-grower in Placer county, who at his demise left a large estate
in that county as well as holdings elsewhere; Henrietta, wife of C.
W. Earle, of Los Angeles; William E., and Ada, a resident of
Berkeley, this state.

After he had completed the usual course of educational training
Mr. Grant became a traveling salesman and in that capacity gained
a broad knowledge of the west. For several years he was connected
with the Wood-Curtis Company as manager of their Reno branch, and
afterward he held the position of vice-president of the McMillan-
Gordon Company for four years, resigning in order to devote his
attention to the liotel business. Ever since attaining his majority he
has voted the Republican ticket at all general elections. Fraternally
he has been a local leader in Masonry and has risen to Islam Temple,
N. M. S., of San Francisco. With his wife, who was Miss Matilda
Andrews, and his daughter. Miss Viola M., a popular student in the
high school, lie has a host of warm personal friends among the people
of Sacramento. In his devotion to Masonry he shows the zeal and
intelligence which have brought into national prominence his uncle,
Hon. IT. P>. Grant, of Louisville, Ky., widely known as the author of
the Masonic Code, Templars' Tactics and other manuals used in the
order; also known as the head of the command that won the com-

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 773

petitive drills at both of the San Francisco conclaves, the remark-
able tactical skill displayed by the command having been achieved
through the earnest efforts of their commander.

JEREMIAH CARROLL

Many successive generations of the Carroll family lived and died
in Ireland. Notwithstanding the intense struggle to earn from the
soil the barest necessities of existence they exhibited a tenacious de-
votion to their native land. The patriotism characteristic of the true
Celt was in their blood. The cheerful humor of the race showed
itself in the optimism which enabled them to rise above the darkest
blows of fate. There came a time, however, when a young man de-
termined to avail himself of the opportunity offered by America.
Crossing the ocean to Massachusetts he there learned the trade of a
stone-cutter. After a sojourn of some years in the old Bay state,
where he married, he returned to Ireland in 1859 and followed farm-
ing. A son was born in county Cork November 29, 1860, and to him
was given the name of the father, Jeremiah. The infant was only
one month old when the family came to America and settled in
Massachusetts, where again the stone-cutter found employment at his
chosen occupation. Another removal was made in the year 1866, at
which time California was selected as the destination and Sacramento
as the site of the future home. For a considerable period the father
worked for others, but meanwhile he carefully hoarded his frugal
savings and thus was enabled in 1878 to embai'k in business for him-
self. For two years he had his place of business on Sixth street be-
tween J and K. From there he removed to No. 808 K street, where
he carried on business for eight years. During 1888 Ije moved to
Tenth and S streets, where he had his headquarters for eight years.
When finally the infirmities of age rendered further work unadvisable
he retired to private life, but remained a resident of Sacramento
until his death, which occurred in 1903. As a youth in the old country
he had been a devoted Catholic and he gave steadfast allegiance to
that church throughout the balance of his life.

The family of Jeremiah Carroll, Sr., and wife, the latter of whom
died two years prior to the demise of her husband, comprised five
children, of whom two daughters are now deceased and two daughters
still survive, namely: Mary, who is the wife of D. J. Considine, of
Sacramento, and Margaret. The only son in the family, Jeremiah, Jr.,
received his education in the grammar and high schools of Sacra-
mento. "When quite young he began to learn the trade of stone-cutting
under Devine Bros., of Sacramento. After he had been with them
for three years his father took up the same line of business and he

774 HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY

entered his employ, remainiug in the same position for eleven years.
His next venture was the opening of a stone quarry in Placer county,
Cal., and this he operated for a number of years. Upon returning to
Sacramento he secured employment with the state as superintendent
of stone work on the capitol park, and for eighteen months he en-
gaged in the construction work on stairways. When the contract
had been completed he returned to Placer county and resumed the
operation of the quarry, also taking contracts for stone work. At
the expiration of three busy years he left Placer county and went to
Cascade Locks, on the Columbia river, where for two years he was
retained as foreman for the Day Construction Company in the con-
struction of the locks for the canal. With the completion of that
responsible task in 1895 he returned to Sacramento and here he has
since engaged in business for himself, first having his headquarters
at No. 1902 Tenth street and after the death of his father removing
to his present location, No. 2431 Tenth street, where he has one of the
most modern marble-cutting plants in all of Northern California.

From early manhood Mr. Carroll has been interested in public
affairs and active in politics as a member of the Democratic party.
When only twenty-three years of age he was chosen as secretary of
the Democratic central committee and since then he has frequently
aided the local progress of his preferred political organization.
Reared in the Roman Catholic faith, he always has been sincere in
his allegiance to the church and generous in his offerings to its main-
tenance. His wedding was the first solemnized in the Sacramento
Cathedral after its completion and he and his family have been
especially interested in that church, not only for this reason, but also
because of their large circle of friends in the congregation and their
earnest devotion to its missionary and charitable enterprises. The
marriage to which reference has been made occurred August 18, 1889,
the bride being Miss Catherine O'Keefe, of Prairie City, Sacramento
county, daughter of Michael and Mary O'Keefe, natives of Ireland.
His wife died in 189.3, leaving three children, and he suffered a further
deep bereavement in the loss of one of their daughters, Mary, who
died at the age of three years. The surviving daughter, Catherine, is
employed in one of the large department stores of Sacramento, and
the son, Charles, is an employe of Raker & Hamilton, a wholesale
firm of this citv.

AMOS LUTHER BOWSHER

Tlie courage that had aided him in early life to face without
dismay oi' tremor the dense ranks of gallant southern soldiers on
more than sixtv battlefields enabled him in more mature years to fill

HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 775

the difficult position of engineer and to meet its dangers, seen and
unseen, witli trained intelligence and quick decision. But in all the
vicissitudes of his adventurous career perhaps at no time was he in
greater danger of instant death than on the occasion of his trip,
November 1, 1903, as engineer on the first section of train No. 16,
known as the Oregon express. At the Tehama bridge on the Sacra-
mento river there was a high trestle approach, the view of which was
cut off bj" reason of dense timber, so that until a sharp curve was
made close to the trestle it was completely hidden from view. Early
in the morning of the ill-fated day the train was making its usual
run at the customary speed, and the trestle was shown to be on fire
as it came into the vision of the startled engineer. With the quick-
ness of a trained mind be made an emergency application of the
brakes, reversed his engine and sanded the rail. The engine left the
rail at the burning portion of the trestle and safely crossed and
stood upright just beyond, carrying the engineer to life and safety.
The tender and two cars went down, and the fireman, caught under
the tender, was killed. The cars caught fire from the burning trestle.
The pitch gas tanks exploded, thus adding to the fierceness of the
conflagration. Three of the cars, a mail, baggage car and empty
coach, were burned before the second section could pull the rear por-
tion, consisting of sleepers, back to a place of safety. The wreck
and scene presented to all who viewed it the most convincing evi-
dence that had anything but an unusually good stop been made a
larger portion of the train, if not all of it, would have shared the
fate of the three head cars and many of the sleeping passengers
would have shared the fate of the unfortunate fireman.

This veteran of the Civil war and skilled engineer, who now in
his retirement from active labors receives a pension from the United
States government and from the Southern Pacific Eailroad Com]iany,
was born at Adelphi, Ross county, Ohio, February -1, 1841, and re-
ceived a common school education. Immediately after the opening
of the Civil war he enlisted at Columbus, Ohio, with the First United
States cavalry, and served during the entire period of the struggle,
meanwhile taking a brave part in more than sixty battles. When
peace had been declared he was honorably discharged, and on the
10th of September, 1865, he was mustered out of the service. At once
he came via Panama to California and established his headquarters in
Sacramento. From that time until 1883 he was engaged in telegraph
construction work for the Central Pacific Railroad Company, being
foreman of a gang for much of the time and superintending the
construction of lines all along the coast. During 1883 he became a
fireman, and in 1884 was promoted to be engineer, which position he
held on the Southern Pacific railroad until March of 1911. when he
was honorably retired on account of advancing years. For many
years he has been associated with the Locomotive Engineers, and his

776 HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY

interest in the order did not cease with his retirement from active
work. Fraternally he holds membership with the Concord Lodge,
F. & A. M., in Sacramento. During 18/2 he married Miss Delia Cas-
sidy, and of their union four children were born. The sons, Joseph
and Eobert, are engineers with the Southern Pacific company, the
former being on the Coast division. The older daughter, Mary, is the
Avife of Charles Johnson, and lives in Sacramento. The youngest
member of the family circle, Laura, resides with her parents at No.
1615 Seventh street, Sacramento, and shares with them the good
will and esteem of associates.

FRED J. BISHOP

An identification with the horticultural interests of Sacramento
county beginning during the spring of 1901 and continuing up to the
present time has given Mr. Bishop a A'ery favorable impression con-
cerning the possibilities of this section and particularly concerning
the opportunities afforded by the district of Fair Oaks. There are
few places in the settlement more favorably located and none more
productive than the one which he owns and operates. This is clue
not ]:)articularly to superiority of soil, although that is rich and fer-
tile, but especially to the care and cultivation exercised by the owner,
who follows scientific methods in the supervision of the land, the
care of the trees and the developing of the fruit. A desire to possess
on the ranch a residence worthy of the land and indicative of its
value caused him to erect a two-story house with all the modern
improvements, and this building, recently completed and tastefully
furnished, now ranks among the finest in the neighborhood.

The entire life of Mr. Bishop prior to his removal to California
was spent in Kane county. 111., where he was born December 15, 1858,
where he grew to manhood on a farm and where he received such ad-
vantages as country schools afforded. After he had attained maturity
he chose agriculture for his occupation and became interested in the
cultivation of land not far from the old homestead. For a consider-
able period he engaged in the raising of grain and stock and also
made a specialty of the dairy business. Meanwhile he had estab-
lished domestic ties, selecting for his wife Miss Annie Forrdrescher,
who was born in Elgin, 111., of German parentage, and who possesses
the sterling qualities of mind and heart that contributed not a little
to their success. They became the parents of five children, namely:
Henry, Frank, Fred, Charlotte and Dorothv. All are at home ex-

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 777

cepting Frank, who is married and rents a place not far from the
ranch of his parents.

A desire to escape the rigorous winters characteristic of Northern
Illinois led Mr. Bishop to dispose of his farm of one hundred and
sixty acres in Kane county and forthwith he brought his family to
California. The presence of his brother, Percy, at Fair Oaks led him
to investigate conditions at this settlement, and he was so favorably
impressed that he acquired property during the spring of 1901. This
first purchase, which continues to be his home and- the scene of his
extensive horticultural enterprises, comprises forty-one acres under
cultivation to peaches, almonds, oranges and olives. Much of the
acreage is now in thrifty bearing condition and the young trees will
soon reach an age where they will add materially to the annual in-
come from the place. The crops are marketed through the Fair Oaks
Fruit Company, in- which Mr. Bishop is a stockholder and which he
has assisted in making one of the most important business enter-
prises of the district.

Far-reaching activities and beneficent influences have character-
ized the life of Mr. Bishop, whose loyal devotion to his adopted com-
munity and commonwealth forms one of his leading attributes. Al-
though never losing an affectionate regard for the home of his birth
and the scenes of his early labors, he is a true Calif ornian in spirit,
and by developing his own place he has aided in the upbuilding of the
district, which he has seen undergo a great change in appearance
through the efforts of energetic land-owners. The prospects of the
successful cultivation of fruit ranches convince him of the perman-
ence of the prosperity of the region and this, supplementing a genial
climate, proves to him that he made no mistake in the choice of his
location. All movements for the general welfare receive his co-
operation and support and the same may be said of his citizenship in
Illinois, where he served with efficiency as a road commissioner in
Kane county, besides being president of the school board of his dis-
trict and afterward for nine years the clerk of the district schools.

WILLIAM AUGUST MEYER

The fact that Mr. Meyer scarcely yet has reached the prime of
life is not inconsistent with the statement that he has devoted twenty
years of painstaking study to the profession of an optician. When
only fourteen, in the year 1892, he was apprenticed to a prominent
member of the craft in San Francisco, and under that skilled optician.
L. A. Berteling, he studied with a persistence and intelligence that
inevitably brought satisfactory results. Every detail of the business

778 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

was learned with a sincerit}' and earnestness indicative of high aspira-
tions. As is the case in every trade or profession where attention
to details is made the creed, so with him in his intelhgent and pur-
poseful studies of the science of optics. While it is a very dilHcult
task to acquire a thorough knowledge of the business (for no work
entails greater responsibilities than that of examining eyes and fitting
glasses), many competent judges have asserted that he is unsur-
passed in his specialty and all agree that his judgment is authorita-
tive in questions relating to his chosen calling.

The distinction of being a native-born Californian belongs to Mr.
Meyer, whose birth occurred in the city of San Francisco March 18.
1878, and who is a son of John N. and Sophie M. Meyer. When he
had completed the studies of the grammar school he began to study
under Mr. Berteling in the vacation seasons, but in addition he took
up high school studies and at the age of eighteen was gi-aduated with
a high standing from the San Francisco schools. After he had ac
quired a thorough knowledge of optics he began to earn his liveli-
liood through tlie pursuance of the specialty, and in 1899 he came to
Sacramento to act as manager for the Chinn-Berretta Optical Com-
pany, in whose employ he remained for five years. A desire to em-
bark in business for himself led him to relinquish a position both
congenial and profitable. Since then he has carried on a store at No.
903 K street, Sacramento, besides which, May 18, 1911, he opened an
establishment in Stockton, both of these being popular and well
patronized by peoj^le of the two communities.

The marriage of Mr. Meyer and Miss Ruby H. Brown was
solemnized in Sacramento December 3, 1901, and has been blessed
with two children, a daughter, Margaret, and a son, William August.
Jr. The family hold membership with the Episcopal clmrch and
maintain a deep interest in religious movements, as well as in all
enterprises for the upbuilding of the city and the welfare of its peo-
ple. The Republican party has received the allegiance of Mr. Meyer
in national and local elections. The Native Sons of the Golden West
liave numbered him among their members in their Sacramento parlor,
and in addition he has enjoyed fraternal relations with the Elks, in
which he officiates as past exalted ruler of the Sacramento Lodge No.
6. He is a member of the Sutter club and is past president of the
California State Association of Opticians.

HUGH MAULDIN

An inheritance of the chivalrous traits characteristic of a long
line of southern ancestors has given to Mr. Mauldin a personality
reflecting the qualities of his gallant forefathers, while his almost

HISTUEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 779

lifeloug association with the west has endowed him with the physical
aud mental attributes inbreathed with the air and sunshine of the
Paciiic coast. Supplementing other qualifications are the sagacious
business judgment, the keen commercial sense and the quick compre-
hension of detail that presage success in anj' avenue of labor; and to
the possession of these traits may be attributed much of his rise in
the jewelry business in San Francisco, while the same qualities have
assisted him in the profitable management of his personal holdings
since his return to Sacramento, where now he devotes his entire at-
tention to the oversight of his property interests.

The founder of the Mauldiu family in California was Benjamin
Francis Mauldiu, who was born in Cecil county, Md., May 26, 1813,
and received a fair education in that locality, where, May 5, 1845, he
was united in marriage with Miss Millicent R. Brown, a daughter of
Hugh Brown, one of the defenders of Baltimore. Their son, Hugh,
was born at the family home in Cecil county February 9, 1848, and
the second son, Lopez, was born in the same county during September
of 1849. Mr. Mauldiu joined General Lopez' filibustering expedition
to Cuba, was dubbed colonel, and made his escape back to New
Orleans and then up the Mississippi river. During 1850 he came to
California by way of Panama and after landing at San Francisco
in the month of July proceeded to Sacramento on the bark Winthrop.
He was much loleased with the country, and the same fall returned to
Maryland, in 1851 bringing his family and settling in Sacramento.
Later he took up land and embarked in ranching pursuits. For a
considerable period he devoted his attention closely to ranching, but
during 1867 he leased his farm and removed to the city of Sacra-
mento, where he interested himself in real estate and political enter-
prises. When somewhat advanced in years, but still very active in
business, he died while on a trip to Montana, June 10, 1882. Through
all of his life he had been loyal to the doctrines of the Methodist
Episcopal church and to the principles of the Democratic party. He
was a member of the Territorial Society of California Pioneers. His
son, Lopez, who also settled in Sacramento, entered the government
service as a mail carrier and continued in that capacity until his
death, which occurred June 12, 1894. The third son. Brown, born in
Sacramento in 1852, still makes his home in his native city.

After having completed the studies of the Sacramento grannuar
and high schools, Hugh Mauldin went to San Francisco and secured
employment with the jewelry house of John "W. Tucker. From a
humble position he rose to be a trusted salesman and eventually was
chosen manager of the establishment, which position he was filling at
the time of his final resignation May 1, 1883. He then engaged in
the manufacture of jewelry in San Francisco and later opened a
jewelry store in Los Angeles. His place of business in the Bryson
block was considered the finest of its kind in the state. Subsequently

780 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

he i-etnrued to Sau Francisco, the headquarters of his jewelry opera-
tions, and tliere continued until 1894, when he returned to Sacramento
to look after two large i^roperty interests, and has since made this
his home. AVith his wife, formerly Miss Eve Gaylord, whom he mar-
ried in San Francisco December 15, 1880, he has a host of warm per-
sonal friends among the most select social circles of Sacramento. Like
his mother, he cherishes a deep devotion for the doctrines of the
Methodist Episcopal denomination, and like his father he upholds
Democratic tenets with his influence and ballot.

STEPHEN S. DAY

New England has contributed much to the good citizenship of the
Pacific coast. This contribution has been both direct and indirect,
and, taken all in all, it has been almost incalculable, both in its extent
and its influence. One of its direct contributions in a purely per-
sonal and individual way is Stephen S. Day, of Sacramento, who
was liorn at North Hampton, Mass., August 2, 1868. He was educated
in the public and high schools of his native city, graduating from
the latter in 1886. Then he acted on a well-formed determination to
go west, and made his way to Omaha, Neb., where he entered the
establishment of Crane Company, who handle steam and plumbing
supplies, acting as stock clerk. His aptitude for business was recog-
nized by his promotion to the sales department. In 1893 he was trans-
ferred to their main office at Chicago, where he had a successful
career as a salesman till 1903. From then until 1910 he was in
charge of the company's agency at Sacramento. In September, that
year, the house established a -branch to supersede its agency, and Mr.
Day was made its manager. Under his supervision they built the
present building, 86x150 feet, on the corner of Front and M streets,
consisting of two stories, and the company occupy the entire building.
The leading products of the concern, recognized throughout the
United States as the best of their kind, are valves and fittings of their
own manufacture, and they are extensive jobbers of a general line
of steam and plumbing supplies.

In Sacramento, September 1, 1908, Mr. Day married Miss Minnie
Schaw, who was born in Australia, but came to Sacramento, Cal.,
when a child. He is a member of the Sutter and Sacramento clubs,
and has been a director of the Sacramento Chamber of Chamber since
its re-organization. In his religious alliance he is a Conorregationalist,
and ill his political allegiance he is a Republican. While he is not
an active i)olitician in the now nearly obsolete sense of the phrase.

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 781

he is au active politician of the new school — that, not of the oOice-
seeker, hut of the thinker and voter who considers his duty to his
fellow men illy discharged if he does not plan for their welfare and
vote to promote their best interests. It is such a public spirit as has
been suggested that makes the modern business man a success and a
good citizen, and Mr. Day is that to the greatest extent.

JOHN L. MAYDEN

Three generations of the Mayden family are at present identified
with Northern California, the first of these being represented by John
Mayden, the founder of the name in the west and a man of energy and
intelligence, who came to the coast country prior to the building of
the first trans-continental railroad. A native of Indiana, born Novem-
ber 5, 1843, he received such advantages as the schools of his locality
and day afforded. These were small indeed in comparison with the
advantages now offered to the young, but he has supplemented them
by observation and reading, so that be is now a man of broad general
information. During 1865, at the age of about twenty-two years, he
came to California via Panama and settled in Amador county, near
Plnnouth, where for a long period he owned extensive mining in-
terests. Since his retirement in 1893 from mining operations he has
lived quietly but happily at his old homestead, where he and his wife.
Mrs. Mary (Thomas) Mayden, reared their family and passed many
years of purposeful activity.

It was during the residence of the family at Drytown, a raining
town in Amador county, that John L. Mayden was born January 28,
1875, and his earliest memories cluster around the village of Plymouth.
Later the family lived again at Drytown and there he attended the
jiublic schools. After he had completed the regular public school
course he attended the business college at Stockton for one year and
there prepared for commercial activities, graduating in 1891. At the
age of seventeen years, in 1892, he came to Sacramento and secured
employment as a bill clerk with Baker & Hamilton, dealers in carriages
and farming implements. His work was so intelligent and the results
so satisfactory that the firm retained him in their employ, but recog-
nized his ability by promoting him until finally they appointed him
department manager, in which position he served for five years, on
December 25, 1911, being made general manager, and he is now filling
the ]Jace with characteristic energy and capability. The business of
the Sacramento house extends all over Northern California, Southern
Oregon and Nevada. Fraternally he is identified with the Woodmen

782 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

of the World aud the National Uuion, while in politics lie votes with
the Republican party. In Sacramento, November 28, 1898, occurred
his marriage to Miss Ella Darrow Hatch, a native daughter of this
city. They are the parents of two daughters, Helen Molter and
Eleanor.

CHARLES M. BECKWITH

To many the attainment of material prosperity proves a severe
temptation to relax the vigilance previously exercised over the na-
tural inclination to enter upon a wordly career and place in the back-
ground the finer virtues, chief among which is altruism. To Mr.
Beckwith, however, the struggle for a place among the most influential
members of the legal profession in Sacramento served as an impetus
to further arouse his sympathies for mankind in general and his de-
termination to do all in his power to disentangle the legal problems
of those who appealed to him, his chief concern being not the financial
reward he might receive, but the true service he might render.

Mr. Beckwith is a native son, his birth having occurred June 28,
1863, in Woodbridge, San Joaquin county, where he received his pre-
liminary education. Later, he attended both private and public
schools in Lodi, after which he entered Oberlin college, Oberlin, Ohio,
graduating in 1884. His father, F. Marion Beckwith, was born in
1830, in Mentor, Ohio, and immigrated to California in 1849 in com-
pany with his brother, DeWitt Beckwith, and other colonists, many of
whom desired to enter the mines of Eldorado county rather than re-
sume their former occupations, believing that the gold fields offered
the shortest route to wealth. Many, however, soon abandoned the
role of Argonaut, and, satisfied that the west held many opportunities
for those who possessed perseverance, settled in various sections.
Upon his arrival in California, Mr. Beckwith proceeded at once to
San Joaquin county, where he combined mining and farming with
fair success until his death in January, 1863. Five months after his
father's death, Charles Beckwith was born, his mother, formerly Miss
Betsey L. Quiggle, of Hampden, Ohio, exerting every effort thence-
forward in the interests of her child. Until he was seven years old
he received the benefits derived from the atmosphere of love and
tenderness created by his loving mother, but her death at that time
caused him to go to his uncle, Byron D. Beckwith, at Lodi, Cal., who
reared him to manhood, guiding him through his formative and educa-
tional period until he reached the age of twenty-one. His influence
left a deep imprint on the boy, who developed a nature of rare truth
and sjTnpathy, and it is the ambition inspired by this uncle's love and

HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 78?

devotion, his careful trainini^- and self-sacrifice, to whicli he owes his
success in after life — the inspiration gained from his noble life and
worthy example. Upon his return to San Joaquin county after his
course at Oberlin college, Charles M. Beckwith worked at various
occupations for a year, going thence to Tulare count.y, where he en-
gaged in farming and stock raising. Two years later, having decided
to enter the legal profession, he took up the study of law in Stockton,
soliciting insurance during his spare time. Having completed his
course, he was admitted to the bar by the supreme court of California
at Sacramento, November 14, 1893, and immediately established him-
self there in business, building up a practice of importance. He has
not only a large clientele among the substantial citizens of the
county, but also in various counties of the Sacramento and San
Joaquin valleys.

Mr. Beckwith 's first marriage occurred in Sacramento, November
22, 1895, uniting him with Mrs. Annie M. (Boss) Hurd of Sacramento,
who passed away December 31, 1907, leaving a son by her former
marriage, Horatio Hurd, of Sacramento. On October 31, 1908, he
married Miss Bess M. Blake, whose birth occurred in New Hamp-
shire, and whose father, C. W. Blake, makes his home with them.
Mrs. Beckwith is in full sympathy with her husband's interests and
aids him immeasurably by her tact and comradeship. He was made a
Mason in 1884 in Woodbridge Lodge No. 131, F. & A. M., of Wood-
bridge, retaining' his membership in the lodge where his father and
uncle were members. By his prompt, decisive action and excellent
judgment he has won the esteem of many friends and associates, who
]")redict for him a future commensurate with his unquestioned ability.

F. S. PECK

The educational advantages of the east supplemented by uni-
versity training in Germany afforded Mr. Peek exceptional oppor-
tunities in youth, and of these he was not dilatory in acquisition, the
result being that he gained a breadth of cosmopolitan culture that
easily places him among the most courteous and polished gentlemen
of Sacramento as well as one of the most popular members of the
exclusive Sutter club. While he has been a resident of California
since 1900 and meanwhile has gained the warm friendship of many
commercial enterprises of Sacramento, his birth and parentage unite
him with the cultured classes of the east. Into the home of Frank A.
and Elizabeth E. Peek, at Syracuse, N. Y., he was born December 1,
1877, and all of his earliest recollections cluster around that influential

784 HISTOBY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

eastern city. Primarilj' educated iu its schools, he later spent a period
of study at Audover, Essex county, Mass. At the age of fourteen
years he was sent abroad to study, first being entered as a student in
a private school at Freiburg, Germany, and later taking up a uni-
versity course in an historic German institution. Upon his return to
the United States, in 1896, at the age of about nineteen years, he
became interested with a brother in the manufacture of china at
Syracuse, N. Y., where he acquired an interest in the business and
continued for several years.

Disposing of his stock in the concern in 1900, Mr. Peck removed
from New York to California and settled in Tehama county, where
he became interested in the buying and selling of land and the handling
of real estate. During 1902 he removed to Sacramento and entered
into association with the W. P. Coleman Company as manager of
their countrj' land department. In that responsible position he proved
capable and efficient, but his tastes led him into other lines of enter-
prise, so that he resigned at the expiration of two years in order to
engage in the general insurance business. As agent for various old-
line companies he acquired a wide influence in his line, but in 1906,
having decided to specialize, he disposed of the life and fire depart-
ments, since which he has confined his attention to the building up of
a large business in accident and liability insurance. To this phase of
protection, hitherto all too neglected, he has given much time and
study, and his efforts to interest others have been go successful that
already a large proportion of the citizens of Sacramento have availed
themselves of this class of insurance. Although well qualified by na-
tural endowments and educational attainments to represent the people
in offices of trust, his tastes have led him to keep aloof from partisan
affairs, and he takes no part in politics aside from being an ardent
devotee to Republican principles. In religious belief he is of the
Christian Science faith. Fraternally he holds membership with the
Elks. It was not until some time after he came to Sacramento that
he established a home of his own, his marriage to Miss Maud Shafer
having occurred July 1, 1908, and uniting him with a young lady pop-
ular in the most select circles of society in the capital city.

OTTO J. KOCH

One of the native sons of Sacramento who are achieving success
in the city of their birth is Otto J. Koch, the well-known hop buyer,
whose friends are many and whose business acquaintance is co-ex-
tensivo with the best part of Central California. Mr. Koch was born

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 78o

November 2, 1876, a son of Antou and Marie (Carrow) Koeli, wiio
came to Sacramento in 1859. When he reached school age he was sent
to the local schools and continned until he was seventeen, when he
was well fitted edncationally to take up the task of self-support. Dur-
ing the ensuing two years he was employed on his father's ranch, and
at nineteen he secured a clerkship in the office of the Southern Pacific
Railroad Company at Sacramento, and was continued in that relation
seven years, during which period he established himself firmly in tlie
good opinion of his superiors.

Leaving the employment of the Southern Pacific Railroad Com-
pany, Mr. Koch engaged in farming and raising hops at West Sacra-
mento, Yolo county. He now has five ranches leased, covering about
five hundred acres, of which about a hundred and sixteen acres are in
hop fields. Aside from growing hops he is a dealer in that com-
modity, buying in Sacramento and Yolo counties for large eastern
houses in the trade. He made such a success of this business that
he may be said to have formed a permanent connection with it, and
his oijerations have brought him in contact with hop men throughout
a wide territory, where he has won a reputation for honesty and fair
dealing that commend him to all intelligent growers. The amount
of his business annually, could it be here stated in the figures that
cannot lie, would be found to reach a large sum. It is increasing
from year to year as he grows more and more successful in his
specialty.

In his social affiliations Mr. Koch is an Odd Fellow and an
Elk, and in his political sentiment he is a stanch Republican. He
married, at Sacramento, October 15, 190.3, Miss Margaret Hansen,
who was born in Dallas, Texas. To them have been born three
children, Gladys, a child of seven, who is attending the public school ;
Helen, five years, and Marian, who was two years of age on her last
birthdav.

ALEXANDER WYLIE MORRISON

In point of years of active service Mr. Morrison has the distinc-
tion of being the oldest hotel clerk on the entire Pacific coast. Coming
to the west in young manhood, accident turned him into the hotel
business, and the subsequent success of his etTorts proved that he
was admirably qualified for the occupation in which chance or destiny
had placed him. To the traveling public he is known as a genial,
tactful clerk and a companionable man whose interest in his guests
impels him to do everything possible to enhance their comfort during
the ])eriod of their sojourn at his hostelry. As may be imagined of

786 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

one who has beeu eouuected with the same hotel for forty-foui- years,
his circle of acquaintances is wide, and it may be further added thai
his friends are as numerous as his acquaintances, for all who have
once come within the sphere of his cordial interest and his intelligent,
courteous attentions consider themselves his friends and well-wishers.
His personal tact and gentlemanly bearing are largely responsible for
the continued popularity of the Western hotel, and when finally on
New Year's of 1901 he purchased a one-half interest in this leading-
inn of Sacramento there were a host of patrons to step forward with
timely congratulations and hearty wishes for continued prosperity.

The Morrison ancestry is traced back to Scotland, whence some
of the name were forced to flee to Ireland during the religious perse-
cutions in their home land. Several generations lived and labored in
the north of Ireland, and there James Morrison was Born at Maguire 's
Bridge in county Fermanagh. Early in life he migrated to Canada
and settled in the province of Ontario, where he met and married
Miss Abigail Hiaginsou, a native of Lisburn, near the city of Belfast,
Ireland, but from young girlhood a resident of Canada. The young
couple settled at Boyd's Bridge in the township of Mountain, where a
son, Alexander Wylie, was born December 15, 1846. Altogether
their famih' numbered ten children, and seven of these are still living.
During the year 1856 the father bought one of the finest farms in
Ontario, this comprising a tract on the St. Lawrence river long known
as the Col. James McDonald homestead. On that well-improved
farm the children passed the happy years of early life and from there
they started out to earn their own livelihood in the world of affairs.

After having completed the studies of the grammar school at Iro-
quois, Dundas county, Canada, and after subsequently, September 7,
1867, receiving a diploma from the Toronto Commercial college, Mr.
Morrison, in January, 1868, sailed from New York en route to San
Francisco. Immediately upon his arrival he sought and found em-
ployment in the American Exchange hotel, where he remained for teii
months. A desire to visit relatives led him to resign his position and
return to Canada, but he found himself dissatisfied amid the once
loved surroundings. The spirit of the west had called to him and he
was not content elsewhere. As he was about to start back to resume
his old position in San Francisco, he was asked by a friend, Mrs.
Haitley, to stop over in Sacramento and see her son, Walter Haitley,
in that city. He came over the route on one of the first overland
trains in 1869, and in accordance with the promise made to her sto]i]")ed
in Sacramento on Saturday and looked up the friend. N. D. Tliayer,
of the Western liotel, im]iortuned him to become his clerk, and on
Monday he accepted the iiosition in the Western hotel and never since
then has he sought another position or considered a change of em-
plo^anent. During 1880 he was united in marriage with Miss Mattie

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 787

Martha Jones, of Sacramento, daughter of a one-time famous sea
captain and descended from Welsh ancestry. In fraternal relations
he is connected with the Independent Order of Odd Fellows and the
Benevolent Protective Order of Elks.

FRANK A. LAFFERTY

As the successor of his father in an important and well-known
business Mr. Lafferty has become associated with commercial activ-
ities in Sacramento, where for a long period he has owned and man-
aged a livery and boarding stable located at No. 1510-14 J street.
Until the death of his father and for some time afterward the busi-
ness was conducted under the firm title of J. A. Lafferty & Son, while
the management of the stables differed little from that of the present
time, although recently special attention has been given to the main-
tenance of pleasure vehicles suitable for excursion and tally-ho par-
ties. No stable in the city surpasses this establishment in the elegance
of its outfits and the beauty of its teams, nor does any excel it in the
possession of a modern structure equipped with every facility for the
expeditious and thorough dispatch of work. The building, indeed,
represents a style of architecture admirably suited to the west, and
affords visible evidence of the proprietor's wisdom in harmonizing
the structure with the environment.

Membership in the Native Sons of the Golden West (in which he
has been verj^ active as president and influential worker) comes to
Mr. Lafferty by virtue of his nativity in California, where his birth
occurred at Colfax, Placer county, June .30, 1871, in the home of John
Allen and Mary J. Lafferty. His father, who was born in Des Moines,
Iowa, April 27, 1845, was brought to the west by his parents in 1850
and entered the primary room of the school at Iowa Hill. Later he
completed the studies of the grammar school. When he started out
to earn his own way in the world he took up teaming and for a short
time followed the occupation at Colfax. Next he was employed as a
brakeman with the Sacramento Valley Railroad Company. Later he
drove a stage out of Colfax to various points until 1872, when he re-
moved to Sacramento and embarked in the teaming business. From
that beginning he drifted into the livery trade and established a large
patronage, continuing at the head of the stables until his death in
1904, when he was succeeded by his son, the latter having been identi-
fied with the work ever since he left school and thus being thoroughly
familiar with all of its details. Besides his membership with the Native
Sons previously mentioned, he is associated with the Elks and the

788 HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY

ludepeiideut Order of Odd Fellows. In polities he votes with the
Republican party. His marriage took place in Sacramento November
22, 1897, and united him with Miss Emma Schwartz, who was born in
Sacramento, being a daughter of Benjamin Schwartz. They are the
parents of two daughters, Beatrice and Frances, both of whom are
pupils in the city schools.

CHARLES C. GEIGER

This well-known citizen of Sacramento, Cal., was born of German
parentage at Allegheny, Pa., in 1875, being the son of William and
Ernestine (Ploss) Geiger. His father was a carpenter by trade be-
fore he came to America and found emplojinent at it during his
active years in this country. In 1878 he brought his family to Sacra-
mento. Of his nine children, six are living. C. C. Geiger was edu-
cated in public schools and at Atkinson's business college, in Sacra-
mento. During his school days he was employed in the mailing room
of the Sacramento Bee, and in 1893 he was employed by Scheunert
Brothers, wliolesale dealers in cigars, as a bookkeeper, and has re-
tained the position to the present time. This is one of the reputable
business concerns of Sacramento, and Mr. Geiger 's position is one
of confidence and responsibility.

November 5, 1902, Mr. Geiger married Mabel Laing, of Sacra-
mento, who has borne him two children, Jeanette, Augiist 22, 1906,
and Marian, February 2, 1911. A Republican in politics, Mr. Geiger
affiliates fraternally with the Elks and the Foresters. Mrs. Geiger is
a communicant of the German Lutheran church. The family is pop-
ular socially, and Mr. Geiger has in many ways demonstrated his pub-
lic spirit.

GEORGE H. CLARK

This is essentially the time of the self-made man. Time was
when self-made men were born in log houses and made their way to
fame and to fortune without education except as they were able to
obtain a little, crude and unclassified, through the reading of mis-
cellaneous books of Hobson's choice by the light of pitch-pine torches
stuck in the ground beside them. Now the self-made man sets out
along the devious way of business life with more education, but he
has to encounter greater obstacles and more determined competition.

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 789

He has no recollection of a log domicile, but liis goal is a browustone
one Sacramento has ' many men of both classes, the old and the
new. Among the latter is George H. C'lark, who is forging ahead to
eminence in the field of building, the visible evidence of the growth
of every city.

Born in Stockton, Cal., in December, 1880, his education was begun
in the public schools of his native city and continued in high school
in San Mateo county, where he was duly graduated in 1899. Then he
matriculated at Stanford university and was graduated therefrom,
with the degree of A. B., with the class of 1904.

It was a business life rather than a professional life that Mr.
Clark chose for himself. Coming to Sacramento he found employment
with the Clark & Henry Construction Company as manager. Later
he went in a similar capacity to the Sacramento Cement Company,
dealers in building material, rock, lath and other merchandise in the
line, and has been so successful and so useful to the enterprise that
his connection with it is by all his friends regarded as permanent.

The captaincy of the football team of 1904 at Stanford university
fell to Mr. Clark. He is a member of the University club and of the
Sutter club. The Republican party commands his political allegiance.
He married Miss Esther Numan of Stockton, Cal., in July, 1905, and
they have a son and a daughter, William R. and Katharine.

HON. ALDEN ANDERSON

Few men have been associated more actively and none more hon-
orably with the financial and political history of Northern California
than Hon. Alden Anderson, president of the Capital National bank of
Sacramento, president of the Redding National bank at Redding, this
state, vice-president of the Red Bluff (Cal.) National bank, and presi-
dent of the Central California Traction Company, owners and opeir-
ators of the traction line between Sacramento, Lodi and Stockton.
Wide has been the influence exerted by him in the banking circles
of his portion of the state and varied as have been his commercial
connections, they have been equalled by his intimate identification
with the public life of the commonwealth and by his patriotic partici-
pation in movements for the permanent upbuilding of his community.
From the year 1902, which marked his advent into Sacramento's com-
mercial life, up to the present time, his vigorous mind has been felt
continually as an important factor in civic progress, his public-spirited
labors have promoted the community welfare and his life has become a

790 HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY

part of Sacramento that will find an enduring jjlace in the annals
of local historj'.

A native of Pennsylvania, Mr. Anderson was born in Meadville,
Crawford county, in October of 1867, while bis parents were at their
old home on a visit. The family have been identified with the west
ever since the thrilling period of mining adventures, had an honorable
identification with the east through several successive generations, and
genealogical records indicate their patriotism and progressive devo-
tion to the country. His father, J. Z. Anderson, was born in Mead-
ville, Crawford county. Pa., September 30, 1829. At the time news
came concerning the discovery of gold in California he was at the
threshold of manhood, eager for adventure and ambitious to see
something of the world. Immediately there sprang into his mind a
determination to seek the gold mines, but it was not practicable for
him to make the journey until 1852, at which time he left the scenes
of happy youth for the untried conditions of the undeveloped west.

An uneventful journey via Nicaragua found its safe termination
in the gold fields of Northern California, where the young Pennsyl-
vanian endeavored in vain to find the hoped-for fortune. Despairing
of quickly gained wealth, in 1854 he turned his attention to ranching
and settled in Solano county, where he placed a large tract of land
under cultivation. Shortly before the birth of their son, Alden, he
and his wife removed to San Jose, and from that time until his demise
in 1897 he was interested in the raising of fruit and in the packing
business. During the forty-five years of his residence in California
he had witnessed remarkable changes and, as a patient, purposeful
pioneer, he had contributed to the work of advancement by his per-
sonal efforts. Cities had sprung up, as by magic; vast tracts of un-
inviting lands had been transformed into productive ranches or re-
munerative fruit farms; railroads had superseded the old-fashioned
stage-coaches and the freighting vehicles drawn by mules or oxen.
Out of the crude environment of the frontier had arisen a common-
wealth great in resources, ambitious in purpose and rich in a citizen-
ship of imsurpassed loyalty.

With such educational advantages as were afforded by the pub-
lic schools and the University of the Pacific, Alden Anderson began
to earn his own livelihood at a very early age, his first occupation
being that of an assistant in the fruit business conducted by his father.
During 1886 he went to Suisun City, Solano county, and embarked in
the fruit industry for himself, later drifting from the growing of
fruit into the shipping of the same. From that place he came to
Sacramento in 1902, and afterward disposed of his interests in Solano
county at intervals as opportunity offered. From his arrival in the
capital city until the year 1908 he acted as vice-president of the
Capital National Banking and Trust Company. Wlien he disposed of
his stock in that concern he removed to San Francisco, where, until

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 791

July 1, 1909, he held office as viee-presiclent of the Anglo-London Paris
National bank, and later until February of 1911 served by appoint-
ment as superintendent of the banks of California.

A pleasant and protracted continental tour, which afforded hiui
an appreciated opportunity to enjoy the scenery and historical at-
tractions of Europe, Asia and Africa, was followed by the return of
Mr. Anderson to Sacramento December 1, 1911, at which time he
purchased the Capital Banking and Trust Company, and of this in-
stitution, under its present title of Capital National bank, he officiates
as president. The concern has a reputation for reliability and high
principles of honor. The conservative spirit of its president appears
in the caution exercised for the protection of its depositors, yet he
supplements caution with progressive principles, so that he lends
timely aid to worthy commercial projects. His place in the banking
circles of Northern California is one of assured influence and in-
creasing responsibility. In addition to the organization of this popular
institution of Sacramento, he helped to organize banks at Red Bluff
and Redding and acts as vice-president of one and president of the
other, besides being a director in both, as well as a member of the
directorate of his city concern. As president of the company building
the electric line from Sacramento to Stockton he has aided an enter-
prise of the greatest importance to the permanent upbuilding of the
rich agricultural region through which it passes. In addition, he holds
the office of president of the Sacramento Hotel Company, and is con-
nected officially or as a stockholder with other organizations important
to the municipal growth. His home is graciously presided over by
the lady whom he married at Rockville, Cal., March 2, 1893, and who
was Miss Carrie L. Baldwin. There is one daughter in the family,
Miss Kathryn, now a student in the state university at Berkeley.

Any account of the life activities of Mr. Anderson would be in-
complete were no mention to be made of his association with the
political history of the commonwealth. When only thirty years of
age he began to serve his fellow-citizens in positions of honor and
trust, and in every position accepted by him he gave the weight of his
ripened counsel, keen intelligence and discriminating judgment. Elected
to the assembly in 1897-99 and 1901, he soon became a force in the
legislature. Measures for the benefit of his district received his
stanch support, nor was he less earnest in the promotion of all move-
ments for the welfare of the entire state. The possession of superior
talents and the devotion displayed toward the state led to his selec-
tion as speaker of the house in 1899, and he tilled that difficult post
with the same tact and ability displayed in every relation of public
life. A still higher honor awaited him in 1902, when he was elected
lieutenant-governor of California, and he filled that eminent position
for four years, retiring with the good will of the party he had served
with such fidelity and distinction. It would seem impossible for a

792 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

citizen having so many duties in public office, in business connections
and in banking circles, to enter with any acti\dty into fraternal and
social circles, but Mr. Anderson has not allowed his existence to be
dwarfed into a tedious round of irksome cares. On the other hand,
he has enjoyed society with the same enthusiasm characteristic of his
identification with the other opportunities of life, and at different times
he has been a leading member of the Bohemian, Pacific Union and
Family clubs and Union League, all of San Francisco, and the Sutter
club of Sacramento, also the Woodmen and the Benevolent Protective
Order of Elks. Practical philanthropy, whether exercised privately
or through the medium of fraternal organizations, receives his stead-
fast support, and movements inaugurated and inspired by a desire to
help the needy, to encourage the depressed or to uplift the fallen, have
benefited by his sagacious counsel and sympathetic participation.

FRANK X. WIESENHOFER

The intimacy resulting from a lifelong identification with the
city of Sacramento enabled Mr. Wiesenhofer to appreciate the pos-
sibilities and understand the advantages offered by this part of Cali-
fornia. Himself an energetic and capable young business man, he
devoted his abilities to the perfecting of titles and the bringing down
of abstracts. The office in which he learned the business and with
which he was so long connected has the distinction of being the oldest
title and abstract company in California and is the successor of other
firms that were for years active in these specialties. Many interesting-
maps may be seen in the office, the oldest of these being a publication
of 1854, which has the distinction of being the first official map of the
county.

The family name indicates the Teutonic origin of the present
American representatives, and Frank X., who was born in Sacra-
mento April 19, 1878, was a member of the second generation resident
in the new world. His father, Frank X. Wiesenhofer, Sr., was born
and reared in Germany, and married Miss Anna Stumpf, likewise a
native of that country. After he had crossed the ocean he settled in
the east and secured emijloyment at his trade of cabinet-maker. At
one time he owned a manufacturing plant in Columbus, Ohio, but a
lack of success led him to look for a more attractive environment, and
during 1870 he came to California, settling in Sacramento. Here his
son and namesake received a fair education in public and private
schools and at an early age began to earn his own livelihood as a
newsboy, from the age of eight years working in the abstract office

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 793

delivering the daily transfer reports. After he had completed his
schooling- he entered the office of Buckley & Gerber, and ever since,
until death, had been identified with the abstract and title business as
a specialist. The attorneys in the city gave him credit for having the
most thorough knowledge of titles of local property and the abstracts
in the county, and those he prepared proved most satisfactory in even
the smallest details.

The marriage of Frank X. Wieseuhofer was solemnized in Sacra-
mento July 31, 1909, and united him with Miss Minnie James, a native
of Nevada county, Cal., daughter of William and Anna (Brock) James.
William James was born near North Wales and was a mining man
in Nevada county. He was a Mason of the I&iight Templar degree
at Nevada City. Mrs. James was born in Nevada City, Cal., daughter
of Thomas Brock, a native of England and a pioneer of California,
coming via Panama. In the James family were two children ; besides
Mrs. Wieseuhofer is a son, William D. James, of Sacramento. The
mother makes her home at the old family residence. No. 2530 M street.
Two children were born to Mr. and Mrs. Wieseuhofer, Frank X., Jr.,
and Mildred Louise. From the time he attained his majority Mr. Wieseu-
hofer was a stanch supporter of Republican principles and voted the
party ticket at both local and general elections. While not caring for
office himself, he believed it to be the duty of citizens to keep posted
concerning the problems of the nation and the commonwealth, and
accordingly was found to be well-posted in all measures of general
importance. The Benevolent Protective Order of Elks had the benefit
of his active co-operation in matters relative to the welfare of the
local lodge and the maintenance of its charities. Mr. Wiesenhofer
passed away in Sacramento November 6, 1912, and was interred in
East Lawn cemetery with honors of the local lodge of Elks. Mrs.
Wiesenhofer is a member of Naomi Chapter No. 36, 0. E. S. Mr.
Wiesenhofer was very chai'itable and always ready to give aid to the
needy and less fortunate; each year he sent gifts to the orphanage,
and his giving was ever quiet and unostentatious.

DANIEL H. CARROLL

Lifelong identification with his native city of Sacramento has
developed in Mr. Carroll a depth of loyalty to its welfare not easily
comprehended by one less familiar with the true patriotism invariably
exhibited by native Californians. With justice he also might maintain
considerable pride in his lineage, for he belongs to an ancient and
honored race that lived and labored in the lowland of Scotland for

794 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

several successive generations, the family having been residents of
the city of Glasgow at the time of the birth of his father, J. J. Carroll,
in 1845. At an early age the latter crossed the ocean from Scotland
to America and proceeded west to California, with his mother, arriv-
ing at Sacramento, January 23, 1850, when he joined his father, who
arrived in California in November, 1848. He attended the schools of
Sacramento, and upon starting out to earn his own livelihood secured
a position as a clerk in the police court and from that he was pro-
moted to be an officer on the police force. When eventually he re-
signed from the force he became connected with the paint department
of the Southern Pacific Railroad Company in Sacramento. While
still filling a position as painter he died in December of 1892. He had
not accumulated much wealth nor had he attained to any great degree
of prominence, yet in his own modest, unassuming way he had been
successful and his prestige as citizen, neighbor and officer was a
valuable factor in his popularity.

Daniel H. Carroll was born January 21, 1874, and attended the
Sacramento public and high schools, graduating from the latter in
1890. For six years he served an apprenticeship to the trade of fresco
painting and meanwhile acquired unusual skill in the work. At the
expiration of the six years he engaged as foreman of the paint shop
of the Southern Pacific Railroad. In that responsible position he
continued successfully until March of 1911, when the board of super-
visors appointed him county claim clerk and he then resigned the
foremanship in order to devote his entire attention to official duties.
In the midst of many duties he has retained his warm interest in the
public welfare of the city, whose local charities and enterprises have
the benefit of his generous contributions. Fraternally he liolds mem-
bership with the Elks and in politics he is independent.

ELWOOD J. WOODBURN

Among the most prosperous commercial men of Sacramento is
Mr. Woodburn who, for years conducted a wholesale liquor house at
No. 417 K street and who, as a progressive citizen, conscientious in
his efforts to contribute his quota toward the development of the
community, has won the commendation of his associates.

James Woodburn, father of Elwood J., was a native of New
Hampshire, and enjoyed cousinship with Horace Greeley, famous in
the world of literature and philoso])hy. In 1852 he immigrated to
Amador county, Cal., with his family and later removed to Humboldt
county, where he engaged in the hotel business and mining with

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 795

success. On disposing of his interests iie located in Sacramento,
having secured a position as salesman with Powers & Henderson.
Afterwards, he became associated with E. L. Billings, liquor dealer
at No. 417 K street, taking over the business upon the death of the
latter and successfully conducting his duties until 1901, when he
passed away at his home. His wife, formerly Ann Wolfolk, a native
of Missouri, survived him but five years, her death occurring in 1906.
Of their six children, three are living: Elwood J., born in Sacra-
mento, January 9, 1881; Charles G., of Alameda; and Mrs. Dora B.
(Woodburn) Duden, who now resides in Los Angeles, Cal.

Upon completion of his public school course, Elwood J. Wood-
burn entered the University of California, graduating high in the
class of 1902, and having decided to learn the business in which his
father had been so long engaged, immediately became identified with
it, devoting himself faithfully to every phase of the work presented
to him. Upon the death of his father, he took full charge of affairs,
his wise judgment and careful attention to details enabling him to
meet with continued success.

Mr. Woodburn was united in marriage in Berkeley, with Miss
Eugenia Mouser, of Sacramento, the bond between them becoming
still more precious upon the birth of their son James Tryon.

By virtue of his college career, Mr. Woodburn enjoys member-
ship in the Sacramento University Clul) in which he takes an active
interest, and is widely known as a young man of excellent business
ability and congenial personality.

FREDERICK F. THOMSON

Frederick F. Thomson came to Sacramento from Richmond,
Chittenden county,' Vt., ten miles from Burling-ton. His father, Corey
Thomson, who was an owner of land holdings, died in 1908, aged
ninety years, and his wife, who was over ninety-five years at the time
of her death, passed away in 1910. She was a descendant of John
Fay, a heroic soldier at the Battle of Bennington, whose story has
been told in Revolutionary^ annals. Her father, John Fay, was a
captain in the war of 1812 and his grand-uncle, Samuel Thomson,
was the founder of the Thomsonian system of medicine and was an
extensive writer on materia medica.

There were five children in the family of the parents, of whom
only Frederick F. and Herbert R. are living. The latter is identified
as a stockholder in the Thomson, Diggs Company. He came to Sac-
ramento several vears later than did his brother. Frederick F. was

796 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

born October 21, 1847, in Jericho, Vt. Like many young men of his
day and place, he taught during the winters and worked on the
farm in the summer. It is too cold in a Vermont winter for outdoor
work, consequently the young men have some time for schooling.
The farms are so poor that all the farmers must work all summer
to get a liarvest. California is a paradise compared with the eastern
states. When Mr. Thomson arrived in Sacramento, in 1872, he went
to the AVhitcomb ranch and worked for his uncle, John Whitcomb,
for about a year, then taught school in Sacramento until 1877. He
was employed in San Francisco by the Frank Brothers, an agricul-
tural implement firm, and was sent by that company to open a branch
store in Sacramento with R. L. Holman, at the corner of Second and
J streets. He remained here two years when the firm became Hol-
man, Stanton and Company, and after fours years under this manage-
ment, Frederick and Herbert Thomson bought out Mr. Holman. In
1900 the Thomson Brothers bought out Mr. Stanton and incorporated,
taking in the Diggs Implement and Vehicle Company. The title is
now The Thomson, Diggs Comi^any, and in 1911 they built a large
warehouse on Third and R streets, 160x160 feet in dimensions and
four stories high, and here they have their offices. Located on both
the Southern Pacific and Western Pacific Railroads, they have a large
warehouse on Third street opposite their new building. Mr. Thom-
son is the president and is very active in the management.

Frederick F. Thomson was married to Miss Sarah Anderson of
Franklin, Sacramento county, and their children are Evehm E., who
is now the wife of George F. Fetherston, the latter the bookkeeper
in the Boston Machine Shop at Oroville; Edith, wife of C. L. Mason,
the hardware buyer of Thomson, Diggs Company; Fred F., Jr., an
assistant in the office of the company; and Rosana, who died at the
age of three years. Mr. Thomson is one of the pioneers in Odd
Fellowship, having been an active member of that order for thirty-
five years. He is an earnest believer in the doctrines of Christian
Science and has been reader in the church of that faith for several
vears.

JAMES L. EMIGH

Californians native born are in all parts of the state demonstrat-
ing their patriotism by leading in the race for business supremacy —
that natural and worthy competition of man with man which fructi-
fies in the general weal. James L. Emigh of Sacramento is of this
class, and as successful as any if we consider all things which make
for and modifv worldlv success. He was born in Rio Vista, Solano

HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY 797

county Cal., November 25, 1876, and attended the public school there
till he was fourteen years of age. Afterward he was a student at
the Oakland high school, and then entered Heald's Business College
from which he graduated in 1893. Prepared then to enter upon a
business career he became bookkeeper for E. I. Upham Company,
continuing in that position with the successors of the company, Bird &
Dinkelspeil, general merchants in Collins-ville, and was thus employed
until 1900.

In the year 1900 Mr. Emigh went to Suisun City, Cal., and bought
the James Kerns hardware store, which he eventually consolidated
with the Suisun Implement Company, of which he was vice-presi-
dent and assistant manager till 1910, when he sold his interests and
removed to Sacramento, where in that year he went into business
with his brother under the firm name of Emigh Hardware Company.
They handled a general line of hardware and builders' supplies, a
venture in which he prospered as well as he did in his former ones.
In July, 1912, they consolidated with the Capital Hardware Company
and incorporated Emigh, Winchell, Cline Company, of which Mr.
Emigh is vice-president and manager. They are now located at No.
308-10-12 J street, the former location of the Thomson, Diggs Com-
pany. The business has been enlarged and they handle a full line
of agricultural implements, as well as heavy and shelf hardware.
Fours floors are occupied by the firm in a building 60x160 feet in size.

Mr. Emigh was made a Mason in Eio Vista Lodge No. 208, F. &
A. M., is a member of Solano Chapter No. 43, E. A. M., Vacaville
Commandery No. 38, K. T., and Islam Temple, N. M. S., San Fran-
cisco. He married at Rio Vista December 1, 1897, Miss Harriette
M. Church, a native daughter of Eio Vista, and three children have
come to them : James L. and Albert T., twins, and Colby S. Wherever
he has lived Mr. Emigh has taken a really helpful interest in all that
has pertained to the general welfare of the people, with whom his
lot has been cast. In a way public spirit is indirect self-intei-est, but
there are so many men who do not recognize this fact that the burden
on those who do is heavier than it ought to be. Mr. Emigh is one
who has never sought to escape that burden, and usually he has not
stopped to consider whether he was to be the gainer even indirectly.

CLAY ^Y. EMIGH

A resident of Sacramento and a member of Sunset Parlor, N. S.
Gr. W., by virtue of his birth in Eio Vista, Solano county, December 21,
1881, Clay W. Emigh is realizing the jjopular idea of the enterprising

798 HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

citizen laboring not alone for bis personal and family advancement,
but for tbe best interests of bis fellowmen and for tbe general good.
His parents were Tbomas P. and Racbel Emigb, and tliey believed in
education as a basis for success in America. Consequentlj" they sent
their younger son to the public and high schools at Oakland, after
completing which he entered Heald's Business College, from which
efficient institution he was graduated in 1900.

At Suisun City, as a clerk in his brother James L. Emigh's store,
Mr. Emigh began his business career. He remained there, obtaining
a wide knowledge of the hardware trade, till 1904, then came to Sac-
ramento and accepted a position as salesman with the wholesale hard-
ware house of Miller & Enright, which he served faithfully and suc-
cessfully till 1908. Next we find him in San Francisco, a salesman
in the employ of George H. Tay Company. There he advanced well
in his chosen field and in 1910 he came to Sacramento to become the
partner of his brother, James L. Emigh, doing business under the
name of the Emigh Hardware Company, carrying builders' supplies
in addition to hardware. In his present business he has been success-
ful beyond his expectations, and his brother attributes the prosperity
of their house not a little to Clay W. Emigh's trained ability as a
salesman and his indomitable devotion to their common interests. In
1912 the brothers joined forces with the Capital Hardware Company
under the new incorporation of Emigh, Winchell, Cline Company, of
which Mr. Emigh is a director and in charge of the builders' hard-
ware department. They now have the most extensive hardware
establishment in Sacramento county, if not in the whole of Northern
California.

The Republican party includes Mr. Emigh among its most de-
voted members. He was made a Mason in Tehama Lodge No. 3,
F. & A. M. In December, 1904, he married at Suisun Miss Grace
Oliver, who was a native daughter of that place. He finds time from
his business to consider public questions and public measures, has
a clear understanding of the needs of the people at large, economic-
ally and politically, and gives himself patriotically to such service as
comes to his hand with the promise that by accepting and discharg-
ing it he may do something toward the promotion of the public
welfare.

BURTON F. HULINGS

The possibilities available to a man of energy and determination,
notwithstanding a handicap of poverty and orphanliood, are revealed
in the substantial degree of success and civic prominence of Burton

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 799

F. Huliugs, a leading representative of the realty interests of the
Sacramento valley and one of the young business men whose pro-
gressive spirit and intelligent energy are promoting the local welfare.
His early years were entirely deprived of advantages with the
exception of such as he made for himself by his own force of will
and painstaking industiy. Born at Hamilton, Ohio, January 31,
1871, he lost his father and mother by death when he was only six
years of age. On that account the struggle to secure a livelihood
was particularly trying. His first work was the carrying of news-
papers and in this he did so well that he was able to earn his way
through school. With little to encourage him, he nevertheless did
not permit himself to l)ecome depressed or disheartened. The bound-
less optimism of youth helped him through many a difficult striiggle
and enabled him to eventually make a place for himself in the world
of affairs.

An eastern experience as a railroad employe enabled Mr. Hulings
to secure similar employment when he came west to San Francisco
in 1900, at which time he eiitered the passenger department of the
Southern Pacific Railroad. Later he was sent to the capital city to
represent the Sacramento Valley Development Association and after-
ward went to Oregon to represent the railroad company at the Port-
land Exposition. Upon his return to San Francisco he continued
in the railroad office in that city until after the great fire, when he
came to Sacramento and here he since has engaged in the real-estate
business. His special sphere of activity has been in the development
of tracts at Orangevale and Fair Oaks, while since October of 1911
he has had a general supervision of the entire improvement of the
Hagen grant, taking charge of the planting of fruit orchards and
orange groves for non-residents.

At the St. Nicholas hotel in San Francisco, September 4, 1901,
occurred the marriage of Burton F. Hulings and Miss Dora Calder.
There are two daughters of the union, Doris, born in Alameda, and
Minota, born in San Francisco. Mrs. Hulings is a daughter of Wil-
liam and Mary Calder, now of Orangevale, and at one time prominent
members of the theatrical profession. Mrs. Calder, who descends
from an old English family, has been a popular actress on both sides
of the Atlantic ocean, while Mr. Calder not only rose to fame as a
theatrical star, but also succeeded as a manager and had charge
of the first European tour of Buffalo Bill (Colonel Cody). The
Calder family has lived at different times in New Y'^ork City, London
and other leading cities of the world, their choice of a location
being necessarily governed by the demands upon them in their pro-
fessional work. Eventually, after having risen to prominence by his
masterly delineation of Rip Van Winkle and other legendary char-
acters, Mr. Calder retired from all professional work and bought
a home at Orangevale, where he is now engaged in the raising of

800 HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY

fruit. No citizen of the colony has been more helpful in its develop-
ment than Mr. Calder and his standing in the community is the
highest. In his tireless efforts to secure a betterment of conditions
at Orangevale he has had the enthusiastic assistance of Mr. Hulings,
who himself is not only loyal and patriotic, but also sagacious in
plans and capable in counsel. Although not a partisan he gave con-
stant service during the campaign of Governor Johnson and is him-
self a staunch Democrat of the progressive type. Fraternally he is
connected with the Golden Gate Lodge, F. & A. M., of San Francisco.
Through his arduous and untiring efforts a right of way was secured
for the trolley service which it is planned to extend from Sacramento
to Lake Tahoe and which will be operated under the name of the
Sacramento and Sierra Railroad. In religion he is an Episcopalian
and a believer in the creed of the denominatit)n, a supporter of its
charities and a contributor to its missionarv movements.

ALBERT MEISTER

John Meisterfthe father of tk^ subject of this sketch and the
pioneer dairyman of the Capital City, was born in Switzerland, April
17, 1820. He attended the excellent. Public schools of that education-
loving republic, and wa,s brought -Visp on a farm, thus laying the
foundation for the life-success that came to him in this country. He
immigrated to the United States, eventually coming across the plains,
arriving in Sacramento in September, 1852. After a short period
in the mines he returned to the city and went to work in a dairy.
In, two years he was a partner, and soon after became owner of the
business. His brother Jacob arriving from the old country bought
a share in the establishment and this pair of industrious men
carried on the business for twenty years. It was originally located
near the site of the old Sutter's Fort. In 1876 the brothers dis-
solved partnership, Jacob retiring.

Mrs. John Meister was Miss Pauline Herr, a native of Baden, '
Germany. She died in 1872, leaving four children, viz: Albert; An-
nie, now the wife of G. H. Luchsinger, of San Francisco ; Pauline, of
Sacramento, and Louisa, wife of Dr. W. J. Taylor of this city. John
Meister 's second wife was Miss Arelia Wirth, whom he married in
1876. He retired from business in 1900, and died at his home in Sacra-
mento April 13, 1911.

Albert Meister, who succeeded his father in the fine dairy busi-
ness, also succeeds the elder in the business ability that made the
Capital Dairy from its beginning one of the finest establishments of

HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 801

the kind iu the state. It is stocked largely with Holstein cattle, the
milk supplied bj- three hundred and twenty-five cows the year around.
The depot and distributing point is located at No. 315 Sixteenth
street, while the herd is kept on the farm near Elvas which com-
prises three hundred and fifty acres. Here the fields of alfalfa are
irrigated by means of a pu.mping plant, and Mr. Meister also en-
gages in horticulture on this tract. He superintends the business
of the dairy personally, and it is a source of gratification to him to be
able to lead in the industry he has chosen for his life work. He has
lived all his life in Sacramento, is a typical Californian and deeply
interested in the welfare of the Golden State. Fraternally he is an
Elk and a Scottish Rite Mason, Knight Templar and a Shriner.

FREDERICK BARTLETT FANCHER

The migration of Frederick -B. Fancher of Sacramento from the
east towards the west is an interesting one. One peculiarity of this
big trek is that at every point oji the trail there ^as something
eventful. He ma"de his start in Orleans county, N.'Y., his birthplace,
in 1852, and his next place of appearance is the state of Michigan,
with the date along in 1865. Th^s^'e he was educated, passing through
the State Normal School at Ypsiilanti. He was in Chicago in 1871,
just before the big fire, and was engaged in fire underwriting. He
was kept exceedingly busy for several years, as one in this occupa-
tion in that locality would likely be. In 1881 he was in North
Dakota, where he followed farming. He not only handled his own
farm but undertook the management of several thousand acres .of
land for eastern parties. He organized and was made the president
of a strong local insurance company, and continued in that office for
six years. During the same period he was president of the board
of trustees of the North Dakota Hospital for the Insane. In 1889
Mr. Fancher was elected a delegate to the Constitutional Convention,
was chosen president of that body when it met and much credit is
due its presiding officer for the excellent constitution it gaVe North
Dakota. In 1894 he was nominated by the Republican State Con-
vention for the office of Commissioner of Insurance, and was elected
and on the expiration of his term he was re-elected. But the crown-
ing honor of Mr. Fancher 's Dakota political life came when the
State Republican Convention of that state iu 1898 unanimously nomi-
nated him for governor. He threw himself into the campaign with
his customary fervor and was elected to that high office with a large
majority. His administration was clean and the public interests were

802 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

conserved during bis official term. He was renominated for the
office, and under such favorable auspices that he would have been
re-elected, if his health had not broken down. Chief Executive of one
of the Dakotas is not an easy job and Governor Fancher was not
physically equal to it. He declined to accept the renomination, se-
lected his successor, and retired from public life, after twenty years
of liard work in the upbuilding of the territory and state.

Mr. Fancher 's next and last appearance was in Sacramento,
where he is secretary and treasurer of the American Cash Store.
This was several years ago and since that time he has persisted
in his determination to remain out of politics. The Lincoln-Roose-
velt organization desired him to make the run for mayor of Sacra-
mento, but Mr. Fancher declined, and his private business fully
occu])ies his time and mind. The ex-governor of North Dakota has
other qualities besides those mentioned. He is considered the premier
toastmaster of the Capital, a fluent after-dinner speaker, and is
hailed where good-fellowship reigns. His response to the toast "The
Ladies," at the Commandery some years ago, is still remembered.

Mr. Fancher married, January 1, 1909, Miss Clemma Buck of
Minneapolis, Minn. His Masonic affiliations are advanced and ex-
ceedingly fraternal. He has taken the thirty-second degree, is Past
Eminent Commander of Wihaha Commandery, K. T., of James-
town, N. D., and is a member of Bhie Lodge, Royal Arch and Con-
sistorv of Scottish Rite.

GEORGE P. SELLINGER

Possessed of the qualities of perseverance and industry inherent
in the Teutonic race, Mr. Sellinger has made an unqualified success
of his well-directed life, good management and unswerving honor
having distinguished his smallest effort. A native of California, his
birth having occurred July 6, 1863, in Sacramento, where he makes
his home today, Mr. Sellinger is the only li^ing child of Charles
and Mary (Simmons) Sellinger, who were united in marriage in
Decemlier, 1859. in Cincinnati, Ohio. His father, Charles Sellinger,
was born in Baden Baden, Germany, December 20, 1831, and, ac-
cording to the custom in the homeland, left public school at the
age of fourteen, becoming an api)rentice to a baker. Two years later,
imlmed with a desire to start life in America, glowing reports of
wliicli filled liis young mind, he set sail. Arriving in New York City,
with the dogged determination which characterized his after life, he
searched for a situation and found it in a meat market, his services
proving so valuable that he was induced to remain with his em-

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 803

plovers clnring the succeediug five years. In 1853 he went to Cin-
cinnati, Ohio, where he hecame a liotel cook, but a year later he
engaged in the liquor business, meeting with fair success. In 1856
he disposed of his interests and emigrated to San Francisco, where
for three years he served as a hotel cook, resigning this position to
establish a butcher shop in Sacramento. In 1864 he opened a hotel
and successfully conducted it until 1879; upon the sale of this hotel
he engaged in the manufacture of ice. Later, as the agent of the
Union Ice Company, he engaged in the wholesale and retail trade
of ice until 1904, when he sold this business to his son and retired
from active labor.

Until the age of fifteen years George Sellinger attended jiublic
school, and upon relinquishing his studies he became a clerk in a
meat market, faithfully performing his duties for four years. In
1882 he entered upon the life of a Texas ranger, but after two years
on the plains returned to his native city and became associated with
his father in the ice, coal and feed business, on Third between J and
K streets; but in 1891 they changed their location to the present
place at No. 521 I street, and he is now the owner and manager.

Mr. Sellinger was married August 4, 1883, to Miss Annie Fay,
of Sacramento, and to their union four children were born : Ethel,
who in 1910 graduated from Miss Head's School, Berkeley, Cal. ;
Charles, who is attending Boone's College, Berkeley; Madeline, and
George, Jr., who are attending Sacramento high school.

Mr. Sellinger is one of the best known citizens of Sacramento
and is a man of keen business ability and generous principles. Fra-
ternally, he is identified with Sacramento Parlor No. 3, N. S. G. W.,
Sacramento Lodge No. 6, B. P. 0. E., and Sacramento Court No. 12,
F. of A. He is a staunch Republican, intelligently interested in all
political movements.

DR. MARION F. AND MRS. SARAH E. CLAYTON

The city of Sacramento and indeed the entire surrounding coun-
try owes so much to the ability and influence of Dr. Marion F.
Claji;on and his estimable wife, Mrs. Sarah E., that it would be
difficult to enumerate their wonderful accomplishments here for the
benefit of the residents and especially the children of this part of
the country. Their benevolence, their charitable, unselfish labors to
secure better conditions in the homes and hospitals, their untiring
effort toward furthering the interests of all hygienic movements,
were the means of bringing about a wonderful improvement, and
their memories shall be ever held in high regard bv all who were

804 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

recipients of these benefactions. A suitable monument has been
erected by their loving children to their memory, but it was not
necessary that this material thing should be done to hold them
dearly, for their work and its excellent results is one of the most
jfitting monuments they could have.

The life of Dr. Clayton is filled with interesting events, for his
experiences were many, and his coming to a new country opened
up a newer and larger field of work than one of his profession is
accustomed to handle. Born in Knox county, Ohio, in 1826, he
spent his early days in Crawford county, that state, receiving his
elementary education there. He matriculated at the Eclectic Medical
College, in Cincinnati, Ohio, from which he graduated in 1855, and
began active practice in northeastern Indiana, where he remained
for about four years. Reports were constantly being brought from
the west, and eager to see a new country, equipped with his profes-
sional knowledge to aid him in securing a position in the working
world there, he came overland with ox and horse teams in 1859.
It was a hard, long trip, and during his travels he had many oppor-
tunities to practice his profession, as there was much sickness and
necessity for his services. He suffered many trials, not the least of
which was the death of his horse when he was two hundred miles from
human habitation, thus being forced to tramp the remainder of the
journey, and on September 15, 1859, he arrived at Plaeerville, bare-
foot, almost naked and nearly starved.

Dr. Clayton immediately found a great deal of work to do. His
first patient was a man suffering from a gunshot wound, whom he
found in a very precarious condition, but through his skill as a sur-
geon he saved his life, and this was the foundation of his wide and
most successful career in this section of the country. After eight
laborious years at Plaeerville, Dr. Clayton removed to Sacramento
and opened an office on J street between Fifth and Sixth streets,
which ])lace he occupied for two years, rendering valuable service
to the citizens there. In January, 1870, Mrs. Clayton and their four
children came from the east, and the doctor about this time pur-
chased the Pacific Water Cure and Health Institute, which was sit-
uated at the corner of Seventh and L streets and was at that time a
beautiful home, surrounded by shade trees, and fitted in every way
for the care of the sick. This establishment was most excellently
equip])e(l with every modern appliance for the purpose, being ar-
ranged for the giving of Turkish, Russian, electric and medicated
water and vapor baths. This institute the doctor operated for many
years, until his death, and he met with gratifying success, as he had
the benefit of his many years' professional experience, and the ex-
ceptional natural power to administer to the sick.

When the State Eclectic Medical Society was organized Dr. Clay-
ton was one of the promoters, and served as its president and vice-

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 805

president several terms. For three years he was a member of the
State Eclectic Board of Medical Examiners, being its chairman for
two years. He was a strong prohibitionist, and during the campaign
of 1888 was a member of the state executive committee of the Prohibition
party. He owned considerable land in Eldorado county, which proved a
good investment.

Mrs. Sarah E. Clayton, wife of Dr. M. F., was a most suitable
wife and helpmeet for such a worthy man. Her career has been quite
as full of experiences which tended toward the welfare of the sick
and unfortunate as was his, and there are many of her achievements
which are today the material evidences of her unfailing effort to give
of the best that was in her, and her unselfishness and thoughtfulness
will never be forgotten by many who received from her generous
heart and hand. Born December 7, 1826, in Delaware, she was of
Welsh and English extraction, her parents being Rev. John T. and
Harriette Davis. Rev. John T. Davis was born in Wales, and was
a Methodist minister in Ohio, his service in the ministry covering
a period of fifty years. Mrs. Clayton's family removed from Dela-
ware to Ohio in 1830, finally settling in Bucyrus, Crawford county.
From 1846 to 1851 she taught school, at which time she was married
to Dr. Marion F. Clayton, and they were the parents of four chil-
dren: Hattie C, wife of A. J. Gardiner, of Sacramento; Mrs. Clara
M. Crawford; Frank W., of Seattle; and Willis M., deceased. The
last named, Willis M., was accidentally killed while in London, Eng-
land, in 1881.

During the Civil war Dr. W. H. Davis, brother of Mrs. Clayton,
went to the front as surgeon in an Iowa regiment, and his death
occurred at Pittsburgh Landing in 1862. Mrs. Clayton was the
secretary of the Sanitary Commission at Fostoria, Ohio, for five
years, and she considers that period the most important and pos-
sibly the most useful of her life, as the duty then of a sanitary
commissioner was as constant and as arduous as that of the soldier
on the battlefield. Soon after her arrival in Sacramento, in 1870,
she found the old county hospital at the corner of Tenth and L
streets to be a very unsanitary place, poorly supplied with con-
veniences of any sort for the inmates, and badly in need of attention
in many ways. She persuaded the supervisors with the influence of
the press to build a new hospital three miles east of the city, and
upon its completion Dr. G. A. White was made its superintendent.
She then appealed to the citizens of the city for reading matter, and
so generous was the response that in a short time the institution
had a large and valuable library for their new hospital. Among
the books donated was a Greek Bible two centuries old, and this rare
volume was probably the most valuable book given. It is a most
unfortunate fact to relate that the new building was burned soon
after completion, and the entire contents destroyed.

806 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

This was, however, only one of the many invahiable accom-
plishments of Mrs. Clayton. As one of the managers of the Protest-
ant Orphan Asyhim of Sacramento, in 1873, it was her duty to look
after the children who had been taken out of the home on trial,
pending- adoption. She served as director of the board of this
asylum for fifteen years, and in her capacity as manager had many
difficulties to encounter, but she was thoroughly capable of handling
the matter at hand, and going before the legislature, procured several
laws governing this work. By her earnest endeavor she soon had
an almost perfect system established, by which the homeless wards
were found comfortable and permanent homes with worthy people,
and the law of the land assisted in the work. With others she after-
ward founded the Sacramento Foundlings Home, now the Sacramento
Children's Home, of which she was a director at the time of her
death, on October 28, 1911. Too much cannot be said in praise of
such a woman whose entire life had been given to helj) others, and
whose every thought had been to comfort the sick and help the
needy. No problem too hard for her to solve, no task too hard to
undertake, if it was to benefit deserving ones she was ready to make
the attempt. It may well be said of her: Well done, thou faithful
servant !

Mrs. Clayton was an ardent worker in the First M. E. Church,
on Sixth street, and it was from this religious home that she was
conveyed to her last resting place. Her husband had preceded her
to the grave, having passed away April 28, 1892, mourned by many
friends. In 1910 their daughter, Mrs. Hattie C. Gardiner and her
husband, A. J. Gardiner, erected in Sacramento on the site of their
old home, the Hotel Clayton, in honor of her father and mother. It
is a five-story reinforced concrete and brick structure, with steel
frame, and built on concrete pile foundation, and is elaborately fin-
ished in every detail. It is considered by builders the best building
in the citv and one of the most artisticallv constructed.

CHARLES C. PERKINS

Lifelong identification with Sacramento county binds Mr. Per-
kins intimately with this })ortion of the state. The earliest memories
of life are with liim associated with a small village named in honor
of his father, for years its leading business man and one of the
largest proi)erty owners. The family name still is linked with this
suliurban town, for since the death of the honored pioneer his son,
Charles C., has succeeded him in the management of the business

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 807

enterprises aud in the development of properties at this point. Close
as have been the ties to bind him to the village, yet he has found
leisure for other activities and has entered into commercial associa-
tions with the city of Sacramento, where he is known as the president
of a large and growing general store on J street. Inheriting from
his father the qualities of energy, business acumen and foresight, he
is prepared to meet the manifold emergencies that arise in com-
mercial circles and to surmount the obstacles that throw their gloomy
shadows over the path to success.

Years ago, when the world became excited over the discovery
of gold in California, there was a young man named Thomas C.
Perkins, a native of Massachusetts, who joined the hosts of Argo-
nauts seeking fortune beside the sunset sea. Early in the year 1850
he left Galena, III, with an expedition boimd for the coast and at
the end of a tedious although uneventful journey he found himself
at the famous mines of the west. For a time he devoted his attention
to mining, but he soon came to realize that there was greater promise
in the land than in the mines; accordingly he entered a large tract
of land from the government. For years he engaged in placing
the tract under cultivation and making it productive. As people came
into the neighborhood he saw the necessity of a general store and
therefore became interested in such a business. The settlement,
which is five miles from Sacramento, is named Perkins in his honor
and here he died in January of 1901, four years before the demise
of his wife; the latter was a native of New York state, but came to
California in childhood and here formed the acquaintance of Mr.
Perkins. Their union resulted in the birth of seven children, but
Charles C. is the sole survivor of the entire family. Since the death
of his father he has been owner and manager of the Perkins store,
started in 1882. In addition he is president of a large mercantile
company known as Perkins & Co., incorporated in March of 1907 with
himself as manager and president, and J. A. Haitz as secretary and
treasurer.

Although a leading and ]irosperous business man and the son
of a citizen activelj' associated with public affairs, Mr. Perkins has
never interested himself in politics and prefers to hold himself aloof
from all partisan matters. However, his interest in educational mat-
ters is so great that he consented to serve as a director of the
Sacramento schools and during his four years of service in the office
he was characterized by devotion to the work, knowledge of its needs
and a clesire to increase the usefulness of the city schools. Frater-
nally he has been a leading local worker in the Independent Order
of Odd Fellows and also has been very prominent in Masonry, being
a member of the blue lodge and Knights Templar commandery in
Sacramento, the Scottish Rite and Consistory, also Islam Temple at
San Francisco, Nobles of the Mvstic Shrine.

HISTOEY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY

lEA C. BOSS

The distinction of having been the founder of one of the most
important and prosperous business enterprises of San Francisco and
Sacramento belongs to Mr. Boss, who as president and manager of the
Eausome Concrete Company has been instrumental in the promotion of
an industry invaluable in the material development of his own home
city of Sacramento. It may not be amiss to mention, as indicative
of the character of the company's work, some of their contracts
in this city, viz : the hotels Sacramento, Land, Sequoia, Bismarck,
Argus, all well-known and substantial hostelries catering to the comfort
of many guests; the News Publishing Building, and the California
National Bank building, both of which structures are unusually sub-
stantial in design as well as attractive in architecture; the Western
Pacific depot and shops; twenty residences at Colonial Heights; the
residence and business block of Frederick Cox; and the United Farm
Lands building, also the Farmers & Mechanics Bank building. This
list, which by no means represents the entire extent of their con-
tracts in the capital city, is sufficient to indicate their variety and
importance. At San Francisco the company erected the Columbia
theatre, the Chamberlain building, the wing on the Southern Pacific
hospital, the Portola theatre and the Polk Street Market building.
At other points there have been building operations of great magni-
tude, including the cotton mills at Oakland, the court house at
Placerville and the First National Bank of Contra Costa.

The gentleman to whose intelligent supervision may be attrib-
uted the distinct success attendant upon the progress of the company
claims California as his native commonwealth. Born in Oakland
in December of 1877 and a son of M. P. and Laura (Gallagher) Boss,
he was given the best advantages afforded by the means of the
family and the schools of the state. During 1890 he completed his
course of study in the public schools and entered Belmont Academy,
from which he was graduated in 1895. The winter term of 1895-96
found him a student in the department of mechanical engineering at
the University of California, where he laid the foundation of the
engineering knowledge so indispensable to his later business activi-
ties. At the outbreak of the Spanish-American war he volunteered
in the service and became a member of Company I of the Fourteenth
United States Infantry, in which he continued imtil 1899. Upon
retiring from the army he went to Mexico and became a superin-
tendent in construction work, going from there to New York City at
the expiration of two years and engaging in business as a consult-
ing engineer for eight months. Nevada furnished him with his next
field of business activity and until 1905 he remained in charge of

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 809

construction work on two mills at Goldfield and Tonopah. Next he
had charge of the construction of mills at Gladstone and Howards-
ville, San Juan county, Colo. Returning to New York City in 1906,
he formed an association with the Ransome-Smith Co., as superin-
tendent of their construction work, and in their interests he came to
California during May of 1907, soon afterward organizing at San
Francisco the Ransome Concrete Company, of which he has been
president and manager. When the office of the company was moved
to Sacramento he established a residence in this city, where he now
ranks among the leading members of the Chamber of Commerce and
one of the most enthusiastic promoters of enterprises for civic de-
velopment. His marriage in New York City July 16, 1904, united
him with Miss Kate Ransome, by whom he has a daughter, Katha-
rine. Various organizations number him among their members,
among them being the Sutter and University Clubs of Sacramento,
the Claremont Country Club of Oakland and the Construction Club
of San Francisco. "While he has not identified himself with political
affairs and takes no part in them aside from voting the Republican
ticket at national elections, his knowledge of governmental problems
is thorough and his opinions represent the result of thoughtful read-
ing, keen faculties of observation and a cultured mind.

WILLIAM M. AHERN

It would be scarcely possible to overestimate the importance and
the magnitude of the duties devolving upon the chief of police in a
city whose commercial and legislative activities, handled by men of
wealth and conspicuous success, attract to the civic environment
thousands whose sojourn is of brief duration, but whose welfare
must be wisely guarded by the sleepless vigilance of those upholding
the majesty of the law. The fact that Mr. Ahern has made good as
chief of police indicates the possession of certain fundamental attri-
butes, unbounded energy, sagacious discrimination, an industry that
never fails and a courage that never falters. Combined with his
energy he possesses the tact and good humor characteristic of the
Celtic race and these qualities bring him a host of friends outside
of the immediate circle of his business associates.

Into the home of John and Mary Ahern in Passage East, County
Waterford, Ireland, William M. Ahern was born November 10, 1861,
and from that same home he started out when the time came for him
to earn his own way in the world. John Ahern was head constable
of the constabulary at Waterford, holding the position until he was

810 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

pensioned. When a young lad William M. attended the Christian
Brothers school, but after he was thirteen years of age he earned
his own livelihood and had little leisure for study. Taking up the
trade of a lithographer, he spent five years as an apprentice to that
business and afterward worked as a journeyTnan lithographer, being
employed for two years at Dublin, Ireland, and for a similar period
in London, England, where he became proficient in the trade. He
came to California in Maj', 1884, his brother Thomas Ahern having
arrived here a few years previous and written letters back home
which interested his brother in the Golden West and encouraged him
to make the trip. Thomas Ahern is now superintendent of the coast
division of the Southern Pacific Railroad Company. When he landed
in this country he came at once to Sacramento, Cal., and spent three
months as a lithographer with Crocker & Co., of San Francisco, and
then engaged with the Southern Pacific Railroad and soon became
foreman of a construction crew at Sacramento. But in 1892 he
resigned this work to become an oflicer under John B. Rogers, chief
of the jjolice of Sacramento.

A service of two years as an officer proved the adaptability of
Mr. Ahern to such work. However, he did not continue after 1894,
but then resigned in order to enter the employ of the Southern Pacific
Railroad as a special agent. In that position he proved diligent,
resourceful and trustworthy and he filled the same post continuously
until he resigned to enter the service of the city of Sacramento,
having been appointed chief of police January 29, 1910, by Mayor
Beard. While an officer with the railroad mention should be made
of Mr. Ahern 's work in concluding the final prosecution of Brady,
the companion of Browning, who was killed by Sheriff Bogard of
Tehama county. Brady and Browning were desperate train robbers
who held up the Southern Pacific and robbed the Wells Fargo strong-
box, obtaining in all $73,000. The robbery occurred at a sheep camp
crossing, between Davisville and Sacramento. Chief Ahern comes
by his ability as a successful officer of the peace naturally, as his
father served thirty-six years as a i:)olice officer and head of the
department in his home county. Shortly after he accepted the chief's
office he showed a familiarity with every detail, which proved his
quickness of comprehension and accuracy of judgment, and from the
outset of his official duties he has been diligent in the work, resolute
in action and firm in decision. AVhile strong in his devotion to the
Republican ])arty his selection for the position was not a political
measure, but came in recognition of his inherent worth and his
fitness for the position. Ever since he came to this country he has
made Sacramento his home and in this city in February of 1908 he
was united in marriage with Miss Ethel Morrison, by whom he has
a son, Frederick Morrison Ahern.

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 811

MONTFORT K. CROWELL

The conservative liuaiicial policy exercised liy the banking insti-
tutions of Sacramento laid the foundation for all past prosperity
as it will prove the stepping stone for all future growth. Perhaps
no concern has been more cautious in avoidance of speculative in-
\-estments or more sagacious in loans and certainly none has been
more successful in the management of a growing business than has
the Farmers & Mechanics Savings Bank, an institution that for
almost a quarter of a century has contributed to the business in-
terests of the community, encouraged the development of new indus-
tries, promoted the growth of old enterprises and fostered among its
depositors a spirit of saving a portion of their incomes in order that
the proverbial "rainy day" may not come upon them unawares.
The cashier of this influential institution is a native Californian,
devoted to the great west, loyal to the welfare of the commonwealth
and particularly interested in the fair valley that lies trib^itary to
the capital city. He matriculated in the University of California,
class of 1906, and in June, 1910, became cashier of the Farmers &
Mechanics Savings Bank.

The bank, whose growth is largely due to the executive ability
of its officers, has had the good fortune to retain in the presidency
George W. Peltier, who also acts as vice-president of the California
National Bank of Sacramento. With characteristic energy and
sagacious foresight the directors of the institution have decided
to erect, at a cost of $250,000, a bank and office building on the
corner of Oak avenue and Eighth street between J and K streets,
a location admirably adapted for their purpose as well as for the
general office uses to which it will be devoted. The structure will be
equipped with every modern convenience and will contain every
improvement which the architecture of the twentieth century can
suggest.

CHARLES J. YOUNG

The possession of versatile ability is indicated by the different
enterprises that have engaged the attention of Charles J. Young
since he entered the field of practical commercial activities. It is
the proud claim of California that no commonwealth can surpass our
own state in the enterprise, energy and intelligence manifested by
native-born sons, and such a list if complete could not fail to include

812 HISTORY OP SACRAMENTO COUNTY

the name of Charles J. Young, now of Sacramento, but formerly a
citizen of San Francisco. The title of colonel is frequently bestowed
upon him by acquaintances and comes from the fact that he held the
rank of lieutenant-colonel on the staff of the commander-in-chief,
having been promoted to that commission from a captaincy in the
National Guard.

A lifelong identification with California, dating back to his birth
at San Francisco May 23, 1866, into the home of David and Josephine
Young, gives to Charles J. Young a profound knowledge of the state,
a thorough acquaintance with its resources, a loyal devotion to its
prosperity and an earnest desire to advance its interests. After he
had attended the grammar and high schools between the ages of six
and seventeen years, he l)egan to make his own way in the business
world. At first he found employment with Hill & Kilgore, stock
brokers of San Francisco, and he acted as their cashier and book-
keeper until 1884, when he embarked in the commission business for
himself. Notwitlistanding his youth he was quite successful in the
venture. From 1889 until 1892 he held a responsible position as
receiving teller with the Tallant Banking Company and in that im-
portant post he proved his possession of fine mental endowments.

An attractive offer came to Mr. Young in 1892, which took him
away from San Francisco and caused him to make his headquarters
at Grass Valley, this state, where he acted as assistant secretary of
the Union Hill group of mines until 1900, and in 1902 he accepted
a position as cashier in the bank of Weisbein Bros. After filling this
responsible post for two years he resigned during 1904 in order to
Ijecome manager of the Consumers' Ice & Cold Storage Company
at Sacramento. The position he now holds, far from being a mere
sinecure, entails greater duties than many would suppose, yet every
detail has been guarded by his careful oversight, every step of pro
gress has been made with sagacity and every plan has been devel-
oped with cautious judgment, thus securing for the company the
greatest possible results, while at the same time giving to the
resident manager a high reputation for business judgment and far-
seeing discrimination. So closely has his attention been given to
business affairs that he has had no leisure for participation in public
affairs and gives no time to politics aside from voting a Republican
ticket at all elections. The attractive home which he has established
in Sacramento is presided over by Mrs. Young, a lady of culture and
gracious hospitality, and a native Calif ornian, born in Grass Valley,
who iirior to her marriage in January of 1900 made her home there.
Both hold a high position in the social circles of the capital city and
their residence here is regarded as a distinct advantage to the influ-
ences contributory to the general welfare.

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 813

0. HAROLD COPE

The magnitude of the realty transactions in Sacramento nec-
essarily indicates great activity on the part of the real-estate firms of
the city and among these the Cope Real Estate Company, of which
Mr. Cope acts as president and manager, handles its considerable
quota of business, bringing together buyers and sellers in deals large
or small, negotiating for properties, and otherwise carrying forward
the varied enterprises associated with the realty business. In addi-
tion to the organization and management of this concern Mr. Cope
during June of 1909 organized the Sacramento Mutual Investment
Company, of which since he has officiated as a director. Another
position which engages a portion of his time and attention is the
Del Paso Heights, Incorporated, of which he acts as president and
which has a capital stock of $25,000. From this it will be seen that
his activities are far-reaching and as varied as his mental endow-
ments.

One of the organizations to which Mr. Cope belongs is the
Native Sons of the Golden West, this association resulting from his
nativity in California. Marysville is the place of his birth and
December 18, 1888, the date thereof, his parents having been Charles
H. and Agnes (Bowen) Cope. Descended from an old eastern family,
Charles H. Cope was born at Colerain, Ohio, January 3, 1851, and
received his education at that place, where he learned the trade of a
miller in young manhood. Coming to California in 1877, he settled
at Marysville and secured work in the Buckeye flour mill, remaining
there as miller until 1900, when he came to Sacramento. For the
next eight years he held the position of miller with the Pioneer Mill-
ing Company, but in 1908 he resigned the position in order to remove
to Oakdale, Stanislaus county, where now he manages the manufacture
of flour for the Oakdale Milling Company.

After having attended the public and high schools of Marys-
ville until the completion of their prescribed studies, Mr. Cope took a
commercial course in the Sacramento high school, from which in 1907
he was graduated. His first employment was that of bookkeeper
for the Earl Fruit Company in Sacramento, but after six months he
left that concern and entered the real-estate office of Charles T. Hill
as a bookkeeper and collector. During 1909 he engaged with the
real-estate and insurance firm of Kleinsorge & Heilbron as manager
and salesman. June 7, 1910, he organized the Cope Real Estate
Company, which has since successfully conducted a growing business
in the capital city. While devoting his attention quite closely to his
varied business interests, he does not neglect his duties of citizen-
ship, but keeps posted concerning national issues as well as concern-

814 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

ing all enterprises for the material benefit of his home city. He is
president of the Riverside Improvement Club, the object of which is
the advancement of Riverside district in Sacramento. The Pro-
gressive party receives his ballot in all general elections. His interest
in politics is not that of a partisan and he has never been a candidate
for any otifice, although well qualified for such work, should his in-
clinations direct him to any participation in public affairs. He is a
member of the Presbyterian Church and a contributor to many of
the movements for the upbuilding of the church and the broadening
influences of Christianity. In fraternal relations he holds member-
ship with the Modern Woodmen of America. In 1912 he organized
the Riverside Country Club, of which he was selected president. This
is a social club of about one hundred and seventy-five members, which
erected their own club house on the banks of the Sacramento river.
In Sacramento, December 22, 1909, Mr. Cope was united in marriage
with Miss Ethel Gladys Hampton, of this city, and they are the
parents of a daughter, Mildred Ethel.

WILLIAM D. LAWTON

An intimate association of thirty years with the business devel-
opment of Sacramento has given to Mr. Lawton a comprehensive
knowledge of property valuations in and near the capital city, also
of commercial enterprises contributing to the local development and
civic measures devoted to the general welfare. It would be difficult
to find a citizen more loyal than he to the city of his adoption; its
interests he has made his own, its welfare is ever dear to his heart
and its progress is a theme of never-ceasing importance to him. To
such loyal citizens the city owes its steady development in all that
gives lasting value to its influence. That his citizenship has been
appreciated appears in the statement that he was chosen president
of the first board of trustees under the new charter of 1893 and
at one time also was honored with being elected a director of the
Sacramento Chamber of Commerce, in these positions giving evidence
of earnest loyalty to civic growth and intelligent understanding of
municipal problems. He was instrumental as early as 1892 in the
building of the first macadamized street in Sacramento, which was
the inception for macadam and asphalt streets there, and in 1894-95,
when he was president of the board of trustees, the cement sidewalks
were built, thus starting permanent work in that line. He was
zealous in working for the interest of the city at all times, and it

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 815

was entirely through his efforts that the city water works were saved
to the city instead of passing into the hands of a private corporation.
Descended from an old eastern family and himself a native of
Lyons, N. Y., William D. Lawtou has been a citizen of California
ever since the year 1873 and therefore has given the intelligent ser-
vice of manhood to the commonwealth of his adoption. Four years
after his arrival in the west he was united in marriage with Miss
Emma Grimshaw, of Sacramento, the daughter of a prominent pio-
neer family originally from Illinois; after coming to California her
father, William R. Grimshaw, was for years identified with Captain
Sutter and Sam Brannan and his participation in early history had
a direct bearing upon subsequent progress. For little less than ten
years after coming to the west Mr. Lawton engaged in the manu-
facturing business in San Francisco, but during 1882 he established his
home in Sacramento, and here he has resided ever since. Practically
ever since he came to the state he has been interested in
mining to some extent. On several occasions he was engaged as
an engineer in mines in this state and Nevada and while thus
employed he bought jDersonal interests in a number of promis-
ing claims. In addition to holding shares of stock in mines he has
controlling water interests at a point in Southern Nevada and by
means of his own private water system he supplies an abundance
of water for irrigating and domestic purposes, as well as for the
treatment of ores. He is devoting much time to real-estate and
investments in the Sacramento vallev.

FREDERICK W. KIESEL

As a factor in the financial affairs and commercial development
of Sacramento the California National Bank occupies no secondary
place. During the long period of its existence it has won and re-
tained the confidence of a large army of depositors and has consid-
ered the interests of customers with a loyalty unquestioned and a
sagacity unexcelled. No small measure of the steady growth of the
institution is due to the intelligent supervision and splendid judg-
ment of the cashier, Frederick W. Kiesel, who combines keen dis-
crimination with conservative caution and progressiveness with
painstaking forethought. The elements entering into his character
form the ideal type for banker and financier and to their exercise is
due his present standing in the banking circles of the city.

About midway between Head river bay and Cache lake lies the
railroad town of Corinne, a village of some prominence in northern

816 HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY

Utah, and there it was that Frederick W. Kiesel was born February
11, 1874, into the home of F. J. and Julia Kiesel, pioneer residents
of that section of the country. An excellent primary education was
obtained in private schools, which further enlarged his training
through the high-school studies. During the autumn of 1892 he en-
tered Harvard College, where he continued in the regular course until
1894, meanwhile enjoying the manifold advantages conferred by at-
tendance in that ancient and honored institution. Shortly after he
had left Harvard he returned to the west and settled at Sacramento,
where he gave his attention to promoting the organization of the
California winery. Being the principal stockholder in the business
he became likewise its president until he sold his interest in the
business.

The association of Mr. Kiesel with the California National Bank
began April 1, 1898, when he entered the institution as a bookkeeper
and later, in recognition of his superior qualifications, he was pro-
moted to be cashier. This office he since has filled with recognized
ability and foresight. For some years after his arrival in Sacra-
mento he remained a bachelor, but on the 18th of December, 1901,
he was united in marriage with Miss Jane Birdsall, one of the promi-
nent and popular young ladies in Sacramento society. They are the
parents of two daughters and one son, Corinne, born in 1907 ; Phyllis,
whose birth occurred in 1910, and Robert Allan, born in 1911. It
has not been the desire of Mr. Kiesel to enter upon political activi-
ties or to seek public offices. Indeed, he has steadfastly refused
to take any part in politics whatever aside from the voting of a
Reiniblican ticket in national and local elections. Nevertheless, he
is interested in every movement for the general advancement and
jiarticularly in those measures having for their object the permanent
welfare of Sacramento. In fraternal affairs besides his connection
with the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks he has been active
in Masonry and holds membership in the Washington Lodge No. 20,
F. & A. M., Sacramento Chapter No. 3, R. A. M., also Sacramento
Council and Sacramento Commandery No. 2, K. T., and is also a
Scottish Rite Mason of the thirty-second degree, and member of
Islam Temple, N. M. S., of San Francisco. He is a director in the
Sacramento Chamber of Commerce, and is secretarv of the Sutter
Club.

WILLIAM KINKADE LINDSAY, M. D.

Since 1909 Dr. W. K. Lindsay has been city physician, health
officer and secretary of the board of health of Sacramento. He was
born at Sheldon, Sacramento county, September 4, 1877, and when

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 817

he was thirteen years old the family moved into the city and for
six years he attended the public schools. Pie then took a four-year
course in the University of California and was graduated from the
medical department in 1901 with the degree of M. D. He began his
medical practice in Courtland, but five years afterwards moved to
Sacramento, where he has since practiced his profession. AVhen the
new charter for Sacramento was adopted in July, 1912, the board
of health was abolished, but he was continued in office as health officer
and city physician. He has been very active ever since his gradua-
tion in advocating measures for the ]irevention of contagious diseases
and the complete stamping out of the same. In 1907 he was ap-
])ointed as special inspector by the l)oard of health of Sacramento,
and in this way he became well and favorably known. On the resig-
nation of Dr. H. L. Nichols, who desired to retire, Dr. Lindsay was
appointed health officer in January, 1909, since when he has filled
that important office. The summer of 1912 was strenuous because
of the concerted movement to eradicate rabies which was prevalent
among all canines, several persons having suffered injury from bites,
and the board of health found it necessary to give them the Pasteur
treatment. Then came the infantile paralysis scare, but by rigid
quarantine the disease was abated and finally wiped out.

The father and grandfather of the doctor, both named William
K. Lindsay, crossed the plains in 1851 with ox-teams and settled on
the Cosumne river. They were dairymen and farmers on a large
scale. The grandfather owned two thousand acres of fine, fertile
soil; he was a supervisor of the county of Sacramento for a number
of years and resigned the office in 1859. Dr. Lindsay's father mar-
ried in 1876 Miss Maria A. Tuttle, who was born in New York. She
had come to California from the state of New York in 1870 and had
taught school until her marriage. They were the parents of five chil-
dren, namely: William K. is the subject of this review. James
Albert is now a practicing dentist in Sacramento. Helen Salome
is the wife of James H. Hayes, traffic manager of the Pacific Fruit
Exchange. Landon Sanders was a farmer on the Homestead Tract,
and was accidentally drowned in 1907; the family still own eight
hundred and eighty acres of farm and dairy land in this tract.
Elmira Ann, the youngest in the family, died in infancy.

Dr. William K. Lindsay married Etha Mae Walker, daughter
of Henry C. Walker, formerly a prominent business man in Detroit,
Mich., but who had come to this state for his health. The children
of this marriage are: Almira Maude, born June 2, 1902; William
Kinkade, born December 2, 1904; and Walker Henderson, born Jan-
uary 28, 1906. Naturally Dr. Lindsay is broadly interested in all
public questions both in and out of his profession. He is a member
of the Sacramento Society for Medical Improvement, a member of
the State Medical Societv and also of the American Medical Asso-

818 HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

ciation and the Northern District Medical Society. In fraternity he
is a Scottish Rite Mason, a past district deputy .sfrand president of
the Native Sons of the Golden West, and a past president of Court-
land Parlor No. 106 of that order. "With Mrs. Lindsay he is an
active member of the Eastern Star and of the Congregational Church.

EDWARD HAYNES

An official position whose duties were assumed as the result of
a vacancy caused by death has given Mr. Hajoies an opportunity
to acquire a comprehensive knowledge of the most modern methods
connected with municipal bookkeeping, as he had previously become
familiar with every detail connected with commercial bookkeeping
while assisting his father in an eastern mercantile establishment.
That he has justified the wisdom of his selection and vindicated the
choice of the mayor is amply proved by the excellence of his official
record and the care with which he has discharged every duty devolv-
ing upon the city auditor and assessor since he was appointed deputy
January 8, 1906. Among those familiar with such work his books
are said to be models of accuracy and system and the results of
his labors will compare favorably with those of his most capable
predecessors.

Michigan is tlie native commonwealth of Edward Haynes, who
was born in Onondaga, Ingham county, . May 21, 1862, and is a son
of Ephraim P. and Alsey A. (Earll) Haynes, both natives of New
York state. At about six years of age he entered the primary depart-
ment of the public schools and each year found him one grade higher
imtil 1877, when having completed the regular course of study he
turned his attention to commercial pursuits. As a bookkeeper in a
general mercantile store conducted by his father he gained a thor-
ough knowledge of every detail connected with accounts and was well
qualified for further responsibilities of the same nature. During
October of 1882 he came to California and settled first in Dnnnigan,
Yolo county, where he worked in various capacities, taking any em-
ployment that otTered an honorable livelihood. At the expiration
of four years he came to Sacramento and secured a position as
brakeman on the Southern Pacific Railroad. On account of his effi-
ciency he was promoted in 1891 to the position of conductor on the
road with headquarters at Sacramento and he continued with the
railway until January, 1906, when the city auditor, Fred W. Carey,
appointed him his deputy. On the death of Mr. Carey he was ap-
pointed his successor by Mayor Beard on September 1, 1910, and in

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 819

November, 1911, he was elected to the office, being the nominee of
both parties. Since his original appointment he has given his time
and thought wholly to the duties connected with the office.

The marriage of Mr. Haynes and Miss Olive Masters was sol-
emnized in San Francisco October 2, 1901, and they at once estab-
lished a home in Sacramento, where they have continued to reside,
meanwhile winning the friendship of all with whom they have had
social or business relations. For many years Mr. Haynes was con-
nected actively with Sierra Division No. 195, Order of Railway Con-
ductors, and after he had ceased to have any relation with the road
he still retained an honorary membership with the division. While
he has not been a partisan nor a politician, he maintains staunch
convictions in regard to governmental issues and gives his support
to the Republican party. Besides holding membership with the Inde-
pendent Order of Odd Fellows in their Eldorado Lodge No. 8, he
has been very prominent in Masonry as a member of Tehama Lodge
No. 3, F. & A. M., Sacramento Chapter No. 3, R. A. M., Sacramento
Council, No. 1, Sacramento Commandery, No. 2, K. T., and Islam
Temple, N. M. S.

CHARLES W. ANDERSON

The capable super^dsion of the present chief is bringing the
gratification of satisfactory returns to the fire department of Sacra-
mento. Ambitious to develop a plant worthy of the municipality,
he has devoted every energy with intense eagerness to the securing
of needed improvements. The capable labors of his predecessors in
office have been supplemented bv his own arduous and unremitting
application to the management of the department. The results of his
efforts are apparent in the increased efficiency of the plant. There
are many people in the city who assert that the position has never
had an incumbent more energetic, more sagacious and more trust-
worthy than is Mr. Anderson, who with justice may feel proud nf the
appreciation given to his work in the city's behalf.

The county of Sacramento has been the lifelong home of Mr.
Anderson, and his father, Hartford Anderson, held a prominent place
among the pioneer residents in the vicinity of Folsom. His brother,
Judge W. A. Anderson, of Sacramento, also crossed the plains with
the father in 1849. Charles W. Anderson's birth occurred July 5,
1867. As a bov he had the advantage of instruction under Professor
Blanchard in the public schools. Leaving school in 1882 he secured
work as a laborer on a ranch near Folsom, where he remained for
one year. Next he undertook to learn the blacksmith's trade, but at
the expiration of six months his health became impaired and he was
forced to relinquish all activities. An enforced idleness of six months.

820 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

during which time he remained with his father, enabled him to re-
gain his former strength. As soon as able to work he learned the
trade of a tinsmith and afterward followed it as a journeyman until
1887, when he became an apprentice in the state printing office at
Sacramento. Seven years were spent in that office, the period sub-
sequent to his apprenticeship being spent in regular work for wages.

Upon his return to Folsom in 1894 Mr. Anderson engaged as a
tinsmith for Brown & Yaeger, but that place he resig-ned in 1895,
when he returned to Sacramento and entered the employ of the
Southern Pacific Railroad Company as a tinsmith. When he resigned
that post in August of 1910 it was in order that he might accept
the responsible duties as chief of the fire department, to which he
had been appointed by Mayor Beard. In entering his new tasks he
showed the energy, tact, and determination characteristic of him in
previous business associations, and his ser^dce up to the present time
has been marked by the steady growth of the department and its
continued immediate response to all alarms. Not only has the chief
proved a resourceful fire-fighter, but in addition he makes many sug-
gestions as to prevention of fires and watches closely all of the extra
hazardous fire risks, believing that no service is of greater value to
any nnmicipality than the prevention of such serious catastrophes.

The marriage of Mr.. Anderson and Miss Louisa Meyer took place
at Folsom, Sacramento cotmty, August 16, 1893, and has been blessed
with two children, Carl W. and Ruth Louisa, both of whom have
received superior educational advantages in the high schools of Sac-
ramento. The Republican party has received the consistent and
steadfast support of Mr. Anderson ever since he attained his ma-
jority and cast his first ballot. Fraternally he not only has main-
tained an active connection with the Loyal Order of Moose, but also
has been a prominent local worker in the Independent Order of Odd
Fellows and is past noble grand of Eldorado Lodge No. 8. Both of
these fraternities receive his generous assistance in their charitable
undertakings and he has further given helpful aid to general mea-
sures for the common good. He is also a member of the Pacific
Coast Association of Fire Chiefs. His interest in the welfare and
progress of his native county is particularly keen. In his opinion
no movement is too arduous, no enterprise too great for local support
provided the prosperity of the community thereby is enhanced.

CLARENCE C. CUFF

From the earliest ages the science of architecture has fascinated
men of broad mental vision. The monuments and cathedrals that
have stood in massive grandeur for centuries untold bear witness to

HISTOEY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY 821

the desire of man to express his aspirations and visions in stone
or marble. At uo time, however, has the profession risen to such
liromiueuce as in the history of the twentieth century, whose re-
markable commercial development demands artistic yet substantial
architecture as the expression of its character. Noteworthy among
the architects who are formulating and developing the cities of the
]3resent day, mention belongs to Clarence C. Cuff, member of the
firm of Cuff & Diggs, architects who for some years successfully have
engaged in their chosen profession in Sacramento, meanwhile design-
ing and planning a number of the finest structures in this part of
the state.

Of Canadian birth and ancestry, Clarence C, son of H. W. and
Mary Cuff, was born in the city of Toronto January 15, 1871. The
excellent schools of Toronto furnished him with the best grammar-
school advantages and he continued his studies imtil he was fifteen
years of age, when he discontinued school work for the occupation in
which he was destined to make a subsequent success. The prelimi-
nary study of architecture was carried on with an architect of To-
ronto, whose instruction guided him wisely and thoroughly through
the formulative period of his researches. Later he had the advan-
tage of three years of study in the Toronto School of Architecture,
from which he was graduated with a high standing. Immediately
after completing his course of study he went to Buffalo. N. Y., and
entered the ofifice of an architect, with whom he remained five years.
Later he was employed by architects in different parts of the United
States and thus gained a thorough conception of favorite styles of
architecture in the various localities. While following his profession
in New York City he there married in September of 1904 Miss Louise
Schuster, a cultured woman of eastern birth and thorough education.

After his arrival in the west during 1905 Mr. Cuff engaged with
an architect in San Francisco for one year, after which he came to
Sacramento and for two years held a position in the office of the
state architect. Later he formed his present partnership with M. I.
Diggs and under their capable alliance the substantial grammar-
school at Marysville has been erected, the Diepenbrock theatre pre-
sents an added attraction for lovers of dramatic art in Sacramento,
the Travelers Hotel of Sacramento and the Eldorado county court-
house at Placerville have been built, the California Hospital at Sac-
ramento is accepted as a model of the kind, the warehouse of Thom-
son, Diggs Company forms an addition to the business part of the
city, and the residences of D. W. Carmichael, C. B. Dewees^ and
Senator M. Diggs stand as monuments to the originality and skill of
the architects. Since he crossed from Canada into our own country
Mr. Cuff has made a study of national problems and has given his
allegiance to the Eei>ublican party. He is a member of the Knights

822 HISTOEY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY

of Columbus and professionally is an active member of the Archi-
tectural League of Sacramento and an associate member of the Am-
erican Institute of Architects.

THOMAS W. O'NEIL

The associations of a lifetime bound Mr. O'Neil closely to Sac-
ramento county. While the interests of business took him tem-
porarily to other parts of California he always considered himself
a citizen of his native county and never lost his intense loyalty and
affectionate devotion to this section of the state. In return he re-
ceived the admiring respect of an unusually large circle of acquaint-
ances. It is given to few to possess the friendship of all, yet it
may be said of Mr. O'Neil, notwithstanding his activity in politics
and his frankness in expressing his opinion concerning public ques-
tions, that even his political opposers bore him no ill will, but on the
contrary reposed the highest confidence in his honor, integrity and
patriotic loyalty.

Born at Folsom, Sacramento county, Augiist 4, 1855, Mr. O'Neil
began to learn the trade of frescoing at an eai'ly age and for seven
years he followed the occupation in San Francisco and San Jose,
always, however, retaining his home in Sacramento county. During
1876 he began to work at his trade in Sacramento, where he made a
specialty of frescoing, decorating interiors and treating wall finish.
By the exercise of good business judgment and artistic skill he estab-
lished a reputation in his chosen line and was reckoned one of the
most successful frescoers in this part of the state. During 1887 he
married the daughter of the late John Eooney of Brighton (now
called Perkins), Sacramento county, and at the time of his demise
he left to mourn him his devoted wife, also two daughters and five
sons, the eldest of whom was not yet seventeen.

From boyhood Mr. O'Neil took an active part in polities. For
many years he was a local Democratic leader and a member of the
county and state central committees. As sheriff in 1893-94 he estab-
lished a reputation for fearlessness. During his term every industry
in the city and county was paralyzed by the A. E. IT. strike and the
city was under martial law. Another important affair connected
with his official service was the suppression of gambling in the
county. When the chief of police and local officers stated they could
not suppress gambling in the city, he stepped in. declared that gam-
bling must stop and saw to it that not another deal was made while
he acted as sheriff. Although a staunch Democrat he was chosen

HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY 823

by President McKinley to act as census marshal for Northern Cali-
fornia. When the Union Building and Loan Association went into
the hands of a receiver he was chosen by Judge Hughes for that
position. Under his oversight chaos was reduced to order, justice
was secured for all concerned and the litigation was about com-
pleted in every detail at the time of his death. After he retired
from the sheriff's office he engaged in the hop business, but a de-
cline occurred in the price about that time and hops were scarcely
worth the gathering, so that his accumulations in a lifetime of en-
ergy and labor were swept away in a legitimate enterprise.

As organizer Mr. O'Neil was connected with Sacramento Par-
lor No. 3, N. S. Gr. W., and he was also prominent in the United
Commercial Travelers' Association. As a member of the firm of
M. Cronan & Co., of Sacramento, he traveled throughout Northern
California and during one of his trips he was seized with a heart
attack at Colfax, Placer county, March 12, 1905. In a few hours
he passed away. The remains were brought back to the bereaved
family and interment was made in the Sacramento cemetery. Uni-
versal regret was expressed that a man of such sterling qualities
should be taken while yet in the prime of manhood. Many trib-
utes were paid to his memory by those who had known and hon-
ored him for years. From one of these testimonials we quote as
follows :

"Only those whose privilege it was to enjoy a personal ac-
quaintance with the late T. W. O'Neil appreciate the noble quali-
ities of the man. It is doubtful whether the unexpected death of
any other man in the city of Sacramento would have elicited more
sincere expression of sorrow. Tom O'Neil was a true man in ev-
ery one of life's manifold relationships. He loved his family and
was devoted to his friends, while toward those who differed with
him in the affairs that called his attention, political or personal,
his generous heart could cherish no antagonism. All his life was
free and open. He never knowingly oppressed a human being.
In his great heart there was no place for resentment, yet he was
indomitable in defense of his opinions and like a man faced vicis-
situdes with courageous resolution. It happened to him that the
course of his career led him sometimes into politics, but Tom
O'Neil never lost his self-esteem, his natural love of truth, his
friendly devotion in all the manipulation of that strange game
where men rarely scruple if failure is the alternative. Tom 0 'Neil's
sincerity never forsook him. Under every circumstance his com-
pass was set by the stars and he pursued the rioid reckoning, lead
where it might. The death of such a man and so true a friend
comes as a personal loss to the humble writer of these lines, as it
does to every man who knew him well enough to appreciate him at
his worth. He was too noble to be base, too conscientious to de-

824 HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY

ceive, too loyal to dissimulate. Upon his brow God set the seal of
truth, in his heart no taint of dishonor could abide. And the world
will revolve and the days go on and on, and you will be forgot-
ten, Tom, but not by those who languish now in tears for love of
you, nor yet by this penman, nor by the large number of others
who, from knowing you, called you friend."

Mrs. O'Neil, who survives her husband, now fills the office of
county superintendent of schools, having been elected to the of-
fice in 1906 and re-elected in 1910. She is the daughter of the late
John Eooney and a sister of James and Peter Eooney. Her father
was born in County Louth, Ireland, and came to the United States
in 1847, when twenty-one years of age, landing in New York,
whence he proceeded to Boston. Next he went south to Kings
county, Ala. November 20, 1849, he started for California via
Panama and landed in San Francisco on the 27th of January, then
coming to Sacramento February 2 following. For nine months he
worked in the mines of Georgetown, Eldorado county. His min-
ing ventures were so remarkably successful that by 1852 he had
netted $25,000, but years later financial reverses came to him and
swept much of his splendid property into ruin. In 1852 lie be-
gan farming, and purchasing six hundred and ten acres of raw
land near what is now Perkins, Sacramento county, he followed
agriculture and stock raising on that place. About 1881 he began
hop raising and developed what was said to be the largest hop-field
in the entire world. In 1853 he married Mary Clark, a native of
the same county in Ireland. For years they presided over a home
where hospitality was unbounded. No weary traveler ever sought
food or shelter there in vain. No guest ever visited the spacious
country home but was refreshed in s])irit and made the better for
the sunshine of Mrs. Eooney 's presence.

When financial troubles came Mr. Eooney saw his wide ]ios-
sessions leave him to satisfy the demands of the mortgage-holders.
But John Eooney and his wife were made of sterner stuff than
those who surrender to the caprices of fortune. He was ever the
same I'ugged, stalwart character, strong in his friendships, un-
shaken in his principles, while Mrs. Eooney remained his ever-de-
voted helpmate. Early in life John Eooney was a Douglas Demo-
crat. In 1864 he supported Abraham Lincoln. After 1868 he was
identified with the Democratic party. In local conventions he was
a leader. "But the years crept on John Eooney and mellowed his
life into a peacefulness that sought no more clashing with the
world. The ambition which fired him on in the days of his splen-
did youth and manhood was gone, and John Eooney gave u)i life
as bravely as he had lived it." When within a few months of
seventy-seven years of age he died at the home of his son, James,

HISTOEY OF iSACBAMENTO COUNTY 825

where he had been temporarily sojourning. To the memory of de-
scendants he left the priceless heritage of an honorable life, de-
voted to the welfare of loved ones and to the service of the com-
monwealth which he in-oudlv called his home.

ALDEN W. CAMPBELL

A typical American of the best class is a fitting description of
Alden W. Campbell of Sacramento, who has reached a high place
in public esteem as an architect and an artist along professional
lines. Mr. Campbell was born in Boulder, Colo., in 1875, a son
of AVilliam R. and Lydia E. (Wilson) Campbell, natives respect-
ively of Canada and of Michigan. In 1877 William R. Campbell
])rought his family to California and locating in Sacramento went
into the planing-mill business and built up a large factory which
supplied an extensive demand for builder's materials.

When his parents brought him to Sacramento, Alden W. Camp-
bell was about two years old. He was educated in public schools
and in night schools and took special courses with the Interna-
tional Correspondence Schools of Scranton, Pa., receiving his di-
ploma in complete architecture. While he was studying in the night
school, to hasten his preparation to enter his chosen field of labor,
he participated in several architectural-drawing competitions and
won several medals otfered by the State Architectural Society.
The first was awarded him in 1894 and he was the recipient of oth-
ers in 1895, 1896, 1899, 1900 and 1902. When he was sixteen years old
he entered upon a three years' term of employment with that vet-
eran California builder, Silas Carle, whose operations extended
throughout the state. Later in the employ of the Sacramento Plan-
ing Mills he gained in two years an intimate practical knowledge
of woodworking and interior finish. In 1897-1902 he was in the
civil service department in the post-office building, and in his spare
time he devoted himself to professional study and prepared plans
for fine residences in Sacramento, among them being residences for
Dr. Hart, Henry Nicolaus, Jr., A. L. Crane, Walter L. Rennie and
Peter Roemer, also for T. G. Schmeiser of Davis and F. E. Gil-
more of Red Bluff. He is now established in his own office at Thir-
ty-fourth and J streets, and has drawn plans for numerous fine
houses and apartment buildings; he has on file important contracts
for execution in the near future. He is a member .of San Fran-
cisco Chapter of the American Institute of Architects and is a mem-
ber of the Sacramento Architectural Leagaie.

826 PIISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

Mr. Campbell was married in Sacrameuto November 27th, 1906,
to Miss Ellen Klotz, who was born in this city and was a gradu-
ate of the Sacramento high school. She was a teacher in the public
schools for several years. Mr. and Mrs. Campbell are the parents
of three children, Eleanor, William and Dudley. Mr. Campbell was
made a Mason in Washington Lodge No. 14, F. & A. M., and is also a
thirtieth degree Scottish Eite member. He is a past patron of Columbus
Chapter, No. 117, 0. E. S., of which Mrs. Campbell is a member, and he
is also a member of Capital Lodge No. 87, I. O. 0. F. Both he and
his wife are numbered in the membership of Capitol City Ee-
bekah Lodge No. 160, and he is a member of Court Capital, F. of
A.' Mrs. Campbell is member of the Native Daughters of the Golden
West. Active in the East Sacramento Improvement Club, where
he has large property interests and where his beauiful residence
is located, Mr. Campbell has served the club as president and has
been very instrumental in fostering movements for the building
up and beautifying of that section of the state capital. He was
a member of a committee of thirty that carried to victory the an-
nexing of the suburbs, thus changing the population from forty-
five hundred to seven thousand. He is an active member of Sacra-
mento Chamber of Commerce. He is Eepublican in his politics and
his geniality and public spirit make him popular with his fellow
citizens of all classes.

COL. HENEY I. SEYMOUE

Among native Californians who have forged to the front in the
business field of Sacramento there is none more deserving of men-
tion in a work of this character than Henry I. Seymour of the Buf-
falo brewery and of other enterprises of importance and of prom-
ise. Mr. Se;sanour was born in Sacramento July 25, 1861, son of
Henry 0. and Elizabeth (Osborn) Se^^nour, both of whom were na-
tives of New York state. The father came around the Cape in a
sailing vessel in 1854 and followed farming. At the time of his
death he was a member of the Board of Supervisors and had been
chairman of that body. His death occurred in 1876. Mrs. Sey-
mour had made the trip to the west in 1852, and she passed awav
in 1910.

Educated in the public schools Henry I. Seymour was gradu-
ated from high school in 1878. His first experience in business was
as an employe in the freight department of the Southern Pacific Eail-
road Company. He early demonstrated that he had in him the

HISTOEY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY 827

energy from which successful men of affairs are developed, and his
advancement was rapid. For ten years he was in the service of that
corporation, then in 1890 he entered the employ of the Buffalo
Brewing- Company as a bookkeeper, and in that capacity he labored
faithfully and most efficiently five years. So devoted had he been
to the interests of the concern, so well had he informed himself in
the intricacies of its affairs, that he was called to the higher respon-
sibility of its management, and since then he has been influential
in shaping its course and directing the carrying out of its policies.
The company began business in 1890, with a capacity of tweuty-
five thousand barrels. It had been incorporated in 1888, and its
original board of directors was constituted as follows: Ex-Gov-
ernor Newton Booth, J. E. Watson of the Southern Pacific Eail-
road Company, H. H. Grau, Adolph Heilbron, W. E. Gerber, Frank
Euhstaller, Sr., Louis Nicolaus, Frederick Cox and Samuel Lavens-
ton. Of this board only three survive. Mr. Grau, the original
manager, retired in 1895. The present capacity of the plant is so
very much greater than that of the early days of the company that
the output exceeds one hundred thousand barrels and ranks on a
par in production and quality with any brewery in California.

For four years Mr. Se^Tnour was active as a director and vice-
president of the Chamber of Commerce, and from time to time he
has been identified, directly or indirectly, with various interests of
the city. About 1885 he became a member of Company E, Firsi
Artillery, National Guards. From a private he rose to the office of
captain in the next three years. In 1895 he was placed on the re-
tired list, remaining there until 1900, when he was elected colonel
of the Second Infantry Eegiment, N. G. C, serving in that capacity
until 1910, when he was again placed on the retired list. As colonel
of the Second Infantry he served in San Francisco during the fire
of 1906. He is a member of Sacramento Lodge No. 6, B. P. 0. E.,
and of Sunset Parlor No. 26, N. S. G. W. The Sutter Club num-
bers him among its members, and he has served on its board of
trustees.

Mr. Seymour was married in Napa county in 1887 to Miss
Grace Brownlee, who was a native daughter of Napa covmty and a
graduate of Perry's Seminary of Sacramento. They are the par-
ents of two children, Donald and Doris. In many ways Mr. Sey-
mour has demonstrated his public spirit, and there are few move-
ments inaugurated which give promise of benefiting any consid-
erable number of his fellow citizens that do not receive his cordial
and generous support.

828 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

GEORGE C. SELLON

Rare indeed is it to find two generations of native Californians
actively identified with business affairs and contributing useful
service to the world of progress. Such is the record of the Sellon
family, three successive generations of whom have contributed to the
development of the state since the discovery of gold and one (repre-
senting the third generation) now holds a prominent position among
the men of affairs in Sacramento. This influential citizen was born
in the city of San Francisco February 9, 1881, received a grammar
school education in Sacramento and attended the Chicago high school,
from which he was graduated in 1900. His father, L. J. Sellon, was
born in Marysville, Cal., in September of 1850, and is a son of Judge
Sellon, a Forty-niner and a pioneer of honored memory. Upon start-
ing out to make his own way in the world, L. J. Sellon became a rail-
way mail clerk and later rose to the superintendency of the mail
route between Sacramento and Ogden, Utah, meanwhile making his
home in the former city. During 1891 he resigned from the road in
order to enter the employ of the Postal Telegraph Company at Sac-
ramento, where he acted as operator. The company in 1894 trans-
ferred him to Chicago as chief of the night wire. Notwithstanding
his life of strenuous exertion and constant labor, he is still active,
forceful and successful, and has not been obliged to relinquish the
responsibilities so capably discharged for many years.

It was the privilege of George C. Sellon to enjoy excellent educa-
tional advantages and at the same time to observe carefully the archi-
tecture popular in the three cities familiar to his youth. From boy-
hood he displayed an interest in the building business and thought-
fully studied all designs novel in style as well as substantial in effect.
As he observed and noted these with care, he began to draw designs
of his own and after he entered an achitect's office in Chicago he
gave his attention wholly to developing his natural tastes for such
work. From 1904 to 1906 he engaged in business for himself in Chi-
cago and his experience in that city has proved of the greatest service
to his subsequent efforts.

A brief period of work at San Francisco was followed by the re-
turn of Mr. Sellon to Sacramento in May of 1907, at which time he
accepted an appointment as state architect from Governor Gillett.
During the three years of his service in the employ of the common-
wealth he designed many important structures, including the State
Normal at San Jose, the State Hospital at Agnew, the state peniten-
tiary at San Quentin, the California building at the Alaska- Yukon
exposition and the Administration building at the Sonoma State

HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY 829

Home. Since his retirement from the state employ he has engaged
in business for himself and has designed many buildings of note,
among them being the Sacramento hotel, the American cash store, the
Sacramento News Publishing building, the Hagelstein building, the
structures to be seen on the state fair grounds and the Inverness
building. To one so deeply interested in his chosen calling politics
makes little appeal, and we find that Mr. Sellon refuses to take any
part in public affairs aside from voting the Eepublican ticket. Elec-
tive offices do not fascinate him and the career of a statesman pos-
sesses for him no charm, although later years, with their professional
successes and business prosperity, may lead him into avenues of
public service for which now he has no desire. The Sutter club and
blue lodge, as well as the Scottish Eite Masons number him among
their members, and professionally he is a member of the San Fran-
cisco Chapter, American Institute of Architects. While living in Chi-
cago he formed the acquaintance of Miss Margaret Hughes and they
were united in marriage June 29, 1904, afterward residing in that
city until their removal to the west. They are the parents of a son
and daughter, Walter C. and Virginia.

GEOEGE W. BOSTWICK

In and around Sacramento there is no better known authority on
brick than is the gentleman whose name is above, and his expert
advice is frequently called for by manufacturers in different parts of
the United States. George W. Bostwick is a native of Michigan,
born in Saginaw. He attended public and high school, then engaged
with a local furniture company. In 1891 he entered the music busi-
ness, first in the retail line, then later as a manufacturer. For nine
years he held the position of general manager for the Waldo Manu-
facturing Company of Saginaw, whicli position he filled witli ability
until January, 1905, when he assumed the management of the U.
S. Brick corporation's plant at Michigan City, Ind. This position
he occupied until June, 1910, when he moved to California and be-
came superintendent for the Monterey Brick and Stone Com^iany, at
Monterey, and in September of the same year moved the ^ilant to
Sacramento, where the name was changed to the Sacramento Sand-
stone Brick Company.

Mr. Bostwick now occupies the position of secretary and man-
ager of this company. The concern is making facing brick and art
stone, and the products are second to none in existence, having
passed the specifications of the United States government and been

830 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

tested out by the University of California, also by the state engin-
eering department. The brick is now in evidence in some of Sacra-
mento's finest buildings, also in San Francisco and other points
throughout the state.

The present enviable position occupied by this company is en-
tirely owing to Mr. Bostwick's expert knowledge of the art of making
sandstone brick, as he was one of the first men in this country to
engage in its manufacture, though the industry is an old one in
Germany and some other of the older countries.

Mr. Bostwick was mari'ied in 1895 to Miss A. Glover of Bay
City, Mich., and four interesting children are making life worth while
around his home.

J. BERNHARD KLUNE

A native of Hanover, Germany, born May 31, 1849, son of J. D.
and Mary Klune, this well known and popular jeweler of Sacramento
came to the United States in 1868 and has proven himself such an
adopted son as his chosen country may well be proud of. He had
attended public and then private schools in his native land until he
was fourteen years of age, and the following four years he had in-
dustriously and determinedly devoted to an acquisition of a knowledge
of the jeweler's trade. That knowledge he gained by actual work
under skilled and well-informed masters who saw to it that he was not
neglected in any feature of their ancient and beautiful handicraft.
Consequently, at nineteen, he was well fitted for the career he had
chosen, and his experience has demonstrated that he made no mistake
in choosing Sacramento as a field for his endeavors toward success.

Soon after his arrival in America he settled at Sacramento, where
he was employed as a watchmaker by his uncle until 1879. He then
embarked in the jewelry business for himself, and his success is well
known to all observing citizens of Sacramento. His business pros-
pered almost from the outset and was enlarged from time to time
until in 1907 it was found necessary to incorporate it, which measure
brought it prominently before the public under the style of Klune &
Floberg. Mr. Klune was elected president of the company, and he
has been its general manager, planning its business and directing the
steady advancement which has brought it into the front rank of con-
cerns of its kind in California. He is a member of "Washington
Lodge No. 20, F. & A. M., Sacramento Chapter No. 3, R. A. M., Sac-
ramento Commandery No. 2, K. T., and is also a Scottish Rite thirty-
second degree Mason and member of Islam Temple, N. M. S., of San

HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 831

Francisco. In addition, he affiliates with the Elks, the Foresters and
the Maccabees. In religion he is a Lutheran, in politics a Repub-
lican. He married in Sacramento, May 2, 1879, Miss Emma Rave,
and they had one child, Bernhard R., who passed away aged thirty-
two vears.

A. S. HOPKINS

Genealogical records indicate that the Hopkins family came
originally from Wales, but has been identified with American history
ever since the historic landing of the Mayflower. The early repre-
sentatives in the new world endured all the hardshijis incident to the
upbuilding of a colony on the stern and rockbound shore of New
England. From the first they were loyal to the land of their adop-
tion. Intense patriotism characterized each generation, and when the
struggle with the mother country was about to break forth Stephen
Hopkins signed the Declaration of Independence, becoming thereby
one of the patriots whose lives were in constant jeopardy until the
final attainment of peace.

During the first half of the nineteenth century S. F. Hopkins
was an influential business man of Vermont, where he married Har-
riet Austin and where he owned for years a mercantile establishment
at Cambridge, Lamoille county. Among his children was a son, A. S.,
who was born at Cambridge March 21, 1837, and received a fair edu-
cation at Georgia, Franklin county, same state. When sixteen years
of age he began to teach school at Cambridge and later followed the
same occupation at Grand Isle, Grand Isle county. The tide of mi-
gration was drifting toward the west and attracting the sons of New
England from its unfertile soil to the rich lands on the frontier.
During 1854 Mr. Hopkins joined others moving to Illinois and set-
tled at Crete, a suburb of Chicago, where he taught school for four
years. With a desire to see more of the vast and unsettled west he
traveled by wagon to Kansas and participated in many of the skir-
mishes that marked the exciting period prior to the Civil war.

Wlien the Rebellion finally began Mr. Hopkins had returned to
Vermont and was working in a bookstore at Burlington. There he
enlisted at the first call of 1861 for volunteers for three months.
His regiment, the First Vei-mont Infantry, was ordered to Newport
News, Va., and took part in the sanguinary battle of Big Bethel. At
the expiration of his time he was honorably discharged and returned
to Vermont. The next important event in his life was his removal to
California in 1862, when he traveled on the ship Ariel to the Isthmus

832 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

of Panama and thence proceeded up tlie Pacific ocean to San Fran-
cisco, where he landed on the 30th of June. Proceeding to Marin
county, he bought a tract of land and engaged in the dairy business,
but in 1863 disposed of the property. Next we find him in the Forest
City district, where he had varied interests in mines, a saw-mill and
a dairy, but finally he gave up all of these activities and turned his
attention to teaching school in Solano county. The same occupation
took him to Bloomfield, Sonoma county. During 1865 he became a
member of the Maine Prairie Rifles in Solano and was chosen first
lieutenant of the organization. During 1866 and 1867 he served as
justice of the peace.

Coming to Sacramento February 4, 1868, Mr. Hopkins married,
April 17 of the same year. Miss Harriet Hewes, daughter of Jonathan
Hewes of Vermont, and a descendant of Cyrus Hewes, a signer of
the Declaration of Independence. Mr. and Mrs. Hopkins became the
parents of three children, Stephen I., Grace E. and William. After
he came to the capital city Mr. Hopkins carried on a news-stand and
bookstore for ten years, selling out in 1878 to W. A. and C. S. Hough-
ton. Afterward he embarked in the wood and willow-ware business
with U. C. Billingsby, who in 1886 was succeeded by E. C. Hopkins,
a brother of the senior partner. The firm established a growing trade
and maintained the confidence of a large number of customers, who
recognized and appreciated their honorable bixsiness dealings and
sterling integrity of character.

On the organization of the board of trade Mr. Hopkins was
chosen a director. In 1886, upon the organizatibn of the Sacramento
Improvement Association, he became a director, as he had been a
promoter of the new concern, and his connection continued as a
permanent contribution to the work. The first Immigration Society,
organized in 1878, chose him as its president. When it was sep-
arated into the Central and Northern Society he was retained as
president from 1880 until 1882. In politics he voted with the Repub-
lican party from the time he attained his majority until his death,
which occurred April 28, 1891. When the county supervisor, J. A.
Mason, died in 1876 Mr. Hopkins was chosen to finish the unexpired
term. In addition he served as a school trustee until 1888. For five
years he was a director of the free library. Fraternally he held
membership with Eureka Lodge No. 4, I. 0. 0. F., and was past
president of the Veterans' Society of Odd Fellows. In addition he
was a member of Sacramento Lodge No. 80, A. O. U. W., and Unity
Lodge No. 2088, K. of H., besides which he held in memory his
service as a Union soldier through congenial meetings with his fel-
low-members of Sumner Post No. 3, Gr. A. R.

HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 833

EDMUND CLEMENT ATKINSON
Foremost in the city of bis. adoption, and prominent in tlie state's
educational history, stands the name of Edmund Clement Atkinson,
who for half a century devoted his lifetime efforts to the instruction
and character building of youth.

In a farmhouse in the far-off state of Maine, in the year 1837,
the subject of this sketch was born, the youngest of a family of eight
children. In his early youth he labored in the logging camps of the
Pine Tree state and acquired the means wherewith to secure an edu-
cation at Waterville college, now Colby university, from which he
later received the degree of A. M. He entered Comer's Commercial
college in Boston in the early '60s, and after graduation was offered
a position as instructor in that institution. In 1866, in company with
a fellow teacher, A. L. Reed, now of Suisun, he immigrated to Wis-
consin and established a chain of commercial colleges in Janesville
and Oshkosh in that state, and in Rockford, 111.

Coming to California and settling in Sacramento early in 1873,
he established Atkinson's Sacramento Business college, the first com-
mercial school in the Sacramento valley, which was successfully con-
ducted by him up to the time of his death, March 21, 1911, and is
still in successful operation. During his nearly forty years of edu-
cational work in Sacramento he stamped the indelible impress of his
powerful and upright character upon the minds of thousands of
pupils, many of whom are prominent in the business world of today.
He attained to great and state-wide eminence in the Masonic fratern-
ity, where his rare qualities of mind were admired and beloved by
tlie members of that order, by whom he was selected to be the grand
master of the grand lodge of the state of California, and elevated to
the thirtv-third degree of the Scottish Rite.

DAVID LUBIN

A history of Sacramento county would not be complete without
mention of David Lubin, who stands today among the benefactors
of the world and more directly of the farmer. Coming from his
native country in Europe, he began his career in this country as an
apprentice as a jewelry polisher in North Attleboro, Mass. In 1867
he drifted to California and thence to Arizona, where he worked in a
lumber yard and as a cowboy. Returning to San Francisco, he
worked in Gray & Co.'s jewelry factory and afterwards, returning
east, became a commercial traveler for a lamp manufacturing firm.

834 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

In 1874 lie came back to Sacramento and started in business as a
member of the firm of Weinstock, Liibin & Co., in which he remained
an active partner for many years.

A number of years ago Mr. Luliin withdrew from active work in
the firm and devoted himself to an idea which he had conceived, of
benefiting his fellow men. The idea is embodied in what" he terms
"the single numerical statement." Observing that the farmer was at
the mercy of the middleman and speculators, who fixed the price
which he received for his wheat, regardless of the world's su^Dply for
the year, he formulated and perfected a plan for ascertaining the
exact supply of wheat produced in the various wheat-producing coun-
tries of the world. He became an enthusiast in the propagation of
his idea and has devoted years to carrWng it out, visiting foreign
countries and importuning the governments to establish departments
for collecting and exchanging crop data, through a central organiza-
tion. As a prophet is not without honor save in his own country, Mr.
Lubin was forced to meet with discouragement after discouragement
at Washington, but finally succeeded in overcoming the opposition
and being appointed to represent this country at the International
Institute of Agriculture at Rome. For it was in King Victor Eman-
uel of Italy that Mr. Lubin first found a willing ear and a mind
quick to grasp his idea and appreciate its importance to the world.
He built a palace for the use of the institute, and endowed it with
£12,000 a year, or $60,000. It stands on an eminence in a lovely spot
of the beautiful Villa Borghese, and there Mr. Lubin resides and car-
ries on his life work. There in 1905 the delegations from the various
powers gathered and signed a convention to create the institute, but
not till 1910 did Mr. Lubin see the culmination of his hopes, when
the first single numerical statement of six nations was published, and
in August, the following month, data from eleven nations followed.
In 1912 fifty nations provided the necessary data, Russia being the
last one to join, after long and repeated solicitation by Mr. Lubin.
The principal wheat-growing countries are now all rej^resented, and
the farmer today can now know the total crop prospects or output of
ninety-five per cent of the land in the world and ninety-eight per
cent of the world's population — a practical world's summary. He has
all the information formerly possessed by the middleman and the
speciilator, who can no more exploit his ignorance, to his own ad-
vantage and the detriment of the producer. The nations are con-
tributing liberally to the support of the institute. Returns are now
being gathered for other crops and products as well as the cereals,
and the work of the institute is expanding in many other directions
also. It is a work of building up and making life easier, and the
results of Mr. TiUbin's ))Prsistence and enthusiasm will live long after
him.

HISTOEY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY 835

GEOEGE McDOUGAL

George McDougal was a prominent character in the days of the
founding of Sacramento city. He was a brother of "I, John," the
second governor of California, and came here from Indiana in 1848,
and, joining Fremont's battalion, was with it in the campaign in
Southern California. After his return to San Francisco, he became
prominent there, and after gold was discovered joined the rush of
prospectors and had some exciting experiences in the mines. As
narrated elsewhere, shortly after the survey of Sacramento was com-
pleted, he secured a lease from Sutter of a portion of the river front
for a ferry, at a point below the entrance to Sutter slough. With
his partner, Judge Blackburn of Santa Cruz, he opened the first store
in the place, bringing up a store ship and anchoring it near the foot
of I street. When Captain Sutter's son arrived, however, and the
father transferred to him an interest in the city, a debate soon arose
between him and McDougal as to the latter 's rights under the lease,
McDougal claiming that he was entitled to several hundred feet of
the front. The court decided in favor of Sutter, McDougal became
dissatisfied with the place and determined to "extinguish the pros-
|)ects" of the new city and to move to Sutterville. He removed all
bis goods to that place, and departed to the east, leaving his brother
John in charge of the store. John then issued immense placards, an-
nouncing that the firm had determined to lead in the competition, and
would therefore sell goods "at cost and freight," adding a verbal
assurance that, if necessary to obtain patronage under that combina-
tion, they would sell the goods at first cost. The merchants at the
fort combined, however, and by a well-laid scheme forced McDougal
& Co. to close up business.

George wandered from the east into Utah, New Mexico and the
adjacent territories, and reports of his death finally reached the
coast. A brother in the east administered on his estate, and all trace
of George was lost for years. Finally Captain Brown, of the ram
Stonewall, was going through the Straits of Magellan, on his way to
Japan, when some Patagonian chiefs came on board. Among them
was a "hirsute, squalid, weather-tanned and very tattooed man," who
proved to be none other than "Colonel George McDougal," who had
journeyed through Central America and various countries of South
America, and was now prospecting at a solitary station in the Straits,
called Sandy Point, having become the chief of an Indian tribe.

McDougal was a giant in size and had always been so stately and
handsome that he had been called "Lord George McDougal." Cap-
tain Brown said that after he had been shaved, cleaned up and
dressed in good clothes, McDougal was the handsomest and most dis-

836 HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

tinguished man lie had ever seen. McDougal sobbed and cried when
told of his family, but refused to remain on board or go with the ship,
as he had a valuable mine which he was developing with the aid of the
Indians. He promised, however, that he would proceed further north
as soon as possible and would go home, and when Captain Brown
afterwards met him in Valparaiso, he succeeded in sending him home.

HIRAM W. JOHNSON

Hiram W. Johnson, present governor of California, was born in
Sacramento September 2, 1866, the son of Grove L. Johnson and his
wife, nee Miss Anne de Monfrid}^ He was educated in the public
schools of this city, and graduated from the high school at the age
of seventeen. He studied law in the office of his father during the
following year, and at the age of eighteen entered the University of
California in the class of '88. He soon became recognized as a leader
from his aggressive disposition and it is stated that the students used
to say that "a freshman is boss of the whole universitj^" He was
pitcher of the college nine in his day and his son, Hiram, Jr., became
its catcher. Reared in a political atmosphere, it is not surprising that
he mixed in the' interclass politics of the university and attained a
commanding position. He was elected editor of the "Blue and Gold"
in his junior year, but did not enter upon the duties of the office.
Cupid had marked him for his own, and in his twentieth year he left
the university to marry Miss McNeal, daughter of Archibald McNeal,
a Sacramento pioneer. By her he has two sons, Hiram W. Johnson,
Jr., and Archibald McNeal Johnson.

After his marriage Mr. Johnson entered his father's law office,
and with his elder brother, Albert M. Johnson, entered into partner-
shiii with his father. The partnership did not endure long, however,
on account of political differences, and the brothers set up a separate
office. He plunged into politics as a practical reformer, and became
a frequent delegate to city, county and state conventions of the Re-
publican party, twice splitting the Sacramento delegation on the issue
of railroad domination. He and his brother made and won a sen-
sational campaign against heavy odds and won the election of George
H. Clark for mayor of the city. He moved to San Francisco in 1902,
with his brother, and they opened a law office. Albert died about a
year later, and Hiram continued to practice alone. He was engaged
in the "graft prosecutions" for a time, but withdrew from the prose-
cution to make Langdon's campaign for district attorney. When

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 837

Heney was shot, however, he took up Heney's work, and was suc-
cessful in convicting Abe Ruef.

In 1910 Mr. Johnson was nominated as the progressive Repub-
lican for governor, and won by a handsome plurality. In 1912 he was
nominated at the convention of the Progressive party to run on the
ticket for vice-president with Theodore Roosevelt, but was defeated,
winning, however, eleven of the thirteen electors for California. His
aggressive nature is still prominent and through his influence a num-
ber of radical reforms in state affairs have been inaugurated.

MARTIN HALLORAN

The honor of forty-two years of continuous identification with the
Southern Pacific yards at Sacramento belongs to Mr. Halloran, who
entered the employ of the company July 9, 1869, and continued with
intervening pron:otions until February 1, 1911, when he was placed
upon the pension list of the organization he had served so long and
so well. From a very humble, unimportant job at a switch he was
promoted through various positions to be general yardmaster, and
as such he served for thirty-three years, meanwhile making an ab-
solutely clean record for efficiency, trustworthiness and successful
yard supervision. Among railroad men he has enjoyed a wide ac-
quaintance, particularly among the officials at the California terminals
of the road. An expression of the esteem in which they held him
appeared in a letter sent him by H. W. Sheridan, superintendent of
the Sacramento division. Under date of February 3, 1911, the note
assured him of the general reeog-nition of his faithful service and the
continued good-will of the company which had so long received the
benefit of his industrious application.

The life record of Mr. Halloran indicates what it is within the
power of unaided efforts to accomplish, for he had no means and lit-
tle education to assist him in securing a start in the world. The
family was hampered by poverty and the early life of the young Irish
lad was filled with hardships, not the least of these being a long sep-
aration from his parents. In county Kerry, Ireland, against whose
broken coast line dash the mighty waves of the Atlantic ocean, Mar-
tin Halloran was born November 12, 1844, and there he passed tlie
years of childhood. Early in 1851 his father and mother came to the
United States, accompanied by three sons, these being the eldest of
their six children. The three youngest sons were left with their grand-
parents in Ireland, while the parents settled in Toledo, Ohio, and en-
deavored to secure a livelihood for themselves and the children with
them. At first thev encountered manv difficulties and suffered many

838 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

privations, but from poorly-paid day labor the father rose by suc-
cessive steps until he was chosen city assessor of Toledo.

At last it became possible to send for the youngest children and
thus re-unite the family. Friends emigrating from Ireland brought
the lads with them. Martin, the eldest of the three, was almost fifteen
at the time. The father went from Toledo to New York City to
meet the ship, but found the passengers had debarked and it was
necessary to go to Fourth avenue and Forty-second street. Being a
stranger, he had some difficulty in finding the place. While searching
for the house he met a German who was in business in the neighbor-
hood. An inquiry brought out the fact that the German had seen
the boys, and when told by the father that they had been separated
for almost nine years he followed, anxious to witness the meeting.
After the lads had been foimd and the first joy of the reunion was
over, the father started with them for Toledo, where all the neighbors
gathered to join with the family in a celebration honoring the event.

Immediately after his arrival in Toledo a search for employment
was made by Martin Halloran, and he secured work in a nursery. After
a year he began in a railroad freight house at the age of sixteen.
Later he was promoted to be a brakeman on the "Wabash between
Fort WajTie, Ind., and Toledo. From Ohio he went to Chicago and
secured work as a brakeman on the Chicago & Alton railroad, being
first on the rim from Bloomington to Chicago, and later from Bloom-
ington to Alton, 111. From the freight service he was promoted to a
passenger route. At the time of the second inauguration of Presi-
dent Lincoln he carried many delegates on his train and thus became
familiar with the faces of many of the leading statesmen of that
period. Returning to Toledo at the close of the war, he resumed
work as a switchman on the old Cleveland & Toledo railroad. At the
expiration of four and one-half years he resigned his position, went
to New York City, took passage for the Isthmus June 1, 1869, crossed
at Aspinwall, then sailed up the Pacific, and on the 25th of June
landed at San Francisco. For a few days he worked in a harvest
field. On the 2d of July he came to Sacramento and made applica-
tion for a switchman's job. Through the influence of Mr. McCray
he was given a position July 9, and had the distinction of being the
third man to move cars in the Sacramento yards. There were then
only three men employed, but at the time of his retirement one hun-
dred and twenty flagmen and switchmen were given steady work.

Investing some of his earnings in property, Mr. Halloran still
owns six lots and houses in Sacramento, and he recently sold a ranch
of two hundred and forty-three acres eight miles from this city. The
land was sold at a considerable increase over the purchase price, and
represented an excellent investment for him. With his wife and
daughter, Miss Lizzie L., he resides at No. 1218 D street, where he

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 839

owns a comfortable home. Prior to her marriage in 1872 Mrs. Hal-
loran was Miss Mary O'Connor and lived in San Francisco. She had
come to California via Panama, landing in San Francisco Maj' 12,
1868. The family are devoted members of the Roman Catholic church
and Mr. Halloran has been actively connected with the Knights of
Columbus. In addition he is a charter member of the Foresters in
Sacramento. Upon attaining his majority he adopted the prin-
ciples of the Democratic party. While still adhering to that organ-
ization in national elections, he does not follow party lines in local
affairs, but votes for the men whom he considers best qualified to
promote the welfare of the people and the upbuilding of the city.

THOMAS BERTRAM HALL

Those who are familiar with Captain Hall's association with the
commercial advancement of Sacramento, those who had watched with
keen interest his rapid rise from an humble position in an important
wholesale house to the executive management of its entire field of
enterprise, and those who recognized his keen, silent, unobtrusive but
powerful contribution to civic prosperity, all united in bearing testi-
mony to his ability, intelligence and patriotism. From the year 1869,
the date of his permanent settlement in Sacramento, until his demise,
which occurred in July, 1910, he was a contributor to movements for
civic development, and by his high ideals of citizenship, acute powers
of discrimination, recognized leadership and unceasing activity in the
promulgation of progressive projects he won and retained the con-
fidence of the people, particularly of that honored class of early set-
tlers who were contemporaries of him and his colleagues in the sub-
stantial and permanent upbuilding of the city.

Born in Illinois January 4, 1853, Captain Hall entertained no
recollections of the place of his birth, for he was only a few months
old when his father, Richard Hall, brought the family to California
and settled in Sacramento. Richard Hall was for some time em-
ployed as a workman in the building of the Folsom & Placerville
railroad, the first in the entire state. Receiving no pay for his long
and difficult work, he became indignant and determined to return to
Illinois. Accompanied by his family he went to San Francisco and
boarded the steamer Yankee Blade, on which he sailed down the
Pacific ocean. When off the coast from Santa Barbara the ship was
wi'ecked and the entire family had a narrow escape from death. For-
tunatelv, however, they were rescued and broiight to shore, and thev

840 • HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

then returned to Sacramento. Shortly afterward he bought a farm
in Sacramento county, but in 1856 he removed to Solano county and
took up a tract of raw farm land, giving his attention for years to
the transformation of the property into a productive ranch.

After having completed the studies in the schools at Silveyville,
Solano county, and later having taken a course of study in Heald's
Business college of San Francisco, Thomas Bertram Hall returned
to Sacramento in 1869 to establish himself in business. He was then
sixteen years of age and his first work was as porter in the wholesale
grocery of Milliken Brothers. His rise was almost spectacular.
Within seven years the original members of the firm had retired and
he himself had become the principal man in the business. The firm
of Hall, Luhrs & Co., which began its existence with Mr. Hall as
president, and continued without change in name or ownership up to
the time of his death, has held a rank for years as one of the most
successful wholesale grocery establishments in the entire state. In
1885 Mr. Hall joined Company E of the California National Guard,
and soon he was elected captain of Company G, serving as such for
ten years, when he resigned in order that others might enjoy the
honor which he had himself highly appreciated. It is indicative of
his character that he declined the commission with such generous
forethought.

While he made it his practice to decline official positions, Captain
Hall had served the state in an official capacity. Twice he was urged
to become a candidate for mayor, one such occasion being in 1907,
when Clinton L. White finally became the Republican nominee and
won the race. At that time Captain Hall was a member of the city
Republican central committee. He was credited with being the chief
supporter of Benjamin F. Catlett for city trustee from the Sixth
ward, after an exciting campaign against R. E. Callahan, then presi-
dent of the city board. On various occasions Mr. Hall served as dele-
gate to state and other conventions of the Republican party. Under
Governor J. H. Budd he served as a member of the board of auditors
to the state commissioner of public works, remaining on that board
until Governor H. T. Gage superseded it with a new organization.
Later Mr. Hall refused a similar position tenderd him by Governor
Gillett, but later on accepted the position under Governor Pardee, on
his earnest solicitation. For years he was a member of the Sacra-
mento Chamber of Commerce. As a member of its citizens' com-
mittee he assisted in securing the Western Pacific railroad shops for
Sacramento. He acted as one of the freeholders and assisted in the
framing of the city charter. Scores of movements for the general
welfare, particularly the campaign to secure pure water for the city,
received his capable assistance. From the inception of the Orange-
vale Company he officiated as its president, drew the plans and was

HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY 841

a prime mover in launching the gigantic work of subdivision, which
is now transforming the Sacramento valley from a vast grain-field
into many small farms. The opening of the Orangevale tract was a
pioneer step in the important enterprise tending toward diversified
farming, which rapidly is populating the heart of California. He
was very active in the State Agricultural Society and was requested
to accept a place as director, but he declined the honor, giving them,
however, every assistance in his power. He owned a large farm at
Marysville, devoted to dairying, and was a breeder of Holstein cattle.
In Sacramento, March 25, 1876, occurred the marriage of Tliomas
Bertram Hall and Selina Agnes Govan, the latter born in Phila-
delphia, Pa. They became the parents of three children. The oldest
daughter, Edna Bernice, died at the age of five years. The son.
Ward E. Hall, is cashier of Hall, Luhrs & Co. The youngest daugh-
ter, Ethel Blanche, Mrs. Warren S. Eeed, resides with her mother.
Mr. Hall also is survived by two sisters, namely: Mrs. Edward Le-
moine, of Melrose, and Mrs. Daniel Goe, of Hyampom, Trinity county.
The family residence is an attractive place at No. 1031 0 street, ac-
quired by Captain Hall during the early years of his successful busi-
nees career and occupied by him and his wife thereafter. On July 2,
1910, he died suddenly from heart failure, when apparently he had
been enjoying a very satisfactory convalescence after an operation
and a long illness. Interment was made in the city cemetery under
the auspices of Washington Lodge, F. & A. M., and Sacramento
Commandery No. 2, K. T., in which he had officiated as eminent
commander. He was also a member of Islam Temple, N. M. S., of
San Francisco. While his life had contained little of the spectacular,
it was nevertheless noteworthy, and his death was a distinct loss to the
citizenship of Sacramento. As a member of that patriotic, loyal band
of men who in the early days began the building of the city with a
view to solidarity, he is entitled to an honored place in local annals
and to the grateful remembrance of the generations that shall enjoy
the fruits of his labors.

VINCENT CALLIGORI

The brief history of this enterprising citizen of Sacramento is
one that, could it be given in full, would well illustrate the value of
close application to business if one would, without capital, achieve
a noteworthy business success. Mr. Calligori was born at Jackson,
Amador county, Cal., July 25, 1878, a son of Peter and Annie Calli-
gori, and was sent to the public schools near home until he was

842 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

eighteen years old. Laying aside the school books which had for
years been his beloved daily companions, the youth now came to Sac-
ramento to seek success and fortune among strangers. He found
employment with the Capital Paste Company and was soon advanced
till he was acceptably filling the position of paste-maker. Thus em-
ployed until 1901, he then became half owner of the business, and
has been since then the general manager. This rise in the business
world was achieved only with hard and persistent labor and a careful
and tireless study of the enterprise and all the conditions under which
it was being pushed further and still further to the front with each
passing year. At this time it takes rank with the leading factories of
its kind on the coast, manufacturing for the trade more than twenty
kinds of macaroni and paste products, which are in increasing de-
mand among discriminating consumers. Mr. Calligori is also a
partner in and manager of the Capital Feed Company, dealers in
hay, grain, flour and mill feed, doing a wholesale and retail business.
A Republican, faithful to the traditions and aims of his party,
Mr. Calligori is deeply interested in Sacramento and its general
prosperity and progress, and as opportunity offers he invariably
aids to the extent of his ability such measures as promise to result
in good to his fellow citizens. He is a member of Excelsior Parlor
No. 31, N. S. G. W., proud of the California nativity that made him
eligible to membership and lielpful to all of the interests of the order.

THOMAS JOHN COYLE

The records of Coyle genealogy indicate the identification of the
family with Ireland back to a period where authentic history becomes
merged into tradition. When the new world began to attract many
of their race to its unknown possibilities they followed the tide of
emigration across the ocean and one branch became established near
the rock-bound shores of New Brunswick. In that province, near the
city of St. John's, Thomas John Coyle was born in 1856, and from
there he came to California at the age of nine years, aecompan^TLng
his parents, an industrious and honorable Irish couple, who long since
have passed away. Owing to the scarcity of schools in that period
and the poverty of the family it was not possible for him to enjoy the
abundant educational advantages given to the young people of the
present century, but in spite of his deprivations in that respect he
became the possessor of broad information acquired through reading
and observation. In the great school of experience he proved an apt

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 843

pupil, and as a result be gained a breadth of knowledge not always
acquired througb collegiate instruction. His earlj' years gave bim
niucb of adventure and privation. The laborious tasks incident to a
freighting business earned him a livelihood for some years and he
also drove a stage through mining districts not then reached by any
railroad. As the years passed he witnessed the slow but steady de-
velopment of the state; he saw the first railroads built through some
of the mining regions, and he witnessed the upbuilding of large cities
and the transformation of broad prairies into profitable ranches.
Upon eventually retiring from business cares he came to Sacra-
mento, purchased property, established his home and here, in 1905,
five years later, occurred his death. In his passing from earth he
left many hearts to mourn him and to reflect with pleasure upon bis
upright character. His benevolent disposition and kind heart are
remembered by those to whom by example he indicated an existence
of loyal citizenship.

In 1886 Mr. Coyle married Elizabeth Krenkel, a native of Sonora,
Cal. Her father, Bernard F. Krenkel, was born in Germany, and
died in California, where her mother now lives, the latter being-
rugged notwithstanding her eighty-nine busy and active years. The
family of Mr. and Mrs. Coyle comprised eleven children, and eight of
these are still living, namely: Thomas J., Jr., Nellie E., Francis J.,
Morris E., Joseph C, Charles G., Albert B. and Dorothea R., all of
whom have the honor of claiming California as their native com-
monwealth. Since the death of Mr. Coyle the family have continued
to reside in Sacramento. Having spent her entire life in the state,
Mrs. Coyle is familiar with its history and peculiarly solicitous con-
cerning its advancement, for she possesses the true and loyal spirit
noticeable in every native daughter, and she has reared her family
to share her enthusiastic faith in the commonwealth.

ALFRED DALTON, Je.

The varying experiences that enter into every well-rounded
career have fallen to the lot of Mr. Dalton since the time when, an
energetic lad of thirteen, he departed from the shelter of the home-
roof and took up for himself the struggle necessary to the earning
of a livelihood. The loss of educational advantages and the lack of
parental encouragement were partially recompensed by the increased
self-reliance resultant from the personal encounter with the world of

844 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

affairs. His privilege it has been to travel extensively through the
west, to see much of this portion of the world and thus to gain the
information that makes of him a broad-minded citizen ever striving
to promote the welfare of his native commonwealth.

The village of Benicia in Solano county is Mr. Dalton's native
place, and October 21, 1858, the date of his birth. His father, Alfred
Dalton, Sr., is a pioneer of 1850 in California and a very early settler
of Benicia, where for over forty years he has officiated as a member
of the school board and was largely instrumental in the building of
the high school. When only thirteen years of age Alfred, Jr., began
to learn the printer's trade in the composing room of the Benicia
Tribune under the then proprietors, Messrs. Linthicum and Hopkins.
When the paper was moved to Dixon, Solano county, he went there
also, but a year later left and removed to San Francisco, where he
found work in the job office of B. F. Sterritt & Co., the oldest job
office in the city. Later he finished the printer's trade in the employ
of the Chronicle at San Francisco.

During the excitement at the Caribou mines in British Columbia
about 1878 Mr. Dalton went to that country and spent some time pros-
pecting and mining, but did not meet with any good fortune. Upon
his return to Benicia he secured employment with the New Era. Two
years later he bought out the paper and for twelve years he con-
tinued to publish a weekly sheet at that place. Afterward he re-
moved to Martinez, Contra Costa county, where he purchased and for
five years published the Neivs. About that time the country began
to be excited by reports from the Klondike gold fields and he became
anxious to try his luck in Alaska, so he sold out his interests and left
California. While on the steamer en route to the north some of the
passengers fell ill with the smallpox and all on the ship were quar-
antined for two weeks. Eventually they were put ashore at Egg-
island, a barren rise of land off the coast of Alaska. After hard-
ships innumerable Mr. Dalton reached Nome, but owing to the law-
less conditions which prevailed he made little headway financially
during the year of his sojourn at Nome. On his return to California
he remained for a short time at Benicia, after which he entered the
state printing office at Sacramento. The study of law, which he had
taken up while still in the newspaper business, took his attention for
some years, and August 28, 1905, he was admitted to practice at the
bar of the state. Since his admission to practice he has been un-
usually successful. As a speaker he is fluent, logical and forceful.

The marriage of Mr. Dalton united him with Miss Hannah New-
mark, of Benicia, who is an earnest member of the Episcopal church
and past matron of Silver Gate Chapter, 0. E. S. She is a daughter
of Dr. Valentine Newinark, deceased. Mr. Dalton is a member of

HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 845

Benicia Lodge No. 5, F. & A. M., also Benicia Chapter, R. A. M.
He is one of the older members of the Native Sons, being past presi-
dent of Benicia and Martinez parlors, and at present a member of
Sutter Fort parlor. He is also past chancellor of Benicia Lodge No.
99, K. P. No. 1 Veterans' Knights of Pythias, of Sacramento, the
only lodge of its kind in the entire world, numbers him among its
members. Through his efforts as promoter and first president a
company was organized, known as the Sacramento Labor Temple
Association, which bought property on the corner of Eighth and I
streets and erected a substantial structure of five stories for the ex-
clusive use of all labor unions and kindred organizations. As at-
torney for the company he managed every legal phase of the work,
and in addition he attended to the financing of the enterprise, which
in itself was no small undertaking. For some years he has served as
secretary of the organization, and this, together with his work as
attorney, makes him still a leading factor in the management of the
company's holdings.

Mr. Dalton is the father of three children: Valentine, a struc-
tural steel architect in the employ of the J. G. White Construction
Company; Hazel Florence, stenographer for C. K. McClatchy, and
Alfred Percival, an automobile machinist. .

JAMES STRACHAN

A descendant of sturdy, thrifty and canny Scotch parents, James
Strachan was born in Glasgow, and was brought by his parents to
the United States in 1884, when about twelve years of age. His
education was begun in his native land and was continued in the pub-
lic schools of Chicago, 111., in which city the family located. Young
Strachan learned his trade of upholsterer in the Pullman sho])s at
Pullman, 111., and then traveled in various states until 1895, when his
parents and their children came to California and made a new home
in Sacramento. There he found work at his trade in the Southern
Pacific shops and labored profitably ten years, saving money with a
view to going into business for himself whenever a good opportunity
should offer. His ambition was realized in 1906, when he opened up
a business of his own at Eleventh and J streets, and there he pros-
pered for two years, when his place was burned out, and he re-
opened at No. 1301 J street. Here he has ever since carried on a .suc-
cessful business in furniture and upholstery.

846 HISTOEY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY

On November 16, 1898, Mr. Strachan's fortunes for life were
united with those of Miss Celia Eyan, sister of the late Frank D.
Eyan, a well-known Californian, once a candidate for election to
represent his district in our national congress and long- in the public
service as clerk of the California senate and legislature, and daughter
of John C. Eyan, long prominent as a contractor and for many years
city trustee. The elder Eyan, of Irish extraction, came to California
in 1849 among the pioneers, and almost at once gained recognition as
a leader in business and in politics. Mr. and Mrs. Strachan have
three children, John E., born in August, 1899, and Hugh and "Winni-
fred, twins, born in March, 1907. Mr. Strachan is a Eepublican in his
political views. Socially he affiliates with the Woodmen of the World
and the Caledonians.

C. ALLISON TELFEE

The era during which accurate genealogical records were lost in
the midst of traditional lore found the Telfer family tilling the soil
of Scotland, where their broad tracts in the highlands and their large
flocks of sheep gave indication of their prominence. When religious
persecutions arose their devotion to their creed as well as their high
standing in the country endangered their lives. For that reason they
crossed over to Ireland, took up land and started anew amid the less
encouraging conditions presented by the Emerald Isle. Hoping to
better their condition in the new world, representatives of a later
generation crossed the ocean to America and settled on the bleak hills
of Nova Scotia, where a scanty livelihood was secured by the tilling
of the soil.

Of Nova Scotian birth, C. Allison Telfer became familiar with
agricultural conditions in that coimtry through the difficult experi-
ences of Ijoyhood labor. The rugged coast, the stern climate and the
barren hills, although not without a wild beauty of their own, ren-
dered the task of earning a livelihood so devoid of pleasure that he
determined to seek another location. With that object in view he
moved to Massachusetts and settled in the vicinity of Boston, where,
finding agricultural efforts little less toilsome than in his native
peninsula, he turned his attention to the lumber business. In the
search for more satisfactory climatic conditions he came to Califor-
nia in 1889 and during October of that year arrived at Fresno, where
he secured a position with the Fresno National bank. Two years
later, in recognition of his ability, he was promoted to the office of

HISTOEY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY 847

cashier, and for eleven years he continued in the same position, filling
it with such tact, sagacity and intelligence that universal regret was
expressed among depositors when ill-health forced him to resign in
1902. The physical need for outdoor exercise led him into the ir-
rigation business and for some time he took charge of the systems
near Fresno, after which for four years he engaged in the raisin
business in that valley.

The responsibilities connected with the management and secre-
taryship of the California State Agricultural Society, to which posi-
tion he had been elected, led Mr. Telfer to remove to Sacramento in
April of 1911, and since then he has managed the society headquarters
in the capital city, from which point he works through the entire
state in the interests of agricultural progress. He is a firm believer
in California as an agricultural center, finding the soil and climate
much better adapted to such work than the soil and climate with
which he became familiar in early life. While living in the east he
was imited in marriage in 1884 with Miss Evoline Bennett, a native
of Beverly, Mass., and a descendant of one of the prominent old
families of Eevolutionary fame. They are the parents of two chil-
dren, namely: Abbie, who was born July 2, 1888, and Gerard, whose
birth occurred at Fresno October 5, 1894. The family have a high
social standing in Sacramento and likewise number many friends
among the people of Fresno, their former place of residence. The
Eepublican party has received the support of Mr. Telfer ever since
he became a voting citizen and Ms support has been given to move-
ments for the progress of the party. In fraternal relations he is
connected with the Woodmen of America and the Benevolent Pro-
tective Order of Elks.

JOHN LAWTON

Very few of the old settlers still living in Sacramento county can
claim an identification therewith covering a longer period than marks
the useful citizenship of John Lawton, one of the honored pioneers
of Folsom and still a resident of the locality which he saw in 1851
for the first time. Many have been the changes witnessed during his
long association with the west. He has seen the then young state
develop into one of the greatest commonwealths of which the Union
may boast. He has seen towns spring up with incredible rapidity
and ranches bring of their increase for the support of the people

848 HISTOEY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY

and the prosperit}' of the countrj'. The wilderness he has seen to
bloom as a rose and the desert made fertile by the modern develop-
ments of irrigation. Nor has he only seen this, but, more important
still, he has borne his quota in all the task of advancement and with
other public-spirited pioneers be may say "All of which I saw and
part of which I was."

The early memories of John Lawton cluster around scenes far
different from tJiose of his later years. Born in Dover, Me., Decem-
ber 9, 1827, he was familiar from infancy with the woods and lakes
of Piscataquis county and often wandered along the stream of that
name, finding in forest and river many a lesson of great import never
learned in the public schools. He was thus a learner both in school
from printed text-books and out-of-doors from that great teacher.
Nature, whose lessons may be early learned and always appreciated.
As a teacher for one term he found an early use for his wide fund
of information, while as a farmer he became familiar with the agri-
cultural conditions of Maine, the right care of the soil, the most
profitable crops and the general mode of correct cultivation of lands.
However, he was not satisfied to remain in that state, and during
young manhood joined the throng of emigrants to the west, coming
via New York City and Panama and then on the steamer Gold Hunter,
landing in San Francisco in June, 1851. Thence he came to the vicinity
of Folsom, where he engaged in mining for six years with fair suc-
cess.

The village of Ashland on tlie north side of the American river,
opposite the present town of Folsom, was the scene of an important
business enterprise on the part of Mr. Lawton, who in 1859 opened
a grocery at that point. For a long period he carried on general
merchandising, and it was not until 1900 that he eventually retired
from such activities. The old store building is still standing intact.
Since he gave up his business he has devoted his time to the care
of his properties, he and his wife now owning more than seven hun-
dred acres in Sacramento and Placer counties, some of which is well
improved, while a part is yet in the raw state of nature. When he
married in San Francisco, May 16, 1868, it is worthy of note that
he and his bride, who was Mary A. Kittredge, began housekeeping at
the same location where they now reside. Mrs. Lawton was a native
of Waterville, Me., and had engaged in teaching for a time prior to
her marriage, while since coming to Sacramento county she has been
an active force for good, a contributor to local movements and
especially warm in her allegiance to educational progress.

In politics Mr. Lawton always has been a loyal Eepublican, prog-
ressive in his tendencies, optimistic in his faith in the future of our
country and well informed regarding public affairs, yet never willing

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 849

to hold oflfice or to accept political responsibilities. For years lie has
been prominent in the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, belonging
to Folsom Lodge No. 62, in which he has served through the chairs
and is past grand, besides having represented the lodge in the office
of district deputy and in the encampment, where he is past chief
patriarch. His long and useful life has been given to the upbuilding
of his town and county and he and his wife have a wide circle of
friends, not only among the old settlers, but among those of the
younger generation who appreciate the extent of our indebtedness to
the pioneers for the present general well-being and the growing
]jrosperity.

EDWARD S. JONES

Western men who have spent years in the acquisition of expert
knowledge concerning heating and lighting plants have stated, with
a unanimity of opinion that bears valuable testimony as to its ac-
curacy, that few men possess a more thorough knowledge of the
building and operation of gas plants than does Edward S. Jones,
now the superintendent of the gas works at Sacramento. Although
still a young man, scarcely yet in the prime of manhood's usefulness,
he has already risen to prominence in his chosen occupation, and
he has enjoyed a long experience that enhances the value of his
services to any company. In point of years of identification with
Sacramento he is practically a newcomer, but in point of work ac-
complished for the benefit of the city, few of the older residents of
the place can equal his record. His has been a ser^-ice of practical
helpfulness in one of the most important departments of ]iublic
utilities.

Mr. Jones belongs to an old eastern family and was born in Bos-
ton, Mass., in April, 1886, but at the age of four years he was brought
to California by his parents, E. C. and Mary (Stratton) Jones, who
settled in San Francisco. As a boy he was characterized by re-
tentiveness of memory and mental acumen. His studies were learned
with ease, and he advanced so rapidly in school that during the
spring of 1900 he was graduated with a high standing. Immediately
afterward he entered the California School of Mechanical Arts at
San Francisco, where he studied with enthusiasm and unceasing
devotion until, at the completion of the regular course, in 1905, he
received a diploma from the institution. Immediately afterward he
liecame a surveyor in the construction department of the Pacific Gas
and Electric Company, and besides filling that position he also acted

850 HISTOEY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY

as timekeeper. During 1906 the company transferred him to their
branch at Martin's Station, San Francisco, where he served with re-
markable efficiency as assistant superintendent. From 1907 until
1910 he served as foreman of the street mains of San Francisco, but
during July of the latter year he was promoted and transferred to
his present place at Sacramento. In September following his trans-
fer to Sacramento he was married in Los Angeles to Miss AUene
Brooks of that city. While not displaying any partisanship in politi-
cal matters, he has decided preferences along these lines, and is in
hearty sympathy with Eepublican principles. Fraternally he holds
membership with the Improved Order of Eed Men.

JULIUS S. JACOBS

So much of his life has been passed within sight of some of the
western mountains and within sound of the busy hum of western in-
dustry that Mr. Jacobs feels himself to be a typical Californiau in
everything except the accident of birth. The vast resources of our
commonwealth have awakened his admiration. The business possi-
bilities he believes to be unsurpassed by those of any section of the
United States. The climate offers further inducements to residential
permanency. All in all, the country possesses exceptional charm, and
he has not been dilatory in recognizing its attractions. Since he
was brought to the coast during his early childhood he has resided
in Yolo and Sacramento coimties, has received their educational ad-
vantages, enjoyed the friendship of many of their most worthy citi-
zens and has become an important factor in commercial affairs in
the village of Folsom, where he has his home.

A mimber of successive generations of the Jacobs family lived
in New York City. Samuel Jacobs, who was born in the eastern
metropolis, received his education there and entered into its business
circles. Through diligent application and energetic mastery of busi-
ness details he rose in the commercial world until he was widely
known and respected as the head of an extensive wholesale house.
The failure of his health caused him to retire from the many activ-
ities that had engaged his attention. Accompanied by his wife and
son, Juliiis S., he came to California in 1884, in the hope of being
physically benefited by the change. However, the hope was not des-
tined to be fulfilled, and in that year, 1884, his death left the family
alone on the western coast. Friends had given them of help and
s\Tnpathy in their bereavement, and they had become attached to
their surroundings. No return was made to the east, and Mrs. Jacobs

HISTOEY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY 851

still resides in Sacramento. She was a native of New York, and
bore the maiden name of Anna Gratz.

From New York City, where he was born April 2, 1882, Julius
S. Jacobs was brought to California at the age of two years. His
early recollections are of Yolo county, where he attended the Wood-
land grammar and high school. At the age of seventeen years he
completed the course of high school study and took up the task of
earning a livelihood. Various occupations have since then engaged
his attention. For seven yeai's he held an important position as clerk
to one of the justices of the supreme court. Of recent years he has
acted as manager of the grocery business owned by Senator Philip
C. Cohn, of Folsom. In this responsible post he has proved efficient
and trustworthy, resourceful and energetic. Among the business
men of Folsom his standing is high, and his credit is excellent in the
banking institutions of the country. Wherever he is known, there he
is also honored and esteemed. By his marriage, December 27, 1906,
to Miss Dora Fannie Cohn (who is the daughter of Senator P. C.
Cohn, she being a native of Sacramento county), he has two daugh-
ters, Alice and Dorothy. Politically he votes with the Eepublican
party. In fraternal connections he holds membership with Sacra-
mento Lodge No. 6, B. P. 0. E., Washington Lodge No. 20, F. &
A. M., in Sacramento, the Knights of Pythias and the Independent
Order of Odd Fellows at Folsom and the Eagles at Sacramento.
Among the members of all of these organizations, as among the peo-
ple in business circles, he has an established reputation for trust-
worthiness and honesty as well as for the kindred business qualifica-
tions that ensure commercial progress.

FEANK J. EUHSTALLEE

The present manager of the Sacramento Brewing Company rep-
resents an old and honored family of Switzerland. The ancestral
home was in the beautiful valley lying between the lake of Luzerne
and Zurich lake, and the thriving city of Einseideln remained the
headquarters of several successive generations of the family. In
that town lived and labored Frank and Josepha (Ochsner) Euhstaller,
the former a hat-maker during early manhood, but later an indus-
trious follower of the occupation of dairying, which was a leading
industry in the locality. Among their children was a son who bore
his father's name and whose birth occurred at Einseideln November
8, 1847. After he had completed the studies of the common schools

852 HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

he served an apprenticesbijj to the brewer's trade iu Canton Berne.
During July of 1862 he boarded a steamer at Havre, and at the close
of an uneventful voyage landed in New York, whence he proceeded
to Louisville, Ky., where he worked in the Falls City brewery. In
a short time he crossed the Ohio river to New Albany, Ind., where
he was made foreman in the Reising brewery before he was eighteen
j-^ears of age.

Resignation from that position in Indiana was followed by a
short period of emplojinent at Louisville, from which city, in 1865,
Mr. Ruhstaller came to California via New York and Panama. About
the 24th of August he landed at San Francisco, came thence to Sac-
ramento and began to work in the City brewery; six weeks later
he was made foreman. After a year as foreman he entered the
employ of the Pacific brewery. Later he bought an interest in the
Sutterville brewery, where he carried on a partnership with Joseph
Bechler for seven months until the high water forced all work to
cease. Returning to the Pacific brewery, he resumed his connection
with George Ochs until the latter sold to Louis Knauer, and he
then worked for the new owner two years. For one-half year he
operated the St. Louis brewery with Fritz Futterer and Henry Alt-
peter. Next he drove a wagon for the Pacific brewery for two years,
after which he was made foreman.

Learning in 1873 of the illness of his father, Mr. Ruhstaller
went back to the old Swiss home, but found that his aged parents
had passed away during his own homeward journey. August of 1873
found him starting back to California. Soon after his arrival in
Sacramento he opened a place of business opposite the Metropolitan
theater, and there he continued until he bought the City brewery in
November, 1881. This brewery had been established about 1859 by
Mr. Hilbert and William Borchers. When Hilbert died, in March of
1865, his interest was bought by Charles Schwartz, and he in turn
retired from the firm in about 1887. When Mr. Ruhstaller secured
control the plant was operated by horse-power and had a capacity
of fifteen barrels a day, but he increased the daily capacity to sixty-
five barrels and at the same time maintained the reputation jn-eviously
acquired for fine quality of the product.

In 1867 Mr. Ruhstaller became a member of the Sacramento
Hussars and from 1878 to 1882 he held a commission as captain.
At the April shoot of 1889 in the Foresters' Gun Club he won the
gold medal. Elected an honorary member of the Sacramento Rifle
Club, he g'ave to the club the cannon presented by General Sutter
to the Swiss Rifle Club. While a salute was being fired- with the
cannon a serious accident occurred, A. Klebe's arm being blown off.
The cannon was thereupon buried and $1800 collected for the victim
of the unfortunate accident. A prized souvenir in the possession of

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 853

Captain Ruhstaller was the flag presented, with an address by
Governor Bigier, in 1854, to the Swiss Rifle Club by the members
of the Schutzen Club of Canton Zurich, Switzerland.

The marriage of this i^ioneer of Sacramento occurred in this
city on Christmas Day of 1870 and united him with Miss Charlotte
Oeste, who was born in Germany, but crossed the ocean at an early
age and grew to womanhood in Milwaukee. Of their children Otto,
Wilhelmina and Charlotte died in childhood and six attained ma-
turity, Anna, Frank J., Minnie, David, August, and Charlotte. Dur-
ing 1868 Captain Ruhstaller became a member of Schiller Lodge, No.
105, I. 0. 0. F.; later he identified himself with Tehama Lodge, F. &
A. M., the Sacramento Turn-Verein, Sons of Herman and the Verein-
Eintracht. His eldest son, Frank J., was born in Sacramento, No-
vember 5, 1872, and attended the city schools from the age of six
until fifteen, after which he served an apprenticeship to the brewing
business with his father. For seven months in the year 1891 he
engaged as brewer with the Fredericksburg brewery of San Jose,
after which he resumed work in Sacramento. During 1893 he at-
tended the Chicago Brewing Institute and at the expiration of six
months was graduated, whereupon he returned to Sacramento and
became brewer in his father's plant. Since 1906 he has been
manager of the Sacramento Brewing Company. By men competent
to judge he is considered one of the most experienced and capable
representatives of his trade in the city. When at leisure from the
many duties connected with his responsible position he finds enjoy-
ment in the society of his friends and in the companionship of his
wife, who prior to their marriage, on November 22, 1899, was Miss
Alice M. Root; he finds further pleasure as well as means of help-
fulness through his identification with various leading fraternities
and social organizations of the city, among them the Masons, Elks,
Turn-Verein and the Sutter Club.

HON. JOSEPH STEFFENS

To some extent a review of the life of Mr. Steffens presents
a commercial history of Sacramento during the past forty or more
years. In that long era of steadfast development no movement of
civic importance lacked the appreciative support of his keen mind.
No progressive project, trembling in the l)alance of civic doubt and
indecision, failed to secure the co-operation of his resolute and
dauntless spirit. Even his own weighty business enterprises with
their long train of attendant responsibilities were not allowed to

854 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

narrow bis influence with their cumulative cares or to lessen the
loyalty of his citizenship. Even when he withdrew from commer-
cial enterprises, he did not relinquish his participation in local pro-
gress. Always in an unostentatious and unobtrusive but positive
manner he was a contributor to the advancement of city, county and
commonwealth. Native sons of Sacramento who have reached middle
age as citizens of this community cannot recall a time when his name
was not familiar to them or when it did not stand for uprightness
of character and sincerity of citizenship.

Although a resident of the United States from the period of
his earliest recoUeqtions, Mr. Steffens was of Canadian birth and
parentage and was born in York, province of Ontario, January 15,
1837, being a son of Joseph and Mary A. (Graham) Steffens. As
early as 1840 the family removed from Canada to Illinois and
settled among the frontier farmers in Carroll county, where they
labored diligently to transform a tract of government land into a
productive and profitable farm. Into this difficult task every member
of the family was called, hence the young lad became familiar with
hard work in early life. However, not being naturally robust in
health or rugged in constitution, it became evident that he would
not be able to engage actively in agriculture. This seemed a mis-
fortune, for in that period of our country's history farming was
the principal occupation and was also considered the most profitable.
As in many careers what seems a handicap proves a blessing in
disg-uise, so it was with him; the inal^ility to stand the physical
strain incident to farming caused him to turn his attention to busi-
ness and thus his life work allied him with enterprises suited to his
tastes, talent and temperament.

After having completed the regular course of study in the Rock
River Seminary and the business course of Bell's Commercial College
in Chicago, for several terms Mr. Steffens taught school. From
1859 until 1862 he clerked with G. M. Clayton & Brother, of Freeport,
111., and in that position he gained a thorough knowledge of paints
and oils. Meanwhile having heard much concerning the climate
and opportunities of California, he resigned his position and during
the spring of 1862 started across the plains with Levi Carter, of
Stockton. On the 9th of September he arrived in San Francisco.
There he became bookkeeper with Fuller & Heather, dealers in paints
and oils. Soon demonstrating the value of his services, his original
salary of $50 per month was increased from time to time. Upon
the consolidation of the firm witli Cameron, Whittier & Co., under
the title of Whittier, Fuller & Co., he remained with the new con-
cern, which eventually became the leading firm in its line in the west.
The stores owned by Fuller & Heather in San Francisco and Sacra-
mento were acquired by their successors and the headquarters of

HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 855

the new firm were established at the corner of Fourth and Pine
streets, San Francisco, where the young clerk remained for one year.

Recognition of his remarkable business ability and thorough
knowledge of paints and oils caused the officials of the company to
appoint Mr. Steffens manager of the Sacramento house in 1869 and
to admit him in 1874 as a member of the firm, after which he was
placed in control of the financial affairs of the concern in this part
of the state. It was largely through his intelligent and intense devo-
tion to the business that the house gained a position second to none
in its specialty, and he continued his intimate identification with
the developing enterprises until long after the necessity for strenuous
labor had ceased. Meantime he had attained prominence in the
citizenship of Sacramento. In December of 1882, he was elected
president of the Sacramento Board of Trade and in that office he
had charge of the publication of the annual reviews. These he com-
piled and edited, thus giving permanent form to statistics of great
value. When the board was merged into the Chamber of Commerce
he continued to serve as president and his resignation in 1904 ended
a long and honorable service as the head of a most important
organization. As a member of the Sacramento Improvement Associa-
tion and as a director of the California Museum Association he
was closely connected with two important enterprises of great value
to the community. For a number of years he acted as a member
of the board of directors of the state hospital at Stockton and his
resignation deprived the directorate of one of its most helpful mem-
bers. After he had resigned all other positions, he still consented,
however, to serve as a director of the California State Bank of
Sacramento and made that institution his business headquarters.

With the exception of casting a Republican ballot at all elec-
tions Mr. Steffens was strenuously opposed to any participation in
politics. The uncertainties and vexations of partisan affairs re-
pelled him, presenting as they did an unattractive contrast to com-
mercial enterprises. Although he kept posted concerning national
problems, he declined any offers of nominations for himself with
steadfast persistence and the only time when his fellow-citizens pre-
vailed upon him to become a candidate was in 1884, when he per-
mitted the party leaders to nominate him for mayor on the Republi-
can ticket. Although not a politician he possessed gifts as a public
speaker and writer, but preferred to devote these addresses and writings
to other matters than politics. When the last spike was driven at Ash-
land, Ore., he delivered the address of the occasion, as he did also at
Placerville on the completion of the Southern Pacific Railway. At the
Margaret E. Crocker flower festival he was also the principal orator.
His series of letters to the Record-Union during his journey of twelve
thousand miles through the United States attracted wide attention and

856 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

many of the predictions as to the future of the country which he then
made have become a reality, indicating the accuracy of his forecasts.

The marriage of Mr. Steffens and Miss E. Louisa Sjmies, of Hobo
ken, N. J., was solemnized in San Francisco January 15, 1865. Their
only son, Lincoln Steffens, is one of the most prominent writers in the
entire country and through his articles on municipal corruption and
state governments, his name has become a household word. The three
daughters are : Louise, the wife of A. H. Suggett, of San Francisco ;
Lottie, the wife of J. J. Hollister, of Santa Barbara coimty; and Laura,
who is an assistant in the State Library. Mr. Steffens' demise occurred
January 31, 1912, his wife having passed away August 15, 1910. Thus
Sacramento was bereft of another of her useful citizens and upbuilders.

FRANKLIN H. SARGENT

The possibilities connected with the development of a tract of fruit
land brought Mr. Sargent to Fair Oaks during the year 1901. It was
not, however, until some years later that he was able to establish a
permanent home on the land he had then purchased. Meanwhile the
trees on the tract were being cared for carefully and scientifically, the
land was kept under cultivation and every facility afforded for the
satisfactory growth of the fruit until the bud had developed into the
ripened product ready for the market or the table. On the tract that
he purchased in 1901 a house had been partly constructed and some
trees had been planted. With personal energy he finished the work of
tree-planting and house-building and started the improvements that
now make the place one of the most valuable in the district.

Franklin H. Sargent was born April 10, 1851, at Searsport, Me.,
where he was educated in the public schools, and he then worked his
way through the Castine (Me.) Normal school and Scofield's Com-
mercial College in Providence, R. I., where he was graduated. Having
followed the trades of brick and stone mason and plasterer in his east-
ern home, Mr. Sargent resumed employment at these occupations upon
coming West, as, until his tract came into bearing, he could not secure
a livelihood from its cultivation. San Francisco offered a fine field for
his trades and accordingly he went to that city, secured work first as a
mason and plasterer, but later as a contractor and builder. For seven
years he continued in San Francisco and Berkeley, and meanwhile he
established an enviable reputation for skilled workmanship. During the
entire period of his residence in the western metropolis he had kept in
touch with his Fair Oaks tract and had seen that the trees received

HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 857

due attention as needed. Finally, in 1909 returning to Sacramento
county, be took up work at his trade here and at the same time per-
sonally cultivated the little farm. Of the ten acres, five are in peach
trees of the Philips cling variety, which bore a valuable and large crop
for the season of 1911; the balance is in oranges, olives and almonds.
Gratifying as has been the work of the past, the promise for the future
is greater, and the owner has every reason to feel proud of his attrac-
tive home place.

The residence which Mr. Sargent has improved and enlarged forms
a valuable accession to the fine country homes of the county. Provided
with an abundant supply of hot and cold water, equipped with excellent
lavatory accommodations, and lighted by electricity, its improvements
are thoroughly up-to-date and its conveniences are conducive to the
comfort of the occupants. Mrs. Sargent, who became the wife of this
progressive horticulturist at Fair Oaks in 1902, is a woman of culture
and refinement, a native of Jamestown, N. Y., where she was the re-
cipient of collegiate advantages. By his former marriage, Mr. Sargent
has a son, H. P., who resides at Fair Oaks and is serving as deputy
county clerk of Sacramento county ; by his marriage to Adella B. Buck-
ley, a native of Fair Oaks, he has one son, Franklin Buckley Sargent,
who is a prime favorite with the paternal grandfather.

In politics Mr. Sargent has voted the Republican ticket ever since
he became a voter and, while always refusing official honors, he has
not failed to support friends who are candidates, giving freely of
his time and influence to promote their cause. While still a resident
of Maine he was initiated into the Independent Order of Odd Fellows
and served through the chairs of the local lodge, in which he rose to
be past grand. In addition he was connected with the Encampment
and served in its offices including that of chief patriarch. The Knights
of Pythias also had the benefit of his intelligent identification for
many years and the local lodge chose him to serve in various important
capacities, including that of Chancellor Commander.

JOSEPH F. AZEVEDO

It is an established fact that the man of courage and tenacity of
l)urpose, who governs his actions by conservative judgment, uner-
ringly progresses toward success, no matter what his start in life.
In Mr. Azevedo. who is now identified with the Sacramento Valley
Bank and Trust Company, is found a type of citizen who early realizes
the value of a definite aim, as well as true and honorable principles,
and who forges ahead regardless of discouragements or divers opin-
ions as to his wisdom in carrying out his plans.

858 HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY

Although a native of Terceira, one of the Azore Islands, his birth
having occurred therein March 6, 1886, Mr. Azevedo has spent his
life in the United States from the time he was about two years old.
His parents, Manuel J. and Maria (Pexioto) Azevedo, were also na-
tives of the Azores. Manuel J. Azevedo came to California in 1854
and engaged in mining, later following vegetable farming and freight-
ing his produce to Virginia City. He returned to his old home to
retire from active life, but the charms of California had won him
and he came back to Sacramento county in 1887. Eanching at Free-
port for a time he then became interested in the Eagle Winery at
1517 Eighteenth street, Sacramento, successful!}^ conducting a large
business until his death in 1909.

Joseph F. Azevedo supplemented his public school education by
a course in St. Mary's College, Oakland, and upon his graduation in
1905 secured a situation as messenger in the service of the Fort Sutter
bank. By virtue of his innate truthfulness and courtesy, he soon
established himself in the eyes of his employers as a lad worthy of
the highest confidence, and accordingly received promotion from time
to time, having reached the position of cashier ere he relinquished
his duties May 15, 1911, to assume his present position of assistant
cashier of the Sacramento Valley Bank and Trust Co., which he has
conducted with characteristic skill and devotion to detail.

On August 28, 1909, Mr. Azevedo married Miss Ida Nuttall,
whose father, Levi Nuttall, for many years was associated with the
Southern Pacific Railroad Company, serving in the repair depart-
ment of the shops at Sacramento.

Mr. Azevedo is an active member of Sacramento Lodge No. 6,
B. P. 0. E., as well as the local Council, Knights of Columbus, and
as a young man of energetic, congenial personality and broad, in-
tensive measures is regarded as one of Sacramento's most progres-
sive citizens.

THOMAS VEAL BICKLE

The early memories of Thomas V. Bickle cluster around scenes
in Cornwall, England, his native country and the home of ances-
tors for generations uncounted. The qualities that have given
force and virility to the Anglo-Saxon race appear in his own char-
acter and have brought him a gratif^dng degree of material success
as well as a reputation for remarkable skill as a pharmacist. It
was his good fortune to enjoy excellent advantages in his home land
and in addition to having a thorough classical training he also had

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 859

exceptional opportunities as a student in the Westminster College
of Pharmacy, in London, from which he was graduated with the
class of 1895, with the degree of M. P. S. Although the family
did not occupy a position of wealth they possessed high social stand-
ing and considerable means, so that he had opportunities for travel
and culture not open to all. His father, Thomas Bickle, Sr., was
an Englishman of high standing in Masonrj' and a leading member
of the order in the country. For some time he occupied the posi-
tion of instructor to the present King of England, then stationed
as midshipman on the boat, Britannia, at Dartmouth.

After having been engaged as a pharmacist in England for a
number of years in 1905 Thomas Bickle came to the United States
and later traveled considerably throughout the continent on a tour
of inspection. During this period of travel he remained in Colorado
for three months. The year 1906 found him a newcomer in Sacra-
mento, where his excellent credentials secured for him a business
position on the very day of his arrival. The firm that was his first
employer retained his services for two years, after which in 1908
he associated himself with P. F. McMorry. The death of the
latter in October of the same year caused the establishment to be
put on sale by the estate and he immediately purchased the same,
since which time he has conducted the pharmacy on the same prin-
ciples of integrity, skill and accuracy that gave to the store its
early enviable reputation. The store is located at No. 529 K street
and numbers among its regular patrons a large proportion of the
leading residents of the city.

About a year before leaving England the marriage of Mr.
Bickle was solemnized in Devonshire and united him with Miss
Minnie Rowe, a native of England and the daughter of a leading-
farmer of Devon. Since becoming a resident of the west Mr. Bickle
has entered into the activities of the Foresters of America, while
prior to his departure from England he long had been influential in
the Masonic Order. It was his happy fortune to be identified with
the United Grand Lodge of England during the period when the
late King Edward of England, then Prince of Wales, held office as
grand master. Besides this fortunate early experience in Masonry
Mr. Bickle has maintained a later interest in the order and gives his
influence toward the philanthropies that characterize its history. In
addition he has been interested in and identified with the Sons of
St. George.

860 HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

ROBERT N. ERAMllALL, M. D.

Tlie district of Fair Oaks has iu Dr. Bramhall an liouored mem-
ber of the medical profession and a successful practitioner of the
science, who since coming to this locality as a permanent resident
in 1902 has identified liimself closely with all the activities of the
coumiunity, has contributed to the development of the fruit industry
and has promoted enterprises for the material, educational and
professional advancement of Sacramento county. His residence,
with its beautiful setting of lawn and trees and its attractive loca-
tion on a slight eminence, is regarded as one of the most substantial
and convenient in the entire district. Thoroughly modern in all
of its appointments, it is utilized not only for a home but also for
an office. Surrounding the neat two-story residence are two and
one-half acres almost wholly studded with native oaks.

Dr. Bramhall was born in Abingdon, Va., March 18, 1878, and
removed with his parents to Chicago when he was six years of age.
His fine mental endowments came to him as an inheritance from his
father. Col. Frank J. Bramhall, a man of unusual ability, born,
reared and educated in New York City, a graduate of one of the
law schools of the metropolis and for years an attorney of that
great city. An appointment as collector of internal revenue for a
district in Virginia caused him to remove to that state and there
he remained for some time discharging the duties connected with
the office. Later he filled a like position in Tennessee. When he
resigned therefrom he removed to Chicago, where he was engaged in
business. Ultimately he removed to California and was among the
first to select a tract at Fair Oaks, where he cleared the land and
planted fruit trees. The last years of his eventful life were quietly
])assed at his home iu Oakland, this state.

During the residence of the family in Chicago Roliert N. Bram-
hall received a classical education and also completed a course in
electrical engineering, following that ()ccu])ation for only a short
time. Always he had been attracted by the science of materia
medica, and he abandoned engineering to take up the study of thera-
peutics, which he prosecuted in the medical department of North-
western University. On the conii)letion of the regular course in
1902 the degree of M. D. was conferred ui)on him by the faculty.
Immediately afterward he came to California and joined his father
at Fair Oaks, where he has since devoted his attention to the prac-
tice of his profession and has Iniilt up an extensive ])atronage ex-
tending over the entire settlement and for miles around.

The family of Dr. Bramhall com}>rises his wife and daughter,

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY S(51

Elinor Eugenia. His marriage was solemnized in Chicago July ].").
1902, and united him with Miss Emma E. Smith, who was born in
Iowa, but grew to womanhood in Chicago and received a classical
education in the city of Boston. Descended from an old family
of New England, she comes of distinguished lineage, her grand-
father. Rev. Samuel Francis Smith, D. D., having been the author
of the national hjTiin, America. From childhood she has been an
adherent of the Baptist denomination and a contributor to its benev-
olent and missionary movements. The family have a high social
standing at Fair Oaks and enjoy to the highest degree the confidence
of acquaintances. The Doctor's life is indeed a busy existence. As
a relaxation from his professional duties he finds pleasure in looking
after his orange and olive grove, which covers fifteen acres in Fair
Oaks Colony. These manifold duties do not prevent him from dis-
charging with fidelity every duty as a citizen and every responsi-
bility as a neighbor, and he is always found to be a firm supporter
of every ])rinci]:)le of justice in civic and social affairs.

EDWARD SHERBURNE BROWN

For twenty years a successful connnercial man of Sacramento,
Mr. Brown has exemplified throughout his career the qualities of
manly ambition and wise judgment and in his practical interest in
civic affairs has justly won a place among the most influential and
highly respected citizens of his comnuniity.

Born October 24, 1869, in Sacramento, Mr. Brown is fully ac-
quainted with the vast improvements which have taken place since
that period, both in his home city and through the state in general,
and although he has A'isited many attractive and beautiful sections
of the United States, enjoys the conviction that California exceeds
them all, not alone in climate, but in resources as well. His father,
John R. Brown, whose birth occurred in Brownville, N. Y., in 18.33,
attended West Point as a youth, and in the role of civil engineer
came to California in 1860 to assist in the original survey of the
Central Pacific Railroad between Sacramento and Reno. Afterward
he was advance agent during the construction of the road until
December, 1868, when he resigned to engage in the life insurance
business in Sacramento. He became s])ecial agent for the North-
western Life Insurance Company of Milwaukee, Wis., and for a
number of years filled that office, when he again entered the employ
of the Central Pacific Railroad as agent and continued with the

862 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

company until his death, which occurred in Sacramento February
7, 1884. Mr. Brown was prominent among the Masons, Redmen and
Independent Order of Odd Fellows, and at his death was buried
with Masonic honors. His wife, to whom he was united in marriage
in the old Congregational Church on Sixth street in Sacramento, was
formerly Miss Elizabeth MacMillan, born in Buffalo, N. Y., daughter
of Hugh and Ann (Miller) MacMillan, natives of New York. Hugh
MacMillan was a successful shipbuilder by trade. Mrs. Brown, who
was widely beloved for her womanly sweetness and sympathy, passed
away in January, 1902, after a life of great devotion to her husband
and three children.

John Jacob Brown, the paternal grandfather of Edward S.,
occupied a prominent position throughout the war of 1812, having
organized a company of which he became captain, later serving as
general, and then, owing to his ability and devotion to duty, was
appointed to the office of commander in chief of the United States
army, faithfully performing his duties until his death in 1827.

At the age of fourteen, shortly after his father's death, Edward
Sherburne Brown was forced to leave his studies, in which, however,
owing to his concentrative ability, he had made rapid progress. He
secured a position in the wholesale establishment of Lyon & Curtis.
Five years later he transferred his services to Curtis Brothers &
Company, and in 1892, in partnership with William M. Henderson
and Charles E. Flye, under the firm name of Henderson, Brown &
Flye, opened a wholesale fruit and produce store at Second and
J streets; later Mr. Flye sold his interest to his associates, and in
1900, Mr. Henderson having withdrawn from the company, the firm
was incorporated . under the name of the Ennis-Brown Company,
with Mr. Brown as president and Scott F. Ennis as secretary and
treasurer. The company is now located at Front and J streets, now
a prominent wholesale district. The old Pioneer Mill on the water
front, formerly occupied by H. G. Smith & Co., has been used as a
bean warehouse, and has large cleaning machinery. Thoroughly fa-
miliar with the work in which he has been so long engaged, Mr.
Brown is considered an expert in that line, and his progressive
methods are higMy commended by his fellow citizens. He married
in July, 1898, Lucy Elizabeth Purinton, a native of California, and
to them have been born two sons and two daughters, ^dz. : Kenneth A.,
Dorothy E., Edward S. and Virginia Anna. Mr. Brown is an active
member of the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks, of the
Sutter Club and the Chamber of Commerce. Active in local politics,
he maintains a deep interest in all matters pertaining to the develop-
ment and improvement of the city and is conceded to be a man of
broad, generous principles and well-directed energy.

HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 863

AAEON B. REYNOLDS

It was in liJOl that this successful lawyer came to Sacramento,
and the admirable career that he has since made has brought him
the congratulations of a wide circle of acquaintances. Aaron B.
Rej'uolds was born in Fort Jones, CaL, July 28, 1878, a son of Isaac
and Clara (Barr) Reynolds, pioneers of Siskiyou county. He at-
tended the public school and the Siskiyou county high school and was
graduated from the latter in 1898. He then entered the University
of Michigan, at Ann Arbor, where he was graduated with the degree
of LL. B. in 1901.

Almost immediately after leaving college Mr. Reynolds came to
Sacramento and was admitted to practice at the bar of the supreme
court and of the lesser courts. He entered at once upon the active
practice of his profession, and has appeared in several cases of note
which are a part of the judicial history of the county and the state.
In all of these, as well as in many less important cases, he has been
very successful, not necessarily winning all of them, but accomplish-
ing in all of them all that it was reasonably possible for any lawyer
to achieve. His clientele, now large, is constantly widening, and as
the years pass matters of greater and still greater import are en-
trusted to him.. His advice is sought not alone by those who seek
litigation, but by wise and careful men who would avoid it, and, once
given, it is found to be sound and based on the true fundamental
principles of the law.

His birth within the borders of California made Mr. Eeyuolds
eligible to membership in the Native Sons of the Golden West, an
organization in which he is deeply interested and which he advances
by every means at his command. He preserves college memories by
affiliation with the University club. In politics he is independent.
He married, at Sacramento, February 8, 1905, Miss Beryl Patrick,
and they have a daughter, Beth, now six years old.

JOHN QUINCY BROWN

A career of more than ordinary usefulness marked the busy life
of John Quincy Brown, Sr., who served the city of Sacramento as
mayor from 1881 to 1887, and had also filled the position of county
recorder, public administrator, levee commissioner and other official
positions which demanded the time and attention of a conscientious,
painstaking citizen such as he. His birth occurred in Breckenridge,
Ky., in 1829 and in 1850 he made his way to California, dying in the
year 1892, at which time he was serving as member of the board of

8(i4 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

trustees of the Napa State Hospital. His father, "William B. C.
Browu, grandfather of our subject, was a large planter in the Blue
Grass State, extensively interested in tobacco growing. When John
Quincy Brown, Sr., first came to this state from Kentucky, crossing
the plains, he remained at Placerville for a time, but seeking a
broader field for his activities he found it in Sacramento. His first
t'liiployment here was in the wholesale store of Senator Stanford's
lirother. Shortly after coming here he married Miss Anna Marj'
Williams, the daughter of Joel P. Williams, a prominent mining man
of that period. They had two children, John Quincy and a girl who
died at the age of six years.

John Q. Brown was born in Sacramento. Much of his boyhood
was taken up studying in the city schools, and he also attended the
St. Augustine Episcopal Military Academy at Benicia and the
Golden Gate Academy at Oakland. After graduating from the
University of California with the degree of Ph. B., he joined his
father who was then general manager of the Capital Gas Company,
and acted as assistant manager. During the years he was with the
company he served in different positions. From 189:2 to 1897 he was
assistant clerk of the Board of Sui)ervisors in San Francisco. He
graduated from the Hastings College of tlie Law in 1901, with the
LL. B. degree, and went to Kansas City, where he remained five
years. November 28, 1888, he married Miss Jessie Brown, daughter
of Dr. J. T. Brown of that city. Their two children are Harry
Edgar, born December 24, 1889, a graduate of Stanford University,
and John Quincy Brown, Jr., born March 17, 1897, and not attending
Hastings College of the Law. In 1896 Mr. Brown returned with his
family to Sacramento. He joined Eugene Wachhorst, the present
district attorney of Sacramento county, and at this date is deputy
disti'ict attorney.

Both Mr. and Mrs. Brown are popular club people in their home
city. He is a member and is president of the University Club, and
is also a member of the Sutter Club. Mrs. Brown holds • member-
ships in the Tuesday aud Saturday Clubs.

EGBERT ALFRED BROWN

The west has become endeared to Mr. Brown through the associa-
tions of a lifetime. Born in the state of Nevada, reared in Oregon
and identified with California ever since early manhood, he repre-
sents all that is progressive, resourceful and alert in the vast
region west of the Rockies. Mental attainments conspicuously rich

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 865

and social qualities pre-eiiiiuently attractive have brought him in-
fluence in local affairs and especially in the order of Masons, whose
organization he has served with tact as past master of the blue
lodge, past high priest of the Royal Arch chapter and past thrice
illustrious master in the council, meantime utilizing these offices as
avenues for the exercise of generous philanthropies and the other
worthy measures that form the unwritten creed of the order.

The family residence was at Virginia City, Nev., for some years
and during that time occurred the birth of Egbert Alfred Brown,
September 20, 1878. In very early life he was taken to Oregon by
his parents and there he attended the common schools, completing
liis education in text-books, although since then he has been a con-
stant reader and thoughtful observer, thereby greatly broadening
his fund of infoiniation. "When in 1895 he accompanied his mother
to Sacramento he secured employment as clerk in a department store
and continued there for some time. During 1898 he entered the
California State Bank as an office assistant, beginning in the institu-
tion at the lowest salary and in the most humble capacity of any
of the emi)loyes. However, he soon iiroved his worth and rose by
gradual promotions to the position of assistant cashier. When the
bank surrendered its charter and became merged into the ])resent
institution, the California National Bank, he remained as a trusted
employe and still holds the i)osition of assistant cashier.

The comfortable home of Mr. Brown is brightened by the pres-
ence of his three children, ' Eleanor, Phoebe and Oliver. His wife,
who was Miss Pearl Jackson, is a native daughter of California and
a member of an honored pioneer family of Sacramento. Her father,
Oliver Jackson, for many years held the office of chief of police in
Sacramento. Mr. Brown's grandfather, George Bruce, for a long
]ieriod acted as landlord of the Bruce house in this city. As early
as 1852 he crossed the plains accompanied by his young wife and
settled in Sacramento, whose gradual growth he. helped to promote
by his own energetic and capable business efforts. In the annals
of the city his name holds a place of prominence as that of a loyal
liioneer. Supplementing the labors which gave him prominence in
tlie frontier era, his grandson, Egbert A. Brown, supports the meas-
ures which he believes to be best adapted to the permanent welfare
of the community and in politics gives steadfast allegiance to the
Reiniblican party, while fraternally he has membership with the
Independent Order of Odd Fellows in addition to his identitication
with the Masons previously mentioned. The Episcopal Church re-
ceives his generous support in its maintenance and charitable efforts
and for years he has been one of its communicants in the Sacra-
mento parish.

866 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

JOSEPH I. BRUNSCHWILER

An association with the banking business that has been of
comparative!}:' brief duration nevertheless by its success proves the
admirable adaptability of Mr. Brunschwiler to such activities.
When he became a clerk in the California National Bank not many
years ago he assumed his comparatively unimportant duties with a
zeal and intensity that won prompt recognition. Various promotions
were accorded him in quick succession and in January of 1911 he
became assistant cashier, a responsible position which he now fills
with tact, intelligence and dispatch, displaying the same earnest de-
votion to the welfare of the banls: and the interests of its depositors
that characterized him in less important functions. The confidence
of customers has been won and retained through his painstaking
attentiveness to even the smallest details and his intelligent mastery
of the most important financial problems.

It is a matter of pride with Mr. Brunschwiler that he can claim
California as his native commonwealth and San Francisco as the
city of his birth, his parents, Joseph A. and Caroline Brunschwiler,
having been residents of the western metropolis when he was born
May 3, 1879. The schools of the city afforded him fair educational
advantages; at the age of fourteen years he became a student in
St. Ignatius College and continued in that institution until 1897,
when he was graduated with an excellent standing. Afterward he
spent two years at Lick Polytechnic, where he took special studies.
About 1899 he became an office employe of Hale Bros., in their large
drj^-goods establishment at San Francisco, and he continued in
the same place imtil 1904, meanwhile proving an accurate accountant
and intelligent assistant. An offer of a position as cashier with
Hale Bros., in Sacramento, led him to this city, where he held an
important position with the firm until April 18, 1906, resigning at
that time in order to enter the banking business. He is still in
the prime of his mental powers and physical activity, so that many
years of successful connection with financial interests may be pre-
dicted for liim.

A few years after his arrival in Sacramento and the year after
his entrance into banking clerical work, Mr. Brunschwiler estab-
lished a home of his own in this city, his marriage in September
of 1907 uniting him with Miss Mildred Hunt. Two children now
grace their liome, Mildred and Cyril, both sturdy native Califor-
nians who have brought nmch joy into his household. While Mr.
Brunschwiler has not disjilayed partisanship in politics, he is known
as a stanch believer in Republican principles and as a consistent sup-

HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 867

porter of men and measures pledged to the upbuilding of the party.
The Sutter Club claims him among its active members. Being a
firm believer in the future prosperity of Sacramento, it has been his
policy to promote civic projects to the fullest extent possible, and in
every question of expansion he is to be found on the side of progress
and advancement.

GEORGE SPENCER BULLOCK

The significance of lifelong identification with California ap-
pears in the loyalty uniformly exhibited by the native sons of the
commonwealth. Patriotic devotion to the land of his birth forms
one of the chief attributes in the character of George Spencer Bul-
lock, the son of an honored pioneer and himself a native of Yolo
county, where his earliest recollections are associated with sights
and scenes around the then insig-nificant village of Woodland. The
Hesperian College, which in 1861, his father had assisted in found-
ing, afforded him the advantages of a classical education and later
he completed a commercial course in the Woodland Business College,
of which he is a graduate. Availing himself of these excellent edu-
cational opportunities, he laid the foundation of a broad fund of in-
formation and by habits of continued studiousness and close obser-
vation he has become the possessor of a high degree of culture. To
some extent he has specialized in the acquisition of knowledge, being
])articularly interested in financial problems and in monetary mat-
ters. From early manhood he has been connected with the banking-
business, first at Woodland, where he clerked in a bank for two
years, and later in Sacramento, where he entered the national bank
established by D. 0. Mills and from a clerkship won his way to the
position of paying teller. After twenty years of service he re
signed this position in November, 1911, to fill the offices of director
and cashier of the Citizens Bank of Oak Park to which he had
been elected. After six months with this firm he again resigned,
having been elected assistant cashier of the Fort Sutter National
Bank, the duties of which office he assumed in May, 1912. It may
be predicted that future years will witness a steady advance in his
prominence in banking circles, for he possesses the keen insight,
fine discrimination, conservative judgment and unfailing tact that
almost invai'iably bring success to men in every line of activitj'.
Some years ago lie purchased the old homestead of five hundred and
ninety acres on Grand Island from the estate, and this he has now
under process of perpetual reclamation. The tract is devoted to the

^()S HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

raising of grain, alfalfa and garden produce. Aside from a grow-
ing prestige in financial circles he devotes some of his leisure hours
to the activities of the Sutter Club and the Benevolent Protective
Order of Elks. Under Governor Gillett he was appointed a member
of the board of commissioners of Sutter's Fort and at the expira-
tion of his first term he was again appointed to the position by
the same executive.

In studying the lineage of the Bullock family we find that they
are of English stock and southern associations. As early as 1830
Thomas and Agnes (Ware) Bullock (the latter of Scotch-Welsh
descent) removed from Kentucky, their native commonwealth, and
settled in Illinois, taking up a large tract of raw land in Woodford
county near the county-seat of Eureka. He was one of the first
settlers in his locality, and he named the county Woodford from his
native county in the Blue Grass state. From there Mr. Bullock went
to the front to assist in subduing the savages during the progress of
tile Black Hawk war. Both he and his wife continued to make their
home in Woodford county until they died. Of their nine children
James P., the third in order of birth, was born in Woodford county.
Ky., May 24, 1829. During boyhood he attended country schools in
Illinois. Later he matriculated in a Presbyterian college near Han-
nibal. Mo., and continued his studies there until he was graduated
at the age of twenty. It was his father's ambition that he should
become a physician and accordingly he was sent to Palmyra, Mo.,
to begin the study of medicine, but the discovery of gold in Cali-
fornia changed all of his plans and caused him to relinquish all
intention of becoming a professional man. Having no money to pny
for the trip to California he began to teach school and thus se-
cured the necessary funds, so that early in 1850 he crossed the
plains with an expedition of Argonauts. When he arrived in Sacra-
mento in July he had only seventy-five cents in his possession. How-
e^•el•. he was strong and willing, hence a lack of capital did not dis-
courage him in the least. The first job lie found was that of cutting
cordwood on L and M streets in Sacramento. Next he engaged in
teaming and freighting to the mountains. While thus engaged he
went on a trip to Downieville, Sierra county, became interested in
the place, and later opened a butcher shop there. During the fall
of 1852 he located on the Sacramento river in Sutter county, taking
up a claim on what he supposed to be government land, but when
he discovered it to be a grant he removed to Yolo county. During
Fel)ruary of 1858 he bought five hundred and ninety acres fifteen
miles northeast of Woodland, on Grand Island, and there he en-
gaged in stock-raising and general farming.

As assessor of Yolo county James P. Bullock served from 1864
to 1870 and the tact with which he discharged the responsibilities

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 869

of tlie positiou won for him many friends. During 1870 lie was
elected sheriff of Yolo couut\- by a large majority, and at the expira-
tion of his first term he was honored by re-election to the office.
Meanwhile he had established his home in Woodland and had Ijnilt
a substantial residence on Court street. After having served as
sheriff for two terms he retired to private life and resumed the
management of his farm, also superintended the Colonel Hagar land
grant in Yolo count\-, which he had managed in previous years.
After having l)een an invalid for five years he passed away Sep-
temjjer 25, 1888. He was buried in Woodland cemetery with Masonic
honors under the auspices of the Knights Templar. Politically he
always voted with the Democratic party. For years he served as a
trustee in the Christian Church and was one of its most influential
workers in Woodland. His wife likewise was prominent in the activ-
ities of that church and she was also for years a leading worker in
the Woodland Chapter of tlie Eastern Star.

The marriage of James P. Bullock and Mary Jane Powell took
])lace in Sutter county November 9, 1854. Six children were born of
tlieir union, namely: Agnes, Mrs. C. F. Thomas, of Woodland;
(ieorge Spencer, whose name introduces this articles; Lela; Fred,
l)roprietor of the Bullock clothing store in Woodland; Mrs. Mary
Nelson de Merritt, and M]-s. Helen Fregidgo. During 1902 Mrs.
P)ullock and- those of iier family yet at home removed to Oakland,
but later became residents of San Francisco and she is now living
in that city, retainiu.u', however, her property interests in Yolo
county. Her father, Jeremiah Powell, was the son of a Virginian,
of Scotch descent, who served in the Revolutionary war as a boy
and long afterward gave further service to Ids country during
the war of 1812. This Virginian patriot spent many years of his
later life in developing land in Kentucky, where Jeremiah Powell
was born and reared and whence lie removed to Missouri during the
original settlement of that state.

During the sunnner of 1853 Jeremiah Powell and Capt. I^evi
Blunt crossed the plains with five hundred head of cattle. In the
expedition were Mrs. Powell and three children. At Downieville
they were met ])y James Powell, a l)rother of Jeremiah, and with
him the joiirney was completed on horseback to Sacramento. Taking
up land in Colusa county Jeremiah Powell began to raise stock, but
he later discovered the land to be a grant, hence he removed to
Kellogg 's slough near Colusa, where he bought a tract of raw land.
The development of the farm was a difficult task and occupied the
remaining years of his Imsy existence. On that farm he died in
1887 at the age of eighty years. Fraternally he was a Mason, in
))olitics a Democrat, and in religion a member of the Christian
clmrch. His first marriage united him with Amanda Noe, a native

870 HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY

of Kentucky, her father, George Noe, having removed to that state
from Virginia and later making another move to Missouri, where he
died. The second wife of Mr. Powell was Priscilla Ferguson, a
native of Virginia. In iipril of 1900 she passed away at the 'age
of ninety-four. Mrs. Bullock is now the sole survivor of the Powell
family, her elder brother, George Spencer, having died in Mexico,
while the younger brother, Charles Shelton, passed away at the old
homestead in the vicinitv of Colusa.

GUY W. BUTLER

The untiring perseverance and determined will characteristic
of the English race form noticeable attributes of the character of
Mr. Butler, while his American nativity is indicated by his resistless
energy that knows no weariness. Success to him has come solely
through the exercise of his inherent qualities. Extraneous circum-
stances have not contributed to his aid in the forward struggle.
Orphaned by the death of his father when he was quite young,
forced to make for himself every opportimity to advance, and
handicapped by lack of thorough educational advantages, he never-
theless rose out of obscurity into prominence and out of poverty into
prosperity. When therefore any mention is made of the deserving
citizens of Folsom his name stands foremost in the list.

Several generations of the Butler family have made their homes
in America. Richard T. Butler, who was born at Liverpool, Eng-
land, in 1854, came across the ocean about 1861 in company with
his parents and settled in Iowa. During early years he attended
school and also learned the machinist's trade. In his chosen occu-
pation he became unusualh' skillful. Few excelled him in expert-
ness with machinerj' or with tools. For a considerable period he
followed his trade at Marshalltown, Iowa, where he married Miss
Flora Fagg, a native of Iowa, and where their son, Guy W., was
born October 16, 188.3. From Iowa he removed to Albuquerque,
N. Mex., where he died in 1889. Up to the time of his demise and
for a long period he had been engaged as master mechanic for the
Santa Fe Railroad. Through skilled workmanship he gained a high
reputation among other employes and also with the officials of the
road. After he had passed away his widow came to California and
settled in San Francisco, where she continues to make her home.

The various removals of the family and the death of the father,
upon whom had rested the burden of the support of wife and chil-

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 871

dren, prevented Guy W. Butler from acquiring the education which
he desired, but habits of reading and observation partially have
atoned for his early deprivations. At the age of fourteen years he
left school to earn his own livelihood. In a very humble capacity
he secured emplojTuent in a clothing store in Sacramento. Chance
indicated his life occupation, but none could have been better
adapted to his natural tastes and unexpressed preferences. After
he had worked for a long period in the employ of others he began
to desire a business of his own. That purpose brought him to
Folsom, where he arrived November 7, 1907, and where he has since
resided. By diligent application he has built up a clothing busi-
ness that is known for miles in every direction. The honorable
business principles of the proprietor have won the confidence of
customers. It has been his aim to treat every customer with such
honestj^ and square dealing that they repay his efforts by becoming
regular patrons of the store. The demands of business keep him
closely occupied and leave no leisure for participation in politics,
but he is a liberal Republican and a well-informed man. Various
fraternities have received his allegiance and helpful co-operation,
the leading organizations of his association being the Eagles and
the Independent Order of Odd Fellows.

ANDREW CARLAW

The ancient, semi-artistic trade of the stone-cutter has engaged
the attention of many men of talent and of business ability, who
have left to the world a lasting record of their achievements as
builders and decorators. These reflections are inspired by a mental
review of the successful career of Andrew Carlaw, of Tenth and
R streets, Sacramento.

It was in Maddiston, Stirling county, Scotland, that Mr. Carlaw
was born. After having acquired a practical education in such
public schools as were available to him in the vicinity of his boy-
hood home, he learned stone-cutting under the instruction of a
competent old-country master, and he worked at it in his native land
until 1881. Then he came to the United States, which he believed
would afford him a better field for his activities than was open to
him at home, and settled in Sacramento. Soon, in partnership with
his brother, he established a stone-yard in a convenient locality, and
they carried on a successful business in the handling of general
stone imtil October, 1898, when his brother died; since then Andrew

872 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

Carlaw has been manager of the enterprise. He has increased the
business and is well and favorably known throughout the somewhat
extensive territory which he reaches with his trade.

In his political views Mr. Carlaw is a Republican. Well-in-
formed upon the political issues of the day and their bearing on our
economic conditions, he believes, that the best solution of many of
the people's troubles will be found in the outcome of the work of
that party, and to it, its men and its measures he yields most loyal
allegiance. In his social affiliations he is a Mason and an Odd
Pellow.

WILL J. CARRAGHAR

The high degree of intelligence displayed by the members of
the Sacramento bar has received wide recog-nition and deservedly
so, for it is an accepted fact that the attorneys of this city stand
unsurpassed for tliorough knowledge of the law, conscientious study
of jurisprudence and familiarity with even the smallest details
connected with the successful practice of the profession. While
in ]ioint of years Will J. Carraghar ranks among the youngest mem-
1)ers of the liar, iu point of professional information and mental
capacity his rank is among the highest, and already he is winning
the recognition which liis talents abundantly justify. The spacious
quarters in the Nicolaus building which he has occupied since
August 1, 1911, aiford him a central location and at the same time
offer the appointments so valuable to dis])atch in modern jirofes-
sional enterprises.

It lias beeu the good fortune of Mr. Carraghar to enjoy identifi-
cation with Sacramento throughout his entire life. Educated in
its schools, familiar with its advantages, cognizant of its op])ortuni-
ties and acquainted with its incomparable citizenship, he presents
a type of present-day progress and of twentieth-century patriotism.
His father, Edward J., member of the tirm of Buckmann & Carraghar,
is one of the proprietors of an exclusive and elegant restaurant in
Sacramento and also for ten years or more has been prominently
identified with civic affairs as trustee from the ninth ward. During
his active participation in public affairs he served for ten years as
chairman of the finance and judiciary committee. In political
views he favors the Democratic principles and his son likewise gives
allegiance to the same party.

After having completed the studies of the public schools up to
the ninth grade Will J. Carraghar entered the Christian Brothers

HISTOBY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 873

College on K street, Sat'rameato, where he completed a four-year
course. Next he became a student in St. Mary's College at Oakland,
this state, from which he was graduated in 1907 with a high stand-
ing. Immediately afterward he began to study law with Judge
C. E. McLaughlin and continued his readings under the late Judge
DeVine of Sacramento. At the age of twenty-two he was admitted
to the bar and inuuediately began the practice of liis profession for
Jiimself. Already he has won a high standing among the attorneys
of the city and the promise of a growing success gives favorable
indication of his future prominence in the law. Throughout all of
his life he has been a believer in the doctrines of the Eoman Catholic
Church and his contributions to religious undertakings are generous.
The Kniglits of Columbus, a poi)ular fraternal organization, has
the l)eneht of his active identification, while socially he holds mem-
bership with the University Club and the Sacramento County Bar
Association. His marriage took jjlace October 19, 1907, and united
liim with Miss Irma Scott, daughter of Jed M. Scott (member of the
firm of Scott & Gilbert, manufacturing druggists of San Francisco)
and a great granddaughter of Josiah Johnson, one of the pioneer
railroad builders of California. Three daugliters bless the union,
Helen Marv, Irma Margaret and Catherine Ellen.

DANIEL ROGERS CATE

Possessed of remarkable concentrative ability and unswerving-
ambition, Mr. Cate has met with unqualified success in his chosen
in'ofession and as a member of the prominent engineering com-
pany of Phinney, Cate & Marshall, Forum Building, Sacramento,
contributes largely toward the favorable outcome of the projects
undertaken by that firm.

Mr. Cate was born November 17, 1880, in Quincy, Cal., where he
I'eceived a public school education, early evidencing a decided inclina-
tion for the vocation which he entered later. His fatlier, Daniel Rog-
ers ('ate, Sr., a native of New Hampshire, emigrated to California
in 1850 and for a time mined with fair success in Plumas and Sierra
counties, later acquiring in Plumas county, several hundred acres
upon which he engaged in general farming and raised vegetables,
disposing of his garden jiroducts at a good profit in the mining
cam])s. He married Miss Hannah Loring, a native of Maine, and to
their union were born five children, all of whom reside in Califor-

874 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

nia. Since the death of her husband in November, 1900, Mrs. Gate
has continued to make her home in Quincy.

Mr. Gate studied civil engineering in the field activeh^ engaged
with a corps, and later secured a situation in the surveying depart-
ment of the Southern Pacific Railroad Company. In 1907 he be-
came associated with Cassius Phinney, who at that time served
as county surveyor of Sacramento county. Later with U. S. Mar
shall he established their present offices, their work cliiefly em-
bracing plans and specifications for reclamation and irrigation proj
eets, municipal improvements, water works, sewerage and street sys-
tems, hydro-electric work, land surveying and sub-divisions.

December 23, 1903, Mr. Gate was united in marriage with Miss
Cora A. Wasson, whose birth occurred in Forest Hill, Placer countj%
and whose father, C. H. Wasson, is a pioneer and well known min-
ing man of Placer county. Mr. and Mrs. Gate have three children:
Ronald Marshall, Claire Mary and Daniel, Jr,, and in their plans
and hopes for their little ones the parents find happiness far
exceeding their highest dreanis. In the line of his profession Mr.
Gate is an associate member of the American Society of Civil En-
gineers. Fraternally he is a member of Quincy Parlor No. 131,
N. S. G. W., and in his enthusiastic and practical aid toward all
civic movements, he facilitates as well as encourages the labor of his
fellow citizens who recogTiize in him a man of exemplary and con-
scientious principles.

WILLIAM CHAPLIN

It was at Leicester, England, that William Chaplin was born
December 16, 1866, a son of the Rev. William Chaplin, a preacher of
the Methodist Episcopal church in England for sixty years, who
passed to his reward in 1899. The mother, Emma Chaplin, was a
native of Leicester, England. Of her twelve children ten are liv-
ing. Fannie is the wife of Warren Jessup Potter of Leicester,
Enghiud, a bridge builder and prominent in a political way. Will-
iam came to the United States twenty-six years ago and located in
Philadelphia, Pa., where he opened a butcher shop and built up
a business which was one of the best of its kind in the city, he
having thirty-two butchers in his employ and eight wagons deliv-
ering meat to the wholesale trade. In considering the importance
of this enterprise it should be borne in mind that it was not that
of a great corporation but of an individual owner.

In 1904, owing to the condition of his health, Mr. Chaplin sold

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 875

his business to a corporation of which he was president and man-
ager two years. In 1906 he came to California and established a
meat market on Highland avenue in Hoilj'wood, next to the Holly-
wood Hotel. He was very successful there and had a practical
monopoly of the local meat trade during a period of five years, at
the expiration of which he sold out and went to Jergens, Cal..
where he owned extensive mining interests. Eventually he took
up his residence in Sacramento and soon concerned himself with
amusement enterprises at Oak Park, where he successfully managed
a well remembered venture for two years. In December, 1911, he
acquired the lease of the new and modern Mikle Theatre, which
he turned over to his son, Jack Chaplin, who is now the manager.

While he lived in Philadelphia Mr. Chaplin was active in poli-
tics, and at a m.eeting of voters, which he called in his ward, he
organized the city party which is still in existence. He served on
the school board in Philadelphia three years and was instrumental
in the advancement of street paving in some parts of the city.

The woman who became Mr. Chaplin's wife was Miss Emma
Marvin of Leicester, England, and their children were born as fol-
lows: Thomas in 1885; Katie in 1888; and Jack in 1890. Thomas
is chief engineer at the Hollywood Hotel, liaving fitted himself to
fill such a position by a course of study in the International Cor-
respondence School in Scranton, Pa.

The silk loom now in use throughout the world was invented in
England by Mr. Chaplin's paternal grandfather. Mr. Chaplin owns
a fine residence and several valuable lots in Oak Park, and is un-
wearying in his promotion of the growth and prosperity of that part
of the city. He is insistent in his demand for the square deal in
politics, in business and in every relation of life. Fraternally life
affiliates with the Masonic order, holding membership in the Blue
Lodge and in the Royal Arch chapter.

ARCHIE WILLIAM CLIFTON

The career of this successful dealer in furniture and house-fur-
nishings at Oak Park, Sacramento, Cal., is that of the self-made
man and as such it will be found interesting. Archie William Clif-
ton was a native Californian, born in Amador county, September
■1, 1877, a son of Thomas Joseph. and Alice Nevada (Simmons) Clifton,
natives respectively of Ohio and Nevada. The mother, whose parents
came from Pennsylvania, passed away in Amador county in No-
vember, 1911.

876 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

It was in the public school that Archie AVilliam Clifton acquired
his education. After that for some years he was variously em-
ployed in coast towns whose geography ranged from Grant's Pass,
Ore., to Los Angeles, Cal. He had been reared on a farm and care-
fully instructed by his father in agricultural affairs, but farming
was not congenial and he gave it up, after which he became inter-
ested in learning the furniture business with the John Brenner Com-
pany of Sacramento. He spent three years in that house and for
the next two years was in the employ of the Home Furniture Com-
pany, after which he was given the management of the latter 's
iDraneh store at Oak Park, assuming his diities January 1, 1910.
Six months later he bought the establishment and is now engaged
in the general house-fiirnishing business. His place of business is
well located, his stock is kept up-to-date and his geniality and hon-
est methods are doing much to increase his business popularity.

June 1, 1907, Mr. Clifton married Miss Jennie Solomonson, of
lone, Cal., the daughter of a rancher of that vicinity. They have
two children, Henry and Morris Clifton. Mr. Clifton is independent
in politics, and is an energetic, patriotic man of much public spirit.

BENJAMIN L. SISSON

Of that sturdy Empire State ancestry which has contributed
so richly to the citizenship not only of the Pacific coast country but
of the entire old and new west, Benjamin L. Sisson, cashier and
secretary of the American Fish Company of Sacramento, was born
in Oakdale, Stanislaus county, Cal., December 27, 1878, a son of
Benjamin Haight and Ida (Simmons) Sisson, both of New York
state nativity. In their native state they married, remaining there
till 1850, when they made the long, tedious and perilous journey to
California and settled at Oakdale, where the husband and father
was for a score of years engaged in the transfer business.

In the public school at Oakdale Benjamin L. Sisson gained a
primary education, to which he has added by observation and ex-
tensive reading until he is one of the well informed men of the cir-
cle in which he moves. After leaving the grammar school he be-
came a clerk in a general merchandise store in the town of his
birth. So ably and so faithfully did he devote himself to the in-
terests of his employers that he was gradually advanced from posi-
tion to position until he was made cashier. That responsible place
he resigned in 1905 to come to Sacramento, where he entered the

HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 877

service of Mr. Morgan, president of the Owl Transfer Companj' and
of the American Fish Company. With the company first mentioned
he labored a year, then was transferred to the office of the Ameri-
can Fish Company. There he was started in 1906 as assistant book-
keeper, and his rise to be cashier and secretary of the concern has
been rapid and those who know him best know that his promotion
has been worthily won and well deserved.

By marriage, Mr. Sisson united his fortunes with those of Miss
Ella May Bach of Knight's Ferry, Stanislaus county. Their mar-
riage was celebrated May 8, 1900, and they have an interesting lit-
tle daughter, Marjorie, born October 30, 1909. Mr. Sisson is an
Odd Fellow, high in the councils of his order. Mrs. Sisson is iden-
tified with the Order of the Eastern Star and with the Native
Daughters. Her father, who was a prominent farmer and stockman,
was both a Mason and an Odd Fellow.

CHARLES H. CROCKER

There are many young men who upon the threshold of life's ac-
tivities pause with irresolute steps, uncertain as to future labors,
undecided as to business or professional preferences, and unwitting
as to their own capabilities. Such, however, was not the experi-
ence of Mr. Crocker, who notwithstanding the handicap of limited
educational opportunities and lack of means to continue his studies
made an early resolution to fit himself for the profession of the law.
From the time the determination was made he devoted every en-
ergy to the acquisition of a law education. No effort was neg-
lected that would promote the task of preparation. As a conse-
quence of his singleness of purpose he achieved the anticipated
results, entered upon his chosen life work and now has a high
standing at the bar of Northern California, achieving a purpose-
ful career through his own force of will and his trained mental
faculties.

While not among the earliest settlers of California the Crocker
family has been identified with the west for thirty-five years or more.
William C. Crocker, a native of Redruth, coimty of Cornwall, Eng-
land, and a miner by occupation, had been employed in various
eastern mines prior to his removal to the coast and while follow-
ing his chosen occupation at Galena, 111., his son, Charles H., was
boru in that city September 15, 1870. In 1876 William C. Crocker
came to the Pacific coast with a view to permanent settlement. For
a time prior to the above date he sojourned at Virginia City, Nev.,

878 HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

aud was connected with the introduction of the Burleigh drilling
machine on the Comstock lode. While he was working in the quick-
silver mines in Santa Clara county, Cal., he sent for his family
(consisting of wife, daughter and son), and on the 1st of October,
1877, they arrived in Sacramento, from which place they immedi-
ately proceeded to Santa Clara county. During 1880 the family
established a home on Sheep Ranch in Calaveras county, Cal.,
where they remained for four years, thence going to Jackson,
Amador county, where the father engaged in mining pursuits until
his death, J^'ebruary 11, 1904. His wife, in maidenhood Grace
Roberts, also a native of Cornwall, and a school teacher by profes-
sion, died in Sacramento September 10, 1912. Their family com-
prised' seven children, of whom Charles H. is the eldest. In 1877,
at the age of seven years, he came to California with his mother
and received his education in the schools of this state.

When only seventeen years of age Charles H. Crocker became
interested in the study of law and thereafter, although the neces-
sity of earning a livelihood interrupted his studies, he did not lose
sight of his ambitious purposes. For a time he taught school in
Amador county. In 1892 he was appointed deputy county clerk of
Amador county, which position he filled for sixteen months. Mean-
while he carried on his studies during leisure hours. Originally a
student with Eagan & Rust, the leading law firm of Amador county,
he later studied under E. C. Farnsworth (then the district attorney
of Amador county, now practicing in Visalia), and also had the
advantage of study under J. J. Paulsell, of Stockton. In 1893 he
was admitted to practice in the supreme court and in 1901 he was
also admitted to the United States district court. Taking up a
permanent residence in Sacramento during 1909, he has since won
a high standing among the attorneys in the capital city. Prior
to his removal to this place he had his office in Amador coimty, but
his wide range of practice included several counties and meanwhile
he also maintained an active part in politics as a leading local
worker in the Republican party. May 2, 1903, he was united in
marriage with Miss Ellen Curnow, of San Jose.

ANDREW ANDERSON

The early recollections of Mr. Anderson are associated pleas-
antly with the prosperous city of Ribe, lying on the banks of the
stream of the same name not far from the point where the tumultu-
ous waves of the North Sea dash against the isolated coast of Den-

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 879

mark. That same thrifty town of Ribe is his native place, and he
was born Marcli 7, 1859, son of Nelson and Annie M. Anderson,
lifelong residents of the Danish kingdom. While the associations
of his childhood were prinoiiially Scandinavian, there was some in-
termingling with representatives of the Teutonic race, for quite
near the Ribe was the province of Schleswig-Holstein, whose orig-
inal Danish residents had been replaced to some extent by German
farmers. There were excellent national schools at Ribe and in them
he acquired a fair knowledge of the three R's, but at the age of
fourteen he discontinued the study of text-books for the compli-
cated processes incident to acquiring a kiiowledge of a trade. The
calling to which he served an apprenticeship was that of cabinet-
maker and in it he gained considerable skill under the capable over-
sight of skilled masters of the craft.

Crossing the ocean to the United States during 1881 at the age
of twenty-two years Mr. Anderson settled temporarily in Boston,
Mass., where he secured employment as a cabinet-maker. In 1883
he came west as far as Milwaukee, Wis., and there spent six months
as an employe in cabinet-making. From that city he proceeded
to California and settled in Sacramento, where he entered the
Southern Pacific Railroad shops as a cabinet-maker. Eleven busy
years were spent in those shops and afterward he spent one year
in the planing mill operated by Pierson, Arason & Burnett. Next
he engaged as a cabinet-maker in the planting mill conducted by
Christopher Sutter. At the expiration of two years he resigned
that position and began to take building contracts, which business
he conducted with fair success during the next ten years. Eventu-
ally he discontinued the taking of contracts in order to engage
again in the planing-mill business, and since then he has operated
a mill that furnishes employment to twelve experienced men. Evi-
dence of his right reputation as a cabinet-maker appears in the
fact that leading citizens, in erecting fine residences, have looked
to him for suggestions along that line and have bought material
from his mill. In addition to providing material for many resi-
dences, he furnished that used in the Grerman Lutheran Church
of this city.

Upon becoming a citizen of the United States and having studied
the Republican form of government as exercised in our country,
Mr. Anderson affiliated himself with the Republican party, and
ever since he has been stanch in his advocacy of its principles.
Reared in the Lutheran faith and confirmed in that denomination
during early years, he still retains an earnest and faithful devo-
tion to its doctrines. Fraternally he holds membership with the
Independent Order of Odd Fellows and also has been prominently
connected with the organization Dania in Sacramento, being now

880 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

a trustee of the lodge. At the time of his removal to California he
was unmarried, his union to Fredericka Joraas having been solem-
nized in this city April 13, 1886. They are the parents of four chil-
dren. The eldest, Miss Alma, is a talented musician and teaches
that art in Sacramento. The Misses Freda and Edith are at home,
the former a graduate of Howe's Business College and the latter
being now a high-school student. The only son, Alf. C, is attend-
ing the public schools of this city.

HENRY C. KEYES

Among the men who have accomplished much in the develop-
ment of Sacramento and environs, is Mr. Keyes, organizer, secre-
tary and manager of the Sacramento Natural Gas Company, who, in
all his labors, has evidenced an executive ability and far-reaching
business judgment unexcelled by his associates.

Born in London, Ontario, Canada, May 12, 1852, Mr. Keyes re-
ceived his education in the schools of his native section and at an
early age displayed the perseverance and high ambition which have
characterized his career. His father, Henry Keyes, a native of
London and a well-known writer of ability, contributing articles
chiefly on the Canadian Northwest to different magazines, owned
and operated a fine farm near London for many years and actively
conducted his duties until he reached an advanced age, his stir-
ring poem on the Northwest having been published after he en-
tered his eighty-third year. His wife, formerly Martha Taylor,
was a woman of exceptional culture and shared every joy and sor-
row of lier husljaud and children with the spirit of abnegation char-
acteristic of the true wife and mother.

In 1868 Henry Keyes left Canada for the States, joining a
surveying party as rodman on the Alabama & Chattanooga, now
the Alabama & Great Southern Railroad, with whom he worked
for two years. Subsequently he secured a situation in the service
of the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad Company, running out of
Chicago, and he remained with them until 1876, when he came to
Placer coimty, Cal., and spent three years in following mining, at
the end of that time locating in Stockton, where he started in the
real estate business. So well did he succeed in this venture that
for twenty years he conducted a real estate and insurance busi-
ness there and also organized the Citizens Natural Gas Company
of Stockton, the affairs of which he managed for fifteen years. In

HISTOEY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY 881

1896 he started the orgauization of the Sacramento Natural Gas
Co., and in 1899 he located his residence here. He developed natural
gas in Sacramento City and nine wells have been put down by the
company, which is incorporated with a capital stock of $500,000.
It has Mty-iive miles of gas mains and is conceded to be one of
the most perfectly constructed and controlled systems of its char-
acter in the state.

Mr. Keyes is affiliated with Charity Lodge No. 6, I. 0. O. F.,
of Stockton. He is a member of Morning Star Lodge No. 68, F.
& A. M., of Stockton Chapter No. 8, E. A. M., and the Sacramento
Commandery No. 2, K. T. He is also a member of all the Scottish
Eite bodies of Sacramento up to the thirty-second degree, and is a
member of Islam Temple, N. M. S., of San Francisco. Socially
he is a member of the Sutter Club, his comprehensive knowledge
of all public matters of interest playing no inconsiderable part in
his popularity among his associates.

MOSES NIXON KIMBALL

It has been well said tliat the human soul that has never been
gauged is like the shining piece of iron ere it is subjected to the
tempering process essential to its conversion into invulnerable steel,
and certain it is that he who has passed through the crucible of
experience without the loss of his finer qualities or of his faith in
humanity, is worthy of the highest esteem of his fellowmen. In
the varied career of Mr. Kimball, president of the well known firm
of Kimball-Upson Co., who are conducting one of the largest sport-
ing goods stores in the West, all the trials and disillusionments in-
evitalile to a man of his courageous spirit and principles of right
and honor have been present, yet it is the testimony of all who
know him well that his attitude toward mankind is most generous
and his optimism regarding life one of his leading characteristics.

Born in Council Bluffs, Iowa, June 23, 1862, Mr. Kimball was
the fourth eldest child of a family of fourteen born to Caleb and
Frances (Nixon) Kimball, natives of Pennsylvania, and among the
early settlers of Iowa. Mr. Kimball is a thorough American, de-
sended from the first Puritan settlers of Massachusetts.

No question as to the validity of his claim to membership in the
organization of the Sons of the Eevolutiou could arise, since the
direct ancestors of both his father and mother served in the war

882 HISTOBY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

for Independence. On the paternal side, his great-grandfather.
Jacob Kimball, while yet a mere boy, was among the first to en-
list in a division formed in Salem, Mass., while among his moth-
er's illustrious progenitors were both Col. Ethan Allen, distin-
guished in history not only because of his wonderful service in the
capture of Fort Ticonderoga, but in numerous other engagements,
as well, and John Nixon, president of the first Continental Con-
gress which convened in May, 1775, at Philadelphia.

Mr. Kimball received his early education in the public schools
of Iowa and served an apprenticeship under his father, who fol-
lowed the vocation of contractor and builder. In 1883 he left his
home in Council Bluffs to locate in Stockton, Cal., where he re-
sumed his studies for four years in Clark's Commercial College
and Normal Institute, graduating from both departments in 1887,
after which he came to Sacramento, where he was offered a situa-
tion in the Bainbridge Business College, serving efficiently two years
prior to entering into a real estate partnership with Charles F.
Gardner, who at that time was receiver of the United States Land
Office at Sacramento. A year later, in 1891, Mr. Kimball engaged
in business for himself at 705 J street, purchasing a bicycle stock,
supplemented by a small line of sporting goods, and in 1893, having
in the interim taken Mr. L. S. Upson into the company he trans-
ferred the business to the building on the corner of Seventh and J
streets, where the new bank of D. O. Mills now stands. During
the succeeding ten years, they continued their trade upon this site,
and in 1903, upon the incorporation of the firm as Kimball-Upson
Co., moved to 609-611 K street, where they are still located.

Leaving the care of his interests in Sacramento in capable
hands, Mr. Kimball spent most of the eleven years from 1897 to
1908 in Alaska, where he was engaged in mining and speculating,
during this time spending seven or eight winters in the frigid north
meeting the adventures, hardships, fortunes and misfortimes in-
cident to the northland. Since 1908 he has resided in Sacramento,
having resumed his old work in his business house. On Decem-
ber 16, 1903, he was united in marriage with Miss Clara Miller, a
native of Georgetown, Cal., whose parents, John H. and Ellen
(Spencer) Miller, natives of California, were among the earliest set-
lers of this state. Mr. Kimball is a member of the Arctic Brother-
hood, the Pioneers of Alaska, and the Independent Order of Odd
Fellows, and he maintains a wide interest in both civic and national
develoi)ments, his special attention centering in his home section
which he is most generous in supporting. His wife is widely known
for her tact and culture and lends her assistance in many impoi*-
tant movements, sharing also her husband's varied interests.

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 883

HON. EUGENE ARAM

Tliis prominent lawyer of Sacramento, if not the oldest, is one
of the oldest native sons of California, of American born parents,
having been born at Monterey, now within the borders of the state,
more than two years before California was admitted to the Union.
The day of his birth, January 26, 1848, was two days after the dis-
covery of gold in Eldorado county, and he was one month old
when the treaty of peace was concluded with Mexico. He was of
the third generation removed from Yorkshire, England, where his
grandfather, Matthias Aram, was born, destined to become tli«
founder of the family in America, for he came to New York and
during the war of 1812 was drillmaster of United States troops.
Capt. Joseph Aram, father of Eugene, was born in the state of New
York and came with a jjarty of emigrants across the plains in 1846,
while the Mexican war was in progress. In the mountain foothills
they were met by soldiers sent by Fremont to protect them from the
rapacity of roving bands of Spaniards. Camping at Sutter's Fort,
they were escorted by soldiers to Santa Clara, where Fremont com-
missioned Joseph Aram a captain and gave him charge of the fort
at Santa Clara Mission, where he remained until the end of the
war, participating in the battle of Santa Clara and later building a
fort at Monterey. Eventually he was elected a member of the first
constitutional convention of California of 1849, and of the first state
legislature. He was a pioneer nurseryman at San Jose and raised
fruit there until his death, which occurred in June, 1898, when he was
eighty-eight years old. Plis wife, Sarah M. (Wright) Aram, died
in 1872. She was a pioneer in California and a descendant of early
English settlers in this country. Her primitive American ancestor
was one of three English brothers, one of whom was the ancestor
of Governor Silas Wright of New York. She was born in Ver-
mont, married in New York, and accompanied her husband in the
historic overland journey which brought him to honor on the Pa-
cific coast. She was the discoverer of gold on the south fork of
the Yuba, October, 1846, but word came from Sutter's Fort to hurry
through on account of the war, and they all rushed on to Fort Sut-
ter. It was two years before Marshall made his discovery and
great strike in 1848, and this same place on the south Yuba proved
afterward to be very rich. Of their family of five children born to
Mr. and Mrs. Aram two are living, Mrs. Sarah M. Cool, of Los
Angeles, and Eugene Aram.

It was in the public schools of San Jose that Mr. Aram ob-
tained his primary education. He was graduated from the Univer-
sitv of the Pacific in 1870, with the A. B. degree, and soon after-

884 HISTORY OF SACExiMENTO COUNTY

ward took up the study of law with Judge D. S. Payne, then county
judge of Santa Clara county, and was admitted to the bar in 1873.
For some years he practiced his profession at San Jose, but in
the early '80s went to Arizona and in 1885 was elected a member of
the territorial legislature. Returning to California he resumed his
practice in the state at Woodland, Yolo county, and in 1894 was
elected senator to represent the Sixth Senatorial District, compris-
ing Yuba, Sutter and Yolo counties, and served during the sessions
1895-97. A little later he located in Sacramento, where he has since
practiced his profession. ■ He was a partner of the late Gen. A. L.
Hart until the latter 's death. He gives his attention to. general
practice and has numbered among his clients some of the mo'st prom-
inent men and concerns in the state. Politically he is a strong Re-
publican and has been a delegate to various state and county con-
ventions, and in Yolo county he was a member of the County Cen-
tral Committee. During his senatorial term he had charge of the
appropriation of $300,000 for the improvement of the Sacramento
river, the first appropriation for that purpose.

In 1875 Mr. Aram married Miss Lizzie Jasper, of Yuba county,
and she died in 1892. Fraternally he affiliates with the Elks. Some-
thing more should be said in this connection of Captain Joseph
Aram, Senator Aram's father. He and members of his overland
party of 1846 had known members of the Donner party before the
latter had left for the West. The leaders of both parties had agreed
to meet on Green river and make the rest of the journey in com-
pany. The Donner party made slow progress and, a meeting not
being effected, came on by way of the Hastings cut-off. By advice
of Kit Carson the Aram party came on by way of Fort Hall, and
when it reached the Truckee river was told by Indians that the Don-
ner party was a long way back and it would be useless to wait for
them. Aram and his party crossed the mountains and arrived at
Sutter Port early in October, 1846. The Donner party arrived at
Donner Lake and was snowed in and lost.

WALTER THEODORE FOSTER

The intimate ties of ancestral and personal identification with
England were severed when the Foster family became established in
the United States during the early half of the nineteenth century.
With the head of the household came his family, which included a
son, John, then eight years of age. Reared amid frontier conditions
in Missouri, he became associated with general farm pursuits in

HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY 885

Pike county, that state, where Ms parents remained until their
deaths; but he, with the adventurous spirit of the pioneer, sought
newer lands in the far west. Establishing himself near Capay, Yolo
county, he bought a small tract of land and later added to his pos-
sessions from time to time until he had the title to about two thou-
sand acres of raw land. A portion of this has been sold, but he still
owns fourteen hundred acres, representing the energetic efforts of
his lifetime. Retired from active labors, he and his wife reside in
Berkeley, where they are surroianded by the comforts rendered pos-
sible by their own laborious and long-continued efforts.

Among the seven children comprising the family of John Fos-
ter there was a son, Walter Theodore, whose birth occurred at
Woodland, Yolo county. Gal., in September, 1872, and whose edu-
cation was secured in the public schools of that county, the Pierce
Christian College at College City, Colusa county, and a business
college from which he was graduated in 1892. His marriage, Sep-
tember 8, 1893, united him with Miss Maggie Kirtland, and they
settled on a farm in Yolo county. For a time he leased fifteen hun-
dred acres owned by the Bank of Woodland and while acting as
foreman for that institution he also became the personal owner of
three hundred and twenty acres of valuable land in Y''olo county.
For a time he operated both his own property and that of the bank,
but at the expiration of twelve years he began devoting himself
exclusively to his own tract. Two years later he came to Sacra-
mento and settled in Oak Park in October, 1906, since which time
it has been taken into the incorporation of Sacramento, but at that
time was outside of the corporate limits.

Coming to Oak Park in 1906, Mr. Foster was a member of
the ^real-estate firm of Becker & Foster until 1908 and since
the latter year he has conducted real estate activities alone, hav-
ing his office on the corner of Thirty-fifth and Cypress streets. When
he first became a resident of the suburb he bought for $800 a tract
40x75 feet in dimensions and on this site he erected a two-story
modern office and store building, for which after its completion he
was offered $25,000. Opposite the block he owns another corner,
which likewise has become very valuable. Recently he paid $12,000
for a location near his office building, and here he is now erecting a
modern fireproof moving-picture theatre, containing all the latest
ideas in such buildings and leased for three years to C. E. Hoff-
man, of Reno.

The family of Mr. and Mrs. Foster consists of four children,
namely: Lester, Grace, Meryl and Ruth. The son is not only a
student in school, but also successfully superintends the insurance
business in charge of his father. In politics Mr. Foster has been
a lifelong adherent of the Democratic party and a stanch supporter
of its principles. Although enjo^dng the opportunity of holding of-

886 HISTOBY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY

fice he has never aspired to such positions, his tastes inclining him
rather toward business pursuits. In fraternal relations he is con-
nected with the Eagles and the Independent Order of Odd Fellows.
From early life he has been a believer in the doctrines of the Chris-
tian Church and has identified himself with its missionary and char-
itable movements. No one has more faith than he in the future of
the Sacramento valley and the expansion of a Greater Sacramento,
enjoying all the advantages and conferring all the opportunities
within the power of a capital city that is progressive, prosperous
and far-reaching in its activities.

WILLIAM E. GOEE

On a slight elevation overlooking the beautiful valley to the
south a. visitor to the Fair Oaks district notes with admiration the
attractive residence owned and occupied by Mr. Gore, who in se-
lecting the location bore in mind the need of a soil adapted to his
specialties in fruit, but at the same time did not fail to note the
advantages of the eminence as the site of a modern country home.
Adjacent to the residence are the three fruit ranches which have
come under his ownership and to which he devotes considerable at-
tention, personally directing their management and overseeing the
harvesting of the fruit. In the main, however, he has given his
time to business pursuits. For a time after his arrival in Fair Oaks
he conducted a general mercantile establishment and in this he. still
owns an interest, although no longer its proprietor. Eecently he
has been interested in the management of the lumber business which
he has liought and now manages with the same keen comprehensive
energy characteristic of liim in every commercial association.

The birth of this influential citizen occurred in Clark county,
Ohio, November 18, 1858. At an early age he was taken to Illinois
by his parents, who settled on a farm in Sangamon county near the
city of Springfield. There he passed the years of youth and received
a common-school education, supplemented by attendance at the Spring-
field liigh school. Immediately after completing his studies he began
to learn the profession of a pharmacist, in which he soon acquired
proficiency. For some twenty years he carried on a drug store at
Mechanicsburg, III, near Springfield, and meanwhile he devoted
his leisure hours to the supervision of a valuable farm of one hun-
dred and sixty acres which he had bought with the ]irofits of the
business. At Mechanicsburg he was also a local leader of the Demo-
cratic party and a well-known politician, serving as a delegate to

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 887

numerous conventions and influencing the decisions of many as-
semblies of local party men. The only office which he consented to
hold was that of assessor, but he aided his friends in their candi-
dacies and kejjt himself thoroughly posted in regard to all impor-
tant i3olitical measures.

Having made visits to California in 1896 and '98 and having
purchased property in Fair Oaks in 1896, Mr. Gore located perma-
ently in California in the year 1900. Settling at Fair Oaks, he iden-
tified himself with the district by the purchase of a tract which he
has since developed and still owns. His activities have been varied,
for he has been a fruit rancher, merchant and owner of a lumber
yard. In addition he promoted the organization of the Fair Oaks
Bank, bought stock in the concern and now serves as one of the di-
rectors. A further proof of his devotion to the community is given
in his zealous promotion of the Fair Oaks Fruit Company, in which
he was one of the first to buy stock and to which he has tendered
time as well as means with a firm faith in its importance to the com-
munity. Indeed, every enterprise of value to the town has felt the
impetus of his energy and sagacity and he even has found leisure
to promote numerous commercial ventures outside of Fair Oaks, for
while this place naturally receives the principal share of his time,
thought and investments, he jDosseses the broad patriotic spirit that
foresees the general prosperity of the commonwealth and desires to
aid in its permanent up-building. Sharing with him in the good-will
of the community are his wife, a woman of culture, and his daugh-
ter, Miss Hortense S., who is a graduate of Mills College. The only
other child in the family, Flutie, died during infancy. Prior to their
marriage, which was solemnized at Springfield, 111., Decemlier 6,
1882, Mrs. Gore bore the name of Miss Lizzie McDaniel. The fam-
ily of which she was a member bore a part in the early upbuilding
of Sangamon county, where she was born and where during girl-
hood she received the educational training, afterwards graduating
from St. Mary's College at Knoxville, which forms the foundation
of her broad fund of general information and her wide scope of men-
tal attainments.

WILLIAM GEARY

Perhaps no occupation presents more difficulties to the amateur
or imposes greater responsibilities upon the expert than that of phar-
macy. The fact that, during a very long and close identification
with the drug business, Mr. Geary has met with exceptional suc-
cess in the work proves his natural qualifications of accuracy, in-

888 HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY

telligence and trustworthiaess. When he left school, scarcely more
than a boy, it was for the purpose of studying the drug business, and
as the years passed he displayed an increasing knowledge of the
occupation. From that he rose by thrift and energy into a finan-
cial association with an old-established drug establishment, and
eventually he acquired a large interest in a western house. When
it is remembered that he began without means or influence and rose
from a humble station into prominence and business success, it will
be realized that he possesses abilities of a high order, and such
indeed is his reputation throughout the country tributary to the city
of Sacramento.

It was during 1881 that Mr. Geary first became a resident of
Sacramento, where later he achieved business success of a high order.
For a long period prior to his removal to the west he had been
identified with Canada and the eastern states, but his residence in
our own state has covered so many years that he is now a typical
Californian, loyal to the progress of the commonwealth, interested
in any movement for the general welfare and a contributor to proj-
ects of permanent value to the people. Of Canadian birth, he was
born in London, Canada, in March of 1837, and received his educa-
tion in the schools of that city, but at the age of fifteen left school
in order to learn the drug business. When nineteen years old he
went to Philadelphia, Pa., and secured employment with a large
drug firm. As a traveling salesman for that house he visited the
principal cities of the east and gained a comprehensive knowledge
of all that section of country. The west, however, proved so much
more alluring to him than the older-settled east that in 1862 he be-
came a resident of San Francisco, where he made his home for al-
most twenty years, meanwhile being connected with a wholesale
drug firm. Upon coming to Sacramento and assuming the manage-
ment of the wholesale drug house of H. C. Kirk & Co., he became
a partner in the business, the title of which was thereupon changed
to Kirk, Geary & Company. Since then he has built up one of the
most important drug houses of its kind in the state, and he has es-
tablished a wholesale trade whose customers comprise retail deal-
ers throughout California, Nevada and Southern Oregon.

EDWARD H. GERBER

The intimate identification of an honored pioneer family with
the interests of Northern California finds expression in the mani-
fold activities engaging the attention of Edward H. Gerber, a life-
long resident of the state and a native son of Sacramento. Belong-

HISTORY OP SACEAMENTO COUNTY 889

ing to the younger generation whose task it is to develop the weighty
interests secured by their fathers, he has been wholly exempt from
the privations of the pioneer era and from the vicissitudes incident
to a frontier environment. His has been an enjoyment of twentieth-
century advantages, an appreciation of present-day opportunities
and a familiarity with the culture and refinement typical of every
portion of the state in the preaeut period of development; at the
same time, with these advantages, he has faced great responsibili-
ties, all of which he has met and discharged with tact, energy and
forcefulness of purpose.

A son of W. E. and Hattie (Lyon) Gerber, the former from
Buffalo, N. Y., and the latter from Boston, Mass., Edward H. Ger-
ber was born March 25, 1883, and received his early education in
Sacramento, after which he attended St. Matthews College at San
Mateo until the completion of the regular curriculum of that insti-
tution. With his entrance into the business world there began an
association of some duration with a firm of wholesale hop dealers
in San Francisco. In the interests of their business he traveled in
Europe for two years and on his return to the United States re-
mained in New York City for some time as superintendent of their
branch office there. Returning to California he became interested
in general ranching and had the supervision of extensive tracts of
land and herds of stock. An organization of which he acts as presi-
dent and which has its offices at the California National Bank, Sac-
ramento, is incorporated under the title of the Tehama Investment
Company. This company has laid out and built up the town of Ger-
ber, Tehama county, a point planned by the Southern Pacific Rail-
road Company as a division center with passenger and freight
connections from Red Bluff. Mr. Gerber is a director in the California
National Bank and is vice-president of the Farmers' and Mechan-
ics' Savings Bank. In addition he is the owner of the Buckley-
Gerber Abstract and Title Company, one of the oldest concerns of
the kind in the entire state. Varied as are his business interests
and comprehensive as are his activities, he neA^ertheless finds leisure
for participation in social functions and with his wife enjoys a
popularity as broad as the circle of his acquaintances. The Bo-
hemian Club of San Francisco and the Sutter Club have his name
enrolled among their members. The Masonic order also has the
benefit of his identification with its measures, particularly those
relating to the work of Washington Lodge No. 20, F. & A. M., in
which he has been a member for some years. His marriage, Sep-
tember 8, 1908, imited him with Miss Gertrude Whitaker, of Gait,
daughter of the late Andrew Whitaker, a citizen whose wealth and
fine personal qualities brought him into prominence throughout his
section of the state.

890 HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY

FERDINAND KOHLER

An almost universal progressive tendency in business circles
and an expansion of commercial affairs commensurate with local
development have been noticeable in the history of Sacramento dur-
ing the opening years of the twentieth century. One of the very
few exceptions to the otherwise universal rule of expansion has been
the history of the milling industry, which has been injuriously af-
fected by the lessened wheat acreage in Northern California. The
land liaving proved adapted to crops exceedingly remunerative in
value has been taken from its original cultivation in grain and has
been devoted to more profitable uses. As a result many mills have
discontinued business and of those still in operation the Phoenix
is one of the few that shows a constantly increasing patronage. The
cause of this prosperity is not difficult to ascertain. It is a result of
superior business management and the securing of a product of un-
surpassed quality.

The secretary and treasurer of the Phoenix flouring mill is a
natiA-e of Germany, but has made America his home since 1872 and
at the expiration of two years in Montana he came to Sacramento
in 1874, since which time he has risen to prominence among the
business men of the city. The firm of George Schroth & Co. pur-
chased the mill in 1881 and incorporated the business under the name
of the Phoenix Milling Co. in 1892. The original president was
George Schroth, who died in 1902. Ferdinand Kohler, who was
the first secretary and treasurer, has continued in the office up to
the ]iresent time and has given his time closely to the upbuilding of
the business. The first directors were J. G. and W. C. Schroth and
J. II. Arnold, in addition to the president and secretary. The com-
pany met with a severe loss in 1885, when the plant burned to the
ground, Init in rebuilding a more substantial structure was erected
and more modern equipment provided, so that every facility has
been secured for the attainment of satisfactory results.

The fact that the company has agents and warehouses at Placer-
ville, Chico and Oakland proves the importance of its business and
the expansion of its interests. The output averages three hundred
and fifty barrels per day, twenty-five tons of rolled barley and twenty
tons of other mill feed. The reputation of the mill has been greatly
enhanced by the manufacture of their famous specialty. White Rose
wheat flakes, a favorite cereal among the people of Northern Cali-
fornia and a product whose superior quality has resulted in an
enormous sale in every locality where introduced.

HISTORY OP" SACRAMENTO COUNTY 891

WILLIAM F. GORMLEY

The county of Fermanagh, around whose historj- there cluster
legends of romance and tales of tragedy, formed the environment
familiar to the childhood days of William F. Gormley, who was born
in the village of Irvinestown, March 5, 1862, and belonged to an
old family in the north of Ireland. Memories of those early years,
as they mingle with the interesting activities of maturity, form a
pleasant background to life's bright picture of earnest purpose and
manly action. The first eventful change in the family atfairs came
in 1871 with the departure of the father, Thomas Gormley, from the
old Irish home. For years he had worked in Fermanagh as a mill-
wright and pattern-maker and his removal to California was the
result of a contract to look after the mining interests left by Will-
iam Hughes, one of the pioneers of Eldorado county at a camp
known as Georgia Slide and who had some years previous been
struck by a large rock in the mine and received fatal injuries. The
following year the mother with their two sons and one daugliter
followed Mm to America and joined him in Eldorado county.

It was in 187-1: that the family came to Sacramento, where the
father entered the employ of the Southern Pacific Railroad shops
as a machinist and later was pattern-maker. He is now making his
home in Sacramento, his wife, Mary Ann Gormley, having passed
away November 2, 1903. William F. Gormley was but twelve years
old when his parents brought him to Sacramento, and he entered the
city schools to complete his studies. During 1877 he became an ap-
prentice in a bookbinding establishment and at the expiration of his
time he continued at his trade in the state printing office, where he
remained for a period of nine years altogether. When the state
established a bindery in 1886 he secured a position there in a very
humble capacity and at low wages. Although at that time he voted
the Democratic ticket while the head of the department, A. J. John-
ston, was an ardent Republican, owing to his efficiency in the busi-
ness he rose to 1)e assistant foreman and the difference of his politi-
cal views with those of his superiors was not allowed to jeopardize
his position. Eventually, when he was assistant, he tendered his
resignation in order to enter other lines of business.

The undertaking business which he still conducts was estab-
lished by Mr. Gormley October 1, 1897, and later he erected the sub-
stantial structure at No. 914 Eighth street, where he established a
public morgue, the first in the county. Elected coroner in 1902,
he was re-elected to the office at the expiration of his term four
years later and during 1910 he was chosen for the third term, which
he now fills. During February of 1911 he purchased the former

892 HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

home of Grove L. Johnson, father of the present governor of Cali-
fornia, which is located at No. 720 H street. Through various im-
provements and enlargements he has bviilt ujd one of the finest es-
tablishments of its kind in the northern part of the state and to
add to the convenience of his equipment he recently purchased an
automobile ambulance. During the period of his association with
the bookbinding business he attended the convention of the Inter-
national Brotherhood of Bookbinders at Buffalo, N. Y., in May of
1895 and in that session he received the honor of election as viee-
]iresident. For one term he held office as president of the Feder-
ated Trades Council.

With the honored Bishop, Thomas Grace, acting as officiating
clergyman, the marriage of William F. Gormley and Mamie E.
Fogarty was solemnized January 8, 1896. They are the parents of
three children, namely: William Manogaie, born February 1, 1897;
Thomas Grace, March 27, 1898; and Mary Frances, August 20, 1901.
Mrs. Gormley is a member of a pioneer family and is a niece of Et.
Eev. Patrick Manogue, remembered with affection as the first bishop
of the Sacramento diocese, embracing all of Northern California and
Western Nevada. With his family Mr. Gormley holds membership
in the Cathedral of the Blessed Sacrament at Sacramento. That
prominent and successful Eoman Catholic fraternity, the Knights of
Columbus, has in him a loyal and generous member. Recognition of
his ability has come in his. selection to serve as grand knight of the
local council. He is a member of the local branch of Catholic Knights
of America, of which he has served as both secretary and president.
In 1895 he was honored by being chosen by the state convention as
representative from California to the National Convention of the
Catholic Knights of America at Omaha, Neb., and his influence was
apparent in many of the measures adoi)ted by the assembly.

BEENHAEDT P. KOCH

With the inheritance of a name indicative of his Teutonic an-
cestrj^ Mr. Koch also inherited the national characteristics of thrift,
industry and unwearied perseverance; and although he came to
the new world in yoimg manhood and identified himself thoroughly
with the interests of his adopted country, he never lost the attri-
butes of character which are found in the German race the world
over. In the German town, where his birth had occurred in 1857, it
was his good fortune to attend the national schools, which prepared
him for the responsibilities of life and enabled him to conduct his

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 893

own business affairs with, accuracy and promptness. After he had
left school he learned the trade of tailor, and this he followed for
some years in his home land. Meanwhile he had heard much con-
cerning the opportunities offered by the new world and finally he
decided to east in his fortunes with those of 'the people beyond the
sea; accordingly he bade farewell to old friends and relatives, took
passage on a ship bound for New York and landed in due time in
the metropolis of the new world, where he found employment with-
out delay. After a time he removed to Pennsylvania and there in
August of 1887 he was united in marriage with Miss Engla l^ahm,
who like himself claimed Germany as her native land. Their union
was one whose mutual happiness and helpfulness was broken only
by his death in May, 1896, ere yet old age had claimed him for its
own and while the future had seemed to offer many more years of
usefulness in his chosen work.

Subsequent to the demise of Mr. Koch his widow and children
came to California and settled in Sacramento, where now they re-
side at No. 3211 W street. There were four children in the family
and all of them were born in Pennsylvania, where the eldest of the
four died at an early age. The three now living are with their
mother in Sacramento, where the older son, Harry B., is employed
by the California Wine Company, and the only daughter, Elsie, acts
as stenographer and typist for one of the leading business firms.
The youngest child, Karl W., is a student in the Sacramento high
school.

HARRY WORTHINGTON LEONARD

Just south of the city of Sacramento lies the old Leonard home-
stead, which originally embracing one hundred and thirty acres has
been reduced by various sales of small tracts, so that the place still
owned by the family now contains only eighteen acres. Years ago
the ranch was the home of a large family, for Albert and Caroline
(Merrill) Leonard were the parents of eleven children and all but
one of these attained maturity and still survive. A native of Massa-
chusetts the father came to California on a sailing vessel around
Cape Horn in 1849, and almost immediately upon arriving in this
state located in Sacramento, where he was associated in different
Imsiness enterprises, becoming well and favorably known, and here
he remained until his death, which occurred in 1891, when he was
sixty-five years old. He was one of the first real estate dealers in
Sacramento, and for thirty years was interested in that enterprise.
The mother was born in Illinois, and crossed the plains in 1849. Her

894 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

death occurred January 8, 1912. Harry Worthington, the youngest
child born to them, first saw the light of day in Sacramento July
7, 1877. His education was obtained in the public schools, after
which he entered the Southern Pacific Railroad shop as an appren-
tice coppersmith. Completing this he spent about eleven years in
the shops and in 1907 accepted the appointment of superintendent
and secretary of the I. 0. 0. F. Lawn Cemetery, which position he
has filled ever since. The cemetery was established and platted
in 1906, since which time there has been a constant effort to de-
velop the natural beauties. An attractive entrance has been planned
and trees have been planted which, with the aid of well-kept lawns
and flowers, will supplement the natural charm of the spot, making
of the cemetery one of the most beautiful in the state.

Mr. Leonard was united in marriage, March 9, 1904, with Miss
Ella Jones, memlier of a well-known family of the capital city. The
local prominence of Mr. Leonard as a worker in the Republican
party led to his selection for the ofiBce of public administrator, to
which he was elected in November of 1910 and which he still fills
with discrimination and painstaking attention to details. From
young manhood he has been actively connected with the Independent
Order of Odd Fellows and for seven years he served as secretary of
Eldorado Lodge No. 8, Sacramento, besides which for one term he
officiated as district deputv. He is clerk of the Canton, Uniform
Rank, I. 0. O. F.

ARTHUR H. LINDSAY

Tlie secretary and manager of the Pacific Grocery and Produce
Company belongs to that noteworthy circle of Califoruiaus who
achieve a fair degree of success along any line of endeavor. By birth
he is eligible to membership with the Native Sons of the Golden
West, for he claims Siskiyou county as his earliest home and the
center of his youthful activities. Born May 11, 1873, he was a mem-
ber of a pioneer family and himself grew to manhood in the midst
of a frontier environment, for Siskiyou responded to the uplifting
influences of increasing population with less rapidity than other
portions of the state. Naturally, therefore, the occupations of the
frontier were tlie first to interest him and we find him buying and
selling cattle, raising stock on the broad ranges of the north country
and following the uncertain life of a miner. From the cattle indus-
try he gradually drifted into the butcher business and at an early
age he was familiar with every detail incident to that occupation.

For a considerable period the headquarters of Mr. Lindsay were

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 895

at Fort Jones, wliieli stands at the confluence of two small streams
that merge eventually into the Klamath river. A sense of isolation
is inspired by the long distance from the railroad and by the over-
hanging peaks of the Salmon mountains. Realizing that a more
central location would afford him better commercial advantages, Mr.
Lindsay closed out his interests in Siskij^ou county and removed far-
ther south, arriving at Sacramento July 30, 1907. Here he purchased
an interest in and assisted in the incorporation of an old-established
business, formerly known as D. Deirson & Co., and made popular
through a long experience covering tWenty-five busy years. The
business was incorporated with C. F. Dosch as president and A.
H. Lindsay as secretary and manager and the latter has since been
the managing head of the important and growing business. Recently
large quarters were secured in the new general market on J street,
where the firm occupies the entire west side of the market as well
as commodious floor space in the center. For thirty years J. P.
Murphy, better known as "Panama" Murphy, of baseball fame,
has been with this firm and its predecessors and meanwhile he has
gained the reputation of being the best game and produce man in the
entire state.

Upon coming to Sacramento and entering into business for
himself Mr. Lindsay was unmarried, but on Christmas day of the
following year he established domestic ties, being then united with
Miss Ethel Tilton, a cultured young lady of Sacramento, born and
reared here, also educated in the local schools. The Tilton family
holds a place among the influential pioneers of Sacramento and her
father for twenty-five years has been connected actively with Baker
& Hamilton, wholesale dealers in hardware and agriculture im]5le-
ments. While Mr. Lindsay possesses to an unusual degree the
qualities that win and retain friends in social circles, he has been
devoted so closely to business affairs that social functions and
political conventions have lacked his genial presence and helpful
encouragement. Nor has he identified himself with any of the
fraternities with the exception of the Benevolent Protective Order of
Elks, whose camp at Sacramento has the benefit of his generous con-
tributions and cordial co-operation in all progressive work.

PETER F. DONNELLY

The discovery of gold was the immediate cause of the removal
of the Donnelly family to the west and since then their identification
with the materia] upbuilding of Sacramento county has been perma-

896 HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

nent and important. Three successive generations have resided at
Folsom, the original Argonaut, Henry F., representing the first
generation, while his children and grandchildren continue the family
identification with this section of Sacramento county. All have
been characterized by a patriotic devotion to the local welfare, a
pride of citizenship in this great commonwealth, a personal associa-
tion with important commercial affairs and a decided individual
interest in mining activities. A genuine degree of success has re-
warded their painstaking efforts and they have become well known
in tlieir chosen place of residence.

Not only was Henry F. Donnelly a native of Pater son, N. J.,
but his wife, who bore the maiden name of Katie McKernan, likewise
claimed that city as the place of her birth. Upon coming to California
immediately after hearing of the discovery of gold, this pioneer began
to prospect and mine and he never lost his interest in such work,
although later he gave his attention almost wholly to ranching in
Sacramento county and at one time owned the Natoma grant. Over
the broad range his large herd of cattle roamed throughout much of
the year, and when the round-ups came and those ready for market
were sold he usually received a neat sum to repay him for the care of
the stock. He died in 1877 while yet in middle life. His widow was
later married to Mr. Foster, and she now resides in Sacramento.

Peter F. Donnelly, son of Henry F., was born at Folsom, Sacra-
mento county, October 22, 1875, and at the age of six entered the
Folsom primary department of the public school. Later he studied
in the grammar school, but at the age of thirteen he discontinued his
studies and took up the task of self-support.

Ever since his father's death Mr. Donnelly carried on a livery
and teaming business in connection with his brother, and besides
owning this stable he was also proprietor of the Folsom hotel. These
he conducted imtil 1912, since which time he has leased them. He
owns other valuable property interests, and in addition to devoting
considerable time to the care of these various holdings he is also
serving as constable of Folsom. Prior to 1905, and since then, he has
served as deputy, in all six years, during which time he made some
important arrests, among them being the Natoma high-graders. At
this writing he is engaged in mining, owning and working some gravel
mines that hold out especially fascinating inducements. Throughout
all of his life he has been identified with the Roman Catholic Church
and his contributions to its maintenance and charities have been
large. The Eepidiliean party has received his ballot ever since he
attained his majority. His marriage took place April 8, 1901, and
united him with Miss Mollie Scott, who was born in Iowa, but has
spent her life principally in the west. Of this union there are three
sons, Henry, James and Peter, to whom the father hopes to give

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 897

every educational advantage possible and every opportunity to pre-
pare with tliorougliness for life's responsibilities. In fraternal rela-
tions he is connected with the Eagles, the U. P. E. C. and the Native
Sons of the Golden West.

JACOB J. FISCHER

As one of the members of the Sacramento broom factory Mr.
Fischer retains an intimate identification with one of tlie well-known
industries in Sacramento. Long experience in the work admirably
qualifies him for the accurate discharge of all duties connected with
his responsible position. Although not an elderly man, but still in
the prime of mature activities, he has given more than one-quarter
of a century to work at the one trade and meanwhile he has acquired
a thorough knowledge of the industry. Up-to-date machinery has
been introduced, and the output has been increased. While a portion
of the raw material comes from Illinois, much is liought in California
and largely grown in Sacramento county on the river of the same
name, in the district lying north of Knight's Landing. The special
product is the house broom of ordinary size but superior quality and
in addition there is manufactured every other kind of broom for
which any demand exists.

Himself a native of Marietta, Ohio, born December 5, 1865, Jacob
J. Fischer comes of Teutonic parentage. When they were young his
parents, William and Catherine Fischer, came across the ocean from
Germany and settled at Marietta, Ohio, where the former followed
the trade of boot and shoemaking. While yet in the old country he
had served an apprenticeship to the trade and his unusual expertness
was recognized by a large circle of customers. Throughout practically
all of his active life he followed the same occupation, quietly and
successfully continuing his work imtil his death at the old Ohio home
about 1894. His widow still continues to reside in Ohio. Of their
five sons William is a lawyer in Rainier, Ore.; Frederick is engaged
in the ministry and has a charge at Zanesville, Ohio; Edward is a
business man of Rockford, 111. ; while Herman carries on a grocery
business in Indianapolis, Ind. The fifth, Jacob J., likewise has been
successful in his life efforts and by his high standing and enviable
reputation adds prestige to an honored family name.

The financial condition of the jiarents did not permit idleness on
the part of the sons and we find that Jacob J. Fischer was a mere
lad when he began to earn a livelihood through emplo^Tuent on farms
and through work at the broom-maker's trade. The latter he acquired
familiaritv with when verv voung and alwavs liked the work, so that

898 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

he naturally drifted into it as a permanent occupation. Seeking em-
ployment in various parts of the country he continued as a journey-
man for some time. During early manhood he became interested in
the west and decided to come hither, but lie made tlhe journey a
means of self-support and of education. Work at the trade enabled
him to earn his own way through the country, and he was thus able
to gain an excellent knowledge of various sections of the United
States. During June of 1899 he arrived in Sacramento and here
he promptly found a position with the Columbia Company, in whose
employ he remained, meanwhile by various promotions reaching the
position of manager. Contimiing until October, 1912, he resigned and
with three partneis started the Sacramento Broom Factory at No.
1715 Fifteenth street. Of his two children the older daughter, Delia,
married Roy Walthers and resides in San Francisco; the younger
daughter. May, is at home. Fraternally Mr. Fischer is associated
with the Druids, Knights of Pythias, Improved Order of Red Men
and Independent Order of Odd Fellows. In national elections he votes
with the Republican party, but in local campaigns he gives his
influence to those whom he regards as best qualified to represent the
peo])le, irrespective of their political ties.

ALFRED GILBERT FOLGER

Shortly before his death during the latter part of the eighteenth
century the illustrious philosopher and statesman. Dr. Benjamin
Franklin, presented to his namesake and relative, Benjamin Franklin
Folger, of Nantucket, a medallion head as a token of affection and
remembrance. This souvenir, which presents an excellent likeness
of the noted doctor, is now in the possession of Alfred Gilbert Folger,
a grandson of the original owner and himself a claimant to kinshiji
with the statesman through the latter 's mother, who was a member
of the Folger family of Massachusetts. In addition to his relationshi]-*
to one of America's most noted men, he also is a descendant of a
Fortj^-niner, his grandfather, Hosmer P.' Osborn, having come to the
west immediately after hearing of the discovery of gold, and many
years afterward this honored old settler served as president of the
Pioneer Society of Sacramento.

Born in the city of Sacramento April 4, 1854, Alfred Gilbert
Folger is a son of Benjamin F. and Juliana (Osborn) Folger. A fair
education received in the local schools afforded him preparation for

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 899

the activities of business. Upon starting out for himself he em-
barked in the stock industry and for two years owned and man-
aged a large flock of sheep in the northern part of the state. After
he had disposed of the sheep he turned his attention to general
farming and for six years he tilled the soil in Placer county. A
later experience of one year in the mercantile business was fol-
lowed by his association in 1890 with the People's Saving Bank of
Sacramento. At first he held a position as teller and bookkeeper, but
in a short time he was made assistant cashier. Upon the resignation
of the cashier, George W. Lorenz, in 1906 Mr. Folger was selected
to fill the vacancy. Largely as the result of his far-seeing business
judgment, the bank decided to purchase the site on the corner of
Eighth and J streets. On this unexcelled location the finest bank
building in Sacramento was erected at a cost of $275,000. The struc-
ture contains seven floors, the first of which is fitted with the elegant
appointments of a modern bank and is utilized entirely by the bank-
ing institution for its own large business, while the upper stories
are rented as offices.

The marriage of Mr. Folger took place in Sacramento, December
12, 1877, and united him with Miss Ella A. Gallup, a lifelong resident
of Sacramento and a descendant of Revolutionary ancestors. Her
parents, Josiah and Julia A. Gallup, were pioneers of the west. Mr.
Gallup, who could speak the Chinese language with fluency and was
a man of wide intelligence, held a high position among the early
settlers of the state. Until his death, which occurred in 1859, he
engaged extensively in raising and buying mules to be utilized for
transportation purposes, a business of great importance owing to the
fact that no railroad had as yet been built into the valley. The only
daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Folger is Miss Julia Ardel Folger, born
October 31, 1890, and educated in Mills College near Oakland. Both
Mr. and Mrs. Folger are prominent in the most exclusive circles of
Sacramento society, Mrs. Folger being one of the leading members
of the Tuesday Club, while he is past president of the Sunset Parlor,
Native Sons of the Golden West. He was made a Mason in Wash-
ington Lodge No. 20, F. & A. M., is member of Sacramento Chapter
No. 3, R. A. M., Sacramento Council No. 1, R. & S. M., Sacramento
Commandery No. 2, K. T., and is a member of Islam Temple, N. M. S.
of San Francisco. The Sutter Club numbers him among its members,
and he is also a member of the Junior Society of California Pioneers.
The Republican party has received his ballot ever since he attained
his majority and he has been stanch in the support of the principles
which he believes to best conserve the permanent progress of our
commonwealth and country.

900 HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY

EICHARD C. lEVINE

The twentieth century has been marked by the inauguration and
rise of many public-spirited projects, few of which possess greater
value or promise greater benefit than the good-roads movement. As
a pioneer worker in the developing of the roads E. C. Irvine gained
local prominence many years ago, when the movement was yet in
its infancy. Consistently advocating permanence in roads, from the
first he opposed the temporary quality and unsatisfactory nature of
such work as was done on the roads, but gave the pressure of his
influence toward better highways as a precursor to better farms and
larger profits to the farmers. Before automobiles had come into
common use and their owners had united to advocate a more satis-
factory highway, he had attracted attention through his persistent
efforts to interest property-owners in such work. It has been his
privilege to see a marked advance and a deepened interest in the
movement, but he believes the work already accomplished is only the
predecessor of greater efforts in the .years to come.

Taking up a consideration of Mr. Irvine's personal history, it
may be stated that he was born in Jefferson City, Mo., February
5, 1846, a son of Capt. Alexander and Lou Anne Irvine, of that state.
His father raised a company which was assigned to the regiment
of Colonel Donovan for service in the Mexican war, and he served
as captain. Wounded in the first engagement of his company, he
started for the Paso Eobles Springs, CaL, but after a few weeks
became so ill that he was obliged to turn back. Nevertheless, in 1850,
Captain Irvine piloted a train across the plains to California, where
the family made their home. Eichard C. Irvine for some years at-
tended the public schools of St. Louis, Mo., but in 1859 he accompanied
the family to California and settled in Eldorado county, where he
continued his studies in the public schools. In 1862 he secured a
clerkship in the general mercantile business in his home county and
continued in the same position until his removal in 1870 to Sacra-
mento, where he engaged as clerk with E. Stone & Co., wholesale
saddlers. Later he was promoted to a salesmanship for the company.
When they first sold out in 1881 to A. A. Van Voorhies & Co., Mr.
Irvine bought stock in the new concern and continued a partner in
the business until January of 1891, when he sold out his interest.

After a period of service as county assessor from 1891 to 1895
Mr. Irvine was appointed by Governor Budd as a member of the
bureau of highways, the executive's attention having been drawn to
him through his intense interest in every phase of the good-roads
movement. During 1896 he resigned the position to take charge of

HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY 901

a large wholesale saddlery in Los Angeles. After a year in Southern
California he returned to Sacramento and took charge of the Capital
Soap Company until 1898. From that time until 1903 he served as
deputy to the city street superintendent, after which he was manager
of the Wilson Manufacturing Company. His first appointment as
city superintendent of streets came to him in January, 1906, and for
two years he filled the position with scrupulous fidelity, resigning in
January of 1908 to serve as general inspector over country roads,
which office had been tendered him by the county board of super-
visors. At the expiration of a term of two years he was again ap-
pointed city superintendent of streets and continued to fill the position
with marked intelligence and industrious application.

The marriage of Mr. Irvine and Miss Adelaide Wells took place
in Sacramento in March of 1881 and they have since been popular
in society functions, also contributors to the Methodist Episcopal
Church, South, with which they are identified. Always stanch in his
allegiance to the Democratic party, Mr. Irvine is yet broad in his
views and concedes to other voters the same choice of nominees and
measures which he demands for himself. A man of genial disposition
and companionable nature, he finds pleasure in social and fraternal
activities and is one of the founders of the McNeil Club of Sacra-
mento. In addition he has been a leading local worker in the Ancient
Order of United Workmen, Knights of Honor, Loyal Order of Moose
and the Masonic Order, in which he has taken many degrees, including
that of Knight Templars and Nobles of the Mystic Shrine.

E. McELWAINE

Noteworthy among the industrial plants of Sacramento may be
mentioned the one founded by Mr. McElwaine and promoted through
his intelligent, capable efforts as secretary and treasurer. This
organization, incorporated under the title of the Sacramento Pump
Manufacturing and Supply Company, is a somewhat recent acquisi-
tion to the commercial institutions of the capital city, but already
it has proved its value to the locality and has given promise of im-
portant future development. The plant is located at No. 1800 E
street, where machine work of all kinds and also foundry work may
be done expeditiously and with thoroughness. With H. I. Seymour
as president and with other capable business men and engineers con-
nected with the foundry and machine shop, all contracts receive
prompt attention and the business is promoted by sagacious super-

902 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

vision. A specialty is made of ceutrifugal pumps for all purposes,
also of refrigerating plant supplies and in these lines the firm has
established a wide and excellent reputation.

A son of W. J. McElwaine, for many years a citizen of Northern
California, R. McElwaine was born March 19, 1874, in the mining
town of Oroville, in Butte county, so that he is eligible to member-
ship with the Native Sons of the Golden West. At an early age he
accompanied the family from Butte county to Solano county, where
he attended the grammar school at Dixon and later l^ecame a student
in the Dixon highsehool. Upon the completion of the studies in local
schools he began to earn his own livelihood, but there remained
with him a desire for further educational advantages, and to gratify
this ambition he entered the Leland Stanford University in 1896,
continuing a student in that institution for two years. From 1898
until 1900 he was connected with the United States navy in the
transport service. Upon his return to Dixon he acquired laud near
that village and became interested in farming, which occupation en-
gaged his attention until December, 1910, the time of his removal
to Sacramento. In this city he helped to organize the company of
which he since has been secretary and treasurer and whose success
he has promoted by personal eiforts. Ever since attaining his ma-
jority he has voted with the Democratic party and has maintained a
warm interest in public affairs, although he has not solicited official
honors for himself, nor has he exhibited partisan spirit in local issues.
In fraternal relations lie holds membership with the Masons and
the Knights of Pvthias.

CASSIUS M. PHINNEY

The secret of success iu all undertakings is to be found not alone
in faithfulness to duty, Init, as well, in the power to maintain through
all situations a well defined, individual purpose; for rarely does
failure reward the man who believes in his hopes and accords
them the patience and energy essential to their fruition. Ambitious
from boyhood to Ijecome a successful business man, and sup]ilement-
ing his yearnings by strong, concentrative effort, the prosperity of
Mr. Phinney has been fully merited and in his work as a member
of the well known engineering firm of Phinney, Cate and Marshall,
who maintain offices in the Forum Building, Sacramento, he has
justified the highest confidence of his associates.

A native of Mahaska county, Iowa, his birtli having occurred
there, August 9, 1865, Cassius M. Phinney moved to Nebraska with
his parents, John B. and Mary (Steward) Phinney, of Ohio. He

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 903

received bis education in York and Thayer counties, Nebr., applying
himself to his studies with such diligence that he was enabled to
graduate at an early age. Upon completing the high school coui'se
he entered the engineering corps of the Burlington & Missouri River
Railroad and studied surveying with them for two years. Then for
about two years he was county surveyor at Lincoln, and in 1887
came to Sacramento, where he secured a situation as assistant city
engineer, serving faithfully during the succeeding nineteen years. In
190G he was- elected count j' surveyor, taking the office in January,
1907, and conducting this office one term, after whicli he became
associated with C!ate & Marshall, the latter of whom served as city
engineer of Roseville, Cal., and by means of their united skill, they
succeeded in establishing an excellent business, embracing particu-
larly plans for reclamation and irrigation enterprises, street work
and sub-divisions.

Mr. Phinney's mother passed away in Seattle, Wash., in 1904,
and his sister Carrie and his father share his well appointed home.
His elder brother, H. S. Phinuey, resides in Seattle, Wash., where
he is well known as a successful fruit commission man, and save for
occasional visits to California, thus far prefers the North as a perma-
nent domicile.

Mr. Phinney is an active member of Sequoia Camp No. 104,
M. W. A., Sacramento Lodge No. 6, B. P. 0. E., and is an associate
member of the American Society of Civil Engineers, the home offices
of which last named organization are located in New York City,
and by his exemplary conduct and deep interest in jjublic affairs is"
recognized as a citizen of remarkable integritv and the highest worth.

SOLOMON RUNYON

The genealogy of the Runyon family is traced Ijack to French
ancestors, but several successive generations of the name have been
identified with American history. Michael Runyon and wife, the
latter of American birth but English parentage, lived upon a planta-
tion in Kentucky until their demise when advanced in years. Their
son, Armstead, was born and reared in the Blue Grass state, whence
he removed to Preble county, Oliio, and then became a pioneer of
Will county. 111., during a period so early in the development of the
Mississippi valley that Chicago was still a frontier trading post
and the rich agricultural section of Northern Illinois wholly undevel-
oped and sparsely inhabited. During young manhood he had married
Anna Hornbacker, who was born in Ohio of German or Pennsylvania-

904 HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

Dutch stock, and with her energetic assistance he had earned a liveli-
hood from a tract of unimproved and undeveloped land. Fond of the
frontier, a pioneer in everj' sense of that word, he found his highest
enjoyment in the strenuous labors incident to such an existence, and
when he heard of the discovery of gold in California he was as eager
to join the procession of Argonauts as though he himself had been
a stalwart youth in his teens. With his sons, 0. E., A. N. and Solo-
mon, he left Illinois early in the spring of 1849 and followed the
usual route of migration across the plains, arriving safely at Sacra-
mento during the middle of September. It was his privilege to wit-
ness the memorable era of early Californian development, the rapid
accession to the population, the admission of the state into the Union,
the growth in wealth from mines and of prosperity from the early
expansion of agricultural interests, and with his own past experience
amid frontier conditions he was in a position to understand and
appreciate the environment of the period as well as the prospects for
future development. His death occurred in Santa Eosa, where he
had spent the last days of his useful existence.

Upon the frontier farm in Will county. 111., where for years
Armstead and Anna Eunyon labored to earn for the family the neces-
sities of existence, their son, Solomon, was born November 27, 1827.
The neighborhood had not developed a public-school system and he
had scant opportunity for acquiring an education, but he learned to
read and write and to keep accounts in a primitive manner. The
broad knowledge of his later years was wholly self-acquired. Re-
maining on the home farm and working for his father until he was
twenty-one, he afterward took up the battle of life for himself.
When he came to California during 1849 he began to work in the
mines, and for two years he pursued the exciting life of a seeker
after gold, but the results did not justify further continuance.
Accordingly he resumed the occupation which in Illinois had en-
gaged his attention. During 1852 he entered one hundred and sixty
acres of state land near Schoolcraft, Solano county, and there he
settled, spending the next few years in the improvement of the
property. .September 15, 1859, he bought a ranch twenty-four miles
below Sacramento on the river of that name, and there he took up
agricultural activities with such success that- in 1868 he was able
to replace the old home with a modern mansion, which for years
ranked as the most elegant residence on the river.

After he had remained a bachelor until middle life Mr. Runyon
established a home of his own, being united in marriage, July 23,
1863, with Miss Adaline Bloom, who was born in Missouri and
arrived in California September 12, 1850, having been brought across
the plains by her parents, William H. Harrison and Delilah Bloom.
The only child of her marriage was a daughter, Ora, born January

HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY 905

18, 1875, and educated in Mills College, Oakland. Her demise occurred
November 18, 1905. The landed possessions of Mr. Eunyon were
enlarged by the purchase, December 13, 1871, of one hundred and
fifty-five acres at the head of Andrus island five miles down
the river from the old homestead. August 21, 1881, he purchased
an adjacent tract of two hundred and eighty-six acres, so that he
liad in one body four hundred aud forty-one acres of rich land.
Other acquisitions of property made him one of the largest land
owners of the entire valley and much of this vast acreage was planted
in fruit trees, so that he ranked among the most extensive orchardists
of the locality. In addition he owned considerable property in Sacra-
mento and San Francisco.

The landed possessions of Mr. Eunyon and the management of
the same did not represent the limit of the varied activities of his
useful career, xlssisting in the incorporation of the California Trans-
portation Company, he afterward retained a large amount of stock
in the concern and served upon its directorate. For years he was
interested in the Sacramento street railway and was one of six men
who bought the farm that is now Oak Park, laid out the townsite, and
built a residence as a model; and this was virtually the starting of
that prosperous suburb of Sacramento. In order to promote through-
out the west an interest in the growing of fruit he identified himself
with the State Board of Horticulture, which he served as treasurer
at one time and in which he was a member of great influence, his
recognized success as an orchardist giving him prestige among those
who were seeking to give to horticulture its rightful position near
the head of the profitable occupations of the west.

Honored among the pioneers of the state, respected by the rising
generation cognizant of his successful supervision of large enterprises,
a leader in the charities of the Knights Templar aud the Masons
of the thirty-second degree, Mr. Eunyon was regarded as one of the
most influential men of the Sacramento valley, and his death, which
occurred May 23, 1896, was regarded as a calamity to the interests
of his community. However, with a sagacity equal to his own, his
wife took up the supervision of the vast estate of twenty-eight hun-
dred acres, divided into six ranches, and she has given intelligent
and successful oversight to the important holdings, which are largely
devoted to the growing of fruit and vegetables, the raising of grain
and alfalfa and the care of dairy products. On two of her ranches
she makes a specialty of growing asparagus, having over two hun-
dred and fifty acres in that product, and is one of the largest aspara-
gus beds in the state. Markets in San Francisco and also local
canneries are supplied from these beds. In order to ascertain the
condition of every ranch and the needs of the crops, she makes
frequent trips to the tracts and gives personal attention to the same.

906 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

Her success is a matter of general observation. While owning and
occupying one of the tinest residences in Sacramento, situated at
No. 18U1 H street, and holding a position among the society leaders
of the capital city, she has not limited her life to home and society,
but has endeavored to aid in the greater interests of the entire
valley. For years she has made a specialty of reclamation work.
On this subject she is regarded as an authority in the Sacramento
valley. Her long studj- of reclamation and her broad knowledge of
the local conditions caused her to be selected as a member of the com-
mission that is studying a feasible plan for the opening of the mouth
of the Sacramento river. She is a frequent attendant at the meet-
ings of the National Rivers and Harbor Congress and enjoys the
distinction of being its only lady member in the United States, besides
having the further honor of occupying a high place in the councils
of that important organization. She is a member of the Rebekahs
and the Onisbo Chapter No. 164, O. E. S. of Sacramento, and is past
grand treasurer of the Chapter, O. E. S. of California.

FRANK MEYER

The unknown possibilities of the great coast country formed
the attraction that allured Frank Meyer when a young man of twenty
years from the older commonwealth of Missouri to the growing, pro-
gressive state of California, where with the exception of a few
years spent in St. Louis he has since remained, identifying himself
with the development of Sacramento and taking the part of a loyal
citizen in all of the more important movements of the era. In his
removal to the west he found conditions radically different from
those in his native environment of St. Charles, Mo., where he was
born June 10, 1856, and where his parents, Anton and Katharine
Meyer, had liorne the part in pioneer upbuilding that he himself
assumed in his early residence in the capital city of our western
commonwealth. The family, while possessing the highest principles
of honor and integrity, accumulated little of this world's goods and
could give him few educational advantages, nor could they aid him
in tlie important task of securing a start in the business world;
hence what he is and what he has, represents self-sacrificing, intelli-
gent and persevering efforts of the man himself.

As previously stated, Frank Meyer was twenty years of age
when in 1876 he came to Sacramento for the first time. Here he
secured a clerkship in a grocery and continued for three years, mean-
while laying the foundation of warm friendships, many of which con-

HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 907

tiuue to the present day. Returning to Missouri in 1879 he became
a grocery clerk in that city, where he remained for three years.
His permanent residence in Sacramento dates from 1882, when he
entered a grocery owned l)y John Belhner. At first his wages were
very small and his work unimportant, but as time passed he was
given greater responsibilities and as a clerk proved his trustworthi-
ness and ability. After nine years with the same grocer he left the
store in order to take up other lines of work. As manager for
T. J. Cluuie, owner of the Clunie opera house and Metropolitan
theatre, lie held a position of importance and responsibility. Abun-
dant testimony as to the satisfactory nature of his services appears
in the statement that he was retained by Mr. Clunie until the death
of the latter, since which time he has been manager of the various
lioldings of Mrs. Clunie in Sacramento, including also the manage-
ment of the hotel which she inherited upon the death of her husband.
While his attention is given closely to his business duties, he does not
neglect civic reponsibilities, but contributes of time and influence to
measures for the general welfare, and in politics he takes a warm
interest as a member of the Democratic party. Throughout his en-
tire life he has been an adherent of the Roman Catholic Church and
a generous contributor to its charities. During May of 1908 he was
united in marriage with Mrs. Henrietta (Harrington) Bedell, of
Sacramento, but a native of Colusa, who by her former marriage was
the mother of two children, Milton and Edwin.

ANDREW MIKULICH

The proprietor of the Peerless cafe in Sacramento has so thor-
oughly imbibed American principles of thrift, energy and resource-
fulness that he easily might win recognition as a native of our coun-
try, if not indeed of California itself, but a residence of thirty
years in the United States has not caused him to lose a feeling of
loyal devotion to Austria, the land of his birth and the home of his
parents, Martin and Kate Mikulich. Memory affectionately recalls
the scenes of his boyhood, the occurrences of youth and the friends
with whom he worked and played at the old home in Fiume, where
he was born November 21, 1865. From an early age he was familiar
with the sea, for the city of Fiume lies at the head- of the small
bay of the same name and it in turn forms an arm of the Adriatic
sea. The people living along the shores of this beautiful body of
water were accustomed to the sights and sounds of the sea, to the
crafts lazily floating across the blue sea, the vessels moored in the

908 HISTORY OF SxVCEAMENTO COUNTY

harbors of Trieste, Ravenna, or other important ports, and to the
vision of the sea-kissed city of ^"eni(:'e whose canals were gay with
tlieir swift-speeding gondolas.

Upon leaving forever l)ehiud him the pleasant associations and
l>icturesque environment of the Austrian coast and crossing the
Atlantic ocean to the New World in 1882, Mr. Mikulich was pre-
pared for the future by a fair education in the free schools of
Austria and by a rugged constitution qualifying him for patient en-
durance in laljor. After he had landed in Philadelphia he secured
em])loyinent as a sailor. During 1885 he went as far west as
Cliicago, where he worked in a restaurant for three years. In 1888
he went south to New Orleans, La., and there found work in a restau-
rant. The next move brought him to San Francisco in 1889 and
from there in 1891 he came to Sacramento, where he has since
made his home and has engaged in the restaurant business. In this
city, June 30, 1903, he married Miss Lena Arnold. Here, after one
year as an employe in a restaurant, he embarked in business for
himself. When he sold out the business he became manager of the
Southern Pacific Railroad restaurant. During 1902 he opened a res-
taurant at No. 1010 Seventh street, but four years later he moved
to his next location. No. 720 K street, and on April 25, 1912, he
iiliciied his present beautiful place which he had built himself. It is
Niintcd at No. 1117 Ninth street and is a palace of mirrors set in
nuiliogany, the furniture all being of that same wood. The mezzanine
floor for ladies' parties is furnished in old gold and ivory, the whole
presenting an effect so exquisite and magnificent as to earn it the
place of leading cafe in the vicinity and among the finest in the state.
It is known as the Peerless cafe and is strictly a first-class restau-
rant that receives a large share of the public patronage. The care
exercised in the management of the business has left Mr. Mikulich
little leisure for participation in political affairs, but he upholds
Republican principles and keeps posted concerning national issues.
Fraternally he is a popular member of the Foresters, Moose, Elks
and Inde|)endent Order of Odd Fellows.

GEORGE H. TOWNSEND

The resistless tide of emigration that has swept over the coun-
try since the develoi)ment of the west first commenced has caused
many changes in the population, so that the majority of men spend
the 1)usy ])eriod of maturity far removed from the scenes of their
childhood. But not so with Mr. Townsend, whose enviai)le privilege

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 909

it has been to speud the years ■ of manhood's activities upon the
same farm associated with his earliest memories. Uuallured by the
call to other localities, he has been content to remain at the old
homestead and to continue the work of cultivating the land whose
first furrows were turned by his father during the era of pioneer
development. With progressive tendencies he has made the place
more productive and its annual returns larger through his interests
in stock of all kinds and his identification with other forms of agri-
cultural labor.

In studying the record of the Townsend family we find that
remote ancestors came to this country having had a part in the
material upbuilding of Maine, when Elisha Baker Townseud was born
in the city of Portland. There also he was reared and during young-
manhood he there married Rachel Hodgkins, likewise a native of
Maine. Attracted by reports concerning the possibilities of the west,
during the spring of 1853 he and his young wife left New England
for California and at the end of their long journey they arrived in
Sacramento county. ' He entered government land at Mormon Island,
Sacramento county, cleared the tract, turned the first furrows in the
virgin soil and gradually brought the ranch under improvement.
For about twenty-five years he engaged in the dairy business on this
ranch. In addition for some time he carried on a meat market in
Folsom, fattening the stock on his ranch and later utilizing them for
the needs of the butcher shop. After a busy life, whose success was
up to the measure of his expectations, he died in 1898 at the old
homestead.

From his natal day, September 15, 1875, George H. Townsend
has had the same surroundings except as the improvements associated
with modern civilization were made on the ranch. The neighlioring
schools enabled him to acquire a fair education. Early experience
on the farm gave him a thorough knowledge of the tilling of the
soil and the raising of stock. In addition he learned the details of
the meat business while working at the Folsom meat market. When
he succeeded to the management of the ranch he at once turned
his entire attention to its care and cultivation. Under his keen
oversight the three hundred acres, located aliout three miles northeast
of Folsom, present an appearance of thrift and productiveness. Cattle,
horses, hogs and sheep may be seen in the pastures and tlie yearly
output of stock forms a valuable addition to the income of the owner,
who further engages in the dairy business with success and also raises
grain, hay and vegetables for the local markets. A jiart of this ranch
is under irrigation from the Natomas ditch. A farmer of great
energy and wise judgTnent, he is making a success of his work and
has proved his adaptability to agricultural pursuits.

The marriage of Mr. Townsend took place at Folsom March 27,

910 HISTORY OF SxlCEAMENTO COUNTY

1901, and united him with Miss Annie M. Russler, who was born,
reared and educated at Clarksville, this state. Mr. and Mrs. Town-
send are the parents of three children now living, namely: George B.,
Anna E. and Lavern. The political views of Mr. Townsend are in
harmony with the platform of the Republican party. While voting
the party ticket with consistent regularity he has always refused to
consider official honors and has never been a candidate for any of
the local offices. By virtue of his nativity he is eligible to member-
ship with the Native Sons of the Golden West and we find him identi-
fied with Folsom Parlor No. 83, in which he has held all of the
offices and for years has served as secretary. In addition, since
1905 he has been honored with the secretaryship of the Folsom
Aerie of Eagles. Not only in Folsom, but also throughout the entire
east end of the county, he is known and honored as a progressive
rancher and a citizen whose upright character entitles him to the
respect and confidence of the people.

WILLIAM J. WEISMAN

Of that energetic and progressive blood that makes the German-
American a good citizen in whatever community his lot may be
cast, the well-known bookbinder of Sacramento whose name gives
prominence to this page was born August 3, 1876, a son of Charles
F. and Henrietta (Motfelt) Weisman, natives of the Fatherland
of history and of song. His father came to the United States
when a young man and served a while by enlistment in a New
York regiment that did gallant duty in the Civil War. After the
close of that memorable experience he came to California, making
the overland journey with oxen, and arrived after about five
months arduous travel in Sacramento. There he met and married
Henrietta Moffelt, who in 1864 had come alone across the ocean to
America and, after remaining some time in New York, had come
on to California. To this worthy people were born four children,
of whom William J. is the only one living in Sacramento county.
Two of them live in Berkeley, Cal., and the remaining one died
young.

Educated to the useful life he planned for himself Mr. Weisman
acquired his training in the public schools of Sacramento. After
laying down his text-books he apprenticed himself to E. W. Bruen-
nirig, of Sacramento, to learn the bookbinder's trade, and labored
in his establishment six vears. Those were six vears of honest

HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 911

and earnest eudea\'or, devoted to gaining- knowledge l)oth funda-
mental and in detail that would be essential to a successful career
in the field that the young man had determined to enter. The
succeeding eight years he passed busily in the binding department
of the state library. Then for four years he was in the cigar and
tobacco trade. But no success in anj' other department of endeavor
could be so dear to him as even moderate prosperity as a book-
binder, and he purchased the Sacramento Bookbindery, at No. 309
J street, which he has conducted with increasing success to the
present time. His plant is modern in every' detail, fitted with
up-to-date machinery and appliances and capable of turning out
fine work in large quantities. He makes a specialty of the manu-
facture of loose-leaf office devices and other record supplies which
have come in demand during recent years, and as a business man
and as a citizen is notably progressive. He builds not alone for
himself but for the community, for he believes that the good fortune
of one is in a measure the good fortune of all. In his political
convictions he is Republican, and on his party ticket he was nominated
for city collector in 1906, but was defeated at the polls. He married
Miss Alice Collins, daughter of Wilkie Collins of Sacramento, Sep-
tember 28, 1904. Mr. and Mrs. Weisman are popular in the circles
in which they move and their home is noted for its hearty hospitality.
He is identified with the Elks, with the Native Sons, with the Eagles
and with the Foresters of America. Of Sacramento Parlor No. 3,
N. S. G. W., he is a past president, and in the Foresters has served
as chief ranger.

HENRY F. Ct. WULFF

Teutonic ancestry is indicated in the name of Wulff. The founder
of the family in the United States was one Henry Wulff, who came
to the new world at the age of sixteen years. Prior to emigration
he had served an apprenticeship to the trade of cabinet-maker and
later he also gained a thorough knowledge of the occupation of a
millwright. A desire to avoid the military service obligatory upon
him if he remained in his native land caused him to seek a new
home across the seas and for some time he worked at his trades
in St. Louis, Mo., but as early as 1850 he crossed the plains to
California and ventured into mining with a fair degree of success.
Returning to the east via Panama he married Miss Caroline Lehnke
and established a home in St. Louis, where occurred tlie birth of
his eldest child, Henry F. G., January 31, 1854. During the spring
of the same year the family made the long journey across the plains

i)12 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

and at the exjiiration of one-half year hinded in Placei'ville, Eldo-
rado ounnty, when the sou was nine mouths old.

For years identified with uiiuiug interests, Henry Wulff did not
limit his energies to that occupation, but acquired varied interests
in tlie west. He had the contract to build the first quartz mill
at IMacerville. Removing to his ranch in 1859, he took up the stock
business on a large scale and at one time controlled a ranch of one
thousand acres at Green Valley. Some of the land was acquired under
the homestead laws and some by purchase, but the whole was im-
jiroved through his industrioais efforts aiad represented the results
of his sagacious management. After years of active identification
with the develoiiment of the west he died on his ranch in 1886 and
his widow still remains at the old homestead. In December of 1911
she celebrated the seventy-fifth anniversary of her birth. Of her ten
sons and four daughters there now survive five sons and all of the
daughters.

After having completed the studies of the Placerville public
schools and also for a time having clerked in a Sacramento grocery,
in 1873 Henry F. G. Wulff attended evening classes at Heald's
Business C^ollege at San Francisco, from which he graduated in
1874, and iii the meantime he earned his livelihood by clerking in a
grocery store in the daytime. For one year he was employed in
the coining room of the mint, and after resigning this position be
went to Virginia City, Nev., continuing there until June, 1879, when
he was appointed United States ganger in the Internal revenue
officer for the Sacramento district. For nineteen years and three
months he was identified with the Internal revenue office, meanwhile
acting as chief deputy of the local department for ten years. While
thus engaged he drew every check paid out for tbe construction
of the new postoffice, the check in payment for the ground being
the only one not drawn by him personally. When he had resigned
as chief of the department he embarked in the real-estate business,
during 1898 becoming a member of the firm of Kromer, Wiseman
& AVulff. The retirement of the senior member- of the firm in 1901
caused a change to the present title of Wiseman-Wulff Co. In
ad(Htion to carrying on a general real estate, loan and insurance
business, the firm has pioneered sub-division work in Sacramento.
Among their most important tasks was the improving of eleven
thousand acres at Knight's Landing, Yolo county, forming the
Fair ranch at one time owned by the senator of that name. Under
the name of the Sacramento Farms Co. they purchased this bottom
land, which is as fertile as the far-famed valley of the Nile. On
reclamation work here $350,000 has been spent, the results of the
e.Kiienditure appearing in the first crop (1911) raised after the work
had been completed, when six thousaud acres vielded more than

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY <)13

eigiitN' tliousaud sacks oi' grain. Mi-. Wnlft" has been secretary of
the compauy since its organization.

By marriage of Mr. Wnlt¥ to Miss Louisa Galvin a son, Albert
11., was born, who is now connected with a wholesale grocery business
in Sacramento. After the death of his first wife Mr. Wulff married
Miss Elizabeth Stelter May 2, 1888, and thus became connected with
one of the old and honored pioneer families of Sacramento county,
lier father, Frederick Stelter, having been a resident here since 1860.
Of the second marriage there are three children, namely: Fred L.,
who is identified with his father in the real-estate business; Raniona
and Horace B., who are students in school. The family attend the
Lutlieran Church. In politics Mr. Wulff stands stanchly by the
princii)les of the Republican party and in 1911 he was its candidate
for trustee from the ninth ward. For years he has been prominent
among the Odd Fellows, lielonging to Eldorado Lodge No. 8 and
Occidental Encampment No. 42, and in 1910 he occupied the office
of grand patriarch of the Grand Encampment of California. In
the capacity of grand representative he attended the Sovereign Grand
Lodge in September of 1911, held at Indianapolis, Ind., to which
important gathering delegates were sent from lodges in every part
of the world. His tact and counsel have been most helpful to tlie
local advancement of lodge work and tlms to the general pros]ierity
of the order.

WILLARD WARNER

Legion is the name of the men who, coming to Sacramento in
early life, have achieved here a gratifying degree of material success
without the prestige of an influential family name and without the
aid of capital in their first personal enterprises. It is proof of
the o]jportunities afforded by the capital city that these men, with
few exceptions, have risen out of obscurity into civic iirominence
and individual prosperity, contributing in their personal achieve-
ments to the advancement of the community selected as their ]ierma-
nent place of residence. Not the least noteworthy among these
l)rogressive, prosperous business men may be mentioned Willard
Warner, who by an apparent chance became identified with the
business to which he has given whole-hearted and effective at-
tention. When he came to Sacramento and sought a means of liveli-
hood, the fact that he had a previous experience in a laundry
establishment made it possible for him to secure work as driver
of a laundry wagon, and from that beginning he rose through suc-
cessive steps until finally he was chosen secretary and manager

914 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

of the Cascade laundry, one of the well-known industrial plants
of the city and an organization that has built up an immense business
through careful attention to the needs and desires of customers.

Born in Fulton, N. Y., January 4, 1865, Willard Warner was
taken to Iowa at an early age by his parents, Joseph W. and
Harriette Warner, who settled at Clear Lake near the shores of
one of the most beautiful bodies of water in the northern part of
the state. On the shores of the lake there had been started a
small hamlet, which since has developed into a popular summer
resort. The little school of this village gave him his early educa-
tional opportunities and afterward he carried on his studies at
Luverne, Rock county, in the southwestern part of Minnesota. At
the age of fifteen years he removed to Washington and for two
years attended the Seattle high school, later securing employ-
ment in a laundry of the same city. During the year of 1885 he
came to Sacramento and secured work as a wagon-driver with
the American laundry.

A gratif^dng offer from the Union Laundry Company caused
Mr. Warner to leave the other firm in 1899, after which he acted
as manager of the Union until 1903, when a consolidation was
effected of a number of plants under the title of the Cascade
Laundry Company. Of this he since has acted as secretary and
manager. Employment is furnished to one hundred persons and
a general laundry business is conducted, customers being largely
people of Sacramento, although there is a growing patronage
from other towns. In addition to the management of this impor-
tant business, with its increasing responsibilities and constant need
of intelligent oversight and tact, Mr. Warner holds the office of
treasurer in the California Expert Cleaners' Company, which was
organized largely through his personal efforts and as a result of
his realization of the growing need for such an industry. The
Sacramento Laundry Club also has the benefit of his active co-
operation and wide knowledge of the business. With the mani-
fold cares connected with his special work, he has not been able
to participate in politics aside from easting a Republican ballot
at all national elections. One of his favorite forms of recreation
has brought him into prominence among the members of the Sacra-
mento Bowling Club, whose most expert players confess to his
superior skill. For some years he has been identified with the
Loyal Order of Moose. His marriage took place in Seattle,
Wash., May 19, 1890, and united him with Miss Flora Rich, bv
whom he has three children, namely: Eugene, who is employed as
bookkeeper at the Cascade Laundry; Philo, who is a student in St.
Francis convent; and Adeline, who is attending the Sacramento
]niblic schools.

HISTOEY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY 915

WILLIAM S. WATSON, M. D.

The lineage of the W^atson family is traced to the nobility of
England and afterward the family was established in the United
States. The historical annals of Great Britain indicate that for
more than thirty-five years Sir Thomas Watson, M. D., held the
honored place as physician extraordinary to Queen Victoria. Dr.
Watson of Sacramento is the son of William Watson, who was a
brother of Sir Thomas Watson and was a man of classical education,
and the highest culture, a graduate of the noted university at
Cambridge, and for years connected with a Philadelphia college
as instructor in higher mathematics and classics. While identified
with the educational interests of that eastern city he was united
in marriage with Miss Priscilla Price, who traced her ancestry
to Scotland but claimed Philadelphia as her home city. Later they
established a residence in Indiana for a brief period and were
associated with the pioneer educational development and social de-
velopment of that then frontier state; while there the birth of their
son, William S., occurred in September of 1853. Inheriting from
his parents a degree of intellectuality, as well as a keen ambition
to acquire knowledge, his progress through the lower schools of
learning was swift and while yet a mere lad he matriculated in
Bellevue Hospital Medical College of New York City. At the
expiration of the regular course of lectures he was graduated with
the class of 1870, with the degree of M. D. Two years later he
embarked in practice in Central Illinois, but his talents demanded
a different field of professional labor and in pursuance of his
ambitious plans to specialize in medical work he went to the
Hudson river district of New York. For a long period he resided
at Fishkill on Hudson and Matteawan, Dutchess county, and New
York City, the changes of headquarters being made by reason
of professional demands or business activities.

The achievements of Dr. Watson in the realm of medicine
during his long residence in the east reflects a permanent lustre
upon his professional reputation. For fourteen years he conducted
as sole proprietor the Eiver View Sanitarium near the banks of the
Hudson in Dutchess county. The institution was founded and
maintained for the treatment of nervous and mental troubles.
Later on he associated himself with William T. Jenkins, M. D.,
a former health officer of New York City, in the founding of a
charitable hospital for the care and treatment of those unfortunates
who were ill and penniless. Such work, although not financially
remunerative, had its rich reward in the consciousness of promo

916 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

tiug a needed and beneficent philanthropy. It was during the
period of his residence in Central Illinois that Dr. Watson was
married and there his -only son, William Martin Watson, was
born. He is now engaged as a bank and corporation attorney and
is one of the leading professional men of New York City, where
likewise he is prominent in society and in civic affairs.

Coming to Sacramento in 1908, Dr. Watson opened an office at
No. 501 K street, but later removed to the new Nicolaus building,
where now he occupies a modern suite, provided with all up-to-date
appliances. In the midst of a successful professional career he found
leisure in the east to identify himself with progressive civic movements.
Not only did he serve with the greatest efficiency as mayor of Mattea-
wau, but twelve years later he was elected to the same position at Fish-
kill on Hudson and was the incumbent of the mayor's chair at the
time of selling his sanitarium, wliich was in 1900. He is a member
of Beacon Lodge No. 283, F. & A. M., and Highland Cliapter No. 88
R. A. M. at Newburgh on Hudson. Professional associations enlist
his co-operation and wise assistance. Besides being connected with
the Sacramento County Medical Association and the California
State Medical Association, likewise the French Society of Electro-
Therapy, he is a charter member of the American Electro
Therajseutic Association. For twenty years he served as examiner
of lunacy for the state of New York and for four years he has
acted in the same capacity for the State of California. During his
many years of medical research work, he has written many articles
for the medical and lay press, upon current toi)ics, recently on the
cause for the increase of the insane, treatment of the insane and
educational matters, etc.

DAVID E. WILEY

Genealogical records show that several generations of the
Wiley family lived and labored in Maryland, their principal place
of residence having been Harford county, whence their descen-
dants scattered into many portions of the United States. The
ancestral mansion stood at Norrisville, a small town lying near to the
state line of Pennsylvania, near also to the placid waters of the
Susquehanna river and not far distant from the Chesajjeake bay.
There occurred the birth of David E. Wiley June 20, 1858, and
there in 1825 the eyes of his father, Hon. David Wiley, first opened
to the light. The latter had been the recipient of fair advantages in
the select schools common to the early half of the nineteenth century
and, although he limited his attention to farming and stock-raising.

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 917

he not ouly attained i)roiiiinence in that occupation, bnt also be-
came a leader in civic affairs, in business enterprises and in pro-
gressive projects for the welfare of his commonwealth. In recog-
nition of his noteworthy achievements and genuine talents for the
public service he was chosen as a member of the Maryland as-
sembly in 1881 and 1883 and at the time of his death, February 27,
1887, he was still very prominent in the state. As a farmer he was
progressive. In the stock business he aimed to raise only the best
grades. No finer herd than his might be found in all of Harford
county. To him belonged the distinction of sending the first carload
of cattle ever shipped to England, while he constantly bought and
sold in the markets of the eastern cities. During early manhood
he married Mary S. Terril, who was born at Norrisville, Md., and
died there in June of 1865, while still in the prime of womanhood.
The schools of Norrisville were excellent in their standard of
training and in their discipline. Hence David E. Wiley had ad-
vantages superior to those possible to many of that period. When
he left school at the age of eighteen he secured employment in a
mercantile establishment in his home town and there he remained
for twelve years. Meanwhile from 1882 to 1884 he served as justice
of the peace in his home township. Coming to California in 1888
he entered the mint and remained an employe of the government
until 1904, when he resigned to devote his whole attention to a
store at Folsom, which he had bought in 1903. After having en-
gaged in merchandising for se\-en years he sold out in 1910. Since
then he has acted as agent for several old-line insurance companies
and also has carried on a cigar business. While still a resident
of Maryland he was united in marriage, September 24, 1884, with
Miss Edith May, a member of an old Maryland family and a
woman of culture and education. In addition to his family resi-
dence Mr. Wiley owns another dwelling-house in Folsom. Through-
out all of his life he has favored Democratic principles and at all
elections he supports the regular party nominees. In fraternal rela-
tions he holds membershijj with the blue lodge of Masons, the
Knights of Pythias, the Eagles, the Independent Order of Odd
Fellows and the Rebekahs, to which last-named his wife also be-
longs.

ISAAC HINKLE

The quiet round of important duties discharged with painstaking
care has filled the life of Mr. Hinkle since he left his Indiana home
for the greater opportunities offered by the far west. An apparent
chance brought him into the work for which nature had qualified

918 HISTOBY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY

him and ever since his removal to this state more than thirty years
ago he has been identified with the irrigation industry. Perhaps few
men are more conversant than he with this business whose value to
the development of the west cannot be overestimated. That his
knowledge is appreciated by others is proved by the fact that since
1882 he has acted as superintendent of the North Fork Ditch Com-
pany. Although the ditch has changed ownership a number of times
he has been retained through all the various managements, besides
which he has acted as superintendent for all outside water.

Born in Howard county, Ind., April 9, 1855, Isaac Hinkle was
the son of Henry and Hester (Brock) Hinkle, natives of Ohio and
Tennessee respectively, and who were farmers in Howard county,
Ind. Having been reared on the farm, such education as he pos-
sesses was accpiired in the public schools which he attended only
three months a year. Such success as he has won (and it is by no
means unimportant) comes from his determined but unassisted ap-
plication. During 1881 he came from Indiana to California and
settled at Auburn, where he at once began to work for the North
Fork Ditch Company. The corporation recognized his worth and
promoted him to be sujierintendent the following year, when he took
charge of a section of the ditch at Folsom. The business being
located in this village he established a home here and has since
lived in the town, whose prosperity he has promoted, whose gi'owth
he has fostered and whose real-estate interests he has developed
through the buying and selling of land. In the capacity of agent
he has handled a great deal of property and at this writing owns
three hundred and sixty acres of valuable land on the Auburn road
near Folsom, where he is engaged in fruit and stock raising, besides
which he has a number of building lots on the same road across the
American river, and on one of these he has erected a substantial resi-
dence for his own home.

Upon the organization of the Bank of Folsom in 1910 Mr.
Hinkle was one of the original subscribers and assisted in the
promotion of the new enterprise with customary zeal and sagacity.
The honor of being chosen the president on its organization came
to him, and his identification with the concern was made more
complete througli his service as a member of the board of direc-
tors. When he came west he was a single man, but four years
later he started a home of his own, being united in 1885 with Miss
Jessie Brown, who was born and reared in Tennessee, received an
excellent education there, and after coming to the west engaged in
teaching prior to her marriage. Three children blessed their union,
but the only daughter, Ethel May, died at the age of nine months
and the yoimger son, Allen, passed away at the age of two vears,

HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 919

leaving but one survivor in the family, Henry J., who is now
married and a resident of Folsom.

In national campaigns Mr. Hinkle gives his sup^jort to the
Democratic party. Locally he is independent and favors the men
whom he deems best qualified to represent the people irrespective
of their party views. At no time in his life has he sought official
honors and the only public position he has ever consented to fill
is that of member of the Folsom board of education, in which post
he has given time and influence toward the upbuilding of the
schools. Having been deprived of higher educational advantages
in his youth, he has been especially solicitous that the children of
his home town should receive every desired opportunity to fit them-
selves for life's responsibilities. Religion enters with harmonious
rhythm to perfect a rounded character and both he and his wife
have found pleasure and help in their relations with the Methodist
Episcopal Church. Both enjoy their membership in the Rebekah
Lodge No. 166, at Folsom, while in addition Mr. Hinkle has been
prominent and active in the general work of the Odd Fellows.
Shortly after his arrival in the west he joined Auburn Lodge No.
7, I. 0. 0. F., in which he has served through the chairs and is past
grand. After coming to his present location he identified himself
with Folsom Encampment No. 24, I. 0. 0. F., in which he filled all
of the chairs, being past chief patriarch at the time of this writing.

GEORGE KEACH

As an illustration of the commercial opportunities afforded by
Sacramento and also as an index to the ability of the man himself,
mention belongs to the record established and the reputation achieved
by George Keach in the commercial history of the capital city.
When first he arrived here it was a poor workman with his kit of
tools, a journeyman who had followed the trade of an upholsterer
in various parts of the country and who had been attracted to the
great west by reason of the glowing reports. In the busy years that
have since brought their changes, their opportunities and their suc-
cesses, he has found the climate healthful, the people congenial and
the business openings equal to his own ability, so that he has no
reason to regret the decision that brought him to the coast country
and made him a business man in Sacramento.

In studying the Keach family history we find that William and
Melinda Jane Keach were married in Indiana and died at Logansport,
that state, the former in 1884 and the latter a vear later. For

920 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

tweuty years he had engaged in the furniture business in Chicago,
where both before and after the great fire he was an influential busi-
ness man and a public-spirited citizen. His son, George, was born
at Logansport, Ind., October 23, 1863, and was graduated from the
high school of that city in 1882. He was one of a large family, the
majority of whom reside in the east, although one of his brothers,
William Henry, a pioneer investor in property at Butte, Mont., still
makes his home at that place and is now one of its most wealthy
retired real-estate operators.

After a sojourn of two years in Northern Michigan and Wisconsin
George Keach came to Helena, Mont., and thence to Denver, Colo.,
where he was engaged in the furniture business for two years. Later
he was engaged in mining in Larimer county, Colo., for about four
years, next coming to Sacramento in 1896, and later traveling through
Nevada with his kit of tools. On his return to Sacramento the same
year he secured emplo^^uent with a local furniture store, where he
remained for eight years. At the expiration of that time he opened
a small repair shop at No. 1003 K street, where also he carried a
small line of furniture. A few months afterward, January 1, 1907,
he removed to larger quarters at No. 1003 J street and No. 923 Tenth
street. At that location he built up a large trade; he incorporated
the Home Furniture Company, with himself as president and manager
and his wife secretary and treasurer. His principal aid in winning
the confidence of patrons was his unwavering honesty. In even the
smallest sale he always has been scrupulously honest and customers
have come to realize that they may de[)eud upon the straightforward
exi)ression of his opinion. No sales have l)een made under false
impressions and no goods are allowed to be sent out from the estab-
lishment under a misrepresentation. As a consequence of this
accuracy and integrity of business management the proprietor lias
built up a wide rei)utation and now he receives orders from almost
every part of Northern California. In January of 1912, upon the
completion of the modern fireproof structure on Ninth between K
and L streets, one of the finest buildings in the Sacramento valley,
he removed to that location, where he has leased thirty-six thousand
square feet, including one-half of the entire ground floor and the entire
three floors above. In addition to the trade with private families the
proprietor has furnished various hotels throughout, also a number
of ajiartment houses in Sacramento, and on several occasions he has
bought the lease to new apartment houses, which he had furnished
complete and then sold the lease.

The marriage of Mr-. Keach took ])lace in Sacramento Sei^tember
22, 1904, and imited him with Miss Nqj-.^ Jacox, formerly, of Flint,
Mich., and the daughter of a retired farmer. The only surviving child
of the union is Adalaide Allene, born September 21, 1905. The son.

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 921

Howard, died at the age of nine months. Mrs. Keach is a member of
the Saturday Chib and holds membership with the Baptist Church,
to the work of which Mr. Keach has contributed with characteristic
generosity. Various organizations have received the benefit of his
active co-operation, inohiding the Fraternal Brotherhood, Moose,
Modern Woodmen of America and AVoodmen of the World, also the
Knights of Pji;hias and the Improved Order of Red Men, in which
latter he has passed through all of the chairs. He is an active
member of the Chamber of Commerce, the Retail Merchants' Asso-
ciation and the Pacific Coast Advertising Club. In citizenship he has
l)een progressive, promoting the advancement of his adopted city
by every influence within his power and supporting all enterprises
which he believes for the permanent welfare of the people. The
measure of his prosperity is well deserved, for it has resulted from
industry and the exercise of business ability. His tireless energy
and resolute spirit have carried to completion large business under-
takings and have given to him a position of prominence among Sacra-
mento's distinguished men of affairs.

WILLIAM D. MORRILL

An identification with California during the eventful era of the
'50s gave to Mr. Morrill a thorough knowledge of the crude, unde-
veloped conditions that eventually were replaced by a cultured citi-
zenship and a prosperous commercial environment. Although it was
not his privilege to survive until the accomplishments of the great
aims of the pioneers were realized he contributed his quota thereto and
when his earth life came to an end in 1885 at the age of fifty years,
there were not wanting friends to bear testimony to the integrity of
his character nor old settlers to witness concerning his helpfulness in
the strenuous tasks devolving upon the pioneers in their loyal and
patriotic attempts to raise the standard of citizenship in their adopted
commonwealth. Before coming to the west in 1851 at the age of
sixteen he had seen much of the east and had enjoyed the excellent
advantages of the Boston schools, as well as a brief attendance in the
schools of Pittsburg. He was, however, a native of Van Diemen's
Land, Australia, and was born in 1835 during the residence of the
family there while his father held the position of American consul.
It was not until he was almost twelve years of age that the family
returned to Pittsburg and in 1849 his father joined the vast throng of
gold-seekers leaving the Atlantic coast for the then unknown regions

922 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

of the far west. Early in life he learned the trade of boiler maker and
in 1869 he had the honor of putting together the first train that
started for the east over the newly completed system of the Southern
Pacific Company. From the first he was interested in all move-
ments for the upbuilding of the state and gave liberally of his time
to promote progressive projects.

The marriage of William D. Morrill in 1864 united him with Mary
H. Pulaski, who was born in Galveston, Tex., and now resides at No. .
1529 E street, Sacramento. Five children came to bless their union,
but they suffered a deep bereavement in the early demise of three of
these, the only survivors being Jessie and William H., both of whom
are married and living in Sacramento. As early as 1852 Mrs. Morrill
was brought to California by the family and afterward she attended
school in Sacramento, where her father, August Pulaski, opened the
first harness shop and for years carried on a large trade along the
line of his chosen occupation. It was said that he was an expert in the
manufacture of harness and few of the men of his day and locality
could compete with him in the line of his specialty. As a citizen he
was quiet but progressive, unostentatious but liberal, and in all
measures for the civic welfare he stood on the side of progress and
development. At one time he owned many acres within the limits of
Sacramento, a part of the tract covering the present site of Eighth and
J streets, but he disposed of the property before it had become val-
uable. Three of his family, all of them being daughters, continue to
make their home in Sacramento, among them Mrs. Morrill, who has
witnessed the slow but sure growth of the capital city, has kept posted
concerning its advancement and recalls with pride the remarkable
transformation wrought in its aspect since she first saw it as an
insignificant village with a transient and undevoted population, form-
ing a striking contrast to the progress and patriotism noticeable in the
twentieth centurv.

NIRON LUCE

A radical change from the environment of his early life came to
Mr. Luce with his removal from Maine to California. As a boy at
Farmington, Me., where he was born in 1836, he had become familiar
with conditions existent in the far northeast regions of our country.
The impressions made upon his plastic mind in youth were never
forgotten, although they were dimmed by later and more pleasurable
experiences in the agricultural activities of the west. The rigorous
climate of Maine and the unpromising soil, with the forests of
pine trees and the multitude of streams, imparted to the inhabitants

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 923

in tlieir isolation something- of like attributes, for tlie^' exhibited
a daimtlessuess of courage in trial, a fixedness of purpose in adversity
and a resolution of character in business associations that brought
them success notwithstanding the discouraging conditions under which
they often labored.

Seeking an environment more favorable for permanent residence
and i)roiitable labor, Mr. Luce left Maine at the age of nineteen and
made the long voj^age to California by way of the Isthmus of Panama.
Innnediately after his arrival in the west he settled in Placer county
and became identified with the ranching interests of that region.
In order to secure a start he homesteaded one hundred and sixty acres
of raw land. This he brought under cultivation and improved with
buildings. It was his far-seeing judgment that an investment in land
would prove profitable eventually. Acting upon that theory he began
to buy out squatters' claims. For this purpose he incurred a heavy
debt, but he planned his enterprises in such a manner that he always
was ready to meet the interest when due. With the increase in
valuation of the land his financial standing became assured and he
entered into the gratifying reward of his early foresight. At his
death, December 16, 1901, he left to his family a splendid estate of
fifteen hundred and twenty acres in Placer county, on which he had
raised profitably both stock and grain. The widow, finding the care
of so large a tract of great burden, finally disposed of the ranch and
in 1910 established a residence in Sacramento, where at No. 1613
Eighteenth street she is now surrounded by all the comforts of life.

It was not until a considerable period had elapsed subsequent to
his location in California that Mr. Luce formed home ties, his marriage
in 1867 uniting him with Miss Lottie Wheeler, a native of Maine, and
the daughter of a minister who served in the Baptist denomination
throughout the entire period of his useful and consecrated maturity.
Eventually Mrs. Wheeler came to California and settled in Placer
county, where she died at an advanced age. Three children blessed
the union of Mr. and Mrs. Luce, but they had the heaviest bereave-
ment of their wedded life to endure when their only son was taken
from the home by death. The older daughter, Effie, was educated
in Placer county and is now the wife of G. A. Wessing, of Sutter
county. The other daughter. Miss Ida, who resides with her mother,
is a woman of culture, qualified by nature and by education to enjoy
the advantages connected with a residence in the capital city. The
welfare of his family was always close to the heart of Mr. Luce.
For them he labored with patient industry and for them he accumu-
lated his large acreage of land, in order that he might leave them
beyond the reach of material want or financial struggle, and in his
last days it afforded him gratification to realize that his efforts in their
behalf had been crowned with such abundant success. As a citizen

924 HISTOB-y OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

V .■ ''■..^,
be was loyad to the interests of his county, a believer in Republican
principles and a stanch supporter of the party, but not a politician
in the usual sense of that word, his desire being to promote the com-
mon good of the people and to avoid all partisan activities.

MRS. ANNA SMITH

It has been the privilege of Mrs. Smith to witness remarkable
changes in the appearance, condition and population of the west since
the time when she first arrived in California sixty years ago. The
excitement caused by the discovery of gold had not yet faded before
the more important enterprises pertaining to the upbuilding of the
great western empire. The entire trip from her native commonwealth
of Ohio, where she was born near Columbus in 1835 and where she
had been reared, made an indelible imjjression upon the mind of the
young girl of seventeen, and she recalls the interesting fact that, after
disembarking from the ship at the Isthmus of Panama, she was put on
the back of a mule for transportation across to the Pacific ocean,
whence she sailed uj) to San Francisco on the ship Blond in 1852.
Arriving at Sacramento she found a small village of rude shacks and
tents, crowded with a populace whose principal topic of conversation
was that of mining and whose favorite vice was gambling. Prices
of all commodities were high and the cost of living, an interesting
theme of conversation in the present era of the world, offered a
problem as serious to the poor of that period as to those of the
twentieth century. Even the smallest articles brought a quarter
instead of a nickel as they would in the present day, while no one
seemed to recall that pennies were in existence. A church stood on
K street at that time and there the young girl became the wife of
John White, a native of England, and a pioneer of substantial traits
of character. The following year, 1853, was made memorable to the
couple, not only by reason of the birth of their first child, John A., at
the family home on the corner of Third and 0 streets, Sacramento,
but also because of the disastrous flood and even more calamitous fire
of that season.

When the eldest child was three years of age the family removed
to Folsom and there remained for a considerable period. Besides
the child mentioned four others were born to the couple, but only
two of the entire number now survive, those being John A., of Sacra-
mento, and Emma, Mrs. Lowrey, of San Francisco. Mr. White, who
was an interested worker in the blue lodge of Masonry and a con-
tributor to movements for the public welfare, was deeply mourned

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 925

wheu lie passed away in 1861, but he left to ^he canjajiiTnity the
esamijle of disinterested service as a pioneer and a true champion
of his adopted country. During 1890 his widow was united in mar-
riage with Daniel Smith, a native of Scotland, who was a physician
in Sacramento county. His death in 1902. left Mrs. Smith once again
alone, but with the companionship of her' surviving children to gladden
her declining days. In her quiet home at No. 723 Seventh street,
Sacramento, surrounded by the comforts made possible by years of
energetic work and cheered by the friendship of other pioneer women
of the city, she passes the twilight of her useful existence in tranquil
contentment.

STEPHEN UREN

For more than one-half century Mr. Uren has been identified with
the development of the Sacramento valley and during the whole of
this long period he has been a resident of the city of Sacramento,
where he is still living, now retired from the heavy responsibilities of
his younger years. Of English birth, he was born in Cornwall Sep-
tember 10, 1837, and was the son of William and Bathsheba (Sincock)
Uren, the former a blacksmith and machinist by trade and for many
years emjoloyed as foreman in a large shop in Cornwall. It was there
that the son learned all the details connected with blacksmithing.
When he crossed the ocean in 1857 he was well qualified to earn a
livelihood at his occupation. For almost one year he was employed in
the copper mining district of Ontonagon county, Mich., from which
place he returned to New York City for the purpose of starting to
California. The steamer Constitution conveyed him to Aspinwall.
After he had crossed the isthmus he resumed the voyage on the
steamer Golden Gate, which cast anchor in San Francisco October
15, 1858. Coming from the coast city to Sacramento county, he
worked for two years at his trade near Folsom, then spent a year
iu the mines of Eldorado county. After working for several months
in Virginia City, Nev., he returned to Sacramento, and here he since
has made his home.

After a period of employment on the capitol building Mr. Uren
secured emplo^^nent as a blacksmith, December 20, 1866, in the
shops of the Southern Pacific Railroad. September 7, 1871, he was
promoted to be assistant foreman under A. F. La Sholles. May 1,
3'^76, he was promoted to the position of foreman in the blacksmith
shop, succeeding George Genshlea. The rolling mills also were under
the direction of Mr. Uren and the first bar was rolled out in Julv of

926 HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY

1881 under his supervision. For the year 1888 eleven thousand tons of
material were turned out by the mill and during November five hun-
dred men were employed in the rolling mill and the blacksmith depart-
ment. The heaviest steamboat forgings ever made on the Pacific
coast (including those for the ship Piedmont) were manufactured
under the direction of Mr. Uren, whose success with such tasks was a
matter of conmion knowledge to the workers in the shops.

The efficiency of the department under his charge was greatly
increased through the introduction of Mr. Uren's own inventions.
Several of these may be enumerated. April 27, 1880, he patented
a device for forming car-links, which previously had been made by
hand. The new process reduced the cost about one-third. October 6,
1885, he patented a process for the manufacture of nuts at the rate
of one per minute, superseding the old method which required one-half
hour for each nut. December 1, 1885, he patented a wrouglit-iron
brake-shoe, which possesses an advantage over the cast-iron shoe in the
ratio of five to one and which is now in great demand by railroads in
every part of the United States. May 28, 1889, a slot attachment to a
bolt-heading machine, which has the distinction of being the only
device in existence that will simultaneously head a bolt and slot the
key; this is conceded to be one of his most important inventions.
Another patent is on a method utilizing scrap east-steel, which is
composed into ingots and rolled down into bar steel. Maj' 27, 1890,
he patented a spike-making mechanism. His latest patent, that for
reverberating heating furnaces, bears date of October 6, 1903. By
reason of advancing years he retired from the shops September 30,
1907. Since 1881 he has made his home in a residence that he built
on the corner of Thirteenth and G streets and in 1911 he erected an
attractive four-flat building adjacent to his own house. Honored in
many movements, he was especially prominent in the Master Black-
smiths' Association and during 1893 he served as chairman of the
committee that effected the organization at Chicago. Three years later
he was chosen president and ever since then he has been active in the
order, often serving as cojtimittee memlier or as official, and doing all
within his power to promote its usefulness.

The marriage of Mr. Uren took place in Sacramento September
9, 1865, and united him with Miss Mary Walch, who was born in Ire-
land August 12, 1844, and came to California in May, 1863. Four
sons and three daughters came to bless the union, namely: William
Stephen, born June 18, 1866; Edward, March 31, 1868;" Mary G.,
March 22, 1871 ; Stephen J., August 2, 1873 ; Walter, December 6, 1876 ;
Grace Ella, November 24, 1879 ; and Nellie Maude, March 6, 1882. The
eldest son, now employed as assistant chief clerk in the motive power
department of the Southern Pacific Company, married Miss Anna
McDonald, a native of Toronto, Canada, and they are the parents

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 927

of two daughters, namely: Gertrude M. P]., March 30, 1902; aud
Marjorie, October 26, 1909. The older daughter was born in Sacra-
mento and the j'ounger in San Francisco. William S. is a native of
Sacramento and his brothers and sisters likewise claim the capital city
as their native place. The second son, Edward, learned the machin-
ist's trade in the railroad shops at Sacramento and while living
here patented a rotary engine. During 1892 he was married at Oak-
land to Miss Lulu Crompton, by whom he became the father of two
daughters, viz.: Nell, born in Portland, Ore., August 9, 1893; and
Ruth, born in San Francisco March 20, 1895. The elder of these two
girls, Nell, was reared in the home of her grandfather, Stephen
Uren, and has received excellent advantages in the Sacramento
schools.

The eldest daughter of Stephen and Mary Uren was given her
mother's name and October 25, 1891, became the wife of L. P. Kerner,
who was born in San Francisco April 20, 1865, and is now connected
with a real-estate firm in that city. Mr. and Mrs. Kerner are the
parents of four children, namely: Harry, born in San Francisco Sep-
tember 24, 1892; Louis, Marcli 3, 1896; Gertrude, March 29, 1899;
and Frances, April 6, 1907. The third son of Stephen and Marj' Uren
was given his father's name and is now first assistant foreman of
the blacksmith shop and rolling mills of the Southern Pacific Railroad
Company at Sacramento. For a wife he chose Miss Annie Theresa
Burke, who was born in Sacramento July 29, 1878. They have three
children, viz. : Raymond Stephen, born November 9, 1900 ; Cleta Mary,
February 2, 1902, and William Donald, March 26, 1912, all natives
of Sacramento.

The youngest son of Mr. and Mrs. Uren was taken from them by
death. Walter Uren received a fair education in the grammar-
schools and later learned the machinists' trade in the Southern
Pacific shops at Sacramento, thence going to San Francisco, where he
died November 4, 1905. Interment was made in the Eastlawn
cemetery of Sacramento. The second daughter, Grace Ella, be-
came the wife of Alfred Schaden, who was born in Sacramento
April 21, 1878, received a fair education in the city schools and now
engages in the grocery business in Sacramento. There are two chil-
dren in the Schaden family, namely: Harold Alfred, born September
22, 1907; and Claire, October 30, 1910. The youngest member of the
Uren family, Nellie Maude, was married June 14, 1905, to Hazard
Snowden Williamson, who was born in Walla Walla, Wash., July 25,
1878, and is now conducting at San Francisco one of the largest
candy factories on the western coast. They have two children,
Dorothea Marie, born September 20, 1906, and Ursula Jane, November
26, 1911.

928 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

CHARLES E. WENTZEL

The manager of the Sutter Photo-Engraving Company of Sacra-
mento, Cal., is Charles E. Wentzel, a native of Cincinnati, Ohio, born
November 16, 1862. After finishing his studies in public schools of his
native city, he was for two years a student in the high school. He
then learned the photo-engraving business and when he had mastered
it was for some time employed in prominent photo-engraving estab-
lishments in Cincinnati and Chicago. In the meantime he made several
trips to the Pacific coast, which he first visited in 1895, and it was in
1904 that he first located in this state, for a time being employed in
San Francisco.

The history of the Sutter Photo-Engraving Company dates from
February, 1906, when the Howes Electrotype & Engraving Company
was organized and incorporated. Ten months after it began business,
Mr. Wentzel acquired an interest in it and it was reorganized under its
present name with Charles E. Wentzel as vice president and manager.
The plant and processes of this concern are kept thoroughly up-to-
date; it turns out an excellent grade of engraving and electrotyping,
having just installed a new electrotyping plant, and it is enabled to
tuxm out a class of work equal to any in the large cities of the east.

In July, 1889, Mr. Wentzel married Miss Catherine Houtz, of Cin-
cinnati, Ohio, and they have a daughter, Anna, who was born in 1903.
Mrs. Wentzel, who is a lady of much culture and of great social
popularity, is a member of the Tuesday chib.

CHARLES LOTHHAMMER

This musician, once well known in Sacramento and vicinity, was
born in Germany and died in Sacramento in August, 1885. He was in
his time a leader among local musicians, was prominent as a Turner
and long afifiliated with Schiller Lodge, I. O. 0. F. Frank, honest,
outspoken, in all his aspirations friendly and helpful, he was beloved
by all who knew him.

Early in his life Mr. Lothhammer enlisted as a musician in the
band of the Third Regular Volunteer Infantry and at the expiration of
his term he re-enlisted at Watertown, N. Y. He was captured and
taken prisoner. Afterward he was exchanged, his health shattered,
and he received his honorable discharge. After his discharge from
the service he located in Sacramento and soon attained a high place

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 929

in his profession. He married Mary Clara Clark, who survives him.
Her father, Casper Kloth, who was born in Hanover, was married
there to Gertrude Fersen. He brought his family to the United States,
they later coming as pioneers to California, where they died. Mrs.
Lothhammer bore her husband a daughter, Gertrude Frances. Since
her husband died she has made her home in Sacramento, where she
has lived since childhood.

PHILIP WISE

The proud privilege of claiming Sacramento county as his native
place belonged to Mr. Wise. Nor was he less fortunate in being able
to boast of a lifelong identification with this same portion of the
state, for he was born at Walnut Grove, Sacramento county, Cal.,
October 18, 1857, son of Joseph and Nancy J. (Phipps) Wise. The
parents crossed the plains in the '50s.

The son of a pioneer who had been attracted to the west by the
discovery of gold and who, disappointed in his hopes of finding a
fortune in the mines, had settled down to ranching pursuits on a
large tract of raw land, it was the fate of Philip Wise as a boy to
undergo all the hardships incident to existence in an undeveloped
farming country of unknown possibilities. Schools were few in that
period of our history. The sparsely settled coimtry regions ' forbade
any permanent educational work. Whatever education he received, it
was largely through his unaided application to books and his own
desire to obtain the knowledge necessary for the business affairs of
life. When attendance at school was possible he availed himself of
such opportunities and at other times he assisted in ranch work,
thereby gaining a diversified knowledge of agriculture most helpful
to him in his life work as a farmer. After years of successful effort
in the agricultural districts of Sacramento county in 1896, at the
age of thirty-nine years, death terminated his earthly activities.

The marriage of Mr. Wise had been solemnized in Freeport, June
24, 1885, uniting him with Miss Mary L. Beach, who was born at
Freeport, Sacramento county, and is a daughter of the late Julius
C. Beach, an Ohioan who came to the west during the memorable
year of 1849, afterward identifying himself with the pioneers of Sac-
ramento county. Mr. Beach returned east and was married in October,
1855, to Mary E. DaAas, who was born in Pittsburg, Pa., and they
came by way of Panama to his home in Sacramento county, where they
resided until death took them. They were the parents of a son and
five daughters. Mrs. Wise was the fourth eldest of her parents' fam-

930 HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY

ily ; she received bei- education in the public schools of Sacramento
county and is a well-informed woman, keeping abreast of the times
and being especially conversant with the early history of our county.
She has witnessed the gradual development into the prosperity and
progress characteristic of the present era. While giving patriotic
support to movements for the civic growth and county welfare, her
time since her marriage has been devoted chiefly to her family,
whose happiness is ever uppermost in her thoughts. Her first deep
bereavement came in the death of her son, Joseph Clinton, a bright
boy of four years, and later she was bereaved by the untimely passing
of her husband. Three children are now living, the eldest of whom,
Carol M., is the wife of Milo E. Dye, of Walnut Grove, Sacramento
county, and they have one child. Grove Ernest, born October 9, 1907.
The others, Mabel E. and Philip E., remain with their mother, and
all are a source of blessing, joy and comfort to her.

0. F. WASHBURN

From Maine to California is the width of a continent, but these
states are two points in the life of 0. F. Washburn, of Sacramento.
He was born in Kennebec county. Me., November 25, 1849, on the
farm on which his father, Abisha Washburn, was born and reared.
He is related to the well-known Washburn family which furnished
governors for Maine, Massachusetts, Wisconsin and Illinois.

When a young man Mr. Washburn went to Portland, Me., and
engaged in the wholesale grocery business. In May, 1876, he was
married to an old schoolmate. Miss Ray Williams. Their wedding
trip to the Centennial Fair at Philadelphia was really the first lap
of their immigration westward, for after doing the wonders of the
great . one-hundred-year exposition they left for California, coming
by the way of the Isthmus of Panama, and located in Los Angeles,
where they remained for several years. Then, after two years spent
in connection with the wholesale grocery business in San Francisco,
he opened the American Cash Store in Stockton, which was success-
fully conducted under the firm name of Parmalee & Washburn. After
selling out his interest in the business to Mr. Parmalee Mr. Wash-
burn came to Sacramento in 1885 and established the American Cash
Store at No. 915 K street. After two years the business was moved
to a larger store in the Clunie building, on the corner of Eighth and K
streets, where it soon developed into the first store in its line in the
city. In 1901 Ex-Governor Fancher became associated and the cor-

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 931

poratiou was formed of which Mr. Washburn is president and Mr.
Fancher secretary and treasurer. The quarters again becoming too
small, in 1909 Mr. Washburn and Mr. Fancher built a three-story brick
building with an eightj'-foot frontage for the company. The various
departments include grocer.y, market, delicatessen, bakery and hard-
ware, and the sLsty-seven people and seventeen delivery wagons are
not one too many for the daily work of this big establishment.

Mr. and Mrs. Washburn became the parents of two children, one of
whom, Virginia, died at the age of seventeen; the other daughter,
Alice, was married August 17, 1904, to George B. Lorenz, who is
identified with the People's Savings Bank, and they have two children,
Robert Washburn, born June 22, 1905, and Edith Virginia, born
October 25, 1911. Mrs. Washburn has also done her share of the firm's
work and contributed considerably to the success it is today. She was
the confidential bookkeeper for ten years and her practical oversight
of the affairs of the establishment has been invaluable. She is
prominent in the club life of her home place. Mr. Washburn can trace
his family line back to the Pilgrim Fathers and the Mavflower.

ADOLPH WALKE

One of the leading grocers of Sacramento and one of the most
extensive dealers in poultry, eggs and butter in Sacramento valley, is
Adolph Walke, No. 920 J street. Mr. Walke was born in Germany and
was there educated. He came to Sacramento in 1891 and identified
himself with the business of D. Dierssen, in the old Pacific market.
After two years' experiencis in that connection he entered the grocery
and produce business in a small way and has since built it up to large
proportions. Originally he started at No. 1208 J street, after which he
bought the stock of Walters and Dunbar and later the Heilbron stock
at No. 703-05 J street. There he did business six years and then
moved to his present quarters, the location of which is mentioned
above, and made very extensive improvements in the building and its
appointments. He now has one of the most up-to-date and attractive
groceries in the city.

In 1899 Mr. Walke married Miss Myrtle Smith of Sacramento,
daughter of H. B. and Phoebe Smith. Their children, Charles,
Delphine, Adolph and Heilbron, are attending school in their native
city. Mr. Walker has given too close attention to his business to be at
all active iu politics, but he has well defined opinions on all economic
questions and takes a public-spirited interest in the advancement of
the city and county.

932 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

GEORGE WASHINGTON CAVITT

Tlie arduous labors connected with the improvement and culti-
vation of a ranch occupied the time of Mr. Cavitt throughout almost
the entire period from his arrival in California during 1865 until Ms
death, January 24, 1907. His birth occurred in Rush county, Ind., in
1832, and some years later, in 1845, his parents removed from there to
Iowa, where they engaged in farming pursuits imtil 1864. In that year
he started for California, and settling in Sacramento county he
eventually became the owner of eighty acres of ground. In that long
era of agricultural and commercial upbuilding he witnessed the
transformation of the commonwealth from a broad expanse of unde-
veloped and sparsely settled land into a region of prosperity and even
wealth. In the difficult task of improvement he bore an honorable
share. To the labors of such indefatigable pioneers may be attributed
the present high standing of the entire state. Beginning to till the
virgin soil ere yet a furrow had been turned in it and keeping up the
labor of cultivation long after bare tracts had been transformed into
finely improved ranches, he contributed his quota to the general
agricultural prosperity and proved beyond question the adaptability
of the soil to many imjDortant crops now grown with profit. "When
he came across the plains at the close of the Civil war rapid transpor-
tation was unknown. Large expeditions of emigrants were organized
as a means of protection against the assaults of Indians. Oxen were
utilized as motive power and supplies were conveyed in the old-
fasliioned "prairie schooner," in wliich also rode all the women and
children together with the least rugged of the men, while others of
the men acted as cattle-drivers or guards. Immediately after his
arrival Mr. Cavitt took up land at Antelope, Sacramento county, and
there he passed his remaining years busily engaged in general ranch
pursuits on his eighty-acre ranch, situated two miles southeast of
Antelope and fifteen and a half miles from the city of Sacramento.

Mr. Cavitt was married February 28, 1856, to Rebecca J. Perkins,
a native of Virginia, who survived him for a few years, passing away
May 8, 1911. Four children came to bless their union and crown
their last days with affectionate devotion. One of the sons now
resides in San Francisco; the other son and one of the daughters
remain at the old homestead and sujierintend the eighty acres of
almond trees, finding both pleasure and profit in the thrifty manage-
ment of the finely improved ranch. The children were born as fol-
lows: William C, November 30, 1856; Thomas T., September 20, 1858;
Ida Bell, January 30, 1860 ; and Eva T., April 10, 1867.

Mrs. Eva T. Stackhouse, who likewise owns an interest in the old
home ranch, but makes her home in Sacramento, ]-)assed the uneventful

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 933

years of childhood upon that farm and attended the country schools.
When she left the homestead it was as the wife of Nathan Stackhouse
and they became the parents of four children. The deepest sorrow
that has come to the family has been the loss of two daughters, one of
them, Hattie M., when a lovely young lady of twenty-two years, and
the other, Mildred, when a loved child of only four years. George
Alvin Stackhouse resides with his mother in Sacramento. The other
surviving child, Effie A., born in Alameda county and educated in
Sacramento, is now the wife of A. C. Moore, a native of Maine. A
daughter, Angela Moore, blesses their union and represents the third
generation in descent from that honored old. pioneer, George Wash-
ington Cavitt. Could he now speak it would be to endeavor to inspire
in the hearts of the rising generations a deep aifection for their
native commonwealth and an unselfish loyalty toward its progress,
inasmuch as a region, matchless in fertility and climate, with com-
mercial prospects limited only by the energy of its people, forms a
monument to the privations of the pioneers as well as the business
saffacitv of the citizens of the twentieth century.

FRANK M. DERBY

A residence in the west beginning at the age of five years and
continuing up to the present time qualifies Mr. Derby for accurate
judgment concerning the possibilities of the region and the oppor-
tunities it affords to young men of energy. Having spent so much of
his life in California he cherishes for the state an appreciation impos-
sible to be understood by a newcomer, but directly resultant from
his faith in the country and his knowledge of its resources. Of his
native commonwealth of Pennsylvania he entertains only vague and
indistinct recollections. Born at Greenville, that state, February 1,
1877, he is a son of Daniel B. Derby, for many years a prominent
nurseryman at Oakland, but more recently a horticulturist at Vaca-
ville, and he is also a brother of Charles M. Derby, manager of the
Natoma Mining and Dredging Company.

Educated in the grammar and high schools of Oakland and in a
business college of that city, Frank M. Derby enjoyed the advantages
which materially assist in the preparation for life's activities. After
leaving school he assisted his father in horticultural pursuits at
Vacaville for a number of years, but later he came to Natoma, Sacra-
mento county, joining his brother at this place. Since then he has
officiated as superintendent and manager of the orchard and packing
house of the Natoma Mining and Dredging Company, also as manager

934 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

of the water system, and recently he became a stockholder in the
company, whose officials repose the fullest confidence in his ability
to fill his important position. Under his supervision there is a large
force of men on the ranches, in the orchards and vineyards, in the
packing house and with the water system, and the immense amount
of work accomplished proves the energy and industry of the workmen.
The marriage of Frank M. Derby took place in Sacramento and
united him, May 23, 1911, with Miss Corinne Bell, who was born and
reared in San Francisco and received a classical education in the
best schools of that city. The family residence is a pleasant and
comfortable home on Alder creek near the packing house and there
Mr. and Mrs. Derby welcome their friends with gracious and un-
failing hospitality.

JOHN DONAHUE

The quiet round of daily duties does not form necessarily a
narrow, eventless existence. The life of John Donahue, while it con-
tained no thrilling events and no exciting experiences, yet held much
that was heroic and sincere and successful. So different were the
conditions of his early life from those of the twentieth century that
the young people who embarked on the slow sailers for the new world
had little hope of ever again seeing their native laud or the friends of
their youth. It required, therefore, not a little courage for Mr.
Donahue to break all the tender ties of kinship and affection when in
1859 he followed the example set by many thousands of Irish lads in
days gone by and sought a livelihood in America. At the time of his
departure from his native county of Tyrone he was about tweuty-five
years of age (having been born in 1834). Little he had to assist him
in the stern battle of life except a brave heart and a pair of willing
hands. Of education he had little and of money he had even less, but
in spite of his handicap he never lacked employment nor did he ever
undergo the painful trial of an appeal to others for aid. Always he
remained the same self-reliant, industrious, quiet and persevering man,
and the Southern Pacific Railroad Company, his employers practically
from the time of his arrival in Sacramento in 1859 up to the date of
his death, October 1, 1894, profited by his conscientious labors and
sincere devotion to duty. After landing in Philadelphia he had come
direct to California and here he spent the remainder of his life, being
so pleased with the country that he had no desire to seek a home or a
livelihood elsewhere.

For many years Eliza (McUhatton) Donahue has occupied the
family residence at No. 2319 K street, Sacramento, and this property

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 935

she still owns, earing for the place personally and making of it an
attractive and comfortable home. Of Irish birth and an(!estry, she
was born in County Antrim and was a farmer's daughter. Her
father never left the home of his birth, but continued to till the soil
of a small farm in County Antrim and by diligent industry earned a
livelihood for those dependent upon him; he also was the road sur-
veyor of county highways. His death occurred at the old home in
1874. Mrs. Donahue was born October 26, 1838, and came to the
United States in 1860, landing in New York City. Thence she jour-
neyed on to St. Louis, where she lived until 1867. From St. Louis
she came to California and settled in Sacramento county, where Feb-
ruary 15, 1870, she became the wife of John Donahue. Five children
blessed their union, namely: Henry, Ruth, John, Eveline and Hugh.
Henry and John are painters by trade, while Hugh follows the occu-
pation of mining. It has been the privilege of Mrs. Donahue to wit-
ness much of the growth and development of Sacramento. Since she
first saw the capital city forty-five years ago there have been many
changes in its appearance. The business streets have been improved
with substantial structures and in the residence district there is
abundant evidence of the thrift of the permanent residents. Into her
own pleasant home she has welcomed many of the pioneers of the
community and always she has had a hospitable welcome for all,
whether old or young, who seek her cheerful society or depend upon
her practical s^Tiapathy.

JAMES FRANKLIN ELLIOTT

With the exception of his first fourteen years Mr. Elliott could
claim a lifelong citizenship in California. At the time of his arrival
in 1851 the country was filled with gold-seekers. The spirit of devel-
opment had seized the newly-admitted state, the youngest child of the
great Union, and he himself became immediately loyal to his chosen
home, stanchly devoted to the welfare of his adopted commonwealth.
The surroundings were radically different from those of his native
Pennsylvania, where he was born in 1837 and where he had gained a
knowledge of the three R's in the country schools of the day. The
loneliness caused by such a complete change of environment was in-
creased by the severing of family ties, for his parents never came to
the west and he found himself forced into the struggle for a livelihood
without parental counsel or encouragement. The fact that he attained
a competency before age rendered further efforts impracticable speaks
volumes for his energy and patient perseverance. In all of his actions
he was governed by high ideals. His was the far-seeing discrimina-

936 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

tion, the sagacity of judgmeut aud the honesty of purpose that are
conspicuous attributes of our noblest citizens. Though of eastern
birth, in everything else he was a tj^^ical Californian, hospitable and
energetic. The spirit of western enterprise was a prominent ingre-
dient in his nature. While he gained considerable success as a farmer
and business man, he also gained that which he valued far more, the
respect and contidence of his fellow-citizens. During the iirst period
of his residence in the state he had seen much of hardship and priva-
tion, but he had carefully hoarded his wages as a day laborer, thus
becoming able to take up land in Y^olo county. When he sold that tract
he purchased land on the river in 1874 and there engaged in general
ranching for eight years, after which selling the property he removed
to Sacramento. There in 1904 he passed away, mourned by his family
and by his large circle of acquaintances of pioneer days, who realized
appreciatively his integrity as a man and his worth as a citizen.

When about thirty years of age Mr. Elliott established a home of
his own. February 27, 1867, occurred his marriage to Alameda J.
Johnston, a native of Ohio and the daughter of John and Fidelia
(Tyler) Johnston, natives of Ohio and New York, respectively. While
her parents came to the west early in the '50s it was thought wise
to leave her behind with relatives and on that account she was
separated from the immediate family for some time. For years Mr.
Johnston held an honored position ' among the pioneers of Sutter
county and his acquaintanceship extended through all that section of
the country, where. he was universally honored as a man of fine prin-
ciples and great industry. When advanced in years he died in that
county. The family of Mr. and Mrs. Elliott consisted of eight chil-
dren, of whom the eldest, Frank, passed away in 1906. Another mem-
ber of the family died in early years. The six now living are named
as follows : Minnie W., Mrs. Reece Murphy ; Evelyn Mary, Mrs. Augus-
tus Hall ; Edgar Elmer, of Sacramento ; George E., who is now living
in Modoc county ; Bertha L. and Maude^ who reside with their mother
at No. 1513 Eighteenth street, Sacramento.

WILLARD A. FAIRFIELD

It was at Fort Wa^me, Ind., that Willard A. Fairfield was born
November 12, 1854. lie was educated in public schools, and after his
graduation from the high school was employed there at farm labor
until he was twenty-two years old. He then went to Golden, Colo., and
entered the Colorado State School of Mines, from which he was
graduated as a mining engineer in 1881. From that time until 1891,

HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 937

during- a period of ten years, he was kept busy examining mines and
reporting on mining property in Colorado. Meanwhile, in 1889,
he returned to Fort Wayne, Ind., and opened a real-estate office and
engaged in the sale of stock. For several years he was successful in
these lines and especially so in the stock department of his business.
Then he came to Sacramento, Cal., and made a careful survey from his
professional point of view of the Sacramento valley in particular and
in a general way of the whole state. Going back east he remained for a
short time, but reappeared in Sacramento March 26, 1910, and
acquired the interest of J. F. Brickell in the Oak Park Eealty Com-
pany, of which he is now president, engaging in a general real-estate
and brokerage business.

On December 4, 1894, Mr. Fairfield married Miss Ella M. Bar-
rows, of La Grange, Ind., daughter of an early settler and prominent
farmer of that section of the state and one of the leading men of that
city until his death, which occurred when he had reached the advanced
age of ninety-four years. Mr. and Mrs. Fairfield have three children:
Mabel Ruth^ born July 10, 1897 ; Paul B., born March 10, 1899, and
Howard I., born March 27, 1902.

As a business man Mr. Fairfield is successful beyond many in
his line. As a citizen he undertakes in a public-spirited way to do his
dut.v as a consistent Democrat. Fraternally he affiliates with the
Independent Order of Odd Fellows. He has long been helpfully iden-
tified with the Congregational Church.

JOHN FARREN

With his aspirations directed beyond the mere struggle for a
dailj' livelihood and turned toward the acquisition of a competency,
John Farren passed an exceedingly busy life in his adopted city of
Sacramento. When eventually in 1909 death summoned him from the
quiet little home which he and his capable wife had occupied for many
years, he passed into the grateful peace justly earned by the honorable
and industrious citizen. Unselfish toil had sanctified his existence and
kindly good humor had cheered his intercourse with his fellowmen.
Acquaintances unite in attributing to him the possession of the wit
and optimism that characterize the Celtic race. Although it was not
possible for him to secure an education in his native Ireland, nor did
any good fortune come his way through early life, by dint of industry
and frugality he made a place for himself in his own chosen circle of
society and had a "host of friends among the other pioneers of Sacra-
mento couutv, where he had made his home from an earlv dav.

938 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

The lady with whom Johu Farren was united in 1896 and whose
devotion cheered his last days was, at the time of their marriage, the
widow of William Mehary, a native of Ireland and a pioneer of Cali-
fornia. She likewise was of Celtic blood and claimed the Emerald Isle
as her native home, but, her parents having died when she was very
small, she wias brought to the United States in 1850 by one of her
brothers, settling first in New York, where all of her kindred still
remain. When first she came to California she bore up bravely against
the depression of homesickness and isolation from relatives, but as her
circle of acquaintances enlarged and as she found more to admire in
the vast country beside the sunset sea she became a devoted champion
of its progress. Especially is she interested in Sacramento, w;hich
she has seen develop from an insignificant western town into a pros-
perous and progressive city, worthy of the great commonwealth whose
capital it is. For more than forty years she has lived in the town
and for a quarter of a century she has owned and occupied the resi-
dence at No. 52.3 M street, where surrounded by an environment grown
dear through long associations she is passing into life's twilight forti-
fied by a deep Christian faith, cheered by the good will of the pioneers
who still survive and crowned l)y a realization of an existence un-
selfishly devoted to the welfare of others. Were it not for the warm
friendship of so many old friends her days would be lonely, for hus-
band and near relatives are gone, and with her departure from the east
long ago she passed out of intimate touch with the kindred there, but
the friends in Sacramento minister to her comfort and see that she
is surrounded by those evidences of aiTection so precious to all who
have ])a8sed out of youth.

STEPHEN FOSTER

Genealogical records indicate that the Foster family was iden-
tified with Great Britain back to a period where historical accuracy
becomes lost in legendary tradition. England was the native country of
Stephen Foster and August 23, 1852, the date of his birth. It was in
that country also that he received his education, which was limited to
the study of the common branches, yet sufficiently thorough to enable
him to transact all business matters with accuracy and dispatch. As
he grew to manhood he heard much concerning the opportunities
offered liy California and as soon as the way became clear for him to
do so he migrated to the Pacific coast country, settling first in Sacra-
mento. From that time until his death, which occurred December 8,
1902, at the age of fifty years, he remained a resident of the Sacra-
mento valley, and was a useful, honorable and industrious citizen,

HISTOEY OE^ SACRAMENTO COUNTY 939

belonging to that class of men whose citizenship possesses permanent
value to the community with which they identify themselves.

The marriage of Mr. Foster was solemnized June 17, 1886, and
united him with Mrs. Kate (McKernan) Donnelly, of Folsom, Cal.,
the widow of Henry Donnelly, a native of Ireland, but for years a
useful citizen of Folsom, where he died in 1877, at the age of forty-
eight years. Six children were born to the union of Mr. and Mrs.
Donnelly, but only three of these survive. The eldest, James Henry
Donnelly, born November 21, 1868, received a common-school educa-
tion in Folsom and is now serving his third term as representative
from the fourth district of Sacramento county on the board of county
supervisors, where he has proved most helpful in promoting measures
for the permanent upbuilding of his district. The only surviving
daughter, Mary Donnelly, is the wife of H. W. Hall, of Sacramento.
The younger son, Peter F. Donnelly, still resides in his native village
of Folsom, where he is proprietor of an hotel and also holds the
office of village constable. The marriage of Mr. and Mrs. Foster
was blessed with two children. The daughter, Pearl F., married Albert
Arnold, of Sacramento, and is the mother of one son. Eeuben S., who
is unmarried, resides with his mother at No. 2125 E street, Sacra-
mento.

The ancestry of Mrs. Foster had headquarters on the Emerald
Isle. Her father, the late James McKernan, was a native of Ireland,
whence he crossed the ocean to the United States during 1844. He
was at the time a stalwart youth, physically robust and capable of
long endurance in any task, but entirely without means or friends.
After his marriage he remained in the east for some years, but having
heard much concerning the vast resources of California he came
hither in 1856 to test the opportunities of the new country. In 1858
he was joined by his wife and children, among the latter being Kate,
who was born in Paterson, N. J. The mother died at Folsom in 1873
and the father survived until March of 1886.

For over thirty years Mrs. Foster was engaged in the hotel and
livery business in Folsom. In 1903 she built the Enterprise Hotel, a
large brick building modern in every particular, and the largest and
best building in that city. She also built up the Donnelly livery stable,
the largest establishment of the kind in the place. All of this she
accomplished by her own industry and business ability, building the
enterprises up from the profits of the business. She also built many
residences in Folsom and it was stated that she erected more buildings
there than any other individual. However, in June of 1910 she became
a resident of Sacramento, where she has a large circle of friends
among the honored pioneers of the city. For years Mr. Foster was an
interested worker in the Workmen and the Independent Order of Odd
Fellows and she also became prominent in Fedora Eebekah Lodge No.

940 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

166 of Folsom, of which she is a charter member and a past officer.
She contributes liberally to its charitable measures and also aids all
movements for the lielping of the needy and the relief of the dis-
tressed.

HUNTER W. S. SHANNON

Among those who ha\e taken up their residence in Sacramento
in recent years is H. AV. S. Shannon, who since 1907 has been actively
engaged in the real estate business in this city. His success may be
attributed not alone to his ability to rightly judge of land values and
to a foresight as to future development, but rather to his innate
integrity and unvarying straightforwardness in all of his relations
with patrons. It has always been a I'ule with him to make no assertion
in favor of a property which he cannot vouch for and he never advises
a purchase in which he himself does not see an honest value. These
underlying principles of upright dealing have brought Mr. Shannon the
splendid reputation which he bears throughout the Sacramento valley.

Mr. Shannon was born in Sydney, Australia, November 17, 1876,
and is the son of Thomas and Martha (Prentice) Shannon, both na-
tives of Australia, their parents being natives of England. The ma-
ternal grandfather, who was a captain in the English army and par-
ticipated in the Crimean war, traced his family line back to the English
Stuarts. Thomas Shannon was a prominent and influential citizen in
the colony in which he made his home, and for many years was Alder-
man of Ulmarra, his native town. He was also judge of the agricul-
tural shows, a position which in that country carries with it large
honors. He is still a resident of that country and is now shire coim-
cillor for Sherwood.

H. W. S. Shannon received good educational advantages in the
schools of Sydney, and after completing his schooling he was associ-
ated in business with his father. Later he engaged in business inde-
l)endeutly, dealing in livestock and land, continuing this until deter-
mining to come to California. This he did in 1907, landing at San
Francisco, and from there he came the same year to Sacramento,
which ever since has been the scene of his real estate operations.
Among the many properties which he has handled may be mentioned
the following: tlie Los Molinas lands, the Patterson lands, the Oakley
homestead and the Oakley tract, and he is now engaged in subdivid-
ing the Kildonan Oaks tract, on the line of the California Traction
Company's Railroad, about fourteen miles east of Sacramento.

In Sacramento Mr. Shannon was united in marriage, August
23. 1910, with Miss Floretta Woodward, a native of California, "^and

HISTOEY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY 941

they have one daughter, Lucile. As might be expected of a man of
Mr. Shannon's enterprise and public spirit he is a member of the
chamber of commerce, and is actively interested in any project that
has at heart the welfare of community, city or state. Fraternally
he is identified with the Odd Fellows, Mrs. Shannon being a member
of the Eastern Star, and both are members of the Episcopal Church.

BEENAED FEOMMEE

In our commerce and industries, from the railroad builder to the
bank president, our foreign-born citizens have shown excellent quali-
ties, and this is especially true of the natives of Austria. Bernard
Frommer was born in Kra Kow, Austria, and landed in New York
City in 1884, coming to San Francisco from there in 1888, and was
for several years thereafter employed along mercantile lines. He
came to Sacramento in 1895 and in that year and in 1896 was em-
ployed as salesman in cue of the stores of that city. Then he opened
a small furnishing store for men on K street and two years later
opened his present clothing store at 301-303 K street, in a fine business
building of which he is now the owner. As a progressive merchant
and man of commercial achievment he has made a record that might
well be envied by any business man in California. His beginning was
comparatively small and represented very little capital, but by
close application to business and by his splendid judgment and financ-
ing he has been very successful and built up a large trade. He has
amassed a comfortable fortune, being the owner of much valuable
real estate, one of his choice holdings being at the corner of
Eleventh and K streets. On this, in 1912, Mr. Frommer erected the
Frommer Building which is a credit to the city as well as himself.
It is a four story structure of Eoman pressed brick with terra cotta
finish,- and it is the concensus of opinion that it is the most modern
and up-to-date building in construction and architecture of any
in the city. He took a very active part in the building of the Hotel
Sacramento, of which he is a large stockholder.

To some extent Mr. Frommer may be said to have inherited his
peculiar business abilit}" from his father, who was a successful
merchant in Austria. He is a member of the Eetail Merchants Associa-
tion of Sacramento and of the local Chamber of Commerce, is identi-
fied with the Jewish Congregational church and is active in various
charitable societies. As a business man he is public-spirited and
helpful to all worthy interests. His parents died in Austria some

942 HISTOEY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY

years ago and lie has a sister living in the old family home. He has
been as successful in his real estate as in his commercial ventures and
those who know him best know that his success has been honorably
achieved. All in all, he is one of the notable upbuilders of Sacra-
mento.

JAMES GOULDEN

A long identification with the industrial development of Cali-
fornia qualified James Goulden among the most progressive citizens
of the state. In Quebec, Canada, he was born in 1853, and he died
at his home in Sacramento, Cal., May 6, 1909. He was quite a young
man when he settled near Truckee, Nevada county, Cal., and there
eventually' he became interested in the lumber trade, with which he was
connected twenty-eight years. In 1895 he took up his residence in
Sacramento, and from that time until his death was chief inspector
for the Southern Pacific Eailroad Company. In 1883 Mr. Goulden
married Laura MeCullough, a native of Cass county, Ind., who
had come with her parents across the plains with ox-teams to Cali-
fornia in 1854. They landed at Dutch Flat in October that year.
Socially Mr. Goulden affiliated with the Masonic order, in which he had
taken high degrees, and with the Knights of Pythias. In railroad and
commercial circles he was known as a man of much ability and of
highest integrity and efficiency, and when he passed away his removal
was regretted as that of one whose place it would be hard to fill. As
a citizen he was public spirited and helpful to an unusual degree,
never withholding his encouragement and support from any measure
which in his opinion promised to benefit any considerable number
of his fellow citizens. Since her husband's death Mrs. Goulden has
lived at her home at 1006 G street. By her first marriage, to Joseph
Hilton, who died in Truckee, she had two children, G. W. Hilton,
who is with the Southern Pacific Eailroad, and Henrietta May, now
Mrs. Easton, of Truckee, Cal.

GUS LAVENSON

Indicative of the genuine business ability and purposeful energy
of Mr. Lavenson is the important commercial concern established by
his unaided efforts and built up to its present magnitude through
his sagacious supervision. It was during 1877 that he opened a small

HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 943

shoe store on the corner of Fifth and J streets, Sacramento. He was
young and without capital, but what he lacked in means he possessed
in enthusiasm and determination. Even more important than this, he
had excellent taste in selecting shoes and accurate judgment as to
the wants and needs of customers, so that from the first he won
the confidence of his patrons. To assist him at the start he had one
man, au experienced cobbler, who took charge of repair work and also
assisted in waiting on the trade. The twenty-three years of his
occupancy of the same quarters were years of growth and slow but
steady development, bringing the ultimate necessity of enlarged
accommodations for customers and for the stock of shoes. Therefore
in 1900 he removed to the corner of K and Seventh streets, where
now he has twenty-two assistants to aid him in the management of
the business. With this large force he is able to care for customers
promptly, while the splendid equipment and modern conveniences of
the new establishment give him one of the finest shoe stores in the
entire state.

Born in Germany, December 27, 1852, Mr. Lavenson came to
the United States with his parents when he was thirteen years old,
settling in Cincinnati, Ohio, where he attended the public and high
schools until he was sixteen years of age. Mr. Lavenson has made
Sacramento his home since May of 1869, having been one of the very
first to come across the continent over the newly completed Central
Pacific Railroad. Five years before this an older brother had come to
California, where for a time he engaged in the mercantile business
at Rocklin, Placer county, but more recently he has made his home in
Portland, Ore. An uncle, Samuel Lavenson, a prominent pioneer of
California, for years was a member of the firm of Lock & Lavenson,
dealers in carpets and manufacturers of mattresses; this business
was established during 1850 and has a reputation of being one of
the very oldest in Northern California.

After his arrival in Sacramento a search for employment brought
Grus Lavenson to the firm of Peyser & Lyons, on the corner of Seventh
and J streets, where he secured work as an errand boy. His worth
was soon proved. By various promotions he won his way to a rank
among the head men in the store, where he remained for seven years,
resigning in order to embark in business for himself. In his specialty
he is well informed, posted concerning every change in style of shoe
or leather, courteous among his customers and painstaking in his
efforts to meet their wishes ; with such qualities as these success comes
in the nature of things. The conduct of the business, however, does
not represent the limit of his activities, for diiring recent years he has
been treasurer of the Sacramento River Farms Company, an organiz-
ation incorporated in March of 1908 with the following-named
officers; Clinton L. White, president; Herman T. Silvius, vice-presi-

944 HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY

dent; H. F. G. Wulff, secretary; and Gus Lavenson, treasurer.
About the time of their incorporation the companj^ acquired con-
siderable property from Virginia Vanderbilt, a member of the famous
New York City family of that name. They now own eleven thousand
acres of rich bottom land in the Sacramento valley and also a part of
the town site at Knight's Landing. In order to protect their fertile
land from overflow and render it available for remunerative culti-
vation, they have expended more than $600,000 in improvements
and have built more than fifteen miles of levee. There is every reason
to believe that the hopes of the projectors will reach a gratifying
fruition.

The marriage of Mr. Lavenson took place in Sacramento April 10,
1881, and united him with Miss Flora Goldman, a native of New York
state, but from girlhood a resident of the capital city, where she
is now a jDrominent member of the Tuesday and Saturday Clubs. Her
parents, both now deceased, were Simon and Clara (Bien) Goldman,
the former one of the well-known business men of Sacramento during
the pioneer period. Mr. and Mrs. Lavenson are the parents of two
daughters, Claire and Selma Rose. Both are leaders in athletic
recreations in the capital city and are especially prominent as expert
swimmers. Nor are they less capable as equestriennes. It is said by
competent judges that they have in the west few superiors in either
art. During the summer of 1911 they accompanied a party on a
twelve days' trip through the Yosemite valley and during eight days of
that time they were continuously in saddle, making four hundred
miles on horseback with ease and speed, and returning home un-
wearied by the strenuous nature of the excursion.

HARRY G. KREBS

The conunercial activities of Sacramento find an- able represen-
tative in Harry G. Krebs, who as a native son of the capital city
and as a lifelong resident thereof has acquired a breadth of infor-
mation regarding local resources that is equalled by few and perhaps
surpassed by none. The business to which he has given the larger
share of his time and which he has developed from insig-nificance into
popularity has a high standing among the establishments of the
city. A large stock of paints and of wall paper is kept on hand, the
sale of these being increased by the fact that the owner also takes con-
tracts for exterior painting and interior decorating. It is the aim of
the proprietor to keep in stock a complete assortment of paints and
the very latest styles of ]mpers and preparations for interior finishing.

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 945

Through being strictly up-to-date in the stock carried and strictly
honorable in the methods of conducting business he has won the con-
fidence of a large circle of patrons.

A member of an old family of California and himself a native
of Sacramento, born June 9, 1880, Harry G. Krebs was a son of Charles
H. and Charlotte Krebs. He received a public-school education in
this citj', and since leaving school he has devoted his attention to
business pursuits. On March 18, 1909, the business, which had been
established in 1854 by his father, Charles H. Krebs, and named
after him, was incorporated as C. H. Krebs & Co., the officers being,
Mrs. Charlotte Krebs, president, F. H. Krebs, vice-president, Harry
G. Krebs, treasurer, and Mrs. Alice Avery, secretary. Besides the
paint and wall-paper store he has other interests. At this writing he
serves as a director in the Del Paso Heights Land Company,
which owns adjacent to the city a large tract acquired for subdivision
purposes. In addition he is interested in the Camelia Investment
Company, Incorporated, which buys and sells real estate and
transacts a large business in the line of its specialty. The officers
of the comj^any are as follows : A. E. Goddard, president ; Harry G.
Krebs, vice-president; and Leroy Bray, secretary.

The marriage of Harry G. Krebs took place January 15, 1908,
and united liim with Miss Lillis Swanston, daughter of George
Swanston, a wholesale butcher and well-known citizen of Sacramento.
There is one son, Harry Swanston Krebs, whose birth occurred
March 24, 1909. The Native Sons of the Golden West have in Mr.
Krebs an interested worker. In addition he holds membership with
Union Lodge No. 58, F. & A. M., Sacramento Chapter No. 3, R. A. M.,
Sacramento Council No. 1, R. & S. M., Sacramento Commandery No.
2, K. T., Isaac Davis Lodge of Perfection No. 3, in the capital city,
and Islam Temjole, N. M. S, in San Francisco.

Another influential member of the same family is Franklin H.,
brother of Harry G. Krebs. Born August 12, 1865, he received
a public-school education in Sacramento, where also he attended
Atkinson's Business College. For a long period he has been engaged
in business in his native city. His marriage took place in Erie, Pa.,
November 2, 1897, and united him with Miss Flattie E. Avery, by
whom he is the father of three children, namely : Charles Henry, born
July 23, 1902; Charlotte L., August 31, 1904; and Katherine Alice,
October 20, 1907. For years he has been an active worker in the
German Lutheran Church, whose every department has felt the
impetus of his energetic assistance and whose choir particularly has
enjoyed the benefit of his talented participation. The Republican
party has received his ballot in all national elections occurring since
he attained his majority, and he has kept posted concerning national
issues by a close study of current papers and magazines. Like many

946 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

other sons of the state, he has found pleasure in active participation
with the social functions and civic projects under the auspices of the
local parlor, Native Sous of the Golden West.

FRED T. KITT

The childhood memories of Mr. Kitt are associated with the
southeastern part of Nebraska, where he was born December 29, 1876,
in the village of Arago near the western banks of the Missouri river.
His parents, Joseph and Selina Kitt, were representatives of the
sialendid pioneer element that entered into the material upbuilding of
that state, and the family throughout the entire period of their indenti-
fication with the United States has been characterized by the courage-
ous, industrious qualities that have transformed the dense forests
and the vast prairies into fertile farms and i^rosperous communities.
The schools of his locality were equal to those of the period in any
part of the country and afforded him fair advantages, which later
were increased by an attendance of one year in a business college
located at Lincoln, Neb. When the time came for Mm to enter the
ranks of business men he secured employment as a traveling salesman
and in his chosen work he met with considerable success as a repre-
sentative of a number of specialty houses out of Chicago and Council
Bluffs. Meanwhile he had become interested in the study of electricity
and had mastered the principles of the science. During 1901 he
removed west as far as Denver, Colo., where he found employment as
an electrical engineer.

Upon his arrival in Sacramento during the year 1904 Mr. Kitt
was given a position with the Sacramento Electric, Gas and Railway
Company, in their electrical engineering department, continuing in
different capacities until his resi,gnation, which occurred March 1,
1909. His object in resigning had been to specialize on electric vehicles.
He was first to introduce that type of car into Sacramento, by taking
the agency for the Columbus electric automobile; later he became
Sacramento representative of the Detroit Electric vehicles. During
the three years he has been in business he has placed approximately
one hundred electric vehicles in the capital city, which indicates his
success as a salesman as well as the recognized values of his ears. In
February of 1910 he erected a one-story modern brick garage and
salesroom, equipped with all facilities for the management of a
growing business. In order to provide facilities for the cars and
storage of electric vehicles he erected, during the summer and autumn
of 1910, a substantial four-storv reinforced concrete addition affording

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 947

abundant space for the needs of the next few years. The office,
garage and laboratory are located at Nos. 1910-14 Capitol avenue,
or M street, an excellent location for such purposes. In addition to
the maintenance of a line of electric vehicles, storage batteries for
all purposes are kept to supply the needs of the trade, and the garage
is a popular headquarters for all users of electric cars.

Political questions receive their due consideration from Mr. Kitt,
who, however, displays no partisan preferences and maintains an
independent attitude in his personal views. As a citizen he contributes
to movements for the upbuilding of the community and the develop-
ment of its business interests. His marriage took place in Los
Angeles September 1, 1904, and united him with Miss Agnes Donovan,
of Denver, Colo. They are the parents of two sons, Frederick T., Jr.,
who was born April 18, 1910, and Phillip John,who was born February
J.7, 1912. The family are earnest members of the Roman Catholic
Church and Mr. Kitt is also affiliated with its leading fraternity, the
Knights of Columbus. ,; ^/ yf^^Jp^^

2^- /"?///

WILLIAM EMIL GERBER

Those who are acquainted with the career and character of
William Emil Gerber of Sacramento, merchant, financier and honored
public functionary, know how active he has been in the building up
of the city of his adoption, but of late years he has been forced
to relinquish the duties which have proved too severe a strain upon
him and he has disposed of his large holdings in different companies,
the management of which has proved too great a tax upon him. His
elf orts toward the . development of conditions generally in Sacra-
mento have won him many appreciative friends here and he is known
as one of the leading public-spirited citizens of the city. Mr. Gerber
was born in Buffalo, N. Y., September 8, 1852, a descendant of old
German families. His parents, Pantalion and Sybilla (Gerber)
Gerber, came from Germany to the United States in 1844. In 1860
they came via Panama and arriving in California, established a
home in Sacramento. Mr. Gerber was a butcher and conducted a
wholesale trade in his line until in 1878, when he died. He was
succeeded in business by his three sons, John, Henry and Louis
Gerber.

When he was brought to California by his parents William E.
Gerber was eight years old. He attended the public schools in
Sacramento and in 1866 went back to Buffalo to become a student in
the St. Louis Academy. He studied German eighteen months, was
later graduated from a business college in Buffalo and in 1869

948 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

returned to California. For a year and a half afterward he ^vas a
clerk iu a grocery store. In 1870 he bought a half interest in a
business establishment of that character in Sacramento and continued
in the grocery trade seven years, building up a large and lucrative
enterprise which he sold in 1877.

In the year last mentioned Mr. Gerber was elected County
Auditor and Recorder of Sacramento county and tilled the position
so creditably that he was re-elected in 1879, 1881 and 1883, filling the
ofBee four consecutive terms, until June, 1885. In the latter year he
was elected assistant cashier of the California State Bank and in 1894
he was elevated to the eashiership, which he resig-ned in 1901 in order
to devote himself exclusively to private business enterprises. lie was
elected director and vice-president of the bank, which was converted
into a national bank under the title of the California National Bank,
and later he was elected president. He has from time to time concerned
himself in various commercial and industrial interests in the state,
having been president of the Earl Fruit Company of California for
a period of ten years. He has been the secretary and director of the
Buffalo Brewing Company since its organization in 1889 ; was
president of the Folsom Development Company, one of the largest
enteri)rises of its class in the state for seven years, until it was sold;
and stockholder and director in numerous other well known concerns.

Decemlier 21, 1881, Mr. Gerber married Hattie A. Lyon, daughter
of Edward Lyon, who came from Vermont to the Pacific coast in
1860 and was for many years a leading merchant in Sacramento.
Fraternally Mr. Gerber is a Mason of the Knights Templar degree
and a life member of Islam Temple, N. M. S., of San Francisco; he is
also a member of Capitol Lodge, I. 0. 0. F. He is an active Republican
and had often served his party as delegate to county and state
conventions. In 1901 he was appointed state fish commissioner by
Governor Gage and in 1903 was reappointed by Governor Pardee.
He has for many years been identified with the upbuilding and
progress of Sacramento, assisting every good work for the benefit
of the community and promoting enterprises that have been factors
in the growth and development of the city. Mrs. Gerber is interested
in charitable work in Sacramento. Their marriage was blessed by
five children : Edward H. is a director of the California National Bank,
and is interested in various enterprises in the state. Annie is the
wife of W. Leslie Comyn of San Francisco. Irma is Mrs. George A.
Starkweather of Sacramento. Harriett resides with her parents.
William E., Jr. is attending school at Lawrenceville, N. J. Mr. Gerber
is a member of the Sutter Club of Sacramento, the Pacific Union Club
and the Union League Club of San Francisco.

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 949

JOHN B. HICKS

The self-made mau is iu evidence in California as manifestly as
in any part of this country of self-made men. Sacramento has as
many men of this class as any city in the state, population consid-
ered, and of the yormger ones few are hetter or more favorably
known than the one whose name is the title to this brief notice. Mr.
Hicks was born at Watseka, 111., December 2, 1869, a son of James
V. Hicks and a grandson of John J. Hicks. His father and his grand-
father and their families had come to the coast in 1874 and located
in San Diego county, where they had turned their attention profit-
ably to sheep-raising, their operations covering extensive tracts of
land and giving employment to many men in different ways.

It was in the public schools of San Diego counts' that the imme-
diate subject of this sketch gained a practical primary education.
His more advanced education has been obtained by hard and some-
times discouraging study and observation in the school of experi-
ence. His first active participation in the battle for life was as a
farmer. Later he became identified with the hotel business, and it
was by a five years' experience as a hotel clerk in San Francisco
that he gained that knowledge of men and their ways that has stood
him in such good stead iu his subsequent business career. In 1898
he became connected with the transfer business of John F. Cooper
and the Walrath Brothers, in which he later became half owner. The
enter^jrise of which he is now manager is known as the Capital Sac-
ramento Transfer, Van and Storage Company, and it is one of the
largest of its class in Northern California. This, company is duly
incorporated under the state law.

Maud L. King became the wife of Mr. Hicks April 16, 1902,
and they have a daughter named Ruth, who was born May 12, 1903.
Mrs. Hicks was the daughter of William and Sarah A. King of
Sacramento. Her father came to California in 1850 and mined
several years with varying success. For twenty-five years he was
identified with Yolo county and some of its well known interests. He
passed away in Sacramento in 1900. In everything pertaining to the
advancement of his adopted city Mr. Hicks has taken an earnest
and helpful interest. While he has not figured as an active politician
he has ably done his part in such political work as has appealed to his
sense of public duty. In 1912 he was prevailed upon by influential
citizens of the Third ward of Sacramento to accept the nomination
of his party for the office of trustee. He is a Y^ork rite Mason, a
Shriner, an Odd Fellow, a Woodman of the World, and a member of
the Ancient Order of United Workmen, and in some of these orders
he has been raised to important office. Mr. and Mrs. Hicks are com-

950 HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

municauts of the Presbyterian cliureh, active in the work of that
religious body and generous in support of its varied interests.

In the matter of investment Mr. Hicks has been as wise as he
has been enterprising. Firmly believing in the safety as well as profit
of land investments he has become possessed of real estate, notably
of a tract of forty acres on the Riverside road, five miles from the
Sacramento city line. His public spirit impels him to do all in
his power to advance the best interests of his community and his
state, and there are few reasonable demands on his patriotism to
which he does not respond with cheerful liberality.

EDWARD GILLESPIE, Sk.

About one-half century of identification with the material up-
building of the city and county of Sacramento gave to Mr. Grillespie
an intimate knowledge of local resources and possibilities and also
brought to him the warm regard of other pioneers, who, with him-
self, were truly loyal to the locality of their adoption. In his char-
acter no phase stood out more prominently than his affectionate de-
votion to the doctrines of the Roman Catholic Church, in which faith
he had been reared at the old Irish home. Never for a moment of
his long life did he swerve from his allegiance to the religion of his
choice and for more than forty years he rented a pew in the Sacra-
mento house of worship. From this place he was seldom absent on
occasions when services were held and his presence was expected.
When finally in July of 1907 his life on earth came to an end he
was consoled in his last moments by the prayers of the church and
he entered into everlasting rest with the Christian's bright hope of
happiness.

Descended from a long line of Celtic ancestry, humble in sta-
tion but honorable in character, Edward Gillespie was born in
county Donegal, Ireland, in 1829, and had such meager schooling
as was possible in that locality and at t-hat time. Hoping to find
in the new world greater opportunities than awaited him in his na-
tive land, he crossed the ocean at an early age and secured employ-
ment in the mines of Pennsylvania. Some years after the discov-
ery of gold he followed the tide of emigration to the Pacific coast
and secured emplo^Tueut as a miner, but later settled in Sacramento
county and here resided for fifty years or more, until the close of
his industrious and useful life. For thirty-five years he remained
in the employ of the Southern Pacific Railroad and was a trust-
worthy, intelligent and honored assistant of that company. Fond

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 951

of his work, Ms home and his church, the latter part of his life re-
fleeted in results the wise training and the sterling principles im-
planted in his heart during the boyhood days in Ireland.

During 1895 Edward Gillespie was united in marriage with Mrs.
Margaret (Dugan) Monsoii, a native of Ireland and the daughter
of parents who were lifelong residents of the Emerald Isle. When
still a very young girl she became the wife of John Monson, a native
of Germany, but a pioneer of California, where he died in San Fran-
cisco prior to 1890. Surviving him, besides the widow, there were
two children. The daughter, Viola Monson, is now the wife of Joseph
Davy and lives in Sacramento. The son, John Monson, Jr., who
received a thorough education, entered the government service dur-
ing young manhood and was stationed in China for three years,
but since 1908 he has been engaged as a vice-consul in India. The only
child of the second marriage, Edward Gillespie, Jr., born in 1896,
is now a student in the Christian Brothers College at Sacramento,
where he is receiving a thorough training for the future responsi-
bilities of business affairs.

MRS. ANNA G. GARDNER

Before the first trans-continental line of railway had been brought
to completion and thus welded the west with the east by links of steel,
Mrs. Anna Gardner came to California with her parents and
settled in Sacramento. Among the pictures on memory's walls none
is clearer to her mind than those associated with the long trip from
the eastern home of the family to the then unknown and sparsely set-
tled regions of the west. The plastic minds of youth readily absorb and
long retain incidents of importance, and the young girl who ex-
perienced a most delightful trip via the Isthmus of Panama has never
forgotten those interesting events, although she since has passed out
of youth into the afternoon of life's busy day and now has an honored
place among the elderly matrons of Sacramento, whose growth she has
witnessed for a period of more than forty years. Her father,
Daniel Sloat, for years made his home in New York City, where she
was born; her mother was a native of Kentucky and descended from
southern ancestry but New York City was her home from childhood.
Almost immediately after his arrival in Sacramento the father secured
employment with the Southern Pacific Railroad Company and con-
tinued with them for a long period, but eventually returned to the
east and there died. After having been spared to a ripe old age,
the mother passed away in 1901 at Oakland, this state.

The first grammar-school ever conducted in Sacramento was

952 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

attended by Mrs. Gardner. In 1871, while she was still a young girl,
she became the wife of Daniel Gardner, long a resident of Sacramento.
Four children were born of the union and of these two sons are now
living. The elder, Benjamin W., is a native of Sacramento and has
spent his entire life in this city, with the exception of the period of
his active service in the Spanish- American war ; in his family there are
four children, born of his union with Miss Clara Schondobie, a young
lady of Sacramento. The younger son, Elmer R., likewise a native
of the capital city, has a responsible position as manager of the
Pacific States Telephone Company at Modesto, and is fraternally very
active in the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, also holds honorary
membership with the Rebekahs. In the latter organization Mrs.
Gardner for years has been a successful worker and her selection
as past noble grand, also as the incumbent of other offices of trust and
honor, indicate the respect entertained for her excutive ability and
wise leadership by the members of the order in Sacramento.

JOSEPH F. HUMMEL

More than one-quarter of a century has brought its transforming
revolutions into the annals of California since Joseph F. Hummel laid
aside the burdens of existence and entered into eternal rest, but long
as has been the period since his departure, his memory lingers green
and fresh in the minds of the pioneers who knew him and in the
hearts of his family, among whom his vacant chair nevermore can
be filled. He belonged to that sturdy class of pioneers to whom we owe
the early development of the state and whose tireless labors and
patriotic devotion laid a broad and solid foundation for later sub-
stantial development. When gold was discovered in California he
was at the threshold of maturitj' and well qualified by rugged constitu-
tion and tireless energy for the arduous tasks incident upon westward
emigration. Born in Wurtemberg, Germany, in 1819, he inherited
the forceful qualities associated with Teutonic blood and, while he
lacked educational advantages, for this deprivation there was a
recompense in faculties of keen observation and careful reading of
current literature. Mr. Hummel came to Philadelphia when a young
man and there remained until 1852, wlien he came to California via
Panama.

Upon his arrival in tlie west, a stranger unfamiliar witli tlie
language or customs of the people, Mr. Hummel found San Francisco
a^ city of tents, filled with a cosmopolitan throng allured hither by the
discovery of gold. With characteristic energy he found a place for

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 953

himself and embarked in business. Finding the conditions encourag-
ing and the future assured in 1856 he returned to Philadelphia and
there in June, 1856, occurred his marriage to Miss Louisa D. Wetzel, a
native of Metziugen, Wurtemberg, Germany, who before her marriage
was an instructor in the art department at "Luthe" in Philadelphia.
In 1857 the couple came to California, where Mr. Hnnimol had a
comfortable residence in Sutter near Kearney, but he soon located in
Sacramento and here they found a place suitable for housekeeping,
thus beginning their long identification with the citizenship of the
capital city. During 1858 Mr. Hummel opened a shoe store in
Sacramento, on J street between Third and Fourth streets, after-
wards locating on Fifth and J streets, where he continued to operate
until his death, which occurred in 1876. His widow makes her home
at No. 1619 L street and has many warm friends among the people
of the city where for more than fifty years she has lived and labored.
When yet a young girl in the home of her childhood she acquired
a thorough knowledge of embroidery and afterward she kept up an
interest in the skilled handiwork of the day, so that slie became
recognized as one of the most expert needlewomen in Sacramento,
where for years she gave instructions in embroidery with gratifying
success. Of her five children three are still living. Agnes is with
John Breuner Co. and Emma is at the head of the art department
of Weinstock & Lubin Co., while the son, Herman H., resides in San
Francisco and is connected with the Southern Pacific Railroad
Company in that city.

JOHN W. JOHNSTON

A seeming misfortune in the life of Mr. Johnston, when ill liealth
forced him to relinquish a splendid professional practice in a most
desirable location and seek a change of climate, proved to possess a
recompense of no small value. The practice of law in Sacramento
has brought him into prominence throughout the northern part of
the state and, while enjoying the benefits accruing from restored
health, he also receives gratifying returns from his practice, so "that
he has no reason to regret the apparent handicap occasioned from
the removal. Since coming to Sacramento in 1899 he has built up an
im]iortant clientele and during the past seven or more years he has
l)een associated with Hon. Grove L. Johnson in professional work.

Among the thousands of Union soldiers whom Ohio furnished
to protect the stars and stripes during the Civil war not the least
conspicuous was Henry Johnston, a volunteer for three months at
the Oldening of the Rebellion, then a re-enlisted veteran for the entire
remainder of the struggle. Eventually he received an honorable

954 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

discharge after peace had been declared. When he had entered the
army he left at home a wife and children, among the latter being
John W., who was born in Pike county, Ohio, in 1857. The wife, who
bore the maiden name of Louisa Slaughter, was a native of Ohio of
southern family and had among her relatives a distinguished general,
Slaughter, of the Confederate army. During the fall of 1865 the
family removed to Missouri and settled at Kirksville, Adair county.
The son, at that time a lad of eight years, received his education
almost wholly in Kirksville and in 1881 he was admitted to the bar.
Two years later he was elected city attorney of Kirksville and for a
period of three consecutive terms he served satisfactorily in that
capacity. Before the third term had expired he was elected prosecut-
ing attorney of Adair county and for two terms he filled that office
with conspicuous zeal and tireless energy.

When his long period of official service had been completed Mr.
Johnston removed to Nebraska and opened an office at Omaha,
where immediately he rose to professional prominence. During 1894
he was elected to represent Douglas county in the Nebraska state
legislature and during his term he promoted the interests of his home
city to the extent of his ability. The legislature of which he was a
member elected Hon. John M. Thurston to the United States senate.
The exciting and long continued campaign, however, seriously im-
paired the health of Mr. Johnston and developed throat troubles that
did not yield to ordinary treatment. A change of climate was advised
and he therefore came to California during 1896, settling at Ukiah,
Mendocino county, where he engaged in the practice of law for three
years, then removing to the capital city, his present headquarters.

While still making his home in Missouri Mr. Johnston married
Miss Juliet M. Hollawaj^ a native of that state and a descendant
through her mother of the illustrious Lee family of Virginia. One of
her cousins at present is serving his second term as a .judge of the
supreme court of Montana. Mr. and Mrs. Johnston are the parents
of five children. The eldest, Thomas D. Johnston, the present
district attorney of Contra Costa county, represented that county in
the California state legislature during the sessions of 1905-06, 1908-09
and 1912-13. Volney C, the second son, resides in Sacramento. The
three youngest children are Pauline, a graduate of King's Conserva-
tory of Music in San Jose ; Lucille, a student in a business college ; and
J. Willard, who remains with his parents at the family home. No. 1010
F street. The broad and congenial fraternal relations of Mr. Johnston
have included membership with the Ancient Order of Druids, the
Woodmen of the World, the Independent Order of Odd Fellows and
the Masonic Order, all of which at various time have benefited by
his professional knowledge, tactful spirit and unwavering adherence
to the highest principles of honor.

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 955

GEORGE HOOK

The life of that once well-kiiowu Calif orniau, George Hook, for-
merly of Contra Costa county, spanned the period of thirty years, from
1S51 to 1880. He was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, was there reared and
educated and from there came, a young man, to California. It was
at Placerville and in Contra Costa county that he passed most of his
active life and in the latter place he died, sincerely mourned by a wide
circle of acquaintances.

In 1874 Mr. Hook married Miss Mary Green, a native of San
Bernardino, Cal., whose father in 1849, when nineteen years of age,
left Ohio and crossed the plains to California. Mrs. Green, a native
of England and now a resident of Sacramento, remembers all of the
details of the eventful journey on the overland trail. Mrs. Hook bore
her husband a son and a daughter, Henry and Sarah C. Hook. The
former is married and lives at Roseville, Cal., and Sarah is a member
of her mother's household.

JOHN REESE

As secretary and manager of the Florin Supply Company,
Florin, Cal., for the past ten years, Mr. Reese has displayed the good
management and business foresight which have distinguished his
entire career, the increasing prosperity and firm condition of his
organization bearing witness to the good judgment of his associates in
placing him in charge of its affairs. A man of exemplary principles
and quiet, magnetic personality, he has met life with both optimism
and power, and retains, in spite of varied opinions on all sides, an
individual discrimination in all matters which come to his attention.

A native of Utah, his birth having occurred in Payson, January
9, 1856, Mr. Reese came to Sacramento, Cal., four years later with
his parents, John and Elizabeth (Anthony) Reese, natives of Wales.
During his youth he displayed a power of concentration and studious
temperament that stood him in good stead, enabling him to advance
rapidly, and he graduated at the age of eighteen. Choosing an out-
door life he took up farming, varied by occasional carpentry, and after
conducting these pursuits with fair success until 1898, he turned
his attention to a new field, becoming salesman for the Florin Fruit
Growers' Association, a position which took him througli the north-
west. After two years, during which period he proved many times
his exceptional worth and firmness of character, he was placed in charge
of the Sacramento ofifiee, resigning in 1902 to become manager of
the Farmers' Mercantile Company at Florin, and upon the purchase

956 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

of the latter concern by the Florin Supply Company, was unanimously
chosen secretary and manager. From time to time he added to his
stock holdings and now owns a large interest in the business.

Mr. Reese was married November 23, 1873, in Sacramento, to Miss
Addie Slialer, whose birth occurred in Sacramento and whose parents,
Thomas and Adelia Shaler, were early settlers of Sacramento county.
The family of Mr. and Mrs. Reese numbered nine children, as
follows: Lester, now book-keeper in the office conducted by his
father; Mabel, Mrs. Milton Browning of Sacramento; Myrtle, post-
mistress at Florin; Llewelyn, now a successful stenographer in
Sacramento; Howard, who died November 7, 1911; David, clerking
for the Florin Supply Co.; Winifred, attending the Sacramento
high school; Mildred, and Melvin, all of whom have in no wise dis-
appointed the hopes of their parents, who realize that they are partic-
ularly blessed in their ambitous children.

As a Republican Mr. Reese is deeply interested in political
developments and prompt to lend his influence as an elector to
l^arty candidates. He served as deputy sheriff under his brother
David Reese and is now under the present sheriff. He maintains a
thorough understanding of all matters relating to the public good and
as a member of Florin Lodge No. 364, I. 0. 0. F., of which he is Past
Grand, and as- a member of Eebekah Lodge No. 20, is enabled to
keep in touch with the needs of humanity, his standard of life em-
bracing nothing less than the Golden Rule.

JOSEPH C. HOBRECHT

The conservative opinion of those whose long experience entitles
them to an expression of their impartial, accurate judgment indicates
that Mr. Hobrecht has attained to a position of marked prominence
among the electrical specialists of California. In identifying himself
with the electrical business he chose by an apparent accident of fate
the occupation for which nature admirably had qualified him. His
success indeed comes from his natural ability in the line of his
specialty; this ability, supplemented by education and study, has
been developed until it secures for him recognition among men of his
occupation throughout the entire west. When he opened his store in
Sacramento, at No. 1012 Tenth street, on the 20th of September, 1909,
it was with a thorough knowledge of his own qualifications for the
management of such a business, which includes the exhibition and sale
of exclusive designs in lighting fixtures. Not only are these designs

HISTOEY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY 957

original with himself, but many of them are so beautiful as to attract
wide attention and convince the observer of the artistic skill of the
designer.

Born in Germany April 21, 1876, Joseph C. Hobrecht was a very
small child when brought to the United States by his parents, Lawrence
and Theresa Hobrecht. After landing in New York City the family
traveled as far west as Nebraska and settled in Omaha, where the
father, a skilled mechanic, secured employment at his trade. During
1903 he joined the other members of the family who had preceded him
to California and settled in San Francisco, where he still lives, now
being retired from occujDational tasks that engrossed his earlier
years. In the family there are eight children, all of whom are still
living. One of the number, Philip J., is associated with his brother,
Joseph C, in the ownership of the biisiness at Sacramento and has
spent considerable time in this city during recent years.

An education acquired in the public schools of Omaha and the
Creighton institution in the same city qualified Mr. Hobrecht for the
duties of the business world. In early life he assisted his father in a
machine shop and thus acquired a comprehensive knowledge of such
work, becoming indeed a skilled mechanic. For eight years he con-
tinued in that occupation. Going to Montana he started to work as
an electrician, and continued to operate a plant in that city for some
time. During the year 1900 he came to Sacramento, where he worked
in the employ of the Bay Counties Power Company for eighteen
mouths. On leaving that position he entered the employ of the
Electrical Suppy Company, with whom he continued for seven years
or until he had determined to engage in the electrical business for
himself. In February of 1911 he was united in marriage with Mrs.
Lillian (McCarthy) Hanford, of Sacramento, daughter of Patrick
McCarthy, a pioneer of Eldorado county. Both Mr. and Mrs. Hobrecht
are earnest memliers of the Eoman Catholic church and he is identified
prominently with the Knights of Columbus, a well-known organization
under the auspices of that denomination. His fraternal activities are
further enlarged through membership with tlie Benevolent Protective
Order of Elks.

When the city of Sacramento decided to install ornamental elec-
troliers in the district bounded by I-J and L-M alleys and Front and
Twelfth streets, embracing a section three blocks wide and one mile
long, competition was sought from the leading electrical firms of
the entire country. Designs were submitted from firms in New York
City and Canton, Ohio, as well as numerous firms in San Francisco,
San Jose and Oakland, but it was reserved for Mr. Hobrecht to be the
successful winner in the great contest. His design was adopted by
the Eetail Merchants' Association of Sacramento, approved by the
citv trustees, and endorsed bv the Sacramento Chamber of Commerce,

958 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

the J Street Improvement Association, the Realty Board, the Home
Products' League and the Jobbers' Association. The first contract
called for four hundred and sixty-four electroliers and these were
manufactured in Sacramento (the contract is now about completed),
so that the city may claim with pride that the artistic electroliers are a
product of home skill, representing the inventive ingenuity of the
designer and the mechanical skill of the manufacturer.

ELTON DENNIS SHARPE

Genealogical records indicate the identification of the Sharpe
family with the history of England from a period so remote that
authentic annals become merged into traditional lore. Some years
before the opening of the Civil war a young Englishman, Samuel J.
Sharpe, sought the opportunities which he believed to exist in the
new world. Among the pioneers of Iowa he became interested in
general agricultural pursuits and also followed the trade of a
carpenter. With loyal devotion to the country of his adoption he
offered his services to the Union immediately after war had been de-
clared. Being accepted as a volunteer, he went to the front with
Company G of the Ninth Iowa Infantry. For a period of four years,
or until the close of the Rebellion, he remained in active service and
meanwhile took part in thirty-two battles, among them being Gettys-
burg and other history-making engagements. Notwithstanding his
active participation in such a large number of fierce contests he was
injured only once and that proved to be a mere flesh-wound. During
the progress of the war he had the satisfaction of casting his ballot
for Abraham Lincoln at the time of the second election of that
illustrious statesman.

Upon exchanging the accoutrements of war for the tranquil pur-
suits of peace Samuel J. Sharpe engaged at his trade of a carpenter
at Canon City, Colo., besides which he followed general farming.
About 1887 he became a pioneer fruit-grower in the Walla Walla
valley of Washington and later he became interested in agricultural
and horticultural enterprises near Mabton, Wash., a thriving little
village in the Yakima valley. On his ranch tliere he passed away in
1904 and since then his wife has made her home with their son, Elton
Dennis. The latter was born at Canon City, Colo., January 21, 1871,
and by dint of his own determination acquired an excellent education.
From his earliest recollections he was ambitious to acquire knowledge
and studious in temperament. After he had completed the regular
high school course he attended an academy at Milton, Ore., and after-
ward spent several years in Union College at Lincoln, Neb., from

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO C"Oi:XTY 959

■niiifli iiistitntioii he was .graduated in 1S95 with a liii-li standing.

Possessing' tlie l)ent of mind that finds its highest enjoyment in
edneational activities, it was bnt natnral tliat Professor Sharpe
shonld have entered ujjon pedagogical labors when the time came for
him to select his life work. From his earliest identification with the
profession of edncator he was snccessful and particularly so in the
instruction of young men and young women. Those who earnestly and
sincerely are preparing for the responsibilities of the future awaken
his sympathy and arouse his deepest interest. To aid them in their
noble endeavors he always has felt to be one of the greatest privileges
that life can offer the vast army of teachers. Not only does he possess
the desire, but in addition he possesses the ability to develop the
mind and bring out tlie latent energies of the soul. In every sphere
of mental training his co-operation proves beneficial to the student
earnestly seeking to solve some of life's great mysteries.

As an illustration of the splendid leadership of which Professor
Sharpe is capable it may be stated that at Lodi, Cal., he founded a
normal school and built up an institution having an attendance of
two Imndred and fifty. However, the task proved too much for his
health and nervous prostration resulted, which obliged him to resign
the presidency of the school in the spring of 1910. Afterwards he
spent one year with a brother at Mabton, Wash., and meanwhile en-
joyed a gradual restoration to complete health. Upon his return to
California, Professor Sharpe opened the Westsonian Normal College
of Arts and Sciences during February, 1912, this being a training
school for those who wish to secure training in arts and sciences.
The school has ten departments operating, all of which have experi-
enced success. It occupies one floor of the new Siller building on
Ninth street between K and L streets, and has been elegantly fitted
and substantially prepared for its specific use. Mrs. Sharpe, who
prior to her marriage December 25, 1898, was Miss Sylvia Compton
of Boise, Idaho, has proved a most able assistant to her husband and
the two co-operate to secure the most gratifying results in the in-
struction of each student. Music and art have their special depart-
ments. There will also be afforded training for mechanical trades.
It is the aim to develop professional and technical departments, also
a research department for the study of astronomy and archaeology,
and already the Professor has made arrangements with the Astro-
nomical Association of Great Britain for co-operation in the securing
of literature and in other movements for the upbuilding of the science.
It is also his intention to conduct, under the auspices of the school, a
series of illustrated lectures throughout the state, and indeed into
every part of the west as far as practicable, showing the material
resources and the commercial and educational advantages offered by
the great Sacramento vallev.

960 HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

SAMUEL BROOKS SLIGHT

More than one-half century of identification with the history of
Sacramento county, covering the period between his birth October 19,
1858, and demise January 27, 1910, gave Mr. Slight a broad and com-
prehensive knowledge of this portion of the west, while extensive
travels into other regions made him conversant with the magnitude
of the undeveloped resources of our commonwealth. ■ He was proud of
the fact that he could claim California as his native state and proud
also that his parents were among the goodly throng of emigrants to
whose dauntless courage was due the original American occupancy
of ancient Spanish and Indian habitations. No fortune ever rewarded
the efforts of the industrious pioneer couple, but they gained that
which is more to be desired, the esteem of all associates and the
deepest affection of their family. Without any financial aid from
them and without even the advantages of a good education, their
sou whose name introduces this article won his way to a substantial
degree of success and in the span of life's brief but busy day
accumulated a neat competency for his wife and children. His start
in the earning of a livelihood was made through an apprenticeship
to the trade of a carriage-maker, which later he followed as a
journeyman and finally became a salesman in the same line of
business.

The marriage of Samuel Brooks Slight, in Sacramento in 1888,
united him witli Miss Josie AVittenbrock, a native of Sacramento
county, and the daughter of Henry and Elizabeth Wittenbrock, of
Germany, who came to the west during the eventful era of the '50s,
estalilishing a home in Sacramento county and remaining there until
death. Mr. and Mrs. Slight became the parents of three children.
Their only daughter is now the wife of J. A. Holland and resides in
Sacramento. The sons are Henry Cyril and Bertram, the elder of
whom, while still making his home with his mother in the comfortable
city residence, devotes much of liis time to the care of her ranch. The
ranch is on a part of the Haggin grant about four miles east of the
city. This consists of forty-five acres devoted to hop culture, a
business with which Mr. Slight became familiar and in which he was
considered an authority. Notwithstanding the demands of business
affairs, he found leisure for the oversight of the ranch and by his per-
sonal efforts made the place profitable as an investment. Certain
of the fraternal organizations received his especial aid, among them
being the Elks and the Eagles, and for years he also took a warm
interest in the Native Sons of the Golden West, his membership being
with the parlor in the capital city. In public affairs he took little part,
yet he was a loyal citizen, progressive in principle and favoring all

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 961

improvemeuts of permanent value to tlie city. Official honors olid not
appeal to Mm, for his tastes led him to tind his highest happiness in
his home and among his personal friends, rather than in the turmoil
of partisan polities. By his own unaided efforts he accumulated a
competency and left to his family an estate representing years of
thoughtful, intelligent and arduous application to business affairs.

HARRY W. ADAMS

One of the most prominent men in the commercial world along
the Pacific coast and one who has devoted careful study of freight
rates throughout the United States to the extent that he has procured
many improvements in conditions in that department, is liarry W.
Adams, who fills the important position of traffic manager of the
Pioneer Fruit Co., at Sacramento, Cal. The life of Mr. Adams
has been a reverse of the usual order of procedure of the active
California citizen, for he was born on the Pacific coast and went
East as a child, instead of being born in the East and coming to
the West. His father, who was a major in the United States army,
devoted i;)ractically his whole life to military service and passed
away some years ago.

Harry ^Y. Adams first saw the light of day in San Francisco,
on July 10, 1861, but after a few years in the East, he finally re-
turned to the coast and his native city. He attended the ]5ublic
schools and upon leaving his studies became variously employed
for a few years, then going to Salt Lake City, to become clerk in
the Union Pacific Railroad office there, and he soon advanced to
the position of assistant general freight agent, which he held for
a number of years. After that he was connected with the freight
departments of the Union Pacific, Oregon Railway and Navigation
Co. and Texas Pacific Railway Co., and came to be known as one
of the best informed freight and traffic agents in the entire West.
Eventually he was induced liy Mr. Bills to come to Sacramento,
and accejit the i)osition of traffic manager of the Pioneer Fruit
Co., which he is holding at the present time with that efficiency
and trustworthiness for which he is known among the business
people in that line of work. By careful observation and studying
the freight rates throughout the country he was instrumental in
reducing the rate to the Atlantic seaboard from $1.45 to $1.15. and
a corresponding reduction to points west, and this accomplishment
has been the means of saving for the farmer many hard-earned
dollars. Mr. Adams' company ships fruit all over the United States,
and from time to time sends large consignments to foreign ports.

962 HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY

wbicli necessitates clever mauipiilation of the shipmeuts and a thor-
ougli knowledge of the best arrangement and order of shipping.

Mr. Adanas is a member of the San Francisco Transportation
Clnb and the Sutter Clnb of Sacramento. He affiliates fraternally
with the Masons, having attained to the thirty-second degree, Scot-
tish Rite, and is also identified with the Order of the Eastern Star.
In 1890 he married Miss Lnla HoUaday, a native of Illinois, who is
a lady of culture, interested in charitable work and a member of
the Tuesday Club of Sacramento. She is identified with the Order
of Eastern Star and is one of the Past Grand officers of the Grand
Chapter of California.

ALPHONSE ARNOLD

In the German province of Alsace-Lorraine, Alphonse Arnold
was born December 11, 1858, a descendant of many generations of
European ancestors of high character and worthy achievement.
He was educated in public schools in his native land and in 1884 came
across the Atlantic to America, landing in New York in August.
From the eastern metropolis he went to the Southwest, locating at
San Antonio, Texas, where he remained till in 1887, working as a
cooper, he having acquired a knowledge of that trade in the old
country. From San Antonio he came west to San Francisco, where
he was employed in a cooperage about fifteen months, and thence
he came to Napa county, in June, 1888. There he worked for
wages till, eventually, he established a cooper's shop at St. Helena,
which he managed with success during the ensuing eight years.
Disposing of the St. Helena interests of A. Arnold & Company, he
came to Sacramento and took charge of the cooperage shop oper-
ated by John Ochsner. In April, 1903, he bought the shop, then
located at No. 816 Second street. May 1, 1904, he moved the en-
terprise to the site at No. 320 R street, which it has since occupied
and where he has made one of the latter-day business successes of
that part of the city.

While he was living in Texas, Mr. Arnold married, January 17,
1885, Pelagia Burgunder, who died April 25, 1905, leaving a son,
Louis, born March 25, 1892, who is now acquiring a knowledge of
the cooper's trade under his father's careful instruction. Self-
made in the best sense of the term, Mr. Arnold is in all things thor-
oughly up to date. His cooperage establishment is perhaps the best
jilant of its kind in Northern California. He is a member of the
Druids, helpful to all the interests of the order, and is a devoted
and generous adherent to the Catholic church. In many ways he
lias demonstrated bis characteristic public spirit.

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 963

HARRISON BENNETT

Long and honorable service in the Civil War gives distinction
to tlie life history of Mr. Bennett and entitles him to the gratitude
of all true patriots. When he was a young man, with his education
uncompleted and his life plans only vaguely outlined, the hidden
depth of his patriotic spirit was revealed by his instant desire to
offer his services to the Union at the outbreak of the Rebellion. It
was thought at the time that the trouble could be quelled in a very
brief period, therefore he was accepted for three months beginning
May 1, 1861. Plis original service was as a private in Company B,
First Michigan Infantry. Later he re-enlisted as sergeant in Com-
pany G of the same regiment which was assigned to the army of
the Potomac, where one year later he was promoted to hospital
steward. Among his engagements were the first battle of Bull
Run, the Peninsular campaign, the battle of Gettysburg, the second
contest at Bull Run, Fredericksburg and the Wilderness. From
time to time he was promoted and held the commission of first lieu-
tenant when he was discharged at Louisville, Ky., July 9, 1865,
after his third enlistment, being mustered out of the service 1>y rea-
son of the close of the war.

The Bennett family is of old eastern ancestry. Isaac B., a native
of Wayne county, N. Y., grew to manhood in that part of the state
and there married Sibyl La Due, who was of French and German
])a rentage. The young couple left their friends and relatives and
sought the cheap lands of the northwest with the intention of cre-
ating a home on the frontier. For some time they lived in Lena-
wee county, Mich., where their son, Harrison, was born August 1,
18-11. From the land in Lenawee county the father cleared off the
heavy timlier; he then built a cabin home, placed the virgin soil
under cultivation, and eventually became prosperous. He sold
this place and bought a farm in Jackson township, Jackson county,
and there spent the remaining years of his useful existence. His
wife survived him, dying at the advanced age of eighty-six. When
an aged woman, but well preserved physically and mentally, she
came to Sacramento and enjoyed a visit with her son, Harrison,
returning to Michigan to |3ass her closing years.

After the close of his long army service and a subsequent visit
among relatives in Michigan, Mr. Bennett went to Poughkeepsie,
N. Y., where he took a course of study in the Eastman Business Col-
lege. Innnediately after his graduation he took passage on a ship
for Panama, thence crossed to the Pacific side and traveled by steam-
er to San Francisco, where he remained for three years. In 1868
he came to Sacramento, where he has since resided. For one year

964 HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY

he clerked in a drug-store aud later he was retained as bookkeeper
for E. Stone & Co. During 1875 he entered the Sacramento Sav-
ings Bank as teller and continued with that institution until 1910,
when he resigned and retired on a pension. His identification with
the bank covered a long period of years and reflected great credit
upon his fidelity, trustworthiness, intelligence and wise judgment.

The first marriage of Mr. Bennett was solemnized at Sacra-
mento in 1875 and united him with Miss Emma Allen, who was born
in New York City and received her education in the schools of that
metropolis. Very shortly after her marriage she died at the family
residence in Sacramento. During 1877 Mr. Bennett was united
with Mrs. Lizzie Lardner, the widow of Frank Lardner. His only
son, Willie, died at the age of two years. The only daughter,
Sibyl, is the wife of Presley Johnson and the mother of two chil-
dren, Beth and Edloe. The Grand Army of the Eepublic always
has received the interested co-operation of Mr. Bennett, who, since
1873 has served as quartermaster of Sumner Post No. 3, at Sacra-
mento, and also was honored by election as its commander. In
1910 he was appointed Assistant Adjutant General of the Department
of California and Nevada, serving one term. He is also a member
of the California Commandery Military order of the Loyal Legion.
The old comfortable family home at No. 714 Seventh Street, Sacra-
mento, was erected from plans and specifications designed by Mr.
Bennett, who also aided in the work of construction and decoratipn,
being handy with tools and a natural mechanic. Many of his leisure
hours during business associations were devoted to the improve-
ment of the grounds and the care of the home, and since his re-
tirement from the bank he has no task more enjoyable than the
oversight of the place and the cultivation of the trees and flowers
that adorn the grounds. Since then he has purchased a home at
530 Twenty-first Street, where he now resides. During his long
residence in the city he has proved the value of his citizenship and
his worth as a man of most exemplary habits, of tried integrity and
the highest principles of honor.

PETEE BOHL

At a period when the vast regions west of the Mississippi val-
ley were yet very sparsely settled and the lands near the Pacific
coast were held in large grants by representatives of the Spanish
nobility, the Bohl family lived upon a small farm near Georgetown,
Ohio, and the father, George Bohl, frequently hauled tanbark to

HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 965

the tannery owned by liis intimate personal friend, the father of
Ulysses S. Grant. There were five sons and three daughters in the
parental family and three of the eight are still living, namely :
Frederick, who at the age of more than ninety years makes his home
near Peoria, HI. ; Mrs. Sarah Ludwig, of Moweaqua, Shelby county.
Til.; and Peter, who was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, October 23, 1830,
and whose advantages were so meagre that he may be called a self-
educated and self-made man.

When news came concerning the discovery of gold in California
the older brother, Frederick, made an immediate resolution to seek
his fortune in the west. Accompanied by his young wife he started
across the plains with a party of emigrants. Scarcely more than
one-half of the long journey had been accomplished when Indians
attacked the emigrants and stole the horses belonging to Mr. Bobl.
Fortunately his wife had some jewelry and silverware with her and
these she sold in order to raise enough for the purchase of another
team. It had been their intention to go direct to California, but
circumstances forced them to alter their plans and they went to
Oregon first, arriving there with nothing but a gun and a dog. Fish-
ing and hunting not only afforded them a scanty subsistence, but
enabled them to earn a little money and with this Mr. Bohl went
on to California, leaving his wife in Portland, Ore. Upon his ar-
rival in Sacramento he started a small bakery. With the first
money earned he sent for his wife. In the meantime his younger
brother, Peter, had taken the gold fever and had come to Califor-
nia. By way of Panama he came to San Francisco from Peoria,
111., where he had been working for two and one half years, in the
meantime saving all the money he could to pay for the expensive
trip.

Starting for the coast in January of 1853 Peter Bohl arrived
in Sacramento not long after the subsidence of the disastrous fire
and flood of that year, without a dime and in debt $150, but with
plenty of pluck and a courage and determination to succeed. Imme-
diately he began to work in his brother's bakery. The trade was
phenomenal. It was impossible to count the money they received
and so they put it in sacks, which they weighed and concealed under
the counter. The front door had no lock and it was kept closed by
means of a large squash. Notwithstanding the great risk thus taken,
the proprietors of the bakery never lost anything except one-half a
cake, which was taken by a man who pushed the door open and en-
tered when no one was in the shop. After he had worked in the
bakery for some time Mr. Bohl attracted the attention of Mr. Wright,
who operated the Central hay and feed yard, and he gave him a lease
of the business without any capital. Six months and twelve days
later, when the emigrants began to arrive, he was paid $2000 for

966 HISTOBY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

the lease by a Mr. Coue. Although he had been in the state for
comparatively a very short time, the young business man now had
$3000 and with it he bought one-half interest in a building on Tenth
and J streets. For a time his brother owned the other half interest,
but this he also acquired later and he still owns this now valuable
corner. During 1856 he bought his brother's interest in the
bakery, which he conducted for eight years. Afterward with Will-
iam Hedrick he conducted a grocery and grain business for five
years, this being at the time when Ben Crocker was buying grain
for the Southern Pacific Eailroad.

Upon a return from ^sdsiting in the east Mr. Bohl in 1871 be-
came identified with William P. Coleman in the real estate busi-
ness, and their pleasant and profitable association continued until
the death of Mr. Coleman thirty years later. At this writing Mr.
Bohl holds office as vice-president and is a director of the J. C.
Carly Company, a large real-estate and insurance firm. In ad-
dition he acts as director of the Sacramento Building and Loan As-
sociation, also as a director of the California State Bank. He still
gives personal attention to the management of his valuable prop-
erty interests and to the development of the city along the lines of
commercial, social and educational progress. Particularly has his
interest in education been constant and deep. Appreciating the ad-
vantage of an education through his own deprivation thereof, he has
done all within his power to promote the schools of the state and has
been especially helpful in his identification with the University of
the Pacific at San Jose, which he served as a trustee for twenty years
with the greatest capability. In politics he supports the best man
regardless of politics, although in national issues he favors the Re-
publican platform of principles. For forty-five years he has been
identified with the First Methodist Episcopal Church of Sacra-
mento and meanwhile he has promoted many church enterprises,
among them the building of the splendid edifice now occupied by
the congregation. During 1855 he married Miss Julia Hauck and
after her death he was again married, being united in 1907 with
Mrs. Agnes M. Juergenson of Sacramento. His first wife was a na-
tive of Germany and received an unusually thorough education,
becoming a woman of culture and refinement. Her father was a
man of prominence and held the principal municipal office in the
city where he lived. During his occupancy of his high position he
entertained officers of the emperor and distinguished men from
every part of Germany, as well as from other parts of Europe, so
that his daughter from her earliest recollections enjoyed advan-
tages of an unusual order in social contact with people of distinc-
tion. Of her marriage there were three children born, but one died
at an earlv age. The two survivors are daughters, Amelia C. (a

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 967

musician of prominence), and Laura (wife of Edward Plucker, of
Sacramento). The family has a wide acquaintance in Sacramento
and enjoys the friendship of people of culture and influence.

ALFRED J. BROWN

What lies within the power of a resolute purpose to accomplish
for itself appears in a record of the activities of Alfred J. Brown,
one of Sacramento's successful business men, a citizen who has
risen steadily in material affairs notwithstanding the handicap of
adversity that orphanage threw over the years of his youth. Born
November 26, 1866, he is a son of the late Thomas Brown, for years
a valued employe of the Waltham Watch Company, but later con-
nected with the Cornell Watch Company at Grand Crossing, a sub-
urb of Chicago, 111. When the latter corporation established a
branch factory at San Francisco, he was sent west to superintend
the new plant and remained in charge of the same until the death
of Mr. Ralston, which was followed by the failure of the company.
When forty-five years of age he died in San Francisco, having for
some time survived his wife, who passed away when only thirty-
four years of age.

The schools of Yacaville, Solano county, and of San Joaquin
county gave to xllfred J. Brown the benefits of a primary educa-
tion, but the necessity of self-support obliged him at the age of
ten years to earn his own livelihood. For a time he worked for
board and clothes as an assistant on a ranch near Ripon, San Joa-
quin county. Later he received wages as his work increased in
value. When he had saved a small sum beyond his ordinary needs
he came to Sacramento and took a course of study in the business
college, after which he secured employment with the Capital Pack-
ing Company. Leaving that firm at the expiration of one year, he
entered the employ of W. S. Kendall & Co., money brokers, of Sac-
ramento. His nest position was that of bookkeeper with L. L.
Lewis & Co., owners of the pioneer hardware store in Sacramento.
Eventually he associated himself with the John Brenner Company,
one of the largest firms in Northern California. Beginning as a
bookkeeper he soon proved his worth as an assistant and secured
several promotions from time to time, imtil in' the year 1902 he was
chosen financial manager and for many years was secretary of the
large establishment.

Mr. Brown owns an attractive residence on Sutter Terrace
which has been beautified through his own tasteful efforts, supple-
mented by the artistic co-operation of his capable wife, formerly

968 HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

Miss Ella Euth Brown, who prior to their marriage was a leader
among the young people of the capital city, as she has since been
prominent with the older established social circles of the place. In
fraternal matters Mr. Brown for years has been an active worker
in the blue lodge of Masonry, while he has further enlarged his
fraternal relationships through co-operation with the Woodmen of
the World and the Benevolent Protective Order of Elks. Mr. Brown
owes much of his success in business to the high standard he has
adopted in all his business relations, all his dealings being guided
by honesty and integrity of purpose. When it is recalled that he
received no extraneous aid in struggling against adverse circum-
stances and that he fought his own way forward to success, it is
realized that great credit is due him for the tenacity of purpose
that inspired his actions and the determination of will that enabled
him to wrest victory from what with some others so often results
in defeat. The city with whose success his own is associated re-
ceives his loyal support in all measures for its permanent upbuild-
ing and owes its rising progress to the patriotic devotion of its
large corps of citizens who, like Mr. Brown, cherish for its insti-
tutions the deepest affection and most profound respect.

MOSES S. WAHEHAFTIG

The subject of the sketch was born about 1860 in the town of
Kovel, government of Volhynia, Eussia. His father was the chief
rabbi of the town and died before Moses was ten years old. For
some time it was the ambition of his mother and others who eared
for his education that he should ultimately occupy his father's
position. Fate, however, decreed otherwise. One of his guardians
was a regularly admitted legal practitioner and prejoared him for
the practice of law.

In 1882 M. S. Wahrhaftig came to the United States, and after
a few weeks' stay in New York arrived in California, where he has
resided ever since with the exception of about a year spent in Ore-
gon. Ignorant of the English language, and without means, he was
obliged for some time to eke out an existence by manual labor,
especially on farms, for which he acquired quite a taste. We thus
find him in his early career riding a hay-mower or rake, as well as
walking behind a plow. Among his other occupations were as-
saying and printing. To the latter art he contributed most of his
first ten years' residence in the metropolis of California. He was
initiated into the San Francisco T^■pog•raphical Union in 1890, but

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNfZ 969

ill tlie same year acquired a teu-acre tract of land at Orangevale,
where his mother and a brother and family settled with him. An
invasion of locusts in 1891 caused considerable damage to his fruit
ranch, and it became necessary for him to fall back on the printer's
case for earning a liA'elihood for himself and the folks on the ranch.
Coming to Sacramento, for some time he worked in the printing
offices of Carraghen and Anderson, State Printing Office, A. J.
Johnston's printing office and others until about 1894, when the
great railroad strike took place. He then conceived the idea that
another daily paper could be published in Sacramento, and The
Daily Times was thereupon founded. It supported the People's
party, and lasted until after the November elections. He then con-
nected himself with the North California Herald, a pioneer G-erman
paper published in Sacramento, for which he worked as reporter,
solicitor and compositor. At the same time he was reading law.

In August, 1897, Mr. Wahrhaftig was admitted by the Supreme
Court of the state of California to the practice of law in all the
courts of the state, and later on in the federal courts. Judge A.
P. Catlin recognized his ability by ottering him room in his own
law offices. It did not take long before he acquired a lucrative prac-
tice and ever increasing clientele. He has never left Sacramento,
where he is now located in the Nicolaus Building. His profession
has not rendered him exclusive. From time to time he contributes
articles for newspapers and has written some short stories dealing
with Jewish life in Russia. He is a member of several brailehes of
the Masonic and Odd Fellows fraternities, Sacramento Turn Verein,
of nearly all local Jewish religious fraternal or benevolent societies,
and is affiliated with almost every National Jewish organization, in
all of which he takes a very active interest.

In October, 1908, Mr. Wahrhaftig married Miss Irma R. Levy,
then a teacher in the public schools of Sacramento county, and promi-
nent in literary, art and fraternal circles. She is the daughter of
E. R. Levy, a pioneer merchant of Folsom. His comfortable home
has been blessed with a son and daughter.

LINCOLN P. WILLIAMS

A son of Francis 0. A. and Fanny (Timmins) Williams, Lincoln
P. Williams, county auditor of Sacramento county, was born in San
Francisco, April 7, 1865. At Sacred Heart College, that city, he was
educated for the responsibilities of business life. He early learned
the bookbinder's trade and in 1888 came to Sacramento and had

97U Hf^TORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY

charge as foreman hi the state bindery, which is connected with the
State Printer's Office, e«ntinuing in this capacity until January,
1903, when he assumed %h^ duties of his present office. The first
ballot Mr. Williams cast was for Republican candidates and he has
been an active worker for the success of the Republican party ever
since. In recognition not only_^of his qualifications for the office,
but also of his services as a sfanch supporter of his part}' in its
measures and principles, he was iu.''1902 nominated in the county
convention for the office of countj^ ajiditor and was duly elected in
the fall of that year to serve for a tef^n of four years, 1903-07. At
the close of this term he was renominated 'and re-elected for a sec-
ond term of four years, 1907-11, when he was renominated and re-
elected as his own successor once more. His official conduct has
elicited tributes to his efficiency, fidelity and promptness, and aside
from .being a faithful public servant he is also ^ genial, companion-
, able gentleman and a dependable friend.
, ^.Jw To the honor of being a native born citizen of California Mr.
.v-..wJ,Villiams adds the distinction of being an able and popular official
"^v/|nd ipne- of the best-known men in Sacramento county, where, ex-
ce]pii for a few brief absences, he has lived his active years thus far.
^ While bethas not won great wealth or fame, he has won honor in his
-«s^ country. Quietly, contentedly and usefully he has pursued his
daily Walk as an efficient and honorable public official and as a citi-
zen of the highest principles. As county auditor he has labored in-
defatigably in the performance of his duties, with an earnest desire
to win not only the. commendation of his own party, but that of his
political opponents ""of whatever belief.

The marriage of Mr. Williams, in San Francisco April 21, 1891,
united him with Miss Oliie C. Smith, , of Sacramento, the recipient
of excellent educational advantages and a lady of the highest cul-
ture. The family which she represents is of pioneer stock, her
father being Leonard C. Smith, who was one of the early business
men of Sacramento.

WILLIS A. MACKIN^ER

<t
This popular insurance man, auctioneer, ^-editor and publisher,
who is known throughout Northern California, V a native of Y^oung
America, Washington county. Wis., and was bo^-n March 18, 1861.
In 18G9, when he was about eight years old, his parents located in
Sonoma county, Cal., and later they moved to St. Helena, Napa
county. For five years Mr. Mackinder was editor and publisher of

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 971

the St. Helena Star, selling the paper to engage in the real-estate
business, in which he prospered until Noveipber 1, 1909, when he
left St. Helena and came to Sacramento^ where he has been inter-
ested in the same line up to the present time and has turned some
notable deals.

For some years Mr. Mackinder' has given attention to general
auctioneering, selling merchandise, personal property and real es-
tate, and is one of the most successful in his line in Northern Cali-
fornia. His office is with the Fred J. Johns Co., No. 1023 Ninth
Street. As a citizen he is public spirited to an unusual degree, hav-
ing at heart the advancement of his city and county and assisting
to the extent of his ability every movement which in his opinion
promises to benefit the general public.

HUGH M. STRACHAN (f A^

The changing experiences that have come into his existejalce-in ay %
larger measure than into the lives of many have given to Mr. Stracha'tl''
a knowledge of different parts of the world and, being a man of keen
mind and careful observation, he has accumulated a broad and valuable
fund of general information. Although scarcely eight years of age
when he left his native Scotland, where he was born September 2,
1875, he recalls vividly many events associated with that country and
remembers the scenes of picturesque and rugged beauty in the
vicinity of the old home. After he came to tlie new world he had the
advantages of the schools of Pullman, 111., and Detroit, Mich., and
while acquiring a thorough education he also was learning much con-
cerning the great middle-west region, of America. Subsequent expe-
riences in California filled him with k deep atfection for this great
state, the chosen home of his maturity. In addition he has enjoyed
varied experiences as a traveler on the Pacific ocean and an employe
of the United States government on the Philippine Islands, with
whose material and political cx)ndition he has become thoroughly con-
versant.

Immediately after the. immigration of the family to America in
188.3 the father, Hugh St^achan, entered the employ of the Pullman *
Palace Car Company in a suburb of Chicago. For three years he
continued with the sanle firm, after which he removed to Detroit, Mich,
to enter their shops at that point. The year 1895 found him a new-
comer in Sacramento, where he entered the motive power department
of the Southern Pacific Railroad, having continued with them ever
since. Meanwhile the son, Hugh M., had finished his education in

972 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

Detroit, Mich., and had entered the service of the Southern Pacific
Railroad as clerk in the motive power department, where he remained
until 1898. This position w^th its fair prospects for the future he re-
linquished in order that he might volunteer for the war with Spain,
enlisting in the Eighteenth Company, U. S. V. Signal Corps. Ordered
to the Philippine Islands early in 1898 he remained there from July
of that year to October of the following year, also participating in the
stirring events leading up to the capture of the second largest island
in the group. Upon his return to the United States in October of 1899
he continued in the government employ, but was transferred to the
position of ganger, continuing as such from 1899 to 1906. During the
following year he served as deputy collector of internal revenue for
the state of Nevada. The head offices were in Sacramento and the
office in this city was given jurisdiction over the Nevada office in Reno.
October 15, 1910, he was promoted to the position of cashier of the
internal revenue office and since then has been stationed at Sacramento,
where he makes his home with his parents. His association with the
government service has reflected great credit upon himself and has
evidenced the possession of tact, education and precision of judgment
in the many details over which he has control. While never exhibiting
any partisanship in his views, he upholds Republican principles and
never fails to cast a ballot for the party nominees in all elective con-
tests. The Sutter Club of Sacramento has his name enrolled among
its active members and he also takes an interested part in the activ-
ities of the Episcopal Church of his home city.

FRANK C. MILLER

The thorough educational preparation afforded by an eastern
university and the invaluable experience gained by identification with
construction work with eastern railroads admirably qualified Mr.
Miller for successful prosecution of the tasks connected with engineer-
ing and surveying when in 1902 he became a citizen of Sacramento and
thus began a congenial association with the west. The office of
county surveyor which he now fills does not represent the limit of his
capable contribution to local advancement, for in addition he has been
a helpful factor in railway construction work and by successful labors
here has added to the prestige of an eastern reputation previously
established. Since he was elected surveyor and entered upon official
duties, in January of 1911, he has devoted his attention to tlie work
of the office, where he has introduced modern conveniences along sur-
veying lines as well as in systematic routine of accounting.

A member of a family establislied in the central west during
the era of frontier development and himself a native of Romney, Ind.,

HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY 973

Frank C. Miller received an excellent education in the public and
liigh schools of Franklin county, after wliich be engaged in teaching
in that county for two years. With the earnings of this period of
teaching he was able to attend the Ohio State University at Columbus,
where he took the regular course in civil engineering and in 1893 was
graduated with a high standing. The first position secured after
graduation was that of rodman with the Big Four Railroad Company,
in whose employ he remained for one year. Next he engaged for six
months on construction work for the Cleveland, Loraine & Wheeling
Railroad Company. From that position he went to the Columbus,
Sandusky & Hocking Railroad, where he worked as assistant chief
engineer until December of 1899. From that time until he came to
California in 1902 he was connected with the Chicago & Alton Rail-
road as engineer in the maintenance of way department.

Upon coming to California and establishing headquarters at Sac-
ramento, Mr. Miller for five years held the position of resident engi-
neer for the Sacramento division of the Southern Pacific Railroad
Company, having charge of the department of maintenance and con-
struction. Then for a time he engaged in work independently. He
later filled with characteristic ability the position of chief engineer
with the Central Traction Company, had charge of the construction
work of that road, and is still holding that position with the company.
While thus engaged he was elected county surveyor in November,
1910, during his service also having charge of the construction of the
Sacramento Terminal Railway and the Vallejo Northern Railway in
Sacramento. He is now in charge of the construction of the Oakland,
Antioch & Eastern Railroad, running from Sacramento to Suisun Bay.

The wife of Mr. Miller was before her marriage Miss Julia
Throckmorton, of Lafayette, Ind. Two daughters have been born to
Mr. and Mrs. Miller, Helen and Frances. Though in sympathy with all
religious movements, Mr. Miller is identified with the Congregational
church. With intense devotion to the work of his choice, he has had
little leisure for participation in puljlic affairs, and takes no part in
politics aside from voting the Republican ticket at all elections. He
was made a Mason in Tehama Lodge, No. 3, F. & A. M., and is also
a member of the Order of Moose.

CRADDOC MEREDITH

An organization well known in the commercial circles of Sacra-
mento, the American Fish Company has developed and now manages
a business extending into every part of the United States and even
across the Atlantic ocean into Germany. The success of the enter-

974 HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

prise is due to the energy and capability of the manager, Mr. Meredith,
who assisted in the promotion of the concern, was largely instrumental
in effecting its organization, acquired a one-half interest with Mr. Mor-
gan as his partner, and eventually acquired the holdings of the other
member of the firm, thereafter forming a stock company and incorporat-
ing under the laws of the state of California. The original officers of the
company are as follows: Walter Mack, of San Francisco, president;
Craddoc Meredith, of Sacramento, vice-president ; D. Cushman, of San
Francisco, secretary ; and B. L. Sisson, of Sacramento, treasurer. One
hundred and twenty-five fishermen are employed by the company
on the rivers of the west and the entire outfit of fishing boats is
owned by the concern itself, so that large sums have been invested in
the equipment, but the results have fully justified the magnitude
of the original expense.

The manager of this prosperous business enterprise has been
connected with fish interests for twenty years and therefore possesses
the broad experience indispensable to the successful supervision of
such a concern. He is a native of Iowa and was born in Des Moines
January 20, 1871, being a son of Zoro B. Meredith, one of the first
as well as one of the leading coal operators of that state during early
days. It was he who shipped the first carload of coal that ever left
Des Moines, the destination of the shipment being Council Bluffs,
Iowa. Under the auspices of the Union Pacific Eailroad Company
he opened coal mines at Rock Springs, Wyom., and there he continued
to manage large interests until 1893, when he was accidentally killed
in the mines. All of his ten children are still living and thej' are
widely scattered, some being as far south as Mexico, while others have
been interested in the mines of Alaska. The wife and mother, now a
resident of Port Angeles, Wash., was among the first women in the
United States privileged to cast a presidential ballot, for she made her
home in Wyoming at the time that equal suffrage laws were given to
that state and it is now nearly forty years since she first enjoyed the
franchise privilege.

For twenty-one years the family had their home in Rock Springs,
Wyom., and there Craddoc Meredith received such educational advan-
tages as fell to his lot. He was only three years old when the family
became residents of Wyoming and at the age of twelve it was his choice
to start working in the mines. He continued this until he was fifteen
years old, and from then until he was nineteen he rode the range,
gaining valuable experience thereby. He then went as far east as
Chicago, where he entered the employ of Booth & Co., fish merchants.
After he had learned the details of the business as carried on there,
he resigned at the end of a year and removed to the Puget Sound
country. For a time he wox'ked in Seattle, where he acquired a
knowledge of the fish business as there conducted. The year 1894

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 975

found Mm in San Francisco, where for four years he was employed by
the American Union Fish Company. Coming to Sacramento in
December of 1899, he has since been identified with the business inter-
ests of the capital city. Besides his business in this city he is inter-
ested in many different fish companies all over the Pacific Coast,
many of which he assisted in organizing. In 1911 he conceived the
idea of and organized the Pacific National Fire Insurance Company
with a capital of $1,000,000, he being a director and treasurer. Being
founded and run on broad business principles the business of the
company has had a rapid progress and is already on a firm financial
basis. In addition to the interests enumerated he is serving as
president of the Home Products League and is a member of the
executive board of the Merchants' Association. He has been active
in the Sacramento Athletic Association, while fraternally he holds
membership with the Independent Order of Odd Fellows and the
Knights of Pythias. During 189.3 he was united in marriage with Miss
Mabel Allen, of Rock Springs, Wyom., a woman of culture and a
leading member of the Rebekahs lodge in Sacramento, as well as a
contributor to the movements for the general advancement of the
city. The Meredith family consists of two children, of whom Lolo
was born in 1894 and Venus B. in 1897, and both are being given the
best advantages which the schools of Sacramento aiford.

GEORGE A. BURNS

The business interests of Sacramento have an efficient representa-
tive in the person of George A. Burns, who has the distinction of
being a native-born son of the city as well as one of its influential and
progressive men of commerce. Identified with the community through-
out all of his life, he received his excellent education in the local
schools, gained his first knowledge of business in local work and for
years has been numbered among its men of business, having at a
very early age entered into the retail wood and coal business at No.
2231 N street. For a long period he continued at the same location,
but eventually he disposed of the yards, after which he embarked in
the wholesale coal and wood business, which he now conducts with
systematic supervision and intelligent oversight. The general com-
mercial activities of the city have been fostered by his loyal suj^port
and his reputation is that of a progressive and honorable citizen,
patriotic in thought and capable in action.

"While himself a native of Sacramento, where he was born January
18, 1876, George A. Burns descends from a long line of Celtic ancestry
and is a son of Joseph and Sarah Burns, the former born and reared
on the old Emerald Isle. The conditions in Ireland were such as to

976 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

preclude auy hope of successful effort and Joseph Burns therefore
was led to cast in his destinies with those of the new world, particularly
with those of the vast imdeveloiDed west. When he crossed the Atlantic
in 1853 he came on via Panama to California, landing from a vessel
in the harbor of San Francisco, from which point he proceeded to the
mines, then the center of great activity. At the time of the great
excitement concerning gold discoveries on the Fraser river he went
to that section of the country, where he prospected until 1854. Later
he went to Nevada and became interested in mining near AYarsaw.
As early as 1856 he became a resident of Sacramento and began to take
contracts for putting in sewers, grading streets and building street
railways. From that time until his death in 1893 he ranked among the
most influential and prominent contractors in the city.

When about fourteen years of age George A. Burns left school
and became self-supporting, since which time he has made his own way
in the world. For a time he was employed to assist his father in
street and railroad construction work and soon he gained a thorough
knowledge of that line of business, so that while yet a mere youth he
did considerable work on his own responsibility. During November
of 1897 he opened a wood and coal yard on N street and this he
conducted for almost fourteen years, finally selling in May of 1911.
Since then he has engaged in a wholesale business along the same
lines, having his place of business at Thirtieth and R streets, where he
keeps on hand large quantities of fuel for sale to retailers at reason-
able prices. In the midst of many business cares he has found leisure
for participation in the local activities of the Democratic party and in
the fraternal enterprises of the Elks and the Native Sons of the
Grolden West, in both of which he has been quite prominent. April 14,
1894, he married Miss Sadie Bradshaw, of Sacramento. One child
lilesses their union, a daughter, Josephine, now a pupil in the Sisters'
convent. The family are earnest members of the Roman Catholic
Church.

HON. FREDERICK COX

Any narrative of the pioneer experiences of Mr. Cox in California
would present a recapitulation more or less complete of the hardships
and privations endured by all early settlers who, like himself, had
been allured to the west through visions of its unknown opportunities.
In contrast with the majority of the emigrants, he did not seek the
gold mines. Fascinating as seemed the occupation, he did not blind
his judgment to the fact that of the thousands who sought the hidden
wealth of the country few found what they longed for with such keen
anticipation. To him there seemed more of safety although less of

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 977

allurement to tlie old business regime and he therefore sought em-
ployment in town. While at first there seemed little material return
from his efforts, eventually he gained a competency. Retiring from
commercial activities he gave his time to the enjoyment of social inter-
course with his family and friends and to the maintenance of an intelli-
gent interest in all public affairs. When in 1906 death terminated his
earthly labors, there was brought to an honorable end an association of
considerably more than fifty years with the great state of California
and an intimate identification with many movements for the perma-
nent welfare of the people. A strong, helpful character passed into
eternity, a character that had irradiated a 1)eueficial influence upon
the community and had proved the governing element of a long career.

Descended from an honorable Anglo-Saxon ancestry, Frederick
Cox was born in Somersetshire, England, in 1828, and during boyhood
accompanied members of the family to the United States. After six
months in New York City, removal was made to Milwaukee, Wis.,
where the father secured work as a buyer and bookkeeper for a whole-
sale and retail meat firm. As soon as he heard of the discovery of
gold in California the young man desired to start for the west, but
lack of funds deterred him until the spring of 1850. Meanwhile he
had worked regularly and saved his earnings, so that he had ample
for the expenses of the trip. With a party of six he started across the
plains and crossed the Missouri river at the present site of Omaha,
then called Winter Quarters because the Mormons had spent a winter
there during their removal to Utah. The little expedition liad the
good fortune to secure a guide-liook published by the Mormons, which
contained full jiarticulars concerning the route. It was thus possible
for them to reach Salt Lake without any delay or difficulty, but they
were less fortunate from that place to their destination. The guide-
book for that i^art of the journey was inaccurate and unreliable. How-
ever, they were able to reach Eldorado county in the autumn of the
year and at Ringgold they separated, first pitclnng their tent in the
middle of the street and investing their entire capital, $7, in a banquet
of beefsteak, molasses and bread. The members of the ]iarty with the
exception of Mr. Cox had practically exhausted their funds by the
time they left Salt Lake, so he had been forced to pay the expenses of
all for a time, but at the banquet, when called upon for a talk, he de-
livered the first oration of his life when he tersely told his comrades
it was now "Everyone for himself and the devil for the hindmost."

It being the desire of all but Mr. Cox to engage in mining the
six men betook themselves to the store of Sargent Bros., and being
granted a limited credit procured the necessary tools and started out
in search of gold. Not caring to accom]iany them, Mr. Cox hired out
to a butcher in Ringgold at $250 per month. After two months he
bought the business, which he conducted for nine months. Upon
selling out he proceeded to the Carson river in Nevada and with a

978 HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

partner engaged in buying horses and cattle from immigrants. These
were then fattened and brought over the mountains to California,
where they were sold at a fair profit. During the fall of 1851 Mr. Cox
started a meat market at Salmon Falls, Eldorado county, which at the
time was one of the liveliest mining camps in the state. With Charles
Bonstell as a partner he remained there until the spring of 1852, when
he moved to Shingle Springs, in the same county. At first he con-
ducted a meat market alone, but later he sold an interest to C. W.
Clarke, and they carried on the business for two years, selling out at a
fair profit. Afterward they spent six months in the east bujdng stock
and on their return in the fall of 1854 they opened a meat market at
Grass Valley, Nevada county. Later they sold the business in order
to give their entire attention to the handling of stock. As their herds
increased and lands became scarce in the vicinity of Sacramento they
found themselves obliged to seek ranges elsewhere. By successive
purchases they acquired vast tracts in the counties of Sutter, Yuba,
Tulare, Kern and San Luis Obispo, and over those broad acres the
cattle roamed in large herds.

While gaining prominence in business and acquiring a reputation
for never having failed in any enterprise, Mr. Cox also wielded a wide
influence in the Democratic party. As the nominee of his party he was
elected state senator in 1882 and served through two regular and
two special sessions, after which he declined further nomination,
although he was the choice of the Democrats of the district. On three
different occasions ho was appointed a member of the state board of
agriculture and in that capacity he proved efficient, intelligent and
patriotic, workir.g strenuously and incessantly for the promotion of
the farming interests of the state. During November of 1857 he mar-
ried Miss Jennie A. Holdridge, of Eldorado county, who was born in
Cortland county, N. Y., and who survives him, remaining at the family
residence, No. 2020 T street, which he had erected after his retirement
from business. They were the parents of two sons and three daughters,
of whom one son and a daughter died in childhood, while the other son,
Crawford, was killed by the explosion of a gas engine. The surviving
members of the family are Mrs. Jennie Peltier and Mrs. John E.
Short, both residents of Sacramento.

OTTO RAIFF

As a whole the inunigrants coming to the LTnited States have
made good, and, with few exceptions compared to the whole mass,
the offspring of these immigrants have made exceedingly good. Otto

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 979

Raiff was born in Germany in 1862 and was educated in the public
schools there. When he was fourteen years old he was apprenticed
to the sheet metal worker's trade, which he mastered and followed
there until he was twenty-one years old. Then, in company with
his brother, August, he came to the United States and located in
Dayton, Ohio. There he remained about five years, when, in 1887,
he came west to Sacramento. Soon after his arrival he found em-
ployment at his trade with H. G. Hayes, with whom he remained about
a year. In 1888 he transferred his services to Carlow and Miller, for
whom he worked diligently until 1904, giving sixteen years of faithful
devotion to their business. In the year last mentioned he took an
interest in the concern with H. J. Miller and 0. J. Edlar and has since
been identified with them in an enterprise which has grown to be one
of the largest of its kind in the northern part of the state, having
filled many important contracts for plumbing and sheet metal work
and having others of equal importance which Mr. Raiff and his asso-
ciates plan to undertake in the near future.

February 28. 1891, Mr. Raiff married, at Sacramento, Miss Annie
Debrunner, a native of Switzerland, and they have one child, Varna,
born December 8. 1901. Fraternally Mr. Raiff affiliates with the Owls
and with the Turners' societies.

JAMES T. CHRISTIAN, M. D.

Greater than all other fields of labor in its opportunities for the
exposition of the finer qualities of the human soul, the medical
world has proven the crucible for many a wavering character, further
refining and strengthening those who are by nature of worthy
principles and lofty ideals. Of a thoughtful and humane temperament,
patient and s;s^npathetic to a marked degree, is Dr. Christian, who
has practiced in Gait and vicinity four years. He has demonstrated
thoroughly his innate power in his work, his magnetic personality
playing no inconsiderable part in his success. Born November 17,
1878, in Lockeford, San Joaquin county, Cal., he was the son of
James L. and Martha (Givens) Christian, natives of Kentucky.
The father came to California in 1852 via the Nicarag-ua route, and
was a pioneer in Sacramento and San Joaquin counties.

Upon completing his public school course, James T. Christian
attended Woodbridge College for four years, and in 1899 entered
Cooper Medical College at San Francisco, never, throughout his
years of study, relinquishing the great purpose which guided him.
Shortly after receiving his degree in 1902, he was appointed house

980 HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

physician for the Southern Pacific Hospital in San Francisco, and
after three years of faithful service resigned his position to take
up his profession in Tuolumne county, Cal., where he remained
until his removal to Gait.

Dr. Christian was married in Goldfield, Nev., December 21, 1906,
to Miss Edith Leesburg, of Whiting, Kans., and to their union
were born James L. and Samuel H., both of whom are splendid,
sturdy children. In 1911 was completed the new residence of the
family, which is one of the most modern in this vicinity.

A member of both the California State and American Medical
Associations, Dr. Christian is recognized by his colleagues as a
man whose future success is assured, owing to his keen judgment and
untiring energy, combined with absolute integrity and regard for
others. Fraternally, he is allied with Gait Lodge, F. & A. M., Pine
Tree Lodge, No. isi, I. 0. 0. F., of Tuolumne, and Gait Parlor.
N. S. G. W., and he maintains also a deep interest in all civic mat-
ters worthv of consideration.

ARCHIBALD M. CAMERON

Among Sacramento's prominent business men is A. M. Cameron,
who is l)est known as president of the Sacramento Laundry. Born
in Dundee, Scotland, October 13, 1876, he is the son of William and
Belle (Low) Cameron, the former of whom was a railroad man and
passed away in Dundee. The mother is now Mrs. A. J. Holcombe,
M. D., of Los Angeles. When a young boy Mr. Cameron came to
America, located near Winnemucca, Nev., and lived with his grand-
parents, Mr. and Mrs. J. L. Scott, on a cattle ranch. In 1884 they
removed to Sacramento, Cal., where for several years he attended the
public schools and then a business college. At the age of fifteen he
went to work for the Sunset Telephone Co. as a messenger and
afterward served that company as night operater. Subsequently for
several years he was employed by A. Walker, a produce and grocery
mercliant, serving as clerk, and then for three years was a driver for
the Union Laundry. In 1903 Mr. Cameron with several others
organized the Sacramento Laundry, located at the corner of Front
and 0 streets, and the venture has been successful from the start.
Mr. Cameron is president of the company. During the first year
they ran three wagons and each year have added to their delivering
facilities until they are now the owners of twelve wagons. In 1909,
in connection with their laundry, they started the Sacramento
Sanitarv Cleaners branch. Throughout the vicinitv, within a radius

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 981

of a hundred miles from the city, they have twelve laundry agencies,
and their business is constantly growing.

On December 10, 1896, Mr. Cameron was married in Sacramento
to Miss Abbie S. A. Conrad, a native of Washington, Yolo county,
Cal., and the daughter of George H. Conrad, the latter an old settler
of the state. Mr. Cameron is a member of the Presbyterian church,
and fraternally unites with the Independent Order of Odd Fellows
and the Knights of Maccabees.

VACTOR T. CHAMBERS

A comparatively brief period has been sufficient to prove that
in placing a branch of the Gorham-Revere Rubber Company, No. 917
Sixth street, in Sacramento it has met a decided need in the material
progress of the capital city. As a general rubber store, carrying
almost anything that is made of rubber, it is the first of its kind.
While it is essentially a factory branch and dealing almost entirely
with dealers and jobl)er8, it yet has a retail end which includes auto
tires and auto sundries.

This branch of the Gorham-Revere Rubber Company keeps
a comparatively large stock of rubber hose, belting, both rubber and
leather, and packings for factories, railroad shops and agricultural
purposes, in fact, anything in the mechanical line of rubber goods
for which there is a common call. It carries also drug sundries, oil
clothing, rainproof overcoats and cravenettes, rubber boots and shoes.
A complete vulcanizing and tire repair plant is also maintained
and operated by William M. Rigdon, an expert in this line who has
had a large experience in tire factories.

The manager of this branch, Vactor T. Chambers, of whom a
slight biography will follow, is a descendant from an old Southern
family and himself the inheritor of qualities that gave the race
prominence in the original development of Kentucky. He was born
at Covington, that state, April 1, 1886, and had the good fortune to
enjoy the excellent educational advantages offered by that cultured
southern city. The information thus acquired was supplemented by
study in the Cincinnati University. The educational training gained
in that institution has been broadened through habits of careful
reading and close observation, so that he is the possessor of a com-
prehensive knowledge valuable in business, in society and in public
affairs. Upon leaving the university he was connected with a
brokerage business, but after eighteen months he turned his attention
to other activities. For one vear as manager and for a similar

982 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

period as receiver, he was couuected with the Harrison Water and
Light Company, of Harrison, Ohio, from which city in 1907 he
came to California. A connection of several months with the
advertising department of the Sacramento Bee formed the first
business associations of Mr. Chambers in the west and later for one
year he served as assistant secretary of the Sacramento Chamber
of Commerce under the secretary, A. L. Crane. After severing his
connections with that department he became identified with the
growth of the Sacramento Builders' Supply Company, a recent but
valuable acquisition to the important industries of the city, of which
he was assistant manager until April, 1912, when he resigned to
establish the Sacramento branch of the Gorham-Revere Rubber
Company.

While giving his attention to the Inisiness with intelligent and
unflagging devotion Mr. Chambers has not held aloof from the social
opportunities which the capital city affords. On the other hand he
is both prominent and popular in the most select social circles and
occupies a leading place in the activities of the University, Sutter
and Sacramento Country Clubs, while his skill in tennis has brought
him into leadership among the members of the East Side and the
McKinley Park Tennis Clubs. In addition he retains membership
with the Sigma Chi Fraternity of the Cincinnati University.

CHARLES J. ELLIS

The staple productions of the Sacramento valley are of a nature
so diversified and an aggregate so enormous that to properly handle
and ship the output demands freight facilities the equal of those
furnished by the railroads to any other portion of the great west.
No less is it incumbent upon railroad officials to place the manage-
ment of the work in this section with an agent thoroughly familiar
with every detail. The appointment of Charles J. Ellis as freight
agent at Sacramento was, therefore, a recognition of his abilities on
the part of officials of the Southern Pacific Railroad, with which he
had been long and honorably associated in other capacities. Natural
ability supplemented by fine educational advantages, qualifies him
for important responsibilities and enables him to protect the interests
of the shippers, while at the same time advancing the general business
of the railroad.

Into the home of Charles and Emma Ellis at Burlington, Iowa,
Charles J. Ellis was born in May of 1850. His early recollections
cluster around Burlington, then an important river town with large

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 983

shipping interests. After he had received his primarj^ schooling
there he was sent to England in 1862 and entered the Mechanics'
Institute at Leeds, where he carried on the regular course of study
for two years. Later he was a student in a business college at Leeds
for six months. Upon his return to America he secured a clerkship
in the office of an architect at Burlington and there he continued for
six years, meanwhile mastering the details of architecture and
'fitting himself for the profession. However, the work was not wholly
to his liking and he did not select it as a permanent occupation in
life. After a year as a clerk in the office of the Chicago, Burlington
& Quincy Railroad he spent a similar period as cashier for the Empire
fast freight line.

Upon coming to California in 1874 and identifying himself with
the interests of the state Mr. Ellis secured employment as draftsman
in the office of an architect in San Francisco, but six months later he
resigned the position in order to enter upon railroad activities with
the Southern Pacific Company. Indicative of his fitness for such
work is the fact that he was retained as cashier for eleven years and
then, in recognition of his able service in the interests of the railroad,
was in 1889 promoted to be freight agent at Sacramento, a position
that he has since filled with tact, discretion and intelligence. In
the midst of his diversified duties as agent he has found leisure for
active co-operation with the blue lodge of Masonry and for participa-
tion in the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, as well as for
association with the genial membership of the Sutter Club. The
Republican party has received his earnest support in all elections and
he has kept well-posted concerning movements affecting the national
prosperity. After he came to the west he was married at San Fran-
cisco in May of 1881 to Miss Mary Bradford, by whom he is the
father of two sons. The elder, Charles C, holds a clerkship in the
California National Bank; and the younger son, Chester Bradford,
is a student in the Universitv of California.

CHARLES M. DERBY

Several successive generations of the Derby family lived and
labored in the east. The first of the name to seek a permanent
home on the Pacific coast was Daniel B. Derby, a native of New York
state and for a number of years engaged in business in Pennsylvania.
Accompanied by his wife, Ella (Hammon) Derby, and their three
children he left Pennsylvania for California early in the '80s and
settled at Oakland. With characteristic energy he devoted himself

984 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

to the nursery business with such ardor, zeal and intelligence that he
became widely known for the quality of the stock in his fields. From
the main office at Oakland he shipi^ed young stock to every part of
the state, as well as to Oregon, Washington and Idaho. Skill and
integrity enabled him to build up an enviable reputation as a
nurseryman. The secret of his success was the scrupulous exactness
with which he superintended every detail. Later however he turned
to other pursuits, removed to Vacaville, Solano county, and bought
land which he developed into fine fruit orchards. To some extent
he has drifted back to his former work. Many of his early patrons
still depend upon him to furnish them with young trees for their
orchards and ranches. Notwithstanding his long and active business
career he is still busily occupied with the care of his orchard business
and shows no trace of weariness of body or mind.

During the residence of the family at Greenville, Pa., Charles
M. Derby was born September 8, 1878, moving to California with his
parents in the early '80s. The memories of early childhood clustered
around Oakland and Vacaville, Solano county, where in turn he
graduated from grammar, high school and business college, in addition
to completing a course in engineering. Upon starting out upon a
career, he chose to identify himself with the gold dredging industry,
which was then in its infancy and accepted employment in that
occupation at Oroville, Butte county, Cal. He soon acquired practical
knowledge of that business and later served a number of years as
superintendent and manager of various companies oi^erating in Butte,
Yuba, Calaveras, and Sacramento counties. In January, 1909, he
became a stockholder in Natomas Consolidated of California, a
$25,000,000 corporation engaged i^rincipally in gold dredging and
land development, and since that time has been manager of the
company's business at Natoma, Sacramento county, where he has
active charge of its extensive gold dredg-ing operations, employing a
total of several hundred men. The officials of the company recognize
in him a careful business man and efficient executive.

In 1910 Mr. Derby assisted in the organization of the Bank of
Folsom, at Folsom, Sacramento county, becoming a director of the
bank at the time of its opening for business in November of that year
and continuing to the present in that capacity.

On November 18, 1903, Charles M. Derby "and Miss Ethel V. Elder
of Marysville, Yuba county, were united in marriage at Sacramento.
Two years later a son was born to them in Calaveras county, and after
living to be nearly three and one half years old was suddenly taken
away in a most unfortunate accident on November 15, 1908, while the
family were residing at Natoma. A daughter was born to them on
August 7, 1910, and at this time is the only child of the household.

While giving his time and attention almost exclusively to the
duties of his position, Mr. Derby has found time to identify himself

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 985

witli other local enterprises and is prosperous and public spirited. He
is a member of the Scottish Rite Masons of Sacramento, rising to
membership in Islam Temple, A. A. 0. N. M. S., at San Francisco,
and is actively identified with the philanthropies of Masonry as his
principal lodge affiliation.

FRANCIS GIBSON

Upon the occasion of the jubilee parade in commemoration of
the annexation to Sacramento of the growing suburb of Oak Park a
gray-haired gentleman of about seventy-five years was observed in
the line of march, easily and tirelessly pushing a decorated wheel-
bai-row loaded down with flowers and vegetables taken from his own
garden in Oak Park and raised by his own personal work. At the
various stops along the line of the parade he regaled the onlookers
with impromptu speeches, exhibiting his display of home-grown
products as the result of the labor of a man advanced in years as a
forcible illustration of the possibilities lying before men young in
years but his equal in determination, industry and painstaking
application. To one and all he declared that a long residence had
convinced him of the greatness of Sacramento and its possibilities for
future growth. The celebration occurred October 21, 1911, and on the
15th of November the annexation jubilee committee awarded him a
handsome silver loving cup, appropriately engraved, as a permanent
testimonial to the originality and success of his entry.

This California pioneer of 1858 is a native of England, born
January 17, 18.37, and at the age of twelve years came to America
with his parents, who made a brief sojourn at Fultonville in the Mohawk
valley of New York and then removed to the province of Ontario,
Canada, settling at Ingersoll not far from the shore of Lake Erie,
xlt the age of twenty-one years the young man left home to make his
own way in the world and proceeded via Panama to California, where
he settled in Sutter county near the Sacramento river. The years
that followed were filled with agricultural activities as well as the
management of a warehouse business and a cheese factory. To him,
in partnership with Mr. Baldwin, belongs the distinction of ha^ang
made the first cheese in Sutter county. As a dairAonan he was pro-
gressive, resourceful and sagacious, and the returns from his dairy
investments were well merited. In addition he made a specialty of
the poultry industry and for years had from one to two thousand
turkeys on his ranch. Movements for the agricultural upbuilding
of the region received his judicious support. No pioneer was more
progressive than he and none more industrious. Through his own

986 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

unaided efforts he acquired the title to about thirteen huuderd acres
of ranch kind in Sutter county. Over these broad acres roamed his
large herds of stock and his fine milch cows. Until advancing years
taught him the need of lessened activities he was one of the foremost
farmers of the entire county, always busy and usually successful in
his ventures. As he studied the coimtry and became more familiar
with its possibilities his own devotion to the country increased and he
has formed the oijinion, as a result of long experience, that no
commonwealth surpasses our own in the vastness of its resources and
the magnitude of its opportunities.

During 1867 Mr. Gibson married Mrs. Esther Bennett, who was
born in England and died in California in 1883. The two children
of the union have also passed away, Fred dying at the age of eleven
years and George when a child of five. After the death of his first
wife he married her sister, Mrs. Zelina Prosser, of Sacramento, whose
death occurred in 1904, leaving him alone and without any relatives
(except by marriage) in the United States. Twice he has returned
to Canada to renew the friendships of youth and to visit his two
brothers, one of whom, Hon. Joseph Gibson, has become a man of
prominence, frequently addressing the Canadian parliament and
otherwise identifying himself with public issues. Retiring from agi'i-
cultural pursuits in 1900 Mr. Gibson came to Sacramento and has
since bought and sold considerable property at Oak Park, where he
now resides at No. 3219 Fourth avenue. After becoming a citizen of
the United States he gave his allegiance to the Republican party.
Twice he had the privilege of voting for Abraham Lincoln for presi-
dent and he still continues to east his vote in favor of the men and
measures advocated by his party.

CHARLES WILLIAM GODARD

The distinction of being a pioneer does not belong to Mr. Godard,
yet when it is stated that he has been identified with the development
and business history of Sacramento for more than thirtj^ years it
will be realized at once that he is no recent acquisition to the city's
ranks nor unfamiliar with the commercial development of the past.
The family of which he is a member claims old southern ancestry and
became established in Missouri during the period of frontier environ-
ment. Plis ORTi early recollections belong to that state, for he was
born in Clinton county in January of 1862 and is a son of H. L. and
Frances Godard. As soon as old enough he was sent to school and
there studied the common branches until he had completed the course

HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 987

stipulated for the grammar grade, after which he entered the high
school. At the age of fourteen years he left school and thereafter
he earned his own way in the world. In the midst of many hardships
and privations he developed self-reliance and became accustomed to
depend upon his own native resources through the most trying dis-
couragements.

The trade which attracted the early attention of Mr. Godard as
offering a means of livelihood was the occupation of a blacksmith,
aud he served an apprenticeship that began when lie was fourteen.
As soon as he had served his time he began to work as a journeyman
and soon acquired a local reputation for skill as a horse-shoer. How-
ever, he was still a mere lad not yet out of his teens when he left
Missouri and sought the opportunities of California, settling at Sacra-
mento, where for one year he was employed by Wheeler & Nixon in
their horse-shoeing shop. Then he opened up a shop of his ovra and
tliis he continued to manage until 1900, when he sold to other parties.
Meanwhile he has proved himself to be skilled in all departments of
blacksmithiug and especially proficient in the shoeing of horses.

The business with which Mr. Godard became identified in October
of 1903 aud which has engaged his attention from that time to the
present, forms one of the well-known amusement ventures for which
the city has gained a wide reputation. As proprietor and owner of
three theaters, known as the Liberty, Majestic and Acme Theaters,
he has developed the use of moving pictures for entertainment, amuse-
ment and education. Some of the films exhibited in his theaters are ex-
ceptionally fine and have attracted admiring comment from critics,
while all have been selected with experienced judgment and artistic
appreciation. In politics Mr. Godard votes with the Republican party.
Fraternally he holds membership with the Elks, Eagles, Knights of
Pythias and Independent Order of Odd Fellows. For a long period
after his location in Sacramento he remained a bachelor, but eventually
he estalilished domestic ties, his marriage December 5, 1906, uniting
him with Miss May Burges, of Sacramento. They are the parents of
one daughter, Margaret.

CHARLES H. GRAHAM

For many years a favorable and well-known baseball player on the
Atlantic as well as the Pacific coast, Charles H. Graham won the
friendship of many followers of that athletic sport, but owing to pres-
sure of his personal affairs relinquished that professional field to
devote his time to his business in Sacramento. He was born in Santa
Clara, Cal., April 24, 1878, his parents being P. J. and Catharine

988 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

Graham. Attending the public schools until he was fifteen, he then
entered Santa Clara College, and graduated in 1898 with the degree
of A. B. He then taught in the institution for two years. Being fond
of athletic sports he became a skillful baseball player and his first
work as a professional was in 1900, when he played with the Pueblo
team of the western league. During the season of 1901 he was with the
San Francisco team as catcher, and for the seasons of 1902 and 1903
was catcher and manager of the Sacramento club. During 1904 and
1905 he was catcher with the Taconia aggregation, and for 1906 was
catcher with the Boston club, in 1907 returning to Sacramento as pro-
prietor of the Sacramento club. Since this time he has continued as
manager of this club, having played as catcher until 1910, when he
retired as a player.

In 1910 Mr. Graham became engaged in the automobile business
under the firm name of Grabam-Lamus Co., exclusive dealers in
Baker electric automobiles. He built a garage at No. 1217 Seventh
street, it being an L with an outlet on L street; this garage is solely
for the care and charging of electric cars. On November 25, 1903, he
married Miss Clara Black of Sacramento, and they have three chil-
dren, Clara, Charles and Robert. Fraternally he holds membership
with the Elks, Knights of Columbus, and the Fort Sutter Parlor,
N. S. G. W. He is a member of the Catholic church, and in politics
his affiUations are with the Democratic party.

GEORGE GREEN

Modern ciA-ilization with its complexities of public service and its
intricacies of commercial enterprises gives an important place to the
duties of special agent. Comparatively few have the mental equipment
and the physical endurance qualifying them for tasks so difficult and
responsibilities so weighty as those connected with such work, and
it affords abundant evidence as to the ability of Mr. Green when the
statement is made that he ranks as the peer of any of the western
representatives of liis chosen occupation. In logical reasoning, quick-
ness of com|)reliension, keenness in securing evidence and patience
in proving the same, he possesses qualifications for efficient detective
service and long experience along the line of his specialty has
developed his native gifts in such a manner as to indicate that his
choice of an occupation was wisely made.

Through a residence in Sacramento covering a period of twenty-
five or more years Mr. Green has won and retained the esteem of a
large circle of acquaintances, all of whom bear testimony concern-

HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY 989

ing his capable services in special police and detective work. A son
of William and Sarah Green, he was born in the city of New York
March 24, 1863, but at a very early age accompanied the family
to California, settling in San Francisco, where he attended the
grammar and high schools until fourteen years of age. After that
he took up the task of self-support. Independent and resolute by
nature, he found it no difficult task to earn a livelihood. Having
always been fond of horses and able to manage even the most fiery
of animals, he secured employment as a trainer and traveled through-
out various parts of the state in that capacity.

Upon establishing his headquarters in Sacramento during the
year 1887 Mr. Green entered the police service as an officer. A year
later he was chosen to engage in special police work and in that
line he continued as a city employe until 1906, when he became
an assistant special agent for the Southern Pacific. Railroad and
during 1909 received promotion to his present position as special
agent for the same road. The difficult and delicate nature of his
business causes him to refrain from political activity and he takes
no part in politics aside from voting the Republican ticket, although
he is well qualified for public service and official responsibilities.
Nor has he, aside from membership with the Eagles, any association
with fraternal organizations. During July of 1888 he was united
in marriage with Miss Louise Gonnet, a native of Sacramento, and
they have resided here ever since and now own and occupy a
comfortable home at No. 3504 Seventh avenue. Oak Park, this city.

M. W. GRIFFIN

Among the stanch-hearted ones who made the perilous water
journey to California, crossing the isthmus in canoes pushed by
native boatmen and concluding their journey mule-back toward the
landing of the steamer Isthmus, Captain Harris commanding, which
was to be the means of transportation in the last stage of an ad-
venturesome journey, were Mr. and Mrs. M. W. Griffin, descendants
of old families in their native Ireland. While at college Mr. Griffin
had become interested in America and had suddenly changed his
life plans and set sail for New Orleans, where he identified himself
with the coffee and cotton business. His marriage to his childhood
playmate followed soon after her arrival in New Orleans. Mrs.
Griffin was a member of the famous Fitzgerald and McDonnell fam-
ilies, tlie latter one of the most ancient in the west of Ireland.
Though their life was care free and happy, they heard and responded

990 HISTOEY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY

to the call of the Golden West. With them were twelve young
Keutuckians who were their companions on the dangerous Chagres
river trip, with its yelling and fighting native boatmen. Becoming
faint-hearted as they approached the steamer, tossing on the bosom
of the Pacific, they besought the Griffins to return with them to
home and friends. But this was in vain, for Marshall's great dis-
covery, coupled with tales of the sunny land where flowers never
die, made them ig-nore the dangers of the deep. So, with a tear
for their friends and a smile for the future, they embarked on the
Isthmus. For a time all went well, but suddenly the ship sprung
a leak and twenty-four hours of peril followed; but this was soon
forgotten under the lure of the land of the Golden West, and the
steamer sailed through the Golden Gate April 16, 1853.

After a year's residence in San Francisco the Griffins stopped
at what of Sacramento then existed and then pushed on to the gold
mines, where all had faith that

"Gold was got in pan and pot.

Soup-tureen or ladle,
Basket, bird-cage or what not,

Even to a cradle."

In the spring of 1869 they located permanently in Sacramento, which
then contained few imposing buildings. A stately capitol charmed the
eye, but the glory of its park was wanting. Historic Sutter Fort, a
ruin, was then far out in the country; today, a spot both interesting
and sacred, it is surrounded by beautiful homes. Instead of the
majestic Cathedral with its cross-tipped spire, was old St. Eose,
several feet below the grade, and in admiring the splendid govern-
ment building which occupies the old St. Eose location, the little low
postoffice at Fourth and K streets seems but a dream.

Mining interests both in California and Nevada always held Mr.
Griffin's attention, for h'e was a true pioneer, but he engaged for
some years in the hotel business in Placer and Eldorado counties
and became a prominent and public- spirited citizen of that section.
On settling in Sacramento, he gave up his hotel interests and identi-
fied himself with the shipping department of the Southern Pacific
Eailroad Company. His two elder sons, John F. and Edward Emmett
Griffin, rarely gifted young men, employed in the San Francisco
offices of the same company, died in young manhood, and their
passing proved his own death blow. Though he was in the midst
of his labors and of his usefulness, he was unable to rally from the
shock that he had received, and his life went out on a February
day in 1894. Surviving him are Mrs. M. (Fitzgerald) Griffin, an
honored mother, her son Franklin A. Griffin, a well known lawyer,
accomplished musician, executive secretary to Governor Hiram W.
Johnson and past president of Stanford Parlor, N. S. G. W.; Miss

HISTORY OF SAC^RAMENTO COUNTY 991

Mary G. Griffiu, teacher and talented mnsiciau; and Miss Lizzie
M. Griffin, vice-priueipal of the Mary J. Watson grannuar school,
composer, and organist of the Cathedral of the Blessed Sacrament.
One grandson, Gerald Griffin, notary imblic for San Francisco and
prominent in real estate circles, lives in that city.

JOSEPH WILLIAM ANGRAVE

For more than a quarter of a century agricultural enterprises in
Sacramento county have engaged the intelligent attention of Joseph
William Angrave, who is regarded as one of the most experienced
farmers and capable stock-raisers in the vicinity of Gait. A lifelong
identification with this county proved helpful to him when he started
out to earn his own way in the world. . While during the early years
of his business activity he had different interests successively in
town and country, eventually he settled upon his present place and
here he has been content to remain, receiving from his resourceful
industries a goodly income each year. The tilling of the soil, con-
ducted skillfully and wisely, has been a leading element in his pros-
perity, but he has also found the stock industry profitable and
through specializing in cattle he has established a wide reputation
for skill and success.

The earliest recollections of Joseph William Angrave cluster
around a house that stood on the corner of Tenth and J streets
in the city of Sacramento. There his birth occurred June 21. 1861.
His jiarents, Joseph and Jane (Davis) Angrave, were natives of
Lancashire, England, the former born in 1827 and the latter in
1829. Married in their native shire during the year 1856, they came
to the United States three years later and after landing in New
York City proceeded direct to California, settling in Sacramento.
In the capital city he opeued up a business on J street between
Ninth and Tenth and there he continued in business up to the time
of his death in 1872. For many years afterward his widow remained
at the old home, where her closing days were made happy by the
friendship of a large circle of old acquaintances and by the affection-
ate ministrations of her children. July 6, 1894, she passed from her
earthly home into the mysteries of eternity.

Between the years of six and "ten Joseph William Angrave at-
tended the public schools of Sacramento. Afterward he was a pupil
in the Grant school district, five miles from Gait, and at the age
of sixteen he entered a business college at Sacramento, where he
completed the regular commercial course. At the expiration of a

992 HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

year iu that institution lie returned to the farm. Eventually he
began for himself in San Joaquin county and bought a I'anch near
Elliott, where he ultimately owned twelve hundred acres. After
ten years on a farm there he rented it and returned to the vicinity
of Gait and bought five hundred acres of grain land. This he later
sold. From 1880 to 1883 he was proprietor of a livery barn, but
in the year last-named he resumed agricultural pursuits, to which
he since has devoted his undivided attention. He still owns two
rauohes near Gait, one of three hundred and sixty and the other
two hundred and fifty-two acres, devoted to dairying. Political affairs
have never been allowed to divert his mind from his chosen occu-
pation, but he keeps posted concerning national questions and gives
his support to the Republican party. In fraternal relations he holds
membership with the Independent Order of Odd Fellows. December
24, 1893, he was united iu marriage with Miss Lorena Jeannette
Wooster, who was born in San Francisco, the daughter of John
M. and Jeannette (Clough) Wooster, natives of New York state.
They came to California in 1849. Mr. and Mrs. Angrave have three
children, namely: Verna, William Wooster, and Joseph Marshall.
The eldest child is now a student in the high school, while the sons
are pupils in the grammar-schools and all are enjoying the ad-
vantages of careful preparation for the activities of life.

HARRY W. BAKER

It was in Alexandria, Pa., that the well known realty dealer of
Sacramento whose name is above was born March 2, 1863, and there
he gained his primary education in the public schools of the town
and took more advanced courses in Juniata College. He devoted
five years to theological study, one and a half years in Pennsylvania
and three and a half years in California, and entered the ministry
of the Methodist Episcopal clmrch at Pleasanton, Cal., in April,
1892. He was in regular work for fifteen years, during which time
he was at Hastings, Pa., and at Biggs, Williams, Forest Hill, Oak
Park and Livermore, Cal. Active as a member of the California
conference, he still does local ministerial work. Lately he devotes
his attention to real estate operations in Sacramento and at Oak
Park, the latter section being the center of his operations chiefly.
His place of business is located at No. 2825 Thirty-fifth street,
Sacramento, and he unites with these duties those of notary public.

Mr. Baker married in 1894 Belle S. Summers, the wedding
taking place as San Jose. Their residence is at No. 3515 Cypress

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY' 993

avenue, Sacramento. They have had five children, of wlioni George
R., Henry Glazier, May E. and Genevieve are attending the pul)lic
schools. Dwight E. died at the age of eleven years. Mr. Baker
has taken much interest in social and beneficial societies and lie is
chancellor commander of Confidence T^odge No. 78, K. P. of Sacra-
mento, a member of Livermore Lodge No. 219, I. 0. O. F., and the
Mount Diablo Encampment I. O. 0. F., of Pleasanton. He is
actively interested in commercial and civic welfare and is a member
of the Sacramento Chamber of Commerce as well as the Oak Park
Business Men's Association, of which latter he serves as treasurer.
A man of public spirit he takes an active part in all movements
for the good of the citizens of Sacramento and which in his belief
promise to benefit the people at large.

SPENCER BARFOOT

Destiny brought to Mr. Barfoot an identification witli and a knowl-
edge of three centuries. Concerning these he has only vague and
indistinct memories of the first, England, where he was born in
1834 and whence he was taken to Canada at an age ere he had been
trained to habits of close observation. When seven years old he
began his sojourn in Canada and there he passed the years of boyhood
and youth, there he married Miss Ellen Jordan, and there he took
upon himself tlie resi)onsibilities incident to the maintenance of a
family. The tliird and last country of his residence and the land of
his permanent citizenship was the United States, where he engaged
in farming near Whitewater, Wis., and devoted the years of his
streng-th and activity to the securing of a competency. During
his residence there he accomplished much for the benefit of the
community, for in his citizenship he avoided selfishness but labored
for the general welfare of all. By experience he became thoroughly
conversant with the best methods of conducting a farm. Intelligent
oversight was resjjonsible for the uniformly excellent crops that he
secured from .the cultivation of the soil. Eventually, desiring to
enter upon an old age of comfort and relaxation from farm cares,
he disposed of bis property in Wisconsin and with his wife removed
to Sacramento in 1903, joining some of their family in this city,
where six years later he was deeply bereaved by the death of his
wife, the devoted counselor of bis days of labor and the beloved
companion of his later years of tranquil retirement.

There were nine children in the family of Spencer and Ellen
Barfoot and all are living except a son, Frederick. They are named

994 HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

as follows: John, Frauk, Will, Ebenezer, Earl E., Morley, Archie
and Grace. Fair common-school educations were given to the
sons and daughter in their childhood and they have become substan-
tial citizens of their chosen communities. All are married with the
exception of Earl E. and Archie and they reside with their father
at No. 3716 Magnolia street. The latter son is employed by the
Southern Pacific Company, while Earl E., who came to California
during 1895 and for four years remained in the employ of the
Southern Pacific Eailroad Company, after a subsequent visit at the
old Wisconsin home, returned to embark in the hardware business
in Sacramento. About 1911 he became interested in the poultry
business and since then he has become a specialist with pure-bred
chickens. While he favors Eepublican principles in national issues,
he gives his support in local campaigns to the men whom he considers
best qualified for the offices in question. With his father and brother
he contributes toward the maintenance of worthy civic enterprises and
exhibits a public spirit that never has been questioned. It is to the
citizenship of such patriotic and progressive men that Sacramento is
indebted for her past progress and present standing.

HON. CHAELES B. BILLS

From the humble tasks that fall to the lot of the boy raised on
a New York state farm, to the weighty responsibilities associated
with the management of a large commercial enterprise, the develop-
ment of the personal interests of Mr. Bills has resulted from his
unceasing industry, unwearied perseverance and untiring energy,
qualities that almost invariably bring to their fortunate possessor
a certain degree of material success. As boy and youth he learned
the difficult task of saving the small wages possible to unskilled
labor; as a man he was ready to invest these small savings in a
manner suggested by his own discriminating foresight, so that he laid
the foundation of his own ultimate prosperity by personal efforts
and sagacious judgment. Since the autumn of 1894 he has been
a resident of California and has engaged in the l)uying and selling
of fruit, an industry in which he has had long experience and
thorough training.

Into the home of D. F. and Marietta Bills at Ithaca, N. Y.,
Charles B. Bills was born May 5, 1863. At the age of six he was
sent to the public school and by regular promotions he rose to the
grammar department, which he completed at the age of thirteen.
Not having the means necessary to carry on high-school studies he

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 995

began to work on farms liy the day and continued in the employ
of strangers until 1884, when at the age of twenty-one years he
rented his father's farm. Upon the death of his father in 1891
and the settlement of the estate, he closed out his interests in the
east and settled in Chicago, where he found -emplo^onent with a
fruit commission house, that of Porter Bros. Co., with whom he
continued as a laborer until the spring of 1893, when he was promoted
to be a traveling salesman. In the interests of the company he came
to California in the fall of 1894 and assumed charge of the branch
of the business at San Jose, continuing there until 1901, when he
was transferred to San Francisco and given charge of the coast
branches owned by the company. The failure of the firm in 190.5
ended his long connection with their interests.

Upon his arrival in Sacramento in 1905 Mr. Bills entered en-
thusiastically into the work of organizing the Pioneer Fruit Com-
pany and since then he has served as the president of the concern.
During the first year of the company's existence seven hundred cars
of fruit were shipped, but so rapid has been its growth that in 1910
forty-two hundred ears were shipped to the general markets of the
world. To manage these large and growing interests a keen intelli-
gence is necessary, nor are determination, energy and industry less
essential, and we find that Mr. Bills possesses all of these qualities
in large measure. To their exercise may be attributed his high
degree of success.

While living in Chicago Mr. Bills formed the acquaintance of
Miss Ella C. Carman, a resident of that city. After their marriage,
March 19, 1895, they established a home in San Jose, later in San
Francisco and eventually became citizens of Sacramento, where
they own a beautiful home at No. 2609 .M street. They are the
parents of two children. The daughter, Florence, has received ex-
cellent educational advantages in a private school. The son, Robert
C, is a pupil in the high school of Sacramento. The family holds
membership with the Protestant Episcopal church and Mr. Bills has
been honored with the office of trustee of the northern diocese of
that denomination. For some years he has been an active member
in the local camp of the Benevolent Protective Order of Elks.
Politically he votes with the Republican party in both general and
local elections. Recognizing his qualifications for the public service,
his party chose him as nominee for state senator a few years after
his removal to Sacramento and he was duly elected in the fall of
1908, serving the regular sessions of 1909-11 and the special session
of 1911. During his term he was Chairman of the Agricultural,
Horticultural and Trees and Vines and member of the Finance,
Public Buildings, Good Roads and Hospitals and Asylums. At
the expiration of his term he had won a high reputation not

996 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

only among members of the legislature, but also among the peo-
ple of the district and though his renomiuation was asked for, not
only by his own party but by business men from the other party,
he refused to be a candidate for renomination. This clearly indicates
his diligence as an , official, his trustworthiness as a representative
and his prominence as a citizen.

GEORGE H. CUTTER

The president of the California Fruit Exchange ranks among
the most experienced and progressive fruit-growers in the valley of
the Sacramento and in his official capacity he is giving to other horti-
culturists the benefit of his practical experience with deciduous fruits.
For a period of twelve years, beginning in 1898 and continuing until
1910, he held the office of horticultural commissioner. His efficient
discharge of official duties was a matter of general comment and
prepared the way for later association with kindred activities. With
keen patriotic devotion he devotes himself to the horticultural up-
building of his native commonwealth. It has been his steadfast
endeavor to promote the fruit industry in the state, to secure better
conditions, to correct evils and to raise the kind of fruit adapted to
a particular locality. Any progress made in the industry is a cause
of gratification not only to him, but to all interested in the business.

Descended from remote English ancestry and from Revolutionary
stock, George H. Cutter was born in San Francisco November '22,
1863, and is a son of R. S. and Jennie E. Cutter, the former a native
of Jefferson county, N. H., and the latter born in Belfast, Me. As
early as 1853 the father accompanied an expedition of Argonauts to
California, where for some time he engaged in mining with indif-
ferent success. Coming to Sacramento coimty in 1869 he took up
land and began to develop a farm, but his death four years later
prevented the carrying out of his plans for agricultural success.
His widow still survives. Of their five children the third, George
H., received his education in public schools and at Atkinson's Busi-
ness College. Upon leaving school he engaged in farming and
always has been more or less interested in that occupation or
allied activities. In Sacramento, December 28, 1892, he married Miss
Carrie M. Curtis, a native of Sacramento and a daughter of William
Curtis, one of the earliest settlers in the Sacramento valley. Mr.
and Mrs. Cutter have one son, Curtis Harold.

At the time when his father-in-law, William Cnrtis, held the
office of county supervisor, Mr. Cutter was appointed road master

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 997

and for eight years bad cliarge ol' tlic ))iuldiug of roads, meanwliile
constructing the first macadam road in the entii'e county. During
the years 1894-95 he served as deputy assessor and from 1898 to
1910, as previously stated, he filled the office of horticultural com-
missioner with great efficiency. Upon the organization of the Cali-
fornia Fruit Exchange he became a stockholder and director and
now fills the office of president, discharging the manifold duties of the
position with executive ability and unflagging zeal. Together with
his brother he has added acreage to the old homestead and acquired
large interests in other properties in the state. Mr. Cutter is also
a public spirited citizen aiding those measures having for their object
the permanent upbuilding not only of the city, but the whole of the
Sacramento Vallev.

W. WALTER BASSETT

Those who have known and observed with interest the career of
the native sons of California are impressed with their intelligence,
their marked ability and increased prominence in both business and
public affairs. The opportunities afforded by the Great West brought
them a degree of individual prestige, and the localities identified with
their labors have benefited thereby.

W. Walter Bassett was born in the city of Sacramento; its
schools gave him exceptional educational advantages. His first
business position was that of assistant to the city surveyor. Later he
found emploATiient with the old-established firm of Adams-McNeill
Company, and he continued in their service for several years, finally
resigning the position as traveling salesman for that company. He
then became associated with Sparrow Smith, and the Capital Bank-
ing & Trust Company was organized, of which he became cashier,
and one of its directors. In 1911 the commercial department of the
liank was nationalized under the name of The Capital National Bank ;
he is now cashier of this bank also. He is also one of the re-organizers
and a director of the Citizens Bank of Oak Park.

While devoting his time to banking business Mr. Bassett has
shown his interest in municipal affairs, serving as a director of the
Chamljer of Commerce, and he was at the same time, from 1906 to
1911, its treasurer. For some time he has been interested in the
Consumers Ice & Cold Storage Company, and is its vice-president.
Fraternal associations enlist his interest and assistance. He is
treasurer of the local Aerie of Eagles, and has been honored by
election as their state treasurer. Mr. Bassett is a member of the
Masonic order, to whose principles he zealously adheres, and by his

998 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

contribution aids philanthropic movements. He is a Republican and
gives loyal allegiance to that party. Though not personally identi-
fied with any religious denomination, he is ready to contribute to
movements that insure the religious advancement of the city.

AYARREN E. DOAN

The discovery of gold was the immediate cause of the identifica-
tion of the Doan family with California, the year 1853 having wit-
nessed the arrival in the west of Riley R. Doan, a native of Lyman,
Ohio, and a mechanic by trade. While still very young he had
gained considerable experience as a millwright and after he settled at
Shingle Springs, Cal., he followed that occupation, but after removing
to other parts of the state he followed various other means of liveli-
hood, as opportunity was offered. From 1864 until 1868 he engaged
in mining at and near Austin, Nev. Upon his return to Califoruia
in 1868 he became interested in mining at Colfax, Placer county,
but two years later he transferred his headquarters to Eldorado
county and secured emplojinent in the Baltic mill. During the period
of his connection with that mill he invented and patented a steam
wagon and upon liis removal to Sacramento in 1874 he began to
manufacture these wagons, in which line of business he remained
actively engaged until 1885. From that year until 1898 he engaged
in mining with J. H. Roberts at Harrison Gulch, Shasta county,
this state, but his ventures brought him little material success and
in the year last-named he decided to relinquish his mining interests
for the more sure but less fascinating occupation of ranching. Re-
moving to Elmira. Solano county, he bought a tract of land, developed
a farm and gave his attention to the management of the property
until his death, which occurred in August of 190.3, fifty years after
his arrival in the state. During that long period it had been his
privilege to witness a remarkable change in the aspect of the country.
No longer was a cosmopolitan throng of miners the principal sight
to be seen upon the streets of the little frontier towns. Instead,
there was a cultured class of citizens whose prosperity gave evidence
of the advantages afforded by residence in the western cities. The
country had many thrifty villages and well-improved farms, in
striking contrast to its appearance at the time of his arrival in the
pioneer era of western history.

Among the children of Riley R. and Sarah C. Doan there was a
son, Warren E., born at Portland, Ore., March 8. 1862, and educated
in the public schools of Sacramento. Lea%'ing school in 1878 he

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 999

began to earn bis own livelibood, bnt meanwbile he bad become in-
terested in tbe study of stenography, in which by constant practice
he acquired expert skill. His first experience in court reporting
occurred in 1881, when he was appointed to report on a case in the
superior court of Eldorado county. The success of the transcript
brought him the praise of attorneys and in a measure determined
bis life work. Returning to Sacramento be secured a position as
deputy official reporter of the superior court under Mr. Davis.
In the spring of 1883 he resigned from court service to accept a
joosition as amanuensis with the Huntington-Hopkins Hardware
Company and in that responsible post be gave general satisfaction.
However, in 1885 he accepted an opportunity to engage with Mr.
Davis in general court reporting, after which he carried on a
stenographic office until 1889. From that year until January of 1897
he served by appointment as official court reporter of Placer county.
When he resigned and returned to Sacramento, it was for the pur-
pose of accepting an appointment as official reporter of tbe superior
court of Sacramento county, in which trustworthy post he has
given universal satisfaction, having indeed won a reputation as one
of the most expert reporters in the entire state. The most intricate
and complicated cases he has been able to report satisfactorily, and
he has exhibited in his typewritten reports an absolute accuracy,
quick comprehension and keen intelligence that, combined with his
unusual speed as a stenographer, gives him an enviable reputation
among the jurists and attorneys of tbe district. Fraternally he is a
member of the Elks, Knights of Pythias and Independent Order
of Odd Fellows. In Yolo county, this state, October 17, 1883, oc-
curred his marriage to Miss Kittie E. Young. They are the parents
of an only child, Norman E., a young man of ability, who since
having completed his education at the Leland Stanford University
has filled the position of county law librarian at Sacramento, and
he is now a student at law.

LOUIS ELKUS

Without considering whether or not they are fitted for a higher
charge than tbe one which has been entrusted to them, many people
are bitter in their denunciation of fate, feeling assured of their
ability to serve in some particular niche which they fancy has been
unjustly denied them, and forgetting the old adage concerning the
wisdom of him who keeps on improving himself, whether or no he
descries upon life's ladder a higher position which may, if he be
prepared, belong to him. Fully cognizant of the importance of mak-

1000 HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

iug himself familiar with the line of work in which he chose to cast
his efforts, and mindful also of the necessity of daring in the presence
of confidence in his own powers, was Mr. Elkus, who passed away
at his home in San Francisco, after a successful and honorable
career as a leading manufacturer and retail clothier of that city.
Of Teutonic origin, his birth occurred in Berlin, Germany, where,
also, were born his parents. Leaving school at the age of thirteen
he immigrated to America and engaged as a cap manufacturer in
the east. In 1850, after an eventful trip by way of Cape Horn, he
arrived in Sacramento, where he established a clothing store, later
opening a factory devoted to the manufacture of furnishing goods
and clothing, and he successfully conducted both ventures until his
death.

Mr. Elkus was married to Miss Cordelia deYoung, and they
were the parents of ten children, of whom seven are living. Albert,
the eldest, began early in life to interest himself in his father's
business. Born in Sacramento, August 17, 1857, he received his
education in the schools of his home section, graduating from high
school when but sixteen. Shortly thereafter he accepted a position
as typesetter in the service of the Sacramento Bee, resigning after
two years to become his father's bookkeeper. In this capacity he
learned the business thoroughly and became proficient in the man-
agement of every detail of the business, much to his father's satis-
faction. Many times has Albert Elkus demonstrated his capability
and adaptation for the various situations he is required to meet and
'the offices of honor which he is called upon to fill and, as his father's
successor, he has maintained most progressive measures, being also
widely known for his just measures toward those who are subordi-
nate to him.

A man of exemplary principles and high regard for others, in-
dustrious and ambitious to a high degree, the life of Louis Elkus
was well spent and no shadow of unfair advantage in his dealings
remains to sullv the name borne bv his son.

UBURTO L. DIKE

Born in Cleveland, Ohio, December 7, 1865, Uburto L. Dike was
the son of Latimer M. and Lucinda J. Dike, prominent residents of
that place. In 1873 they moved to Cawker City, Mitchell county,
Kans., where he attended school until sixteen years of age, coming
then to California and locating in Los Angeles, where he was
graduated from the high school at the age of twenty. One year in

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 1001

a business college fitted him for employment and he went to work in
the office of the Bear Valley Irrigation Company at Redlands, first
as stenographer and later as bookkeeper of the concern. Remaining
in this capacity until 1891, he then bought out the Redlands Abstract
and Title Co., which he conducted for about seven years, also doing
a large real estate business. In 1902 he removed to Los Angeles and
organized the U. L. Dike Investment Co., but in 1906 located perma-
nently in Sacramento, where he found a fertile field for real estate
investment. He subsequently organized the California Colonization
Company, of which he is secretary and treasurer. As its name
implies this company was organized for colonization purposes. It
has agencies all over the east and their object is to interest people
in this coast country for location on lauds which the company
controls.

Mr. Dike was married in Los Angeles to Miss Elva Dunstan,
who passed away five years later.

REV. JOHN H. ELLIS

There is perhaps no more distinguished and revered personage
in Sacramento and vicinity and throughout northern California than
is Rev. John H. Ellis, who has been stationed since November, 1902,
in various sections of the west and demonstrated his splendid power
in his calling. He is ranked as a leader among those cultured, elo-
quent and scholarly men who are devoting their lives to the spiritual
upbuilding of the Roman Catholic Church throughout the west.
Endowed lilierally by nature with the qualities that contribute to
useful and successful service in the cause of suffering humanity,
he was yet very yoimg when he gave evidence of exceptional mental
attributes and it was therefore determined to prepare him for the
priesthood. His education was primarily acquired in Westmeath,
Ireland, where he was born February 18, 1876, in the home of James
and Ann Ellis. It was during 1894 that he completed the course
of study which had engaged his attention at St. Mary's Christian
Brothers College, Mullingar, Westmeath, where he carried forward
the study of mathematics and literature. On December 24, 1899, he
was ordained by Dr. Walsh, Archbishop of Dublin, in the Chapel of
Holy Cross College, Clonliffe. He was graduated in 1900 with an
excejitionally high standing, having made his philosophical and theo-
logical degrees at All Hallows' College. Dublin, and he was admirably
qualified by culture and training for the important sphere of activity
into which he entered. Coming to the ITnited States in 1900, he

1002 HISTOEY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY

proceeded directly to California and was assigned to assist the late
Very Eev. C. M. Lynch, V. G., of Grass Valley. From that place iu
November of 1902 he was transferred temporarily to Nevada City,
Nev., as assistant, but at the expiration of six months he was re-
assigned to Grass Valley. At this time he began his long and dis-
tinguished connection with the Cathedral of the Blessed Sacrament
in Sacramento, where he served as assistant until 1906, and then
he of3Bciated as rector until 1912, when, having demonstrated his
ability and unquestioned loyalty to the work, he was sent by Bishop
Grace, at his return from Europe, to Jackson, Cal., where he took
charge of the work of forwarding the Eoman Catholic Church there.
He also attends to the spiritual needs of the boys of the Preston
School of Industry, where there are nearlj- two hundred Catholic
boys. Since undertaking that work the Catholic boys have been
exempt from attendance at Protestant Divine services and arrange-
ments have been made for securing positions for the young men as
they leave and for rendering them other religious and social aid.
Father Ellis has bent all his energy to fulfilling the duties laid down
to him with the utmost care and fidelity in order to procure the
most splendid results, and already the response to his efforts has
proven them not in vain and he has shown himself to be the worthy
man for the situation.

WILLIAM YULE

Among the nationalities which have contributed to American citi-
zenship none is more notable for those qualities which make for
worthy success in life than the Scotchman. Wherever his lot may be
cast he is a worker, a saver and a planner, and he is patriotic and
progressive. Such a man was the subject of this brief notice, who
came to California in 1849, and died in Sacramento, July 17, 1878.

From his native Scotland, Mr. Yule came to the United States
and eventually he settled at St. Joseph, Mo., which was an important
station on the old overland trail. March 10, 1849, he left for Cali-
fornia, crossing the plains with ox-teams, and arrived at Yreka, Cal.,
October 20 following. From Yreka he came to Sacramento, where
he identified himself with leading interests, commercial and financial
in their character. It is probable that he gave as much attention to
operations in real estate as to any other business, but he at one time
owned various newspapers in Sacramento.

September 30, 1865, Mr. Yule became a member of the Cali-
fornia Pioneers' Association, by authority of which the following tri-

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 1003

bute was publislied in the Sacramento newspapers soon after his
death: "Resolved, That while we bow with humble submission to
the will of the Most High, we are reminded that our ranks are being-
thinned, and in the death of Brother Yule we have lost a faithful
member of our society and the community an upright and energetic
citizen. Resolved, That we tender our heartfelt sympathy to his
bereaved companion in her afiBiction. Resolved, That these resolutions
be spread upon the records of our society and a copy be presented
to the widow of our deceased brother." These resolutions were dated
July 27, 1878, and signed by a committee of four, and four of the
pallbearers who bore Mr. Yule to his grave were representatives of
the society. His widow, Mrs. Anna Yule, resides in Sacramento.

CHARLES E. KLEINSORGE

The first identification of the Kleinsorge family with the devel-
opment of the west occurred during the mining era, Charles Klein-
sorge, Sr., having crossed the plains in the summer of 1852 from
the city of St. I^ouis, where he had settled immediately after his ar-
rival from his native Germany. When he first landed in Sacramento
he found a village of cosmopolitan attractions, the temporary head-
quarters of miners from all sections of the world. Like other new-
comers he tried his luck in the mines and followed other occupations
that offered a livelihood, but eventually he returned to his old home
in St. Louis and there he married Miss Mary Luebbering, a native
of Germany, but like himself a resident of St. Louis from early years.
The young couple crossed the plains in 1862 and experienced all the
hardships and dangers incident to the memorable flood of that year.
The home of the family was established in Sacramento, where the
sou, Charles E., was born August 23, 1865. At one time the father
owned extensive tracts of land and engaged in the growing of hops.
During the early days he also furnished supplies and outfits for
mining camps. As a member of the firm of Kleinsorge & Bellmer
he conducted the Old Plaza grocery, one of the leading establish-
ments of Sacramento during the pioneer period. Now, at the age
of eighty years he is living retired from business cares and is en-
joying the comforts earned by long and arduous labors.

With a view to acquiring versatility in the use of the German
language Charles E. Kleinsorge attended the German schools of
Sacramento in boyhood and at the age of fourteen years he was
confirmed in the German Lutheran Church. In addition he attended
the public schools of Sacramento and was a classmate of Governor
Johnson in the school occvipjang the present site of Hale Brothers'
department store. After having graduated from the high school he

1004 HISTORY OF SACBAMENTO COUNTY

entered tlie bank owned by D. 0. Mills and in which an older brother
was employed nntil his death. For some time after the death of
the brother he remained in the bank. Through the iuflnence of
Frank Miller he secured a position as night clerk with the Wells-
Fargo Express Company, remaining two years.

A fortunate entrance into real estate activities began when Mr.
Kleinsorge secured emplo\^uent as bookkeeper and cashier for
W. P. Coleman, at that time the largest realty agent in Sacra-
mento. The position gave Mr. Kleinsorge an opportunity to famil-
iarize himself with valuations, titles and other matters necessary to
successful work in real estate. Eighteen years after he had entered
upon the work Mr. Coleman died and thereupon Mr. Kleinsorge
utilized his splendid experience and wide realty knowledge through
his ])artnership with Otto L. Heilbron, thus founding a firm that has
conducted a large business in handling property since 1904. The
firm owns several tracts of land adjoining Sacramento and it is
the intention of the two partners to subdivide the property into
city lots at an early day, thereby affording home-seekers an ex-
cellent opportunity to acquire Iniilding sites at a reasonable cost.

The marriage of Mr. Kleinsorge occurred May 7, 1896, and
united him with Miss Minnie Landis, who received a superior
education in the Sacramento schools and is an earnest member of
the Methodist Episcopal Church. Their only child, Lydia, was
born October 22, 1898, and is now a student in the public schools.
Mrs. Kleinsorge is a daughter of Joseph and Lydia (Castleman)
Landis, the former for a long period an associate in the railroad
business with A. J. Stevens, a skilled master mechanic for years
connected with the Southern Pacific Railroad Company. By virtue
of his birth in California Mr. Kleinsorge is eligible to membership
in the Native Sons of the Golden West and we find him an active
worker in Sacramento Parlor No. 3. In addition he has been
connected with Washington Lodge No. 20, F. & A. M., also Col
umbia Lodge No. 42, K. P., besides which he is actively associated
with the Sacramento Turn Verein.

HERBERT J. READ

The subject of this sketch was born February 1, 1882, in New
York City, and came to this coast in 1884 w^th his parents. His
father was a newspaper man and for years was identified with
the Oakland Inquirer. Herbert attended school in San Francisco
and at an early age became connected with the great hardware and
machinery firm of Baker & Hamilton, a connection that was to last
fifteen years, eight in San Francisco and seven in Sacramento.

HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 1005

The house was first established in Sacramento during 1853, and the
branches in San Francisco and Los Angeles followed, with a dis-
tributing warehouse at Fresno and a factory in Benicia. Naturally
the plant and office at San Francisco became the main point in
the firm's territory.

Mr. Read's association with this pioneer firm of the Pacific
Coast — this agricultural establishment whose name is a household
word west of the Rocky Mountains — fitted him for business among
the farming people of this state. Consequently his present con-
nection and work with the Mercantile Terminal Company with
offices at Nos. 109 and 115 J street, Sacramento, is somewhat in the
line of his duties with the former firm. The Mercantile Terminal
Co. have extensive tracts of land between Sacramento and Marys-
ville, some of which has been subdivided and sold in twenty to
forty acre lots. This company was incorporated in 1905, with
president, Herbert J. Read; vice-president, II. A. Lewis; and
secretary and treasurer, J. L. Mayden.

H. J. Read was married July 17, 1907, to Miss Emma E. Wil-
kins of Oakland. Her father was a well-known citizen and promi-
nent politician in that city, and served for years on its municipal
council as an architect. Mr. Read's social and fraternal circle cov-
ers considerable territory. He is a Mason, Knight Templar, Shriner,
an Elk and belongs to the Sutter Club and the Country Club. The
family are members of the Episcopal Church.

EUGENE WACHHORST

The district attorney of Sacramento county is a native son of
Sacramento and a member of a pioneer family whose identification
with the west began during the memorable mining era. The first
representative of the name in the west and indeed in the new
world was Herman Wachhorst, a native of Hanover, Germany, born
in May of 1827. For three successive generations the heads of the
family had been expert dealers in precious stones and renowned watch-
makers. When he crossed the ocean in 1843 he already had acquired
a thorough knowledge of the manufacture of watches and the value
of jewels. In the new world his first task was the acquisition of
fluency in the use of the English language. For five years he remained
in the employ of Hyde & Goodrich, one of the most famous jewelry
firms in the United States. While with them he became an expert in
judging precious stones and devoted much attention to that branch
of the trade.

The discovery of gold in California attracted the young jeweler
from congenial surroundings which he had expected to make perma-

1006 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

uent. With the quickness of decision that was one of his charac-
teristics he resigned from his business connections, proceeded to New
York City and took passage on the ship, Mary Waterman, under Capt.
James Higgins. The voyage proved to be one of the roughest known
in history and the one hundred and seventy-five passengers endured
every hardship and danger ere the final destination was reached. The
heaviest storms fell upon them as they were rounding the Horn. The
ship cast anchor at Rio Janeiro on the eastern coast and Valparaiso
on the western coast, these stops being necessary for repairs and
supplies. After the final stop at San Francisco the young gold-seeker
proceeded to Sacramento and thence to the mines at Mormon Island.
Not finding the occupation of mining congenial or profitable he re-
turned to Sacramento in December of 1850 and rented, at $500 per
month payable in advance, a shop about eight feet wide on J street
between Front and Second. During the nest three years he made
money with startling rapidity and when he sold out in 1854 he had
accumulated a capital sufficient to give him an income of $800 per
month. A life of cultured leisure in San Francisco thus became pos-
sible to him and enabled him to devote considerable attention to the
study of vocal and instrumental music, also rendered possible ex
tensive continental travels for a period of two years.

Upon his return to California in 1859 Mr. Wachhorst purchased
the business of Heller & Andrews in San Francisco and after the
disastrous floods of 1861 he opened a jewelry establishment at Sacra-
mento, where he gained an enviable reputation as an expert in dia-
monds and precious stones. His stock of jewelry was said to be
one of the finest in the entire country and until his retirement from
business he held a high position among the leading men of his chosen
occupation. When he passed away in the year 1899 it was recognized
that the state had lost one of its most interesting pioneers and Sacra-
mento one of its most famous business men of early days. The
honors of Masonry were bestowed upon him in his interment and over
the body were simg some of the songs which he himself had often
rendered to delighted audiences with rare sweetness and beauty of
technique.

In the family of Herman and Frances Wachhorst there was a
son, Eugene, whose birth occurred at the family homestead in Sacra-
mento May 11, 1866, and whose education was begun in the schools
of the capital city. Later he attended the California Military Academy
for two years and afterward he was a student at Berkeley, where he
was graduated in 1884. Upon starting out for himself he went to
Solano county, where for two years he assisted with the work on
a large cattle and grain ranch. Upon returning to Sacramento he
became porter in the wholesale grocery of the Adams, McNeil Com-
pany. Two years later he was promoted to be buyer and shipping

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 1007

clerk. When he retired i'roin llie employ of the f?rocery house he
became connected with liis t'atlici- in tlie .iewelry business, but at the
expiration of two ycais he lic,i>an to work as a deputy in Judjye
Catlin's court. Two ycai-s al'tei-wai'd he was chosen cliier deputy under
William B. Hamilton. In 1H!»!) he was appointed assistant district
attorney and while serving- as such he gave his leisure Jiours to the
study of law under Judge Catlin. When he had completed his course
of reading he was admitted to the bar by the sujireme court at San
Francisco and October 27, 1907, he was admitted to the United States
supreme court at Washington. Meanwhile in 19()(i lie had been chosen
district attorney of Sacramento county and in 1910 he was again
elected to the office, wliich position he lias filled with characteristic
intelligence and energy.

The Republican party has had in Mr. AVachhorst a faithful and
sagacious exponent of its principles. Among the organizations to
which he belongs may be mentioned the Sutter Cliab, Eagles, Elks
and the Masonic order in Washington Lodge No. 20, F. & A. M. ;
Sacramento Chapter No. 3, R. A. M. ; Sacramento Council No. 1, and
Sacramento Commandery No. 2, K. T. Upon removing to Solano
county he there formed the acquaintance of Miss Mollie B. Johnson
and they were united in marriage May 2, 1887. They are the parents
of three children. The eldest son, Donald Eugene, is a well-educated
young man, having had excellent advantages in the University of
California. The younger sons. Jack B. and Thomas H., are students
in the Sacramento public schools.

HERBERT C. SWITZER

At Barrie, Ontario, Canada, Herbert C. Switzer was born in
1869. He attended public schools near his boyhood home until he was
fifteen years of age, then familiarized himself with the work of the
telegraph operator and went to Toronto, where he was employed some
years and advanced himself in railroad work until he became an
efficient transportation man. In 1889 he made his way to Washington
and located at Winona, where he was a railroad agent, telegraph
operator, general merchant and postmaster. It was through his efforts
that the postoffice was established there and he was in charge of it
six years. He was for fourteen years connected with the freight
and passenger departments of the 0. R. & N. R. R. and was with
the Great Northern railroad two years, with headquarters first at
Spokane and then at Seattle. From Seattle he came to Sacramento
in 1908.

1008 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

It was to assume the ownership and management of the freight
and passenger steamer Sentinel, which plies between Sacramento and
Colusa, that Mr. Switzer cast his lot with the people of Sacramento.
The boat is new and up-to-date, and is owned by Herbert C. Switzer
& Company. The boat, which has one hundred tons capacity, is en-
gaged in a general trans^Dortation business from all places between
Sacramento and Colusa, making tri-weekly trips.

In September, 1908, Mr. Switzer married Mary Conroy, a native
of San Jose and the daughter of John Conroy, who was a pioneer
gold-seeker in California of 1850 and is now a member of the house-
hold of his son-in-law. Mr. Switzer is a man of enterprise and pub-
lic spirit, who believes that his prosperity will depend very much
on that of the city, and there is no local interest conducive to the
welfare of the people that he does not helpfully promote to the
extent of his ability.

DONALD McDOUGALL

The present city treasurer and until 1912 a successful merchant
tailor of Sacramento, Donald McDougall, was born in Inverness
county. Nova Scotia, in June, 1858, of parents of Scottish birth. His
father died in 1904, aged ninety-one j^ears, his mother in 1911, at the
still more advanced age of ninety-four years. To the country schools
near his boyhood home young McDougall went for his early education,
and those who know him are well assured that he gave close and per-
sistent attention to his studies. As a boy he was apprenticed to the
tailor's trade, which he mastered by the most absorbing application
to the exacting and painstaking work involved. After working for
some years in shops in Boston and in New York he came to Sacra-
mento in April, 1884, and opened a merchant tailoring establishment
which he has made one of the representative institutions of its kind
in the town.

Since coming to California Mr. McDougall has not been indif-
ferent to the demands of enlightenment and patriotic citizenship, and
as a Democrat he has been active and influential in public affairs.
In 1906 he was elected county public administrator, an office in which he
served faithfully and with great efficiency four years. In 1911 he
was a successful candidate for city treasurer, and in that responsible
place he has patriotically met all demands upon him, giving satis-
faction to rich and poor, and to his fellow citizens of every shade
of political belief. He is an Elk, devoted to the social and charitable
interests of that benevolent order. He has taken great interest in

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 1009

the raising of fine horses and has grown some of the best in Sacra-
mento in his time. He married Miss Lilian Johnston, of Sacramento,
whose father, William E. Jolmston, was a prominent rancher, well
known and respected to the end of his busy and useful life, and
whose mother, a California pioneer, is living at an advanced age.
Mrs. McDougall has liorne her husband children as follows: Mar-
guerite, born August 12, 1900 ; Archibald, June 29, 1904, and Lilian May,
Mav 22, 1910.

EDWARD J. McEWEX

Two generations bearing the name of McEwen have been inti-
mately identified with the commercial history of Sacramento and have
engaged extensively in business affairs bringing them into direct and
congenial relations with a large number of customers. Prior to his
removal to California in 1876 and his settlement in Sacramento, the
father, Edward McEwen, had made his home in New York state, where
he was born at Brockport, Monroe county, February 18, 1855, and
where he had received an excellent education ending with a course of
study in the State Normal School. At the age of twenty-one years,
having started out to earn his own way in the world, he came to
Califoruia and secured employment as a moulder in the shops of the
Southern Pacific Railroad Company at Sacramento. Later he decided
that business affairs offered greater opportunities than the work of
a mechanic, so he opened a retail grocery in partnership with John
McMurray. At the expiration of two years he purchased the interest
of his partner and continued the grocery alone, building up a perma-
nent class of customers that gave him an important and extensive
family trade. The long and successful commercial association of this
business man with Sacramento did not end until his demise, which
occurred October 13, 1906, and which brought to an honorable close
a long period of constant identification with the grocery trade in the
capital city.

The city of Sacramento is the native place of Edward J. McEwen,
who was born January 5, 1885, and is next to the eldest of the three
children of Edward and Maggie E. McEwen. Primarily educated in
the grammar schools, he later took a course in the city high school
and at the age of seventeen years he spent six months in the Atkin-
son Business College. The first position which he held, that of clerk,
brought him into the city offices of the Southern Pacific Railroad Com-
pany and already he was gaining an accurate knowledge of the various
duties of that place when the death of his father rendered it expedient

1010 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

for him to assume the management of the grocery in the interests of
the estate until it was closed out, since which time he has been book-
keeper for the Union Oil Company.

The marriage of Mr. McEwen occiarred in Sacramento August 7,
1907, and united him with Miss Esther Borel, who was born in Marys-
ville, and by whom he has a daughter, Eleanor. The family are mem-
bers of the Catholic Church.

ALBERT LEONARD

When the news concerning the discovery of gold in California
reached the eastern states a multitude of aspiring Argonauts at once
sought of destiny the fortunes to which very few ever attained; or
which, when acquired, were found to emanate from other sources than
those anticipated in the first alluring visions of the mines. Among
the young men to whom the news changed all of their future activities
was Albert Leonard, who was born in Massachusetts in 1826 and who
at the time of the great discovery at Sutter's Camp worked in an
humble capacity in New York, having lived there from boyhood. Im-
mediately he began to 2ilan a trip to the Pacific coast. Joining with
a party of one hundred picked young men who chartered a large
ship in New York and outfitted with provisions sufficient for three
years, he sailed around the Horn during 1849 under the leadership
of a captain especially engaged by the expedition. The company
entered San Francisco through the Golden Gate and proceeded to Sac-
ramento, where a division was made into squads of ten and in that
way they pushed forward to the mines.

Not finding any encouragement in his attempts to mine, Albert
Leonard secured employment as mail carrier for other miners and
for some months he continued in that position, by no means an easy
task at that time and in that place. Soon afterward he decided that
the taking lap of land would offer a more congenial field of labor
and accordingly he bought a tract, which he commenced to develop
and im]3rove. During 1851 he was united in marriage with Miss Cor-
delia Merrill, a native of Ohio and a daughter of Isaac Merrill, an
honored pioneer of California. It was during the eventful year of
1849 that the Merrill family crossed the plains to the gold mines.
The trip occupied seven months and was filled with dangers and
hardships, but found a safe termination in little more than the time
ordinarily required for such an arduous enterprise. For years Mr.
Merrill made his home in Sacramento countv and at his death in 1870

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 1011

many tributes of praise were bestowed upon his memory by the pio-
neers who long had labored at his side in the upbuilding of the eom-
ninuity and commonwealth.

13ventually giving up ranehiug pursuits and disposing of some
of liis landed estate, Mr. Leonard embarked in the real estate and
insurance business, which enterprises took up his time and attention
throughout the remainder of his useful career and until his death in
189:2. Meanwhile he also had been a local leader in the Independent
Order of Odd Fellows and a participant of the meetings of the Associa-
tion of California Pioneers at Sacramento. No movement for the ad-
vancement of the county failed of his support. It was one of his chief
joys in life to witness the steady and permanent growth of the state
to which he had come prior to its admission into the Union, which
always had received his unfailing loyal devotion and in which he had
risen from poverty to independence, from obscurity into local promi-
nence. There were fifteen children born of his marriage, biit five of
these died at an early age. The ten own living are as follows: Mrs.
Alice Scott, of Fresno; Carrie, who resides in Philadelphia; Benjamin
and Charles, both of whom are industrious and capable citizens of
Sacramento ; Jessie, who is married and makes her home in the capi-
tal city; Irene, Joseph, Albert, John A. and Harry W. Until her
demise, January" 6, 1912, the widowed mother made her home at the
family residence, No. 3520 Seventh avenue, where she was surrounded
by the comforts accumulated by the wise management and frugality
of earlier years and where she enjoyed the affectionate ministrations
of her children and the warm esteem of old acquaintances.

L. HENRY

The gentleman mentioned above, a lawj-er and a theatrical mana-
ger, who has had wide experience in business life, was born in Dela-
ware City, Del., attended the public schools of Washington, D. C,
graduating at seventeen, and then entered the Columbia Law Uni
versify, from which he was graduated in his twenty-first year with
the degree of A. B.

It was at Leadville, C'Olo., that Mr. Henry began his active life,
and it was as chief clerk in the United States land office there that
he made his initial bow to the world of business. Besides attending
to the duties of his office he practiced land law at Leadville until
1884. Then began the activity in the field of theatricals that has
made his name known in certain circles from coast to coast. Coming
to Sacramento, he became treasurer of the Metropolitan theater. In

1012 HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

1893, when it was destroyed by fire, he went to Sau Francisco, where
he was called as assistant to C. P. Hall of the Bush Street Theater.
Later he entered into a partnership with Mr. Giesea as lessee of five
theaters located respectively in San Jose, Stockton, Sacramento, Oak-
land and San Francisco, all of which the firm is operating success-
fully at this time. Mr. Henry spends most of his time in Sacramento
as manager of the Clunie theater. ,

The wide acquaintance which has come to Mr. Henry in the trans-
action of his business has been augmented and its friendships have
been cemented by his membership in the Benevolent and Protective
Order of Elks, he being a charter brother in San Jose Lodge No. 522.
Politically he has always voted with and exerted his influence in
behalf of the Republican party.

FRANK O. HUTTON

A native son of the state, Mr. Hutton was born in Solano county
November 11, 1874, and there his boyhood and youth were passed.
The achievements of maturity bring him into touch with Sacramento
county, for it was here that he began to learn the light and power
business, here he began at the very bottom of the ladder of success
and here he gradually acquired such a thorough comprehension of
electricity and such a practical experience with its uses that he rose
to a position of influence and responsibility in the specialty now in-
dispensable to the permanent progress of every city and village.

The discovery of gold in California proved the lode-star that
attracted Frederick Hutton hither from his native town of Perry,
W^'oming county, N. Y., where he had received a common-school edu-
cation and had already entered upon the task of earning a livelihood.
During the summer of 1852 he crossed the plains with a company of
Argonauts whose powers of endurance were as great as their hopes
were high. Upon arriving in the state he began to mine at Dutch
Flat and also engaged in general merchandising. For a considerable
period he remained unmarried, but after a time he was united with
Miss Charlotte dinger, who was born and reared in Wisconsin. They
were residents of Vacaville for many years and there his death oc-
curred in 1898. Later the widow removed to Dixon, where in 1904
her useful existence came to an end. Their son, Frank 0., had been
educated in the Vacaville schools and had been trained to habits of
self-reliance, industry and intelligent energy, which formed almost his
sole capital in the world of affairs.

Upon coming to Sacramento in 1896 Mr. Hutton secured employ-

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 1013

ment as a helper at the plant of the Electric Light and Power Com-
pany. Prom the lowliest position in the concern he worked his waj*
forward to a post of trust. During 1906 he came to Folsom as fore-
man of the Folsom power house of the Pacific Gas and Electric
Company, which owns adequate water power for the operation of the
heavj' machinery. Since coming to Folsom he has assisted in the
organization of the Folsom Bank, becoming one of the original sub-
scribers. The growth of the bank has proved a helpful factor in
the material development of the place.

The marriage of Frank 0. Huttcm took place at Vacaville, Cal.,
October 25, 1895, and united him with Miss Myrtle Collins, who was
born, reared and educated at that place, being a daughter of W. L.
Collins, now a resident of Sacramento. Four children were born of
the union, but the eldest, Kenneth, was taken from the home by
death when he was only three years of age. The surviving children
are Charlotte, William and Jacques. Mr. Hutton has maintained an
independence of thought and ballot throughout his maturity and has
voted for the men whom he considers best qualified to represent the
people, irrespective of their views upon national problems. For some
years he has been actively associated with the Fraternal Brotherhood.
Movements for the material development of Folsom receive his stanch
support and the town has in him and his wife honored residents whose
presence promotes the moral, educational and material upbuilding of
the communitv.

CHARLES HORACE ELDRED

Although he had no recollection of any home except in California,
having lived in this state from the age of six months until his death,
Mr. Eldred was a native of Michigan, born during the j^ear 1855.
After he had completed a course of study in a business college he
became an assistant to his father, Horace Eldred, in the hotel busi-
ness. For years he actively promoted the success of the State House
Hotel, a popular hostelry of the capital city. In addition he was
connected with the state railroad commission's office for a time. Poli-
tics received a due share of his attention and he voted the Republican
ticket, but he never sought official honors or participated in partisan
contests. Aside from his identification with the Ancient Order of
United Workmen he had no connection with fraternities, preferring
to occupy his leisure hours with domestic enjoyment, personal recrea-
tion and social intercourse.

The marriage of Mr. Eldred in 1882 united him with Miss Edith

3014 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

Connell, a native of Sacramento county, now residing at No. 1317
Seventh street. With her are her two children, Alma and Horace,
Jr., the latter an electrician by occupation. Mrs. Eldred is a member
of an old and honorable family of Sacramento. To this city in the
pioneer era came her parents, William and Katherine (Dailey) Con-
nell, natives respectively of Scotland and Ireland, and a coiiple pos-
sessing true worth of character as well as patriotic devotion to the
land of their adoption. It was the sad lot of Mrs. Eldred to lose
her father, mother and husband about the same time, leaving to her
and her children the memory of their sincere lives, unwavering integ-
rity, honorable principles and fixedness of purpose in industry and
well-doing.

HON. JOSEPH ADAMS FILCHER

Ten years or more before the trans-continental railroad had
brought the east and west into direct connection an Iowa family
made the tedious journey across the plains with a "prairie schooner"
drawn by ox-teams. Accompanying the expedition was a lad of about
twelve years, Joseph A. Filcher, who was born in Burlington, Iowa,
August 3, 1846, and to whom the trip presented less of hardship
than of opportunity. With all the enthusiasm of early life he helped
to drive stock the entire distance. Whether enduring the heat of
the desert smnmer or threading a narrow pass through the moun-
tains, he was alike hopeful with the optimism which blesses youth
and energetic with the patient industry of those who have been
trained to endurance of hard work. When he first saw Sacramento
in 1859 the city was in the infancy of its history and presented the
crudities inseparable from frontier civilization. Shortly after coming
west he settled with his parents on a farm near Marysville and there
he worked for some years to bring the land under cultivation and
develop a productive farm. Meanwhile it had not been possible for
him to secure an education and he was ambitious to advance in the
world. As soon as he could be spared from the parental home he
started out to earn his own way and to secure an education. Nor
were his efforts in vain, for he worked his way through the State
Normal and became a man of wide informatiou.

The acquisition of a thorough education qualified Mr. Filcher
for the work of a school-teacher and this profession he followed dur-
ing early manhood, after which for twenty years he was owner and
publisher of the Placer Herald at Auburn, Placer county. It is said
that this is the oldest newspaper in existence in the entire state.

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 1015

The press which he used was the first ever brought into the state,
Samuel Brannan having brought it from New York to San Francisco
on a vessel around the Horn. When its days of usefulness were
ended it was placed in the Golden Gate mission in Golden Gate park,
where it now is on exhibition.

The marriage of Mr. Filcher in 1873 united him with Miss Clara
Tinkham, a native of Maine. They are the parents of three children
now living. George W., who resides in San Francisco, is connected
with the railway mail service. Ralph E., of Chicago, is extensively
interested in the real estate business and in colonization work.
Irma married Pierre Meyers and lives in Sacramento. For years Mr.
Filcher has been well known among the Democrats of the state. At
the time of Cleveland's second election as president he was chosen
a presidential elector. When the electoral college held its meeting he
was selected as a messenger to carry the returns to Washington.
During 1878-79 he served as a member of the state constitutional
convention. Beginning in 1883 he held the office of state senator
for four years and meantime gave to his district the most con-
scientious of service. A candidate in 1888 for state railroad com-
missioner, he was defeated by only a very small majority.

Upon the election of Mr. Hendricks as secretary of state of
California Mr. Filcher was selected to complete his unexpired term
as state prison director and jn that responsible post gave faithful
service as well as universal satisfaction. For eleven years he was
manager of the state board of trade. Later for five or more years
he held a position as secretary of the State Agricultural Society, from
which post he was promoted to his present office as manager of
exhibits. Fraternally he has been very prominent in the Improved
Order of Red Men and has held every state office within the power
of that organization to confer, including that of representative to
the national convention for two terms. Largely through his tact-
ful efforts as a leader in the California Editorial Association, of
which he served two terms as president, the national convention of
1903 was brought to San Francisco and the success of that gathering
is a matter of state history.

Perhaps in none of his manifold activities has Mr. Filclier
been more successful than in his labors as representative of Cali-
fornia as commissioner to national and international expositions.
He was appointed sole commissioner by Governor Budd to the Cotton
States Exposition held at Atlanta, Ga., in 1895, and to this he gave
intelligent service in the interests of California. Two years later
he represented the state at the International Horticultural Exposi-
tion in Hamburg, Germany. In 1900 he was commissioner to the
World's Exposition held in Paris and the following year he acted
in the same capacity at the Pan-American Exposition, Buffalo. N.

1016 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

Y. During 1904 he gave bis attention as state commissioner to the
California section at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, held in
St. Louis. He was president of the Commissioners Association at
Portland and at Seattle and was vice-president of Commissioners
Association at the St. Louis Exposition in 1904. The remarkable
success attending his work caused him to be chosen state commis-
sioner to the Lewis and Clark Exposition at Portland in 1905 and
the Alaska-Yukon Exposition at Seattle in 1909. In 1911 he began to
work actively in behalf of the Panama Canal Exposition to be held
at San Francisco in 1915 and made a tour of the state in order to
secure the participation of all the counties to the fullest extent
possible. Skilled in detail, comprehensive in infoi'mation, widely ac-
quainted with business leaders of the United States and Europe,
more experienced possibly than any exposition worker in the entire
country, he is admirably qualified to bring such movements to a
successful issue and to fill with honor any position conferred upon
him in connection with their management. In April, 1912, while
actively engaged in the above enterprise, he was nominated, without
solicitation on his part, for candidate as city commissioner under
Sacramento's new charter, being one of ten nominated from
thirty-five candidates, and on May 18, 1912, he received the second
highest vote of the ten, the honor bringing with it a four-year tei'm,
and subsequently he was assigned by his associates to the position
of commissioner of finance. Resigning his position with the State
Agricultural Society and the Panama-Pacific International Expo-
sition, he assumed the duties of his office July 1, 1912. At the age
of twelve years he reached Sacramento, having ridden horseback
across the plains, and barefooted he drove his father's herd of
cattle. He ended his journey on the road running along side of
the present plaza, in front of the city hall, September 6, 1859.
Since that time he has accomplished much for his city and state,
and now holds the strings of the ]>urse of the city on which he
first cast his eyes fifty-three years ago.

JOHN A. GERBER, Jr.

A native of California, Mr. Glerber was born in Sacramento,
September 2, 1874, and attended the city public and high schools
until he was nineteen years old. Then for three years he studied
materia medica with the Merrill-Washburn drag house, and after
that till 1901 he read medicine and surgery under the preceptorship
of Dr. Cartwright. He did not finish his professional studies and

HISTORY OF SAC!RAMENTO COUNTY 1017

engage in the practice of medicine, however, but turned his attention
to a business career instead. From 1901 to 1903, when he sold out
that interest, he was proprietor of a meat market, after wliioli lie was
driver for the Cascade Laundry until 1908.

It was in 1908 that Mr. Gerber established himself in the steam
dyeing and cleaning business, an undertaking which has proved
successful, his place of business being at the corner of Tenth and I
streets, Sacramento. lu politics a Democrat, in religion a Lutheran,
Mr. Gerber is in all things and in all relations of life a helpful and
generous citizen. He married Miss Edna Coppersmith, of Sacra-
mento, September 4, 1902, and they have two children, Marion and
Buth, who are students in the public schools.

JAMES H. DONNELLY

The diversified enterprises engaging the attention of Mr. Don-
nelly point to breadth of mind and largeness of vision as among his
leading attributes. When he was elected supervisor from the fourth
district in Sacramento county in November, 1904, and re-elected in
1908, the people recognizing his high order of ability and appreciat-
ing his acceptable service in former local offices, looked with expec-
tancy to a promising record on the county board. Nor have they
been disappointed in their liopes, for he has proved sagacious in
council, public-spirited in devotion to the county, lo3^al to its de-
velopment, progressive in plans and prompt in action. Worthily
filling the office of supervisor, in so doing he has made an enviable
reputation for himself and at the same time promoted the perma-
nent welfare of the county.

That he can claim Sacramento as his native county is a source
of pride to Mr. Donnelly, who was born at Folsom November 21, 1868,
and is a son of Henry and Kate Donnelly. From six to thirteen
years of age he attended school at Folsom, but the necessity of earn-
ing a livelihood cut short his schooldays and induced him to work
in the stables of the Natoma Vineyard Company, where he remained
about eighteen mouths. Later he took charge of a livery stable owned
by his mother and at the same time he became interested in mining,
but afterward he gave up these occupations to engage in fruit
raising. The year 1904 found him a newcomer in Sacramento, where
he organized the firm of Wright & Donnelly and established the
general livery and boarding business known as the Wilson's Stables
that has built up an extensive trade in the city.

1018 HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

The constant activities of business pursuits and the duties of
supervisor do not preclude Mr. Donnelly from further interests, for
we find in addition that he holds office as president of the Folsom
Investment Company that built the Hotel Bismarck in Sacramento.
In politics he has given stanch allegiance to the Republican party
and has aided local affairs with his time and influence. For sixteen
years he served as deputy assessor and constable at Folsom and
his faithful service there laid the foundation for the larger services
as a member of the board of supervisors. While living at Folsom
he was married to Miss Susie Woodward in April of 1894. They
are the parents of four children, namely: Eleanor, Gladys, Susie M.
and James H., Jr., all of whom are being given the best educational
advantages afforded by the excellent schools of Sacramento. The
fraternal connections of Mr. Donnelly bring him into active mem-
bership with the Eagles, Elks, Woodmen of the World and the
Native Sons of the Golden West.

EDWARD M. COFFIN

An identification with the labors of a mechanical engineer dating
back to the early i)eriod of his youth and continuing with several
interruptions but with increasing importance up to the present time,
marks Mr. Coffin as one of those fortunate mortals who made no
mistake in the choice of an occupation and who reaps the reward of
long and arduous study in his intelligent mastery of technical prob-
lems in engineering. It was his fortunate experience to enjoy
excellent educational advantages in the east. Travel and habits of
close observation have broadened his sphere of knowledge, until
now he is considered one of the well-informed men of the city. Nor
is his information limited to the sphere of occupational activities.
On the contrary, it is broad and touches upon subjects representing
every range of thought, bearing also the stamp of the highest culture.

The early recollections of Mr. Coffin cluster around Albany, the
capital city of New York and one of the beautiful residence towns of
the state. There he was born in January of 1867 and there he became
the recipient of careful and moderately thorough mental training.
New York state is noted for the advanced position it has taken in
educational development and he was able therefore to obtain not
only high-school advantages, but also specialized learning. At the
age of sixteen years he went to Syracuse, in the same state, and in
that city he remained until 1892, meanwhile acquiring a thorough

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 1019

knowledge of mechanical engineering. When he left Syracuse it
was to remove to the Pacific coast. Attracted by the charm of the
Santa Clara valley, he chose a location there and established a home,
whose presiding genius, his bride, had been Miss Carrie Nyce, of
Lincoln, Neb. They were married in her home city in August of
1892 and are the parents of two children, Ruth and Prank, both of
whom are being given the advantages so essential to any thorough
preparation for the realities of life.

Five years of close attention to the fruit-growing industry in
the Santa Clara valley brought their share of financial returns to
Mr. Coffin, but lie found himself eager to return to his chosen task of
engineering. Accordingly he disposed of his fruit ranch and removed
to San Francisco, where he engaged in business activities along the
line of his chosen calling. During 1907 he came to Sacramento to
act as sujierintendent of the mechanical department of a Cali-
fornia corporation. Two years later he was honored by election
to the office of secretary, which position he now holds. People who
are conversant with engineering affairs state that he ranks among
the experts of the profession, while his possession of diversified
talents is indicated by the fact that he successfully fills executive
positions and directs the duties of the secretaryship with intelligent
precision and accurate system. Political affairs interest him as they
interest all loyal citizens and he favors any movement having for its
object the permanent advancement of Sacramento. The Republican
party receives his ballot in both general and local elections. Fratern-
ally he holds membership with the Independent Order of Odd Fellows
and contributes to the maintenance of the local lodge.

GEORGE BOCK

Born in Vienna, Austria, October 16, 1870, George Bock, the
popular tailor of Sacramento, was brought by his parents to Phila-
delphia, Pa. in 1878 and there he passed through the grammar
school and soon acquired a knowledge of the tailor's trade. In 1889 he
came to San Francisco. After working at his trade there for about
nine months he took up his residence in Sacramento, where he was
employed at his trade five months. Then he w'ent back to Philadelphia,
but remained a short time only, as in 1891 he returned to Sacramento
and soon thereafter opened a tailoring establishment at Sixth and
J streets. He continued at that location until Augaist, 1911, when
he removed to his present commodious quarters at No. 919 K

1020 HISTOEY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY

street. He is recognized as one of Sacramento's foremost business
men and one of the most artistic tailors in Northern California.
At the time of the San Francisco disaster he was chairman of the
Masonic board of relief. He has been a Mason since 1902 and was
master of Washingion Lodge No. 20, F. & A. M., at the time of the
earthquake and has held various other offices in that body. He
is also a member of the Eoyal Arch Chapter and is widely known
as a thirty-second degree Mason. He also affiliates with the Inde-
pendent Order of Odd Fellows and with the Benevolent and Pro-
tective Order of Elks. His family are communicants of the Episcopal
church.

April 24, 1894, Mr. Bock married in Sacramento Miss Lulu
Yager, daughter of a California pioneer who consumed six mouths
making the journey across the plains. Mr. Yager died in 1881. It
is a matter of history that the grandfather, Peter Yager, started the
first brewery in Sacramento. Mrs. Bock has borne her husband two
children, Miriam, attending the Sacramento high school, and George,
a student in public schools.

WILLIAM BECKMAN

The increasing financial and Inisiness prospei'ity of Sacramento
finds a striking illustration in the magnificent structure erected by
the People's Savings Bank and utilized not only as the headquarters
of their own large concern, but also in its upper stories for office
purposes. Men who are familiar with all the leading banks of the
Pacific coast assert that in its interior equipment and elegance of
appointments the new structure has no superiors. Not only is it the
tallest business building in Sacramento, but in addition it ranks
as the best in the Sacramento valley, and no one who has studied
its architecture and design fails to accord to its projectors the heart-
iest admiration. Much of the credit for the success of the enter-
prise is given to the president of the bank, William Beckman, who
not only took a leading part in the organization of the concern more
than thirty years ago, but in addition has moulded its financial policy,
shaped its conservative course of procedure and so wisely guarded
its investments that the institution proudly boasts a record of having
never lost a loan. '

Although by parentage and nativity an easterner (for he was
born in Herkimer county, N. Y., December 19, 1832) Mr. Beckman
is a typical westerner in his habits of thought, plans of action and
temperament of mind. This comes somewhat from his business

HISTORr OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 1021

training in Chicago, whither he went at an early age and where
he earned his livelihood as an employe in a business house until
he was led to identify himself with the unknown possibilities of
the Pacific coast. The year 1851 found him a newcomer in Sacra-
mento, where the following year he embarked in business. During
1858 he removed to a farm in Sacramento county and for fifteen
years he engaged in agricultural pursuits at Florin. Attaining promi-
nence in the county, for six years he efficiently served as a member
of the board of supervisors. During 1875 he became the Republican
nominee for state treasurer, but suffered defeat with the balance of
the ticket. Later his services to his district received recognition in
his election in 1891 as a member of the state railroad commission,
where he continued for four years.

Under the tactful and enterprising leadership of Mr. Beckman,
who had become well known in many avenues of activity throughout
the west, the People's Savings Bank was organized and opened for
business in July of 1879. Long residence in the valley had given him
a thorough knowledge of the soil, people and conditions, so that he
possessed exceptional advantages for the banking business. His
reputation as a successful man of affairs and captain of industry
won for the bank a general prestige and a confidence which guaranteed
its success. Associated with him in the founding of the institution
was John L. Huntoon, now vice-president and a member of the
board of directors. The cashier, A. G. Folger, has been connected
with the bank for twenty-one years and entered upon the duties of
his present position during 1896, since which time he also has been
made a member of the board of directors, whose other members are
the president and vice-president, also George W. Lorenz and J. J.
Keegan. The monthly report of the bank October 6, 1912, showed
total resources of $4,543,59.3.32, with deposits of $3,920,155. The
capital of the bank is $455,852.90 and the surplus and undivided
profits $62,450.77.

About thirty-two years after the establishment of the bank it
removed from its early location on the corner of Fourth and J
to the new building on the corner of Eighth and J streets, in the
heart of the city's newer financial and business district, four blocks
above the old headquarters. The new bank, erected at a cost of
over $275,000, comprises a building of seven stories with steel
frame, enclosed by reinforced concrete walls, which are faced with
white terra cotta. The architectural design is strikingly handsome,
with a heavy base of two stories, a rounded front corner and a wide
projection cornice of artistic terra cotta. The six floors above the
banking quarters are divided into fifty-four office rooms, handsomely
finished and equipped in the most modern way, with artistic lighting
fixtures, mahogany woodwork and steam heat. The concrete office

1022 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO 'COUNTY

floors are covered with battlesbijo lineoleiim and the corridors with
marble tiling. Two fast elevators serve the npper floors.

The entire first floor is occupied by the bank. The arrangement
and equipment of the bank represent the ability of the architect,
Henry H. Meyers, of San Francisco, in conjunction with the
officers of the institution. The result is a well-arranged banking
house. The marble entrance, with its artistic bronze doors at the
corner, opens into a lobby which occupies most of the length of
two sides of the room. On one side the lobby terminates at Presi-
dent Beckman's cosy office and on the other side at a beautifully
furnished ladies' parlor. Along all four walls runs a wainscoting
of French variegated marble with harmonious borders. The counter,
which faces two sides of the room, with a curve opposite the
entrance, is of variegated marble from Africa, set in panels, with ap-
propriate base and cornice. The counter screen is of bronze grill
work in which are set several tellers' wickets. The bronze electric
lighting fixtures were made according to special desigTis and add
to the beauty of the interior. The rich ceiling, designed in octagonal gold-
decorated plaster panels, adds to the impression of elegance. Along
the lobby walls are mahognay settees with leather iipholstering and
all of the other furniture is of mahogany. The working space
behind the counter is designed to afford the maximum of con-
venient room and is equipped with modern devices for banking.
There are two large fireproof and burglar-proof vaults, each pro-
vided with twelve-ton steel doors fitted with time locks. One of
the vaults is designed for safe deposit boxes, of which fifteen
hundred already have been installed, with ample accommodations
for one thousand more. Booths are also provided for patrons
of the safety deposit department. In fact, every modern banking
convenience is to be found in this institution, whose directors have
the gratification of knowing that they have furnished to the capital
city its finest business block and that for years they have provided
the entire valley with a banking institution sound in policy and
sagacious in investments, guarding the interests of its depositors
with capable foresight and promoting the excellent financial standing
of the entire locality by its own long and honorable record.

R. M. BETTENS

A son of Philip and Clara Bettens, R. M. Bettens was born at
Vevay, Ind., May 10, 1874, and there he was reared until he was
about thirteen years old, acquiring Ms primary education in the

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 1023

public schools. Then he was brought to California by his parents,
who settled at Escondido in 1887, and it was in the high school
there that the succeeding two years were passed.

In 1889 young Bettens began his business career as a clerk in
a general merchandise store, where he was employed, with increasing
responsibilities and increasing earnings, five years. Subsequently,
with his brother, Albert, as a partner, he took up hotel work at
Byron Springs. There they remained until 1901, when they leased
the St. James Hotel at San Jose, Cal., catering to the public suc-
cessfully, with increasing knowledge of and liking for the business,
until July, 1909, when they took over under lease the Sacramento
Hotel, at Sacramento. Since then they have successfully operated
both hotels. Their management of these two fine public houses has
been of such a character as to commend them very approvingly
to the traveling and wheeling people of Northern California, and
it is probable that no hotel man in this part of the state is more
widely or more favorably known than is Mr. Bettens. It may be
added that his acquaintance has been extended and made permanent
bv his helpful membership of the Benevolent and Protective Order
of Elks.

LARS PETER ANDERSON

In 1847 Lars Peter Anderson, now of Sacramento, Cal., was
born in Skaane, Sweden. His father, a lifelong sailor, became owner
and captain of a coasting vessel which he commanded to the end
of his life. Lars Peter was educated in public schools in his native
land and at an early age learned the painting and decorating trade,
which he has followed with increasing success imtil the present time.
He came to the United States in 1871 and located in Sacramento and
his first work here was in the painting room of the repair shops of
the Southern Pacific Railroad Company. He was soon given charge
of the department and worked there two years, then was for some
time employed by A'arious persons and concerns until he went into
business for himself. For thirty-seven consecutive years he has been
at the head of his own enterprise. He has filled contracts for the
painting of the State Capitol, the Hales, Weinstock and Lubin resi-
dences, the Sutter Club, California National Bank and many other
large buildings which rank with the best ever completed in Sacra-
mento. He long has had a partner in his brother, Ludwig Ander-
son, who arrived in Sacramento from Sweden March 1, 1881, and
after working for him a time acquired a half interest in the business.

1024 HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

In 1878 Mr. Anderson married Miss Hannah Matson, a native of
Sweden, who came to America with her uncle in 1870. Her father
was a large farmer and became active and prominent in politics in
Sweden, having been several times elected sheriff of Blekinge Ian.
Mr. and Mrs. Anderson have two children. George, the elder, who
lives in Sacramento, is prominent in musical circles, having studied
in Boston, Mass., four years and achieved success as a teacher of
the piano; he is now in the piano business in Sacramento. He
married Miss Jeanette Baldwin, of Cleveland, Ohio. Elsie, the younger
child, lives in Sacramento. Their mother died in September, 1902. Mr.
Anderson is a member of the Master Painters' Association, takes a
public-spirited interest in the affairs of the city and is a member of
the Methodist Ej^iscopal Church.

GEORGE WILLIAM CAPLES

Widely known throughout Sacramento as a man of conscientious
principles and devotion to his duties as a citizen, Mr. Caples is num-
bered among the most trusted employees of the Elk Grove Vineyard
Association, and by virtue of his unswerving honor and kindly man-
ner fully merits the esteem with which he is regarded by his associates.

Mr. Caples was the sixth child of Dr. James and Mary J. (Walker)
Caples, natives of Ohio and Kentucky respectively, who came to
California in 1849 across the plains with ox-teams. They returned
east to Illinois via Panama and in 1853 again came across the plains,
this time with a drove of horses, and since then they have resided
in Sacramento county, he being now eighty-nine years old, while the
mother is eighty-five. George W. Caples was born November 16,
1859, nine miles south of Folsom, Cal., and received his educational
training in the public schools of that town. After completing his
studies he engaged in farming, but upon being appointed postmaster
of the city of Folsom in 1889, he discontinued personal attention to
his agricultural interests, opening an insurance office in connection
with his official duties. He capably managed both departments of
work until 1891, when he resigned the postmastership to accept a posi-
tion as foreman for the American River Land and Lumber Co., now
known as the Eldorado Lumber Company. Meantime he journeyed
to Detroit, Mich., where he became a student in Pernin Institute, com-
pleted a general business course, and returned then to the west. He
established a shorthand school in Carson City, Nev., which he con-
ducted for several years, and in 1900 located in Elk Grove, Cal. He
filled an appointment as farmer at the county hospital for about five

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 1025

years, leaving the service in 1906 to take his present situation witli
the Elk Grove Vineyard Association.

June 17, 1885, Mr. Caples was united in marriage with Miss Mary
Crossette, the ceremony taking place in Au))urn, Cal., and to their
union four children were born: William Crossette, now on the ])attle-
ship Wilmington; Isabelle Virginia, Mary Ethel and James Cecil.
Mrs. Caples was a native of Folsom, and daughter of William and
Mary C. (Hodgdon) Crossette, natives of Massachusetts, her father
being a pioneer of 1849. She received her education in Perry's Semi-
nary at Sacramento, where owing to her thoughtful attention to lier
studies she won a high place among her classmates.

Despite many discouragements and trials, Mr. Caples has never
lost the optimistic spirit which has been one of his chief charac-
teristics, and although his financial condition does not admit of lux-
uries, for which indeed the family do not yearn, being fully satisfied
in their love for each other and the true comfort which they enjoy,
feels himself rich in his blessings and regards as a priceless treasure
the lionor in wliich he is held bv his wide circle of friends.

WILLIAM R. GALLUP

Above is tlie name of an honored pioneer and in his day a lead-
ing business man of Sacramento. Born at Stonington, Conn., May
19, 1828, William R. Gallup passed most of his active life in Cali-
fornia and died while busy at his ranch in Yolo county January 8,
1906. He was of old New England ancestry which came of Revolu-
tionary stock and the names of his forefathers were made prominent
in the early history of our country and have been hatided down as
those of patriots and soldiers. The originator of the Gallup family
in America was Capt. John Gallup, who came from Parish of Mastern,
County of Dorset, England, to Massachusetts in 1630 on the Mary
and John. Mr. Gallup is also a lineal descendant of Major John
Mason, born in England about 1600, who was a lieutenant in the Eng-
lish army and served under Lord Halifax in tlie Netherlands. He
came to America in 1630, served in the early Indian wars of Massa-
chusetts as a major and finally settled at Dorchester, Mass. It was
in 1853 that Mr. Gallup came to California by way of the Isthnius of
Panama, accompanied by several persons from and near his former
home, and all looked forward to the adventure into strange lands and
new and memorable experiences. In the absence of railroads freight-
ing was a leading business in the new state, and it was to that that Mr.

1026 HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY

Gallup gave bis atteution. In 1863, nearly ten years after his
arrival, be returned east and on May 3, 1864, be married Miss Eliza
Morgan, who was born in Ledyard, Conn. Sbe is a lineal descendant
of Elder William Brewster, a passenger on tbe Mayflower in 1620.
Eeturuiug via Panama witb bis young wife, be settled down in Sacra-
mento and began acquiring real estate. One of bis purchases was
ground which included the present site of the Sacramento Bee build-
ing, on which he built and made his home till 1901. Then the exten-
sion of the business district bad made tbe land too valuable for
residence purposes and tbe locality less pleasant as a home neigh-
borhood than it had been, and Mr. Gallup bought a fine house at No.
1521 I street, which is still included in bis estate. For many years
from 1862 be was extensively engaged in sheep-raising in Yolo county,
bis two ranches being located near Woodland, but he maintained his
home at Sacramento, where bis numerous important interests cen-
tered. Since bis death Mrs. Gallup has continued tbe farming and
stock business started by her husband fifty years ago.

Two daughters were born to Mr. Gallup and they were named
Ida M. and Effa M. The latter married J. D. Lord of Sacramento,
who is manager of the extensive Gallup real estate holdings in
Yolo county. The wife of this pioneer, mother of tbe daughters just
referred to, has been an almost lifelong member of tbe Baptist Church,
in the work of which he always took a generously helpful interest.
In his political affiliations be was a Eeijublican, but he was never active
in political work, preferring tbe tranquility of his pleasant home to
any honors that might have come to him in a public career. At the
same time he was so jmblic-spirited that there were few movements
looking to the general good that did not command his co-operation
in one way or another. He was a worthy citizen in every way and
built up and improved bis flocks and. farm lands in Yolo county. He
was literary, well posted and informed on all general topics as well
as history, and was much a]i)ireciated by his old friends and acquaint-
ances for his conversational nl)ility and his many acts of kindness and
cbg^rity.

LUDWIG ANDEESON

It was in Skaane, Sweden, that Ludwig Anderson was born in
1861. He came to America, arriving March 1, 1881, made bis way
to Sacramento, Cal., and worked for his brother, a contractor of paint-
ing and decorating, until 1890. having learned his trade in the land
of bis birth. In tbe year last mentioned be acquired an interest
in the business, which is now one of tbe most important of its kind

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 1027

in Northern California. The firm has put through large contracts on
the State Capitol, California National Bank, Weinstock, Lubin and
Hales residences, Sutter Club, and other conspicuous buildings as well
as fine residences in Sacramento and San Francisco, and its plans for
the near future contemplate operations more extensive than those of
any other establishment of its kind in this part of the country.

In 1885 Mr. Anderson married Hilda Erickson, of Auburn, Placer
county, Cal., daughter of L. E. and Bertha Erickson. Her father
was an extensive rancher at Lincoln, Cal., and died in 1881; her
mother survives, aged seventy-three years, a member of the house-
hold of her daughter, Mrs. George C Daniels, of Lincoln. Mrs. Ander-
son has borne her husband children named Stella C, Hedwig J.,
Evelyn S. (Mrs. Humphrey of San Francisco), Helen L. and Con-
stance, all of whom, with the exception of Mrs. Humphrey, are mem-
bers of their parents' household. Mr. Anderson affiliates with the
Foresters. He and his wife are members of the First Methodist
Episcopal Church of Sacramento and are active in its work. She
is past president of the Ladies' Aid Society and has held offices in
other organizations connected with the church. Two of their chil-
dren have remarkable nmsic al>ilitv and will receive nnisical educations.

PATRICK HENRY MURPHY

The pioneer type, with its sturdy fearlessness, its touch of
romance and its suggestion of conquest, is one to be noted with ad-
miration as the. visible expression of a national environment that
never again can be witnessed. Every era brings its men and its
opportunities, but perhaps no greater men will ever be prodiiced
than those who bravely faced the dangers of the deserts, penetrated
the pathless forests and by their dauntless energy pushed the benefits
of civilization still further toward the setting sun. As the pioneers
of California one by one enter upon their last long journey across the
desert of death and set sail upon the shoreless sea of eternity, there
is called afresh to mind the service which they rendered to their coun-
try and their commonwealth, and appreciation wells afresh into the
patriotic heart.

Not the least conspicuous among the surviving pioneers of Sacra-
mento county is Patrick Henry Murphy, who first landed in the capital
city on October 13, 1854. Born in St. Louis, Mo., in June, 1838,
he there grew up, and in 1854 joined a company of St. Louis men.
among them Isaac Lankershim and Mike Wiles, and crossed the
plains with a large expedition with an ox-team train and five hun-

1028 HISTOEY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY

dred cattle. This was a memorable year, for the Indians at that time
were warlike, but by exercising the utmost diplomacy they evaded
several controversies and probable massacre, and after a journey of
six months and two days the train dispersed on the Cosumne river,
and Mr. Murphy came on to Sacramento, where he found employ-
ment in a hotel. Later he worked in San Francisco, but soon returned
to Sacramento and then secured a position in the Brighton flour
and grist mill on the American river. For two years he worked in
the mill at monthly wages. His next venture was the purchase of
two hundred acres with a crop on the ground and a small house suit-
able for a frontier home. In an unexpected manner his identification
with that ranch brought him misfortune. While sleeping in his bed
one night he was shot by negro robbers, the ball passing through the
board wall of his cabin. The two thieves made their escape, but
were afterward captured and sent to the penitentiary for fifteen years.
He was so seriously wounded in both arms that he was completely
disabled for one year and, in fact, was left crippled for life.

Unable to work, the young farmer relinquished his holdings and
returned to St. Louis, where he visited at the old home for a year
or more. During 1862, in Fayette county, III, he was united in
marriage with Miss Mary A. Gibbs, who was born in Ohio and died
in California in 1874. Upon his return to the west Mr. Murphy pre-
empted one hundred and sixty acres in Sacramento county and at
once commenced the difficult task of clearing the property. Later
he purchased eighty acres so situated that it could be brought into
the home place as one farm, which gives him two hundred and forty
acres in this ranch. The land lies within a mile of Perkins and is
improved Avith a substantial residence and convenient farm buildings.
A pumping plant furnishes an abundance of water for irrigation and
for domestic use. The value of the place is greatly enhanced by the
vineyard and fruit orchard covering fifty acres, with grapes, cherries,
prunes, peaches, pears and berries in fine bearing condition.

Having an opportunity to increase his holdings in 1885 Mr.
Murphy bought a partly improved tract of four hundred and fifty
acres on the Cosumne river, this county, of which tract he now has
over one hundred acres in hops. The balance of the ranch is utilized
for pastures, alfalfa meadows and grain. The ranch was occupied and
managed by the oldest son, Arthur D. Murphy, who with his family
made his home there until it was leased out. On both places a spe-
cialty is made of the stock industry and the stock raised and sold
includes high-grade Shorthorn cattle and ]-)ure-bred Poland-China hogs.
Ever since the organization of the California state fair, a period of
forty-nine years, Mr. Murphy has been an exhibitor of stock, machin-
ery and fruit, and at the fair of 1911 his exhibits won the same
admiration and attention they have received during the entire period

HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 1029

of his association with the work. There is not another man in the
state who has been such a steady exhibitor for so many years as
he, and he has won innumerable prizes and gold medals in different
lines. Nor is his interest in horticulture less than his identification
with the stock business and for some years he has been a stockholder
and director in the Florin Fruit Growers' Association situated at
Florin.

Of his first marriage Mr. Muriahy has three children living,
Arthur D., Clara McDonald and Ralph I. The daughter is a success-
ful teacher in the Sacramento county schools, Arthur D. is farming
his own place and the younger son acts as manager of the Cosumne
ranch. October 7, 1875, Mr. Murphy married Miss C'arrie R. Jackman,
who was born and reared in New Hampshire, removed thence to
Iowa, and from there came to California during young womanhood.
Five children are living of this union, namely: William C, employed
in the Sacramento street-car service; Harry L., who is married and
resides at the old homestead; Corda L., who holds a responsible posi-
tion in the mercantile house of C. C. Perkins at Perkins; Elmer H.,
an expert chemist employed in the laboratory of the Union Sugar-
beet Company; and George A., a farmer near Perkins.

Although Mr. Murphy cast his first Presidential ballot for
Stephen A. Douglas, for years he has been identified with the Re-
publican party. In 1864 he supported Abraham Lincoln and since
then he has never failed to cast a straight Republican ticket at every
Presidential election. Frequently he has been selected as delegate
to county and state conventions. In local elections he supports the
men whom he considers l^est qualified to serve the people, irrespec-
tive of their political views- For four years he served as a
justice of the peace and he also has served as school trustee. As
early as 1869 he became connected with the subordinate lodge of Odd
Fellows and all but one of his sons also joined the order. No citi-
zen surpasses him in loyal devotion to his township and county. It
has been his privilege to witness the steady growth of this locality
and the awakening appreciation of its soil and. climate. Doubtless
no one takes greater pride than does he in the constant progress
of the district, the increasing returns from the scientific cultivation
of its ranches, the growing liusiness of the little towns and the patri-
otic spirit manifested by the entire citizenship.

THOMAS TINGEY CRAVEN GREGORY

Residence, San Francisco; office, Alaska Commercial Building,
San Francisco. Born October 4, 1878, in Suisun, California. Son of
Judge John M. and Evehna Tingey (Craven) Gregory. Married to Ger-

1030 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

trude Martin, April 15, 1903. Graduated from Stanford University
in 1899 and took post- graduate work until 1901 in the Stanford Law
School. Admitted to the bar of California in 1901, and commenced
the practice of his profession, associated with his father in Solano
county, and was elected district attorney of that county in 1901, con-
tinuing until 1906. Moved to San Francisco in 1909, and continues
in the active practice of his profession. President of the Vallejo and
Northern Railroad Company and the Sacramento and Woodland Rail-
road Company. Member of the Bohemian, Ohmipic, The Family, Com-
mercial and Commonwealth Clubs of San Francisco, the Sutter Club
of Sacramento, the Masonic Fraternity, Beta Theta college fraternity
and Knights Templar. Democrat.

EDWARD FRANKLIN PFUND

An identification with the city of Sacramento beginning at the
age of sixteen years and continuing up to the present time gives
to Mr. Pfund a comprehensive knowledge of community resources,
of natural advantages and of future possibilities ; resultant from
such knowledge we find him to be a firm believer in the riches of
the valley that boasts the capital city for its center. Destiny dis-
guised as enhance directed his energies toward pursuits for which he
was well qualified by nature. His painstaking accuracy and sys-
tematic management of detail work enabled him to make good as
an assistant in the office of the county clerk William B. Hamilton,
where he l:)ecame an employe the first Monday in January, 1893, and
where he has continued to the present writing. After he had proved
his mastery of every detail connected with the records he was ap-
pointed chief deputy and continued in that capacity until the death
of the county clerk, March 14, 1911, when he was appointed to
the office.

As Mr. Pfund 's name indicates he descends from German an-
cestry. He claims, however, our own country as his native land,
having been born December 11, 1859, at Vandalia, 111., where his
father, John P. Pfund, engaged for some years in the manufacture
of confectionery and later carried on a lumber business. Prior to
his immigration to the United States in 1832 the father had lived in
Germany, where as the youngest in a family of four sons he was
exempt from service in the German army through the fact that the
three eldest brothers had given their time to military duties as re-
quired by the government of their country. When he crossed the
ocean he was young, active and capable, and his subsequent life was

HISTORY OP SACRAMENTO COUNTY 1031

one of industry and persevering, intelligent management. During
young manhood he married Juliana Vennewitz, who was born and
reared in Germany, her father, a prosperous business man of that
country, having furnished horses and supplies to the army without
compensation. The mother of Edward F. Pfuud had a sister, Mrs.
Lippe, whose husband, a man of large wealth, owned a number of
merchant ships and engaged extensively in the buying and selling
of grain in Germany.

When sixteen years of age Edward F. Pfuud came to California
in company with his parents and settled at Sacramento, where for
two years he attended the grammar school. The family had com-
prised seven children, but two of the sons are deceased and the two
daughters also died in early life, so that three sons are the only
living representatives of the family. The three reside in Sacramento,
where William H. is connei^ted with a grocery business, and Bar-
told G., who formerly engaged in business in Chicago, 111., with I. P.
Farnham, now has business relations with a prominent Sacramento
dry-goods house. Edward Franklin, who was fifth in order of
birth among the seven children, is the second of the three survivors,
and was married April 30, 1884, to Miss Mattie E. Knisley, born in
Eldorado, Cal. The only child of the imion, Edwina V., born July
5, 1894, is a graduate of the Sacramento high-school, class of 1912.

After having clerked for twelve years in a clothing store owned
by Charles Robin and having risen meantime to an important posi-
tion in the establishment, Edward F. Pfund was obliged to dis-
continue all work on account of ill health. For several years he
was unable to attend to business duties, but as soon as he had
regained his health he began Ms identification with the county
clerk's office and since then has been able to work steadily and
constantly without detriment to his physical condition. In political
views he votes with the Republican party. Fraternally he belongs
to Washing-ton Lodge No. 20, F. & A. M., also Eureka Lodge No. 4,
I. 0. 0. F., and Sacramento Court No. 12, Foresters of America.
As a citizen he is public-spirited, as an ofificial trustworthy, as a
friend sincere, furnishing indeed the t>^oe of character needed in
the citizenshii? of the community and in the ofiScial business of the
county.

SIMON PROUTY

Destiny gave to Simon Prouty an identification with the early
upbuilding of the two great states of Iowa and California. Born in
Southern Ohio, he was a small lad when in 1847 the family removed to

1032 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

Iowa and settled among the pioneers of Jasper county. The entire
journey was made in the tedioiis and primitive manner common to the
period, for not only was there not even one railroad in the whole state
of Iowa, but very few had been built in any portion of the country.
Arriving near the site of the joresent flourishing city of Iowa City,
which then had only six log houses, the father, Anson Prouty, took up
a quarter section of government land, the present site of Newton, and
a part of this he subsequently sold to the supervisors of Jasper county
as the site of the village that became the county seat. Not long after
his settlement in Iowa he took the contract to carry the first mail
between Fort Des Moines and Iowa City. Simon, then thirteen years
of age, was selected for the work. The task was indeed one of the
greatest difficulty and it speaks volumes for the resolution and courage
of the lad that he was willing to undertake the long journeys in the
midst of such dangers and hardships. The nearest houses were
eighteen miles apart. There were few trees and across the open
prairies howled the bitter wind and snow as if fighting against man's
advance from the older settlements of the east. Forty miles a day on
horseback for three days in succession along the lonely road three
feet deep in snow, then three days on the return trip, with Sunday
spent at home. It was seldom that he met any other traveler in those
stormy rides. Twice he was taken from his horse unconscious with
cold and with ears, hands and feet frozen stiff. Notvrithstanding these
ardvious experiences he continued the trips until there was no longer
any further need of his services.

When eighteen years of age Simon Prouty married Miss Jane
Newton, member of a prominent Iowa family in whose honor the city
of Newton was named. Immediately after his marriage he and his
young wife started for California, in company with his father and
mother and the other members of his family. As early as February
of 3851, with three wagons loaded with supi^lies of all kinds necessary
for such a trip, and with a goodly sum of money, the party began its
journey across the plains. It had been their fear that they would
suffer attacks from the Indians, but in some way they gained the good-
will of the savages, who allowed them to pass without molestation.
They crossed the ri^-er at the present site of Omaha, then void of any
settlement whatever. Shortly afterward cholera broke out among the
emigrants and Anson Prouty fell a victim of the dread disease. His
body was wrapped in a sheet and laid in the ground by his three
sons, Simon, Will and Columbus. With all the loneliness of a deep
bereavement the family proceeded on their journey and under the
giiardianship of the eldest son, Simon, they arrived safely at Stock-
ton, Cal., about the 1st of September. For a time after their arrival
they continued to camp in their wagons.

It was the good fortune of Simon Prouty to have a mother who

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 1033

was a woman of education and remarkable intelligence. Although he
attended school only six months during all the years of his boyhood,
he became well informed, for she taught him reading and writing
and instructed him in the making of accounts and in all arithmetical
problems connected with ordinary business affairs. The younger
children, sheltered by his protecting oversight, were given some
schooling, but they too found the counsel and instruction of their
mother most vital to their intellectual advancement. Not only was
Mrs. Prouty a woman of education, but she also had a large endow-
ment of common sense, so that she grasped the necessities of their
environment in the west and proved equal to every emergency. Wild
berries were plentiful, so she made pies from the fruit gathered by the
children. In addition she made vinegar and with this concocted a
mock lemon pie that proved popular among the incoming emigrants.
All of the pies were sold at $1 each, while biscuits she sold at twenty-
five cents a dozen and bread at twenty-five cents a loaf. The income
was increased by the washing of shirts at twentj^-five cents each. With
the income from her tireless labor and with the aid of her son, Simon,
she was able to keep the children together until they were grown
and meanwhile she took up a tract of government land.

About this time Simon Prouty became ambitious to rent land,
Dut he had no seed and no horses, nor any money with which to buy
the necessary equipment. Determining to buj^ a team on credit if
possible, he took some lunch in a water bucket and walked twenty
miles to a horse dealer, who refused to sell on credit. The dealer's
wife, seeing that the young man was weary from the walk, invited him
to eat and sleep at their home, an invitation which he most gratefully
accepted. Meanwhile she talked privately with the dealer and per-
suaded him to encourage the would-be farmer. In the morning the
dealer told him^ "I will furnish you one horse if the horse-trader
ten miles away will furnish you with another." So the young man
walked the ten miles and found the second dealer; who exclaimed
after hearing his story: "Well, by Gosh! Walked thirty miles! Got
a wife already, eh? And a mother and five brothers and sisters to
support. Well, by Gosh! Y^'es, Siree, you can have a horse and I'll
give you a set of harness. Now eat some dinner and then you just
ride back to that fellow down the road and tell him to give you the
horse he agreed to, or, by Gosh, I'll lick the d — 1 out of him." The
first dealer did not refuse to hold to his bargain, so the young man,
with a team and some land, was able to buy seed on credit, also to
borrow tools. Crops l>rought a high price that year and he cleared
$3,000.

Throughout all this period of pioneer -effort the entire family
had occupied the same small cabin, but now Simon Prouty and his
voun«- wife decided that thev wanted a home of their own. Again

10;U HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

bis luueb was packed in the water bucket, but tbis time be walked ten
miles to a cottonwood grove and cbopped down saplings. Finding a
long, bollow log, be ran a burning busb into eacb end to see if tbere
was a snake inside, built a brusb fire at one end to scare away tbe
bears, crept into tbe log feet first and slept tbere tbree uigbts. As bis
brothers were using the family wagon in a job of hauling, be bor-
rowed a vehicle in town and with his wife drove back to tbe cotton-
wood grove, where tbe young couple loaded tbe trees and returned
with the materials for their little house. This day they ever afterward
recalled as one of tbe happiest of their lives. It was a genuine delight
to work for a new home, even if it was to be but tbe crudest of cabins.
When the building had been put up and they moved in, they cooked
at the chimney of stone, built their own bedsteads with poles driven
into tbe ground, sat on boxes and ate from boards resting on poles
driA-en into tbe ground. To a young couple of tbe twentieth century
this would seem privation and hardship most trying, but they were
sui)remely happy, for they had learned that happiness comes from
within, not from without. Popular among tbe young people, they
were invited to every dance for thirty miles around and when one of
these grand events was announced Simon Prouty always bought a
new pair of overalls, so that be might appear as well dressed as
the other young men of the period.

In this primitive home two children were born. Tbe two youngest
children were born in tbe later and more comfortable home of the
family. Tbe elder daughter, Hattie, is the widow of Andrew Wbitaker
and lives at Gait, Sacramento county. W. H. is a resident of Sacra-
mento. The younger daughter is tbe widow of Joseph Connor of
Gait, and Edgar M. is living in Lodi, this state. Mr. Prouty was
always exceedingly kind and helpful to those in need and one of his
kindnesses proved to be bread cast upon the waters which did not
return unto him void. While he was still struggling against debt and
bravely trying to get ahead financially, a sick Chinaman rode u]) late
one afternoon and asked for water. Mr. Prouty took him off tbe
horse and doctored him with such remedies as the cabin contained,
while Mrs. Prouty cared for him as though be were a friend. For
some time he was very ill, but with their care and attention in two
weeks he recovered. Sitting by tbe chimney light one evening be re-
marked: "I think so we all be partner. Be very good; make money.
I think so you good lady, good man. I like stay your house long time.
You no got money. I catch plenty cash. We make partner. Buy
bog, sell plenty hog for Chinamen up mountains and lady be all same
partner." Thereupon he drew a belt from under bis clothes, emptied
it on the table, counted out $6,000 in gold, pushed it over to Mrs.
Prouty and said, "You takee cash. We all be partner. Buy plenty
hog. Makee money." The Chinaman built himself a hut and stayed

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 1035

with them six years. Meanwhile the.y controlled the hog trade of
Sacramento and the mines for a hundred miles in every direction,
eventually clearing $10,000 for each of the partners. The family
grieved as for a relative when the Chinaman, rich and prosperous,
returned to his native laud. For years the little children would ciy
for him to come back, for he had nursed and cared for them with the
deepest affection. It was a frequent remark of Mr. Prouty after-
wards that the Chinamaai was the only honest partner he ever had,
and he dates his subsequent prosperity from the odd chance that
brought him needed mouey and help at the crucial period of his
agricultural operations.

The development of a hue farm of six hundred acres, the raisiug
of fine stock and the building of first-class residence and barns kept
Mr. Prouty very busy for years, and when finally prosperity had come,
he lost his wife, who had so long and bravely shared his hardships
and discoviragements. Three years afterward in 1891 he married
Miss Carol Grouse, of San Francisco, a lady of excellent education
and cultured refinement. Subsequent to his retirement froiu fariuing
he engaged in the wholesale commission business in San Francisco,
but there his well-known generosity was taken advantage of and the
business did not prove successful. Aften ten years in San Francisco
he returned to Sacramento to live, later his wife spent two years in
travel, visiting his old homes in Ohio and Iowa, and enjoying a tour
throughout the east. Upon returning to California he was visiting at
Gralt when he ran to catch a train and the over-exertion brought on
heart trouble, from which he died. Since his demise Mrs. Prouty has
continued to reside at the family home, No. 918 Twenty-second street,
Sacramento. During early years he had been an active ^vorker in
the Blue Lodge of Masons. The Unitarian Church of Sacramento had
in him a frequent attendant at the services and a generous contributor
to its charities. After a long and unusually active career he passed
into eternity, beloved by a wide circle of friends, honored as a man
of the highest integrity and as a pioneer of the gi-eatest aid to the
early upbuilding of the state.

GEORGE A. PHINNEY

Both as one of the oldest and as one of the most prosperous
organizations of its kind in Northern California the firm of A. A. Van
Voorhies & Co. holds an established position among the foremost
business concerns of Sacramento. The records show that the business
was established as early as 1850 under the title of R. Stone & Co. and
continued to enjoy a steady growth from decade to decade. The

1036 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

demands of the business were of such magnitude that in 1891 letters
of incorporation were secured and since then the ijresent firm has
engaged in business as a corporation, the president being Greorge A.
Phinney, who first became identified with the establishment November
11, 1886, and since then has become familiar with every phase of the
work. A business of large volume has been built up and in the firm's
specialties of horse collars, harness and saddles they are considered to
have no superiors in the west, where they are manufacturers and
wholesalers.

The present place of residence of Mr. Phinney is far removed
from the bleak regions familiar to his early years, for he is a native of
Maine, born in Franklin count}^, December 7, 1855, and his childhood
memories cluster around the pine woods and rock-bound shores of
that locality. The years of youth were uneventfully passed in country
schools and in the home of his parents, Jonas and Mary A. (Crafts)
Phinney. When he had completed the studies of the district schools
he left for Massachusetts and secured employment in a whip factory
at Westfield. Two years later, with the savings of this period of work,
he was able to enter Eastman's Business College at Poughkeepsie,
N. Y., where he finished the commercial course. Going next to New
York City in 1874 he secui-ed a position as bookkeeper with a firm
dealing in grain and there he remained until July of 1876, when he
returned to Massachusetts. Associating himself with a wholesale firm
in Westfield he became a traveling salesman and in that capacity
visited the principal points of commercial importance throughout the
whole country. For a time his territory embraced all of the region
west of the Missouri river.

Upon discontinuing his connection as traveling salesman in 1882
Mr. Phinney aided in organizing the Standard Whip Company, a firm
that still exists, although he sold his stock in the concern many years
ago. August 31, 1885, he was united in marriage with Miss Kate
Louise Van Voorhies, daughter of A. A. and Hattie Van Voorhies.
Thus other interests came into his life besides those of New England
and he was therefore induced to come to California in 1886, since
which time he has made Sacramento his home and has devoted his
time to the upbuilding of the wholesale manufacturing plant of A. A.
Van Voorhies & Co. His eldest son, A. Van Voorhies Phinney, now
vice-president of the company, is a young man of exceptional ability
and is a graduate of the University of California with the class of
1908. Mrs. Kate Louise Phinney died when her youngest son, George
A., was only four months old, and he was only spared to the age of
seven years. The only daughter of the imion is Clare, now Mrs. C. B.
McKee, of Sacramento. The second marriage of Mr. Phinney was
solemnized November 30, 1894, and united him with Miss Jessie L.
Dayton, daughter of Jerry and Mary Dayton. The three children of
the second marriage are Jerry Dayton, Ruth Rosalie and Jessie Lee.

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 1037

WILLIAM HARRISON PROUTY

The well-kuowu citizen of Sacramento whose name heads this
notice is a native Californian and a son of a pioneer. He was born
January 18, 1859, at Dry Creek, Amador coimty, the son of Simon
and Jane (Newton) Prouty, the former from Ohio, the latter from
Iowa. Simon Prouty crossed the plains in 1852, by such primitive
means as were then available, and settled in Amador county, where
he achieved success as a farmer. He died in 1909, his wife in 1891.
The son attended public school and thus gained a practical education
that well fitted him for business life. When he left school it was to
take up employment in the merchandising establishment of Brewster
& Company, of Gait, Sacramento county. There he was busy and
studious, gaining a practical knowledge of the work in hand, and
when his employers sold out their store he was able to take a 1)etter
position as bookkeeper in the office of an important interest at Truckee,
Nevada county. So successful was he there that after he had held that
position two years he was made manager, in which responsible capacity
he served with efficiency and credit three years. Resigning his duties
at Truckee, he came to Sacramento to identify himself with the state
printing office, then in charge of his brother-in-law, A. J. Johnston.
For seven years he was a bookkeeper, then became manager of the
stationery department of a stationer}' store and printing house on J
street. After six years' successful experience there he connected him-
self with the establishment of George Z. Wait & Co., with whom he has
been employed continuously since August, 1907.

On June 27, 1883, Mr. Prouty married Miss Belle Johnston, sister
of A. J. Johnston above mentioned. Their home is one of quiet ele-
gance, known for its unostentatious hospitality. Mr. Prouty has not
been active in political work, but has done his best as a citizen to
conserve the best interests of the greatest number of his fellow
townsmen, and besides has taken a deep and an intelligent interest in
the public affairs of the state and nation. In 1912 he was prevailed
upon to accept the nomination of his party as city trustee to represent
the Fourth ward of Sacramento. He is helpfully identified with sev-
eral social and beneficial organizations, being a Mason, identified with
the Blue Lodge, Chapter, Commandery and Shrine, and takes an in-
terest in other societies of various aims and purposes. Mrs. Prouty is
a communicant of the Presbyterian Church and a member of the
Tuesday Club of Sacramento. In all things she is a most worthy
helpmeet to her enterprising husband and they are both popular in the
circles in which thev move.

1038 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

JOHN H. SAWYER

A self-made man in every sense of the word was John H. Sawyer,
whose death occurred Janury 6, 1901, at his home in Gait, Cal., de-
priving the community of one of its most dependable and best loved
citizens. In the face of the many trials which beset his career, he
clung to his ideals and ambitions with an intensity of purpose well
worthy of the emulation of many members of our present generation,
who decline to maintain the patience and fortitude so essential to
true success in life and, amid advantages far greater than those pre-
sented to our forefathers, slip through existence without understanding
the meaning of altruism or appreciating the blessed privilege of labor.

A native of Tuffinboro, Vt., Mr. Sawyer's birth occurred February
5, 1828, and during the first fourteen years of his life he remained with
his i^arents, Joseph and Abagail (Hall) Sawyer, natives of Vermont.
At the age of ten he abandoned his studies through necessity and
became an apprentice to a carpenter, leaving home four years later
to take up his trade in Boston, Mass. Until 1850 he remained in
that city, fairly successful in his work, and during the same year he
settled in Wisconsin; after remaining there for two years, in 1852
he came to Gait, Sacramento county, Cal., crossing the plains with
05 teams. Until 1856 he worked at his trade, establishing himself in
the community as a man of high principles and unfailing industry.
When he was able to establish domestic ties he returned to Wisconsin,
to claim the girl he had loved and waited for throughout his residence
in the west, their marriage occurring November 4, 1856. The bride,
Miss Jennie Newcomb, was born near Albany, N. Y., the daughter of
Samuel E., who settled in Wisconsin, and later on located in Sacra-
mento county. Mrs. Sawyer received her education in New York state
and was widely known as a woman of exceptional culture and gener-
ous sympathies. After locating in Gait, Cal., Mr. Sawyer again took
up his work, satisfied and happy in the thought of the great purpose
which actuated his every effort. In connection with his building jDur-
suits he carried on ranching, meeting with fair success.

To the union of Mr. and Mrs. Sawyer seven children were born:
Frank M., whose birth occurred April 5, 1858, in Wisconsin, and who
is now a practicing veterinary surgeon in Bakersfield, Cal.; Millie,
who died in San Francisco; Silvia, who was born in 1864 and who
died at the age of nineteen; John, who died in infancy; Wallace, born
in Gait, January 8, 1868; Jean, who died at the age of .twenty-nine
years ; and Tom J., whose birth, June 7, 1879, occurred in Gait, where
he is now engaged in the general mercantile business with his brother
Wallace, under the firm name of Sawyer Brothers.

Mr. Sawyer was an active member of Phoenix Lodge No. 239,

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 1039

I. 0. 0. F., and the Ancient Order United Workmen for many years.
He was a Republican of strong and progressive principles and endeav-
ored to lend all aid in his power to the advancement of his party and
to the general welfare of his fellowmen. His wife, who' died in 1906,
shared both his joys and his soi'rows with a true heart and a calm,
sweet mind, her companiouslii]> proving all and more than in his
youth he had anticipated.

ALFRED SCHADEN

For many years the Schadens, father and son, have been identified
with the grocery business in Sacramento, where the former built up
an extensive trade as early as the '70s and upon his retirement was
succeeded by his son, one of the present partners in the prosperous
establishment. The genealogical records of the family indicate the
lifelong residence of Henry and Anna (Winters) Schaden in the
province of Hanover, Germany, whence the former went forth to the
duties of a seafaring existence, serving for a long i^eriod as a cook
on great ocean vessels of his day. In the family of Henry Schaden
there was a son, Arend, who was born in Hanover October 9, 1845,
and who in childhood listened with the keenest interest to his father's
tales of voyage to distant ports. Thus was roused within him an
ambition to see something of the world and scarcely had he left school
at the age of fourteen years before he shipped from Bremerhaven to
New Orleans. The Civil war had just opened and the ship experienced
the delays incident to such a condition of affairs. After having
been detained on a bar for ninety-five days, the vessel was the last
to leave New Orleans after the blockade had been established by the
Union fleet.

After having returned to Bremerhaven on the same ship the
young seaman accompanied the vessel to Guttenberg, thence to Cape
Town, Africa, and from there to Rangoon, India, thence returning to
Germany by way of St. Helena's Island. Meanwhile having been
made steward on the ship, he made a voyage to Akyab, East Indies.
Upon his return to Bremen he was appointed light sailor, with little
less than the wages of first-class seamen, on a vessel commanded by
Captain Thiernau and shortly afterward accompanied the vessel to
the United States, where, liking the country and having wearied of
the sea, he determined to settle. Looking about him for emplo^mient
in the city of New York, he was successful in securing a clerkship in
the grocery store of J. Brunuuerhop, on the corner of East Broadway
and Rutgers. That position he retained until he decided to come to
California. On November 28, 1868, he sailed from New York for

1040 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

Panama. Having crossed the Isthmus, he continued the voyage to
San Francisco and there lauded on Christmas day. The uext day he
came to Sacramento and on the 1st of January he entered the employ
of his uncle, Herman Winters. During October of 1870 he formed a
partnership with S. D. Fuller under the firm name of Schaden &
Fuller. At the expiration of five years he purchased the interest of his
partner in the gi-ocery business. Five years later he moved across the
street to the location with which his name is especially linked. From
1880 until his retirement in 1910 he continued at the same place and
meanwhile established an enviable reputation for sagacious judgment,
discrimination as a buyer, and the most honorable dealings with all
customers. Not only among the earlier settlers of Sacramento, but
also with the present generation, he has a high standing as a business
man and citizen. For years he was very active in the Knights of
Honor, the Independent Order of Odd Fellows and the Improved
Tribe of Red Men.

The marriage of Arend Schaden occurred in Sacramento March 8,
1874, and united him with Miss Ameta Sanders, a native of Bremen,
Germany. They became the parents of four children, namely : Alfred,
who was born in Sacramento April 21, 1878, attended the public schools
until sixteen years of age, then engaged for two years as bookkeeper
with Holbrook, Merrill & Stetson, of Sacramento, and since that time
has been associated with the retail grocery business founded by his
father ; Anna Gesine, Arend Otto and John Henry, of whom the two
last-named sons died in early life. The surviving son has been
prominently identified with Sunset Parlor, N. S. G. W., in which he
now holds the rank of past president. Reared in the faith of the
German Lutheran Church, he adheres to its doctrines and supports
its missionary movements. In politics he maintains an independent
attitude and considers the merits of candidates rather than their
claims. During May of 1900 he was united in marriage with Miss
Grace IJren, of Sacramento, and two children bless their union, Harold
Alfred and Clara Helen.

HON. ARCHIBALD YELL

It has been the privilege of Mr. Yell to acquire a thorough
knowledge concerning certain parts of Northern California through
residence therein and the practical, personal information thus gained
has proved of the highest value to him, enabling him to understand
the merits of each section and to rightly estimate its possibilities for
future development. Included among the localities of his former
association are Sonoma county, where his sojouxm was of brief dura-
tion ; Mendocino county, where he held official positions ; Kings county.

HISTORY OP SACRAMENTO COUNTY 1041

where he built up an important clientele during his residence ; and the
cities of San Francisco and Sacramento, with the latter of which he
has been identified for a period sufficiently long- to enal)le liiiii to
rightly value its advantages and conservatively estimate its ])r()spc'cts
for large prosperity.

Of southern family and colonial lineage, Mr. Yell was born at
Payetteville, Ark., in May of 1859 and is a son of DeWitt Clinton and
Katharine (Smith) Yell, and the grandson of Col. Archibald Yell, who
was Governor of Arkansas and afterward Colonel in the Mexican
war, being killed in the battle of Buena Vista. For some time Mr. Yell
was a pupil in a private scliool of Nashville, Tenn., but at the age of
thirteen he completed the studies of that institution, after which he
took the regular course of study in the University of Nashville and
was admitted to the bar of the district court in 1877. In that same
year, having decided to locate in the west, he came at once to San
Francisco, and from there proceeded to Sonoma county, where for
one year he studied law under Judge Thomas. At the expiration of
his period of study he engaged in practice in the justice and county
courts of Mendocino county, where after two years of general practice
he was elected district attorney. During his service of three years
he returned to Tennessee and was admitted to practice before the
Supreme Court of that state. On his return to Mendocino county he
resumed service as district attorney, to which office be was elected for
the second time in 1883, remaining in the position until 1887,when he
was honored by election as state senator from Mendocino and Lake
counties. Four years were devoted to official duties and afterward he
practiced law in San Francisco for three years, next opening an
office at Hanford, Kings county, where he remained for four years.

As attorney in Sacramento, whither he came in the year 1898,
Mr. Yell engaged in practice with Mr. Aram for twelve months and
later practiced alone until 1900, when he received an appointment
as deputy district attorney. Two years were s]ient in that pos-
ition when he was appointed warden of the state prison at Fol-
som, serving four years and three months, after which he again
resumed his practice in Sacramento, forming a partnership with A. M.
Seymour, thus entering upou a congenial and profitable relation that
has continued up to the present time. While making his headquarters
in Mendocino county he formed the acquaintance of Miss Lucile Estes
and after their marriage in November of 1883 they established a home
in the county where she had been reared and educated. In the various
places of his residence he has been connected prominently with the
Masonic Order, being a Mason of the Knight Tem])]ar degree ; he has
also held active relations with the Benevolent Protective Order of
Elks. He is a member of the State Bar Association and is chairman
of the grievance committee.

1042 HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY

H. S. BONTE

A busy and useful career has characterized the life of H. S.
Bonte, who has followed the vocation of surveyor and civil engineer
with signal success. He is a native of Sacramento, the son of Charles
C. and Anna H. Bonte, the father having been born in Cincinnati, Ohio,
in 1857. It was in his native city that Charles C. Bonte received
his education, attending the public schools, and in 1873 he
accompanied his parents to Sacramento, where they made their home.
He was a student at Augustin College at Benicia until 1877, returning
then to Sacramento to become a clerk in the motive power depart-
ment of the Southern Pacific Railroad Company, with whom he
worked for many years and eventually became superintendent of
that department. This position he held until 1903, when he was trans-
ferred to San Francisco to become assistant general superintendent or
motive power of the Pacific system of the Southern Pacific Railroad
Company, and he is at present serving in that capacity.

H. S. Bonte received his early education in the public schools
of Sacramento and was graduated from the high school in 1901.
He then became a student at Stanford University, until 1906, giving
close attention to his special branch and becoming thoroughly
grounded in the theories of his chosen work. Naturally gifted in the
solving of the many problems which confront the civil engineer lie
early jiroved his fitness for tliat special work, and in 1906, 1907 and
1908 was in charge of a preliminary survey for the hydraulic system of
the Guggenheims, with headquarters at Dawson City, Alaska. In
1908 he went to Aberdeen, Wash., in the capacity of locating-engineer
for the Union Pacific Railroad, and in the following year returned to
Sacramento to become chief engineer for the Vallejo Northern Rail-
way Company, in which position he has ever since served with marked
success. Mr. Bonte was married at Oakland, February 3, 1908, to
Miss Warfield, and they have a son, John Warfield. A Republican
in politics, Mr. Bonte takes a patriotic view of all questions of national
policy, and his interest in local matters is ever for the welfare of
the citizens of his native citv.

CH.\RLES A. FICAL

A mechanical operator of no mean ability is Charles A. Fical,
the present proprietor of the flourishing garage on M street, between
Nineteenth and Twentieth streets, in whose shops the most expert

HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 1043

repairing and automobile work of all kinds is done. At an early age
he began to pick up a knowledge of machinery, and he has followed
the work of a mechanical engineer throughout his active business
life. He was born in Sacramento, October 28, 1868, son of Jacob and
Mary Fical, who came to California in 1861, crossing the plains and
experiencing a hard six-months' journey. They settled in Sacramento,
where Jacob Fical opened a blacksmith shop which he continued
to operate until his death, in 1867. He had prepared to retire from
his shop, and at his death was the owner of a beautifully cultivated
place of one hundred and sixty acres in Florin, and here his widow
and their three children lived for many years. Mrs. Fical is still
living, as are her two sons, Byron, now making his home in Oregon,
and Charles A. Minnie, the only daughter, died some time ago, aged
fifteen years.

Until twenty years old Charles A. Fical attended school and
worked on the ranch near the city, during all of which time he
interested himself in the engineer's trade. The handling of stationary
and traction engines alike attracted him and he soon took up that
trade as his regular work. For nine years he ran a single traction
engine, and then for a little over seventeen years he was employed
as engineer at the county hospital. Subsequently he went into
partnership with J. L. Latourrette in the plumbing, gas engine and
tinning business, which after twelve years he relinquished to embark
in his automobile garage enterprise, and he is now meeting with the
most gratifying success in this endeavor. He is an authority on the
subject of automobiles, and holds the esteem of all his associates.

Mr. Fical was married to Annie Sofia Treganza, of Sheldon,
Sacramento county, and they are the parents of two children, Howard
Ames, who is in business with his father, and Cora Frances, who
is attending the high school. Fraternally Mr. Fical is a Mason, a
member of the Red Men, Native Sons and the Grangers, and Mrs.
Fical also is a member of the last named order. For seven years he
was chief engineer of the City Volunteer Fire Department, and his
loyalty to his city has impelled him to fill other positions of trust
and honor in the capital city which has insured for him the gratitude
and respect of the entire community.

FRANCIS WILLIAM FRATT

Throughout a period covering almost sixty years the life of
Francis William Fratt rendered useful and sig-nificant service to
the material development of California, his helpful activities ceasing

1044 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

only with his fiual departure from the scenes familiar to maturity.
It was his high larivilege to witness the remarkable advancement
made by the west from the era of gold discovery until the twentieth
century had brought its matchless progress into the world. Co-
incident with that advancement was his own rise to influence and local
distinction. Many were the changes that entered into his personal
history from the far-distant days when as a boy in his native city of
Albany, N. Y., he met at school a lad named Leland Stanford, whose
name later became inseparably interwoven with the development
of the western country. Later, while crossing the plains with horses
and oxen in a large expedition, he formed the acquaintance of Charles
W. C'oil, for many years one of the most distinguished citizens of
Woodland. Shortly after his arrival in the Sacramento valley he
began to be interested in the cattle industry. For years he engaged
in the business upon a very large scale, making Sacramento his head-
quarters. Large enterprises brought large returns. The fruits of
his labors were evidenced by increasing possessions. For years he
paid taxes upon broad tracts of farming land. During the early days
he owned the Tomes grant in Tehama county, but during 1879 he sold
it to Mr. Blossom and invested the returns in other property, mainly
city real estate. In the latter part of his life, after he had relinquished
his extensive stock interests, he devoted considerable attention to the
care and improvement of his real estate in Sacramento, where he
erected the Fratt building at No. 200 K street, the Union hotel and the
Orleans hotel. In 1908 he erected a magnificent residence at No. 1511
P street. Amid the beautiful surroundings of Park View Place, with
all the luxuries of life, ministered to by a devoted wife and blessed
by the admiration and respect of hosts of friends, he passed the
twilight of a useful existence and thence September 16, 1909, he
entered into the rest of eternity.

The political views of Mr. Fratt brought him into hearty accord
with Democratic principles. Fraternally he held membership with
the Independent Order of Odd Fellows. In his marriage, which was
solemnized at Sacramento October 31, 1879, he was especially
fortunate, for his wife was a young lady not only of fine family and
excellent education, but also of gentle character and attractive
personal endowments. Born in Plattsburg, Clinton county, N. Y., she
was a daughter of Harvey Bromley, sheritf of that county. After
having completed the studies of the Plattsburg academy. Miss
Cornelia E. Bromley came to California in 1868. The recent building
of the railroad enabled her to travel a considerable portion of the
distance by train. The balance of the journey was made by stage.
From young girlhood she has been a sincere member of the Congre-
gational Church. Philanthropic by nature, solicitous to aid the un-
fortunate, she was particularly helpful as a member of the board of

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 1045

trustees of the orphan asylum (later known as the orphanage), her
service in that organization covering a period of twenty-seven years.
Aiding Mrs. Clayton, Mrs. liuntoon and Mrs. Mandeville, she estab-
lished the Sacramento Children's Home and served from its organiza-
tion as a member of the board. She was the first to solicit subscrip-
tions for the erection of a suitable building on the corner of Ninth
and X streets. At this writing she acts as vice-president of the home.
For twenty-two successive years she entertained the children from
the Home on the 4th of July for an all-day pleasure excursion, besides
giving them entei'tainments and treats on other holidays. In addition
to her other philanthropies she has given distinct civic service
through her judicious labors as a member of the Sacramento board of
park commissioners.

CHARLES D. LEVERING

The horticultural possibilities of the Fair Oaks district have-
been tested thoroughly and successfully by Mr. Levering since first
he came to this locality. Recently he completed one of the finest
residences in tlie district, a two-story frame building fitted with
every modern convenience, arranged so as to reflect the refined
tastes of its owners. The attractive ai^pearance of the house is
heightened through its excellent location on a well-chosen natural
building site wliich affords a fine view of the entire settlement.

A study of the life of C. D. Levering shows that he belongs to
an honored pioneer family of the east and was born at Sparta,
Wis., September 15, 1861. At an early age he accompanied his
parents to Iowa and settled upon a tract of raw farming land in
Polk ccounty, where he received a common-school education and
learned the rudiments of agriculture. His opportunities were very
meagre. Indeed, what he has and what he is may be attributed to
his own determination, energy and sagacity, rather than to any
special advantages surrounding his boyhood. When he started out
to earn his own way in the world he took up the lumber business
and for about three years he engaged in that work in Iowa, his
home and his headquarters being at Wiota, Cass count.v, during
the period of his interests in that industry.

At the time of the celebrated opening of Oklahoma to settlers
in April of 1889 Mr. Levering was in the territory and experienced
all of the excitement incident to the famous rush. Later he pur-
chased a claim of one hundred and sixty acres near Omega, King-
fisher county. It was no slight task to clear and improve the

1046 HISTOEY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY

property, but eventually be bad transformed the raw acreage into
a valuable farm provided witb all tbe appurtenances to modern
agriculture. Tbe raising of stock proved bis principal source of
income and be became widely known as a dealer in pure-bred
Poland-China hogs. Other stock was to be found on his place, but
his specialty for years continued to be hogs of tbe breed named.

Not long after he had commenced the improvement of the farm
Mr. Levering brought a bride to the new home. Eeturning to Cass
county, Iowa, be there married February 20, 1893, Miss Eva Bur-
nette, who was born, reared and educated in that county and there
engaged in teaching school for a few years. Her health was un-
favorably affected by the Oklahoma climate and it therefore seemed
wise to seek another location. On three different occasions Mr.
Levering visited California and inspected various parts of tbe
state with a view to removal hither. On one of these trips he bought
raw land at Fair Oaks. Tbe timber was cleared from the ground
through bis own sturdy labors, the brush also was removed, the
lirst furrows turned in the soil and tbe land brought under cultiva-
tion. Since he brought the family here in 1905 he has labored in-
cessantly and judiciously on tbe place and has developed a fruit
farm of exceptional value and attractiveness. Besides the home
place of ten acres, situated in close proximity to the plant of the
Fair Oaks Fruit Company, be owns another tract of twenty-five
acres. He has planted ten acres to orange trees and ten acres to
almonds and is bringing the entire acreage under profitable im-
provement.

Close attention to bis own affairs has not prevented Mr. Lever-
ing from identifying himself with many of the movements for the
general prosperity. When first a bank began to be agitated as a
needed institution for the town be joined in the movement and sub-
scribed for a number of shares of tbe capital stock. When the
concern became a substantial fact and business was begun, he was
chosen a member of the board of directors. Likewise he bought
stock in the Fair Oaks Fruit Company at the inception of that
enterprise and to its board of directors he also was chosen, since
which time be has been associated with the successful manage-
ment of this influential concern. Interested in educational matters,
he has given bis children excellent advantages. Tbe son, Eoy, is
now a student at Oakland, where he studies civil engineering. The
older daughter. Fay, attends the Sacramento high school, and the
younger. Fern, is a student in tbe Fair Oaks schools. Tbe family
are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church and generous con-
tributors to its maintenance. Stanch in his allegiance to tbe Demo-
cratic party and well informed in politics, Mr. Levering never has
sought or filled official positions. During tbe period of bis resi-

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 1047

dence at Wiota, Iowa, he became connected with the Odd Fellows
and held all of the offices, including that of past grand, in the
Wiota lodge. About the same time he became a Knight of Pj-ihias
and in it also he served through the chairs, finally being chosen past
grand chancellor of the local lodge. As a citizen he has been pro-
gressive and loyal and has given his support to those enterprises
which he believes tend to advance the welfare of the people.

J. HAYES FISHER, M. D.

The medical fraternity in Sacramento has a worth}- represent-
ative in Dr. J. Hayes Fisher, who was born November 14, 1880, in
Red Cloud, Webster county, Neb., the son of Mason A. and Jennie M.
(Rasmussen) Fisher. The father, who was a builder by trade,
followed this calling in Sacramento and here his earth life came to a
close September 4, 1912.

The early boyhood years of Dr. Fisher were passed in the vicinity
of his birthplace and he received his primary education in the schools
of Red Cloud and Grand Island, Neb. He was fifteen years of age
when the family removed to California and settled in Sacramento, and
here he continued his studies. After his graduation from the Sacra-
mento high school in 1901 he became the druggist at the Sacramento
County Hospital and in March of the following year he began the
study of medicine in the Hahnemann Medical College of the Pacific
at San Francisco. Completing successfully his course of study
he was graduated May 19, 1905, with the degree of M. D. At the
time of the San Francisco disaster he was resident physician in the
city and county hospital of that city, performing the duties of first
assistant in that institution. It was on August 23, 1906, that he
returned to Sacramento and opened an office at No. 716 J street,
continuing there until his removal to his present quarters in the
Ochsner Building April 1, 1907. In 1903, while in medical college,
he matriculated at the Pacific Optical College in San Francisco, and
was graduated from that institution as an optometrist the same
year and in his practice he finds much to do along that specialty.

In 1905 Dr. Fisher was president of Phi Alpha Sigma Society
and in 1904 was editor of the Periscope, his college paper, and during
his senior year, 1905, was president of the student body. He was one
of the organizers of the Sacramento Valley Homeopathic Medical
Association and served as its secretary for three vears, or imtil his

1048 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

resignation, and he is still a member of the California State Home-
opathic Medical Society.

Fraternally Dr. Fisher affiliates with the Woodmen of the World ;
Red Jacket Tribe No. 28, I. 0. R. M.; the Maccabees; the Fraternal
Brotherhood; and the Foresters of America. In the Red Men's tribe
of which he is a member he holds the office of medicine man, and
is medical examiner in the other organizations mentioned. Politically
he is a Republican " but has never aspired to any office and usually
votes for worthy candidates, regardless of their party affiliations.
As a citizen he is public spirited and helpful to all local interests which
promise good to the greatest number. Professionally he is popular
and held in the highest repute and his large practice testifies to his
ability in the profession which he has chosen for his life work.

RALPH HILL MUDDOX

Among the most jirosperous and highly esteemed business men
of Sacramento, whose efforts along the lines of progress have
been conspicuous in business life is Ralph Hill Muddox, who now
fills a position of honor in more than one flourishing business house
in this city. He is a native of Sacramento, having been born on
the family homestead at Twenty-sixth and J streets, opposite old
Fort Sutter, on July 9, 1876, and is the son of George A. and
Isabelle (Bundock) Muddox, the former a native of London, Eng-
land, and the latter of Chelmsford, England.

The father, George A. Muddox, was a potter by trade and upon
his^ arrival in America came as far west as Illinois, where he set-
tled, engaging in the manufacture of pottery ware in the city of
Alton. In 1872 he came to California, and locating in Sacramento,
established a pottery business which he continued until his death.
The mother is still making her home in Sacramento.

Ralph H. Muddox was educated in the public schools and at
the Atkinson Business College, from which latter he was gradu-
ated at the age of twenty-one, at which time he embarked in the
contracting and building trade and followed it for twelve years with
marked success. Having learned the manufacture of pottery and
cement work when but a lad he became experienced in this line
of work, and accordingly decided to resume that work. His ter-
razzo and cement manufacturing plant which is situated on Twen-
ty-ninth street, between K and L streets, is the center of a thriv-
ing business which takes much of his attention and has proved a
judicious investment and a financial success. Other business inter-

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 1049

ests than this concern command Mr. Muddox's abilities. He is
secretary of the Isleton Asparagus Company, which has one hun-
dred and fifty acres in asparagus, and he is also a stockholder in
the Sacramento Olive Company, one of the largest olive orchards
in Northern California.

Mr. Muddox has proved himself to be a public-spirited, con-
scientious and progressive citizen in every sense of the word. He
affiliates with the Native Sons of the Golden West and was for
some time active in the Order of Eagles. In politics he is a Re-
publican and is inclined to vote independently, favoring the man best
suited for the position. On December 15, 1903, he was married to
Miss Marian Russell, of San Luis Obispo county, Cal., daughter
of D. A. Russell, then a lawyer at San Luis Obispo and later at
Bakersfield, but who is now living retired from active cares and re-
sponsibilities. In 1903 Mr. Muddox made a four-months' tour of
Europe, touching at different points of interest in England and on
the continent, meanwhile visiting the old homes of his father and
mother in England. Mr. and Mrs. Muddox attend the St. Paul's
Episcopal Church.

CASPER V. SCHNEIDER

A son of Charles Joseph and Katherine Schneider, Casper V.
Schneider was born in Germany February 16, 1875, and was quite
3'oung when the family sought a home in America. During 1880
his parents settled in Omaha, Neb., and there he was sent to the
parish schools of the Roman Catholic Church until he reached the
age of fifteen, when he began to earn his own livelihood. As an
ap])rentice and helper he entered the shop of the Western Electric
Company and there learned all branches of the business, later be-
coming foreman of the repair shop. In the various positions which
he held with that company he proved efficient, anxious to learn and
quick to grasp any new idea in the business. Upon resigning in
1897 he removed to California and settled in Sacramento, where he
entered the employ of the Electrical Supply Company. At the ex-
piration of one year he bought an interest in the business. Dur-
ing 1903 the company was incorporated and he was chosen presi-
dent, since which he has built up an important and prosperous trade
in the manufacture and jobbing of electrical supplies and the wir-
ing of buildings for gas and electricity.

From boyhood Mr. Schneider has been devoted to the doctrines
of the Roman Catholic Church and more recently he has become ac-
tively identified with the Young Men's Institute and the Knights of

1050 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

Columbus. The German Order of Red Men and the Sacramento Turn-
ers also number him among their members, as does the local camp.
Benevolent Protective Order of Elks. He is independent in politics
but keeps well posted concerning all national problems, and supports
such men and such measures of each party as seem to him to be best
adapted to the advancement of the commonwealth and the country.
For some years after he came to California he remained single, but
February 4, 1903, he was united in marriage in Yolo county with
Miss Pauline Schmeister, and they came to Sacramento, establishing
a permanent home in this city and winning the friendship of a
large circle of acquaintances. They are the parents of three children,
Sophie, Lawrence and Virgil.

FREDERICK S. WALTON

The Walton family traces its lineage to honored colonial settlers
of the east and numerous successive generations left the impress of
forceful personalities upon the history of New England, where there
yet continues a goodly representation of the name, although with the
expansion of the country's population and resources to the west there
has been a corresponding migration of its members from old settled
regions to the new country. Born June 21, 1870,. in Boston, Mr.
Walton enjoyed in youth the splendid educational advantages otfered
by that historic town, while in the home of his parents, Harrison
C. and Abbie Ann Walton, he received the example of true courtesy
to all and the highest refinement of manner. Upon his graduation
from the Boston high school in 1886 he faced the future with a youth's
bright hope of success and for the attainment of such a desired result
he was qualified by birth, breeding and education. The means of the
family enabled him to gratify a longing for travel and his first long
voyage brought him around the Horn to San Francisco, where he
entered into special service for the government as a member of the
United States navy, stationed for one year aboard the Albatross.
Later lie spent one year in travel, mainly in Australia.

Mr. Walton returned home and took up occupative employment,
engaging as a bill clerk with the American Exj^ress Company for
two years. Next we find him upon the plains of South Dakota,
where for one year he served as a member of the Eighth Cavalry,
U. S. A., and upon his retirement from the army he remained in the
Dakotas to carry on mining enterprises. The year 1897 found him
in Portland, Ore., where he organized the Quaker Medicine Company
and became manager of the business, in which he owned one-half of
the stock. For eleven years he continued in the same position.

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 1051

Under bis expert supervision the business of the company developed
greatly and its reputation was established throughout the west. A
favorable opening caused him to remove to Los Angeles in 1908 and
there he became general manager for the Dr. Parker Painless
Dentistry Company. During August of 1910 he came to Sacramento
and organized the dental firm of Walton-Way, Incorporated, of
which he is now president and which under his experienced super-
vision has reached a high degree of professional prestige and finan-
cial success. Modern improvements and devices of every kind
suited to professional use may be found in the operating rooms,
while the reception and consulting rooms are attractive and elegant.
The success of the enterprise is due to the initiative and sagacious
judgment of its fouuder, who in addition to this important association
still retains his large interest in the Quaker Medicine Company.
Fraternally he holds membership with the Elks. The home which
he has established in Sacramento enjoys the hospitable ministrations
of Mrs. Walton, formerly Miss Edith Dacre Chapman, whom he
married August 1, 1909, in Huston, Tex., and who is well qualified
by native abilities and educational advantages to fill an important
social position in the cultured circles of the capital city.

T. J. O 'KELLY

Left fatherless at the age of four years and forced to become
self-supporting at an age when the majority of boys are enjojdng
educational advantages and athletic sports, Mr. 0 'Kelly developed
qualities of self-reliance and industrious application that have been
of the greatest value to him throughout all of his life. With no one
to advise him, he early developed the quality of independent reason-
ing and thus has always studied out in his own way personal problems,
public questions and national issues. Of recent years he has given
much attention to the fact that twelve millions in cash annually goes
out of California into the hands of the eastern life insurance
companies, thus building up the east at the expense of the people of
the west. It is now his ambition to keep at least a small portion
of this immense sum in our own home state and with that object in
view he acts as the Northern California agent for the Occidental
Life Insurance Company, an organization having- its headquarters in
Los Angeles, where it has a reputation for substantial growth and
excellent financial status.

Mr. 0 'Kelly comes of southern ancestry and was born April 17,

1052 HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

1867, in Vernon county, Mo., where his father, a native of Tennes-
see, died during middle age. The mother survived him for many
years and finally settled in California, where in 1911 she died
at Eedlands. There are seven children in the parental family and
of these all hut one are residents of California. Formerly the home
of the family was in New Mexico, where at one time T. J. and his
brothers had one thousand head of cattle on the range. As early as
1882 he began work in the mines of that then territory, but after
eighteen mouths he relinquished that occupation and turned to
other enterprises. For two years he was employed in the car-
shops at Deming, N. M., after which he went on the road as a
brakemau with the Southern Pacific Railroad Company and eighteen
months later was promoted to be conductor.

Upon coming to California and settling at Redlands in December
of 1890, Mr. 0 'Kelly bought a tract of land and began the improve-
ment of the ranch, wliich eighteen months later he sold to a brother.
Thereupon he returned to the employ of the Southern Pacific
Company and had his headquarters at Tucson, Ariz. At the
expiration of two years he again resigned from railroad work, this
time to enter the Wesleyan University at Mount Pleasant, Iowa,
where he studied during the year of 1893-94, meanwhile giving con-
sideral)le attention also to religious work. Upon his return to
Arizona he was given a position .on the Santa Fe road as a conductor
and as such continued for seven years, with headquarters at Winslow.
During the spring of 1902 he became identified with the life insurance
business for the first time. For one year he represented the New
York Life Insurance Company and it was during this period that
he began to study the question of the immense financial drain upon
western states through the sending of millions annually to eastern
companies. Not being in s^^npathy with the principle, he decided to
give his support to western companies and for that reason he left
the New York Life in order to ' represent the Conservative Tjife
Insurance Company of California. At the same time he engaged
in religious and temperance work among the railroad men and
was instrumental in getting hundreds of men to pledge abstinence
from drink. When he came to Sacramento for the first time in
1905 and saw the prospects of the valley for future prosjierity, he
resigned from railroad missionary work and became identified solely
with insurance and real estate.

The marriage of Mr. O 'Kelly and Miss Ethel Farmer, of Spring-
field, Mo., was solemnized May 5, 1897, and has been blessed by three
daughters, namely: Ella, born in Arizona March 27, 1898; Madeline,
born in Arizona June 8, 1900; and Marjorie, whose birth occurred
in Sacramento October 15, 1911. The family are connected with the
Christian Science Church of Sacramento, in which Mr. O'Kellv

HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 1053

serves as an usher. In former years he was very active iu the Order
of Railroad Conductors and his name is still enrolled in the organi-
zation, while in addition he has been an influential factor in the
blue lodge of Masonry at Sacramento. In young manliood lie gave
active allegiance to the Republican party and willingly aided all
movements for the advancement of that organization, luit a later and
closer study of national issues caused him to transfer his allegiance
to the Socialist party, in whose ranks he since has been enthusiastic
and interested. As a citizen he is progressive and loyal, aiding
with generosity measures for the permanent benefit of Sacramento
and devoted with whole-hearted s^^npathy to the welfai-e of the com-
monwealth.

AUGUSTIN E. GOOLOT

Among the pioneer families of Sacramento that have taken a
very important and influential part in the commerical and social
affairs of the city, mention should be made of the Coolot family.
The founder of the family in California was Anthony Coolot, an
Austrian by birth, but after 1850 a resident of the United States.
Born November 19, 1821, he received a superior education in various
European cities, after which he spent some time in Algeria, his
residence there bringing him into close association with the French
people of that country, so much so in fact that he was always taken
for a Frenchman himself. Becoming imbued with a desire to come
to the United States he crossed the ocean and lirst settled in New
York City, but the location did not prove congenial on account of
his associations with people of the south. Going to New Orleans he
secured employment as clerk in a large glass and crockery establish-
ment, in which business he had served an apprenticeshi]i in Europe.
From New Orleans he set out on a tedious but uneventful tri])
around the Horn on the Yankee Blade, which brought the young-
man to the harbor of San Francisco during the year 1854 and from
the coast he proceeded to Sacramento, thence went to Nevada
county and began to mine near Moore's Flat. The mines, however,
did not produce profitable returns and at the expiration of six
months he returned to Sacramento, where he secured a position
in a glass and crockery store. For two years he remained with the
establishment, but then resigned in order to embark in the general
variety and notion business, in which line of endeavor lie met
with excellent results. Subsequently he embarked in the wholesale
cigar and tobacco business, which he carried on until his deatli in
1900.

1054 HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY

Mr. Coolot went through the fires and floods of the early days.
It should be stated that previous to the fire he had erected a brick
building at No. 812 J street and it was this structure that arrested
the progress of the fire of 1862 and helped to save a portion of the
city. He was a staunch supporter and friend of Sacramento and
when the attempt was made to remove the city to Sutterville he
fought the attempt, and though he received flattering offers, nothing
would induce him to desert the city of his adoption, in which he
had such abiding faith. He was one of the original subscribers and
stockholders of the Central Pacific Eailroad and always a liberal
supporter of enterprises that he deemed for the betterment of the
people and the building up of the city. He was a ready and willing
taxpayer and was very enterprising and public spirited, although
very modest and unassuming, and all of his donations and charities
were accomplished in an unostentatious manner. After he became
a naturalized citizen he voted at general elections, but never allied
himself with any political party, being independent in his attitude
toward national issues and governmental problems. Throughout
his entire life he remained a loyal adherent of the Roman Catholic
Church.

Mr. Coolot was married in Sacramento in July, 1861, to
Margaretha Sommer, a native of Bavaria who had come to California
by way of Panama in 1860. She became the mother of three
children, two of whom were daughters, Mary Antoinetta, deceased ;
and Mrs. Clara Louise Diepenbrock, one of the cultured women of
Sacramento. The only son, Augustin E., was born in the year
1867 and to him were given the most select educational advantages
the city of Sacramento then afforded. From 1876 until 1885 he
attended the Sacramento Institute conducted by the Christian
Brothers. Upon the completion of his course of study he began to
assist his father in the cigar and tobacco business, and continued
in the establishment until his death. Meanwhile, upon the death
of its founder in 1900, the company was incorporated with Augustin
E. Coolot president and Mr. Diepenbrock vice-president. For two
years, until the dissolution of the company, the business was conducted
as a corporation.

Removing to San Francisco in 1902 Mr. Coolot embarked in
business in that city, but the great fire of 1906 wiped out the busi-
ness. Thereupon he returned to Sacramento and organized the
Aristo Mineral Water & Siphon Water Company, which has main-
tained a prosperous development and a steady growth. In this
concern he fills the office of treasurer. As a business man he has
displayed much of the keen discrimination, untiring energy and
resourceful ability that brought success to his father. Unlike him,
however, he has taken a warm interest in public affairs as a member

HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY 1055

of the Republican jDarty and a stanch believer in its value to tlie
country. His marriage took place in Sacramento January 8, 1902,
and united him with Miss Rebecca Maude Elliott. The only child
born of the union died in infancy. The family are generous contri-
butors to the Roman Catholic Church and Mr. Coolot has been a
sincere believer in its doctrines throughout life, having been reared
in that faith. The Young Men's Institute of Sacramento has his name
enrolled in its membership and he is also influential in the local work of
the Benevolent Order of Elks.

EDGAR H. BELLMER

John Bellmer, the father of the subject of this sketch, was born
near Bremen, Germany, May 11, 1833, and was fifteen years old when
he landed in New York. When about twenty he started out on his
travels again. He sailed on the bark Catharine Augusta bound for
Australia, but his vessel calling at Rio Janeiro, sailed right into the
yellow fever, and before she could get out of the infested port
half of her passengers died. Mr. Bellmer, like the others, was glad
to get anywhere, consequently when he foiind himself in the clipper
ship High Flyer sailing around Cape Horn and bound for California
instead of Australia, he was satisfied. He landed in San Francisco
in September, 1853, and made his way into the mines, but four years
later found him in Sacramento in the grocery business, and he re-
mained in that city till his death April 4, 1899.

In the fall of 1871 Mr. Bellmer was elected county treasurer,
and was again elected to that office in the fall of 1873. He was long
an active member of the Sacramento Turn-Verein and held the offices
of president and secretary for many terms. He was also prominent
in the Odd Fellow fraternity, having been a past grand master of that
order. Mr. Bellmer was married January 18, 1860, in Sacramento, to
Miss Mary Grady, of New London, Conn. They had twelve children,
five of whom are living, namely : Mrs. Carrie L. Miller of Sacramento ;
Mrs. W. B. Morrill of San Francisco ; W. F. Bellmer, in retail liquor
trade, Sacramento ; F. R. Bellmer, head-marker, Sacramento Laundry ;
and Edgar H. Bellmer, secretary of Sacramento Laundry.

Edgar H. Bellmer was born in Sacramento, June 25, 1883, and
kept pretty close to the city schools till he was seventeen years old,
when he clerked in his father's grocery store. Clerking and book-
keeping in the Southern Pacific Railroad store department and other
offices occiapied several more years, after which he bought an interest
in the Sacramento Laundry and was elected the secretary of that insti-
tution, which position he has ably filled for the last five years. On
December 11, 1907, Mr. Bellmer was married to Miss M. E. Sprague
of Roseville, and they have two children, Alice L. and Edgar H., Jr.
Fraternally he is a member of the Native Sons of the Golden West.

1056 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY

ADAM B. KESSLER

The prominent dealer in hardware and house furnishing goods
of Oak Park, Sacramento, whose name is above, was born at Willianis-
towTi, Clay county, Ind., November 25, 1869, a son of Douglas and Mary
Kessler. His parents lived originally near Columbus, Ohio. His
father taught school until after the death of his wife in 1887, then he
farmed for some years and eventually passed away in 1906. After
completing his school education A. B. Kessler did farm work until the
spring of 1891, when he went to Livingston, Mont. There he worked
as a carpenter until he contracted a fever which necessitated his
leaving the town. During the ensuing five years he followed carpen-
tering and did railroad and mining work from place to place until he
located in Anaconda, Mont., where at length he found employment with
the Montana Meat Company, which retained his services three years.
During the next two years he was in the employ of the Montana
Laundry Company at Butte. After that he bought ten acres of land
at Orangevale, Cal., and operated a fruit farm and vineyard until 1909,
when he sold the place. Early in the following j'ear he entered the
service of the Oak Park Lumber Company, but after a few months
became a salesman in the E. A. Pierce hardware store. It was not
long before he bought the stock of that concern, to which he has
since added to complete the line and put in house furnishing goods,
crockery and silverware. By fair treatment of his customers, as
well as by the application of good business ability, he has built up a
good trade which is constantly increasing.

January 14, 1904, Mr. Kessler married Miss Jessie R. Pierce of
Sacramento, daughter of a pioneer at Fair Oaks and Orangevale,
who has retired from active life and is living with his son, E. A. Pierce,
a contractor. Mrs. Kessler has borne her husband four children : Ruth,
Joseph Pierce, Dorothy, and Viola M. She is a member of the
Mothers' Club of Highland Park, the family are communicants of the
Baptist Church, and Mr. Kessler affiliates with the Knights of Pythias.
As a citizen he is conspicuously public-spirited and pi'ogressive.

2829

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Full text of "History of Sacramento County, California, with biographical sketches of the leading men and women of the county who have been identified with its growth and development from the early days to the present;"

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